Patent Grant
8940499
This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 200810216864.1, filed Oct. 17, 2008, for “REAGENT FOR BLOOD ANALYSIS AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF,” the disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
The present disclosure relates to the field of blood analysis, and more particularly to differentiating and counting cells in the blood.
The present disclosure relates to a reagent for blood analysis and a method of use thereof. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a reagent for blood analysis useful for differentiating and counting cells in the blood and a method of using said reagent to perform blood analysis.
Reticulocytes are cells existing during the transition from the denucleated bone marrow intermediate and late erythroblasts to the fully ripe erythrocytes. Subsequent to their release from bone marrow to peripheral blood, the reticulocytes, as they continue to mature into erythrocytes, show a gradual decrease in RNA content until complete disappearance of RNA in mature erythrocytes. Therefore, the intracellular RNA content represents the maturity of the reticulocytes. The assay of reticulocytes constitutes a fundamental test for evaluating the erythrocyte generation capability in hematological diagnosis and provides a basis for diagnosis of anemia, typing and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, permitting the determination of the curative effects of chemotherapy and transplantation of bone marrow as well as the therapeutic efficacy of EPO (erythropoietin).
One method currently used for counting reticulocytes is primarily by visual counting under a microscope. However, such a method suffers from the drawbacks of long assay time as well as susceptibility to influences from such factors as staining time, site of observation and skills of the practitioner, and as such it is compromised by a large coefficient of variation and a poor repeatability.
More and more laboratories have started to use a flow cytometer or a fully automatic blood cell analyzer based on the flow cytometry to analyze reticulocytes.
Fluorescent dyes used in early flow cytometry are primarily acridine orange (AO), thioflavin T, chrysaniline and thiazole orange (TO). These dyes have the shortcomings of poor membrane permeability and long incubation time during staining (several minutes to several tens of minutes). The novel fluorescent dye auramine O (AuO) later developed is improved in greatly shortening the time required for staining and incubation (minimum up to 30 seconds). However, the problem of orientational noise associated with this fluorescent dye affects the differentiation and counting of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes.
Therefore, the present disclosure provides a reagent and a method that allows for rapid and effective differentiation and counting of cells in the blood, such as reticulocytes.
In one aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a reagent for blood analysis which comprises:
(1) A compound having the following general formula I as the fluorescent dye:
wherein
n is 1, 2 or 3;
X is C(CH3)2, O, S or Se;
R1 and R2 are each independently selected from at least one of following: H, a halogen and C1-18alkylsulfonate, provided that R1 and R2 are not all simultaneously H;
R3 and R4 are each independently selected from at least one of the following: C1-18alkyl and C1-18alkylOR5, provided that R3 and R4 are not simultaneously alkyls when R2 is a halogen;
R5 is hydrogen, acyl or lower alkyl; and
Y− is an anion; and
(2) a surfactant selected from cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants and anionic surfactants.
In another aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a method to perform blood analysis, said method comprising the following steps of: (a) mixing the blood sample with the reagent of the present disclosure to form a cell suspension; (b) detecting the scattered light signals and fluorescence signals from the cells in the cell suspension; and (c) differentiating and counting the cells in the blood in terms of the scattered light signals and fluorescence signals.
The exemplary reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure stains excellently and rapidly. The complex formed may have an emission wavelength in the near-infrared region so that interference from the background fluorescence of the organisms per se is avoided and the accuracy of analysis results is improved. It can be used as a staining agent for various biological samples on the flow cytometer.
Unless otherwise specified, the following terms as used herein have the following meanings.
The term “alkyl” as used herein individually or in combination with other groups refers to straight or branched alkyl groups containing 1-18 carbon atoms, such as 1-12, 1-8, and 1-6 carbon atoms. Reference to a single straight alkyl such as “n-propyl” specifically means a straight alkyl group, while reference to a single branched alkyl such as “isopropyl” specifically means a branched alkyl group. For example, “C1-6alkyl” includes C1-4alkyl, C1-3alkyl, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl and tert-butyl. The same rules apply to other groups as used throughout the present specification.
As used herein, the term “lower alkyl” has the conventional meaning as used in the art and refers generally to C1-6alkyl.
The term “acyl” as used herein refers to “alkyl”, as defined above, attached to the group —CO—, wherein said “alkyl” contains 1-18 carbon atoms, such as 1-12, 1-8, and 1-6 carbon atoms, such as formyl, acetyl, and propionyl etc.
The term “halogen” as used herein includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
The term “biological sample” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, nucleic acids, erythroblasts and reticulocytes in the blood.
The Reagent for Blood Analysis According to the Present Disclosure
In one aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a reagent for blood analysis which comprises: (1) a compound having the general formula I as the fluorescent dye; and (2) a surfactant selected from cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants and anionic surfactants.
The Compound Having the General Formula I
Fluorescent dyes commonly used in the prior art are primarily acridine orange (AO), thioflavin T, chrysaniline and thiazole orange (TO). These dyes have the shortcomings of poor membrane permeability and long incubation time from several minutes to several tens of minutes during staining
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,803 there is disclosed a novel fluorescent dye, auramine O (AuO). This fluorescent dye is improved in shortening the time required for staining and incubation (down to 30 seconds). However, when blood sample is stained with this fluorescent dye, erythrocytes which enter the detection zone may bring the problem of orientational noise affecting the differentiation and counting of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes.
One compound useful according to the present disclosure as a fluorescent dye has the following general formula I:
wherein
n is 1, 2 or 3;
X is C(CH3)2, O, S or Se;
R1 and R2 are each independently selected from at least one of the following: H, halogen and C1-18alkylsulfonate, provided that R1 and R2 are all not simultaneously H;
R3 and R4 are each independently selected from at least one of the following: C1-18alkyl and C1-18alkylOR5, provided that R3 and R4 are not simultaneously alkyls when R2 is a halogen;
R5 is hydrogen, acyl or lower alkyl; and
Y− is an anion.
In one embodiment, R1 and R2 are each independently selected from at least one of the following: H, halogen and C1-6alkylsulfonate, provided that R1 and R2 are not simultaneously H.
In one embodiment, R3 is C1-6alkyl or C1-6alkylOR5.
In one embodiment, R4 is C1-6alkyl or C1-6alkylOR5.
In one embodiment R5 is H, C1-3alkylCO or C1-6alkyl.
In one embodiment X is C(CH3)2, O or S.
In one embodiment n is 1 or 2.
In one embodiment Y− is selected from halogen ions, ClO4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, B4−, acetate or p-toluenesulfonate anions.
In one embodiment, a compound of formula I is selected from Dye-1, Dye-2, Dye-3, Dye-4, Dye-5, and Dye-6, wherein such dyes have the following structures:
The compound according to the present disclosure stains biological samples such as nucleic acids, erythroblasts and reticulocytes. The complex formed has an emission wavelength in the near-infrared region so that interference from background fluorescence of the organisms per se may be avoided and the accuracy of analysis results is improved. The compound can be used as staining agent for various biological samples on a flow cytometer.
The compound disclosed herein can be directly used for staining biological samples in the form of salts as described herein. Alternatively, in one embodiment, the compound disclosed herein can exist in the form of derivatives of the compound having the general formula I, said derivatives including, but not limited to, conjugates.
Typically, conjugates are used in a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). “Conjugate” as used herein refers to the compounds formed by attaching the compound disclosed herein to other molecules via covalent bonds. Molecules that can be conjugated with the compound disclosed may be those that specifically bind to cells or cell components, including, but not limited to, antibodies, antigens, receptors, ligands, enzymes, substrates, coenzymes or the like.
Specific description about the compound having the general formula I according to the present disclosure can be found in co-pending Chinese Invention Patent Application No. 200810067815.6 of the present applicant entitled “ASYMMETRIC CYANINE COMPOUNDS, THEIR PREPARATION METHODS AND THEIR USES”, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In order that reticulocytes and leukocytes are sufficiently stained, the dye is generally used in a concentration in the range of 1-100 mg/L, such as 5-50 mg/L. Too low a concentration of the dye would result in insufficient staining of cells that, in turn, leads to decrease in the precision of the analysis results. On the contrary, too high a concentration of the dye would increase the background fluorescence from mature erythrocytes. In neither case can the differentiation and counting of reticulocytes be favorably performed.
Surfactants
The reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure comprises a surfactant which is selected from cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants and anionic surfactants.
The surfactant contained in the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure can, on the one hand, make mature erythrocytes and reticulocytes sphericized so that the influence of “orientational noise” on analysis is eliminated, and on the other hand, speed up the entry of the dye into the cells so that the intracellular nucleic acids are rapidly stained.
Specific examples of zwitterionic surfactants are cocoamidopropyl betaine and dodecyldimethyl betaine. Zwitterionic surfactants are generally used in a concentration in the range of about 20-150 mg/L.
Specific examples of cationic surfactants are dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and decyltrimethylammonium chloride. Cationic surfactants are generally used in a concentration in the range of about 50-1200 mg/L.
Specific examples of anionic surfactants are sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate. Anionic surfactants are generally used in a concentration in the range of about 1-120 mg/L.
Anionic surfactants do not increase the background fluorescence from mature erythrocytes, so reticulocytes are more readily distinguishable from mature erythrocytes. Moreover, use of anionic surfactants provides a clear demarcation of reticulocytes and leukocytes so that better results of differentiation and counting of reticulocytes can be obtained. Therefore, in one embodiment, the surfactant is an anionic surfactant. In another embodiment of the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure, the surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Too low a concentration of the surfactant used would result in insufficient sphericization and poor staining of the cells. While too high a concentration of the surfactant used would increase the background fluorescence from mature erythrocytes or even lead to the lysis of erythrocytes.
Other Components
The reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure may also comprise a buffering agent for maintaining pH. Common buffering agents such as phosphate, Tris, HEPES and borate can be used alone or in combination in a concentration generally in the range of 0.01-0.1 mmol/L, for example 0.01-0.05 mmol/L. The buffering agent is generally used to maintain the pH value of the reagent according to the present disclosure in the range of 6.0-10.0, such as 7.5-9.5. Too low a pH would decrease the binding capability of the cationic dye to nucleic acids, while too high a pH would increase the background fluorescence from mature erythrocytes.
The reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure may also comprise an osmotic regulating agent for regulating osmotic pressure. The osmotic pressure of the reagent according to the present disclosure is typically maintained in the range of 170-350 mOsm/kg, such as 200-350 mOsm/kg. Commonly used alkali metal salts, glucose and mannitol can all maintain the osmotic pressure of the reagent according to the present disclosure in a reasonable range.
Besides the above components, the reagent according to the present disclosure may further comprise a preserving agent selected from parabens and isothiazolinones.
The Method of Using the Reagent for Blood Analysis to Perform Blood Analysis
In another aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a method to perform blood analysis, said method comprising the following steps of: (a) mixing the blood sample with the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure to form a cell suspension; (b) detecting the scattered light signals and fluorescence signals from the cells in the cell suspension; and (c) differentiating and counting the cells in the blood in terms of the scattered light signals and fluorescence signals.
When performing analysis of blood cells using the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure on the flow cytometer or the fully automatic blood cell analyzer, the blood sample and the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure are first sufficiently mixed in a certain ratio, typically 1:100-1:500, to prepare a homogenous cell suspension, and then the cell suspension is incubated at a reaction temperature of 35-45° C. for 20-40 seconds. Afterwards the cell suspension is injected into the optical system as shown in
In the above-said optical system, the individual cells are sequentially passed into the flow chamber and irradiated by the laser whose wavelength is about 630 nm emitted from the semiconductor laser. The fluorescent dye used in the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure is capable of being excited at about 640 nm and its wavelength can remain stable at 40° C., matching the working wavelength of the semiconductor laser used.
Subsequently, the scattered light signals emitted from the cells are collected by the photodiode. The scattered light can be collected at a low angle (0°-5°) or a high angle (6°-20°). The fluorescence signals emitted from the cells are collected by the laterally disposed photomultiplier tube.
Then the scattered light signals and the fluorescence signals are inputted into the data processing unit for analysis. Finally, the various cells in the blood are differentiated and counted in terms of the scattered light signals and fluorescence signals from the cells.
The fluorescent dye used in the reagent of the present disclosure has a certain degree of specific staining capacity for RNA. It is well known that reticulocytes are the precursor cells of mature erythrocytes and contain basophilic substances such as RNA in the cytoplasm. Therefore the reagent of the present disclosure is particularly suited for analyzing reticulocytes in the blood.
The present disclosure is further illustrated by the following particular examples to which or by which the present disclosure is not limited.
Unless otherwise stated, the apparatus used in the following examples for analyzing blood cells is the BC series flow cytometer manufactured by Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co. Ltd (Shenzhen, People's Republic of China), with the detection wavelength being 640 nm. The schematic diagram of the cell analyzer is as shown in
One example of the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure has the following components:
The cyanine dye used in this example has the following structure:
A blood sample was taken and its reticulocyte content was determined to be 1.60% by the new methylene blue staining method recommended by the International Committee for Standardization of Hematology (ICSH). 4 μL of the blood sample was sufficiently mixed with 1 mL of the above reagent to form a homogenous cell suspension and then the suspension was incubated at 42° C. for 40 seconds. Afterwards the cell suspension was passed through the flow cytometer, and the forward (0°) scattered light signals and fluorescence signals from the cells were detected to generate a scattergram as shown in
Another example of the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure has the following components:
The cyanine dye used in this example has the following structure:
A blood sample was taken and its reticulocyte content was determined to be 4.10% by the new methylene blue staining method recommended by the International Committee for Standardization of Hematology (ICSH). 4 μL of the blood sample was sufficiently mixed with 1 mL of the above reagent to form a homogeneous cell suspension and then the suspension was incubated at 42° C. for 40 seconds. Afterwards the cell suspension was passed through the flow cytometer, and the forward (0°) scattered light signals and fluorescence signals from the cells were detected to generate a scattergram as shown in
Yet another example of the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure has the following components:
The cyanine dye used in this example has the following structure:
A blood sample was taken and its reticulocyte content was determined to be 6.80% by the new methylene blue staining method recommended by the International Committee for Standardization of Hematology (ICSH). 4 μL of the blood sample was sufficiently mixed with 1 mL of the above reagent to form a homogenous cell suspension and then the suspension was incubated at 42° C. for 40 seconds. Afterwards the cell suspension was passed through the flow cytometer and the forward (0°) scattered light signals and fluorescence signals from the cells were detected to generate a scattergram as shown in
One hundred and forty-eight (148) clinical blood samples were taken, among which 54 samples had normal reticulocytes and 94 samples had abnormal reticulocytes. The reticulocytes in these samples were respectively analyzed by the method as described in Example 1 and the new methylene blue staining method recommended by ICSH. The correlation of the analysis results is as shown in
It can be seen from the above examples that a rapid and stable analysis of various cells in the blood can be achieved by using the reagent for blood analysis according to the present disclosure.
Although the present disclosure has been illustrated by way of the above embodiments and particular examples thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, alterations and modifications may be made to the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.
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