Patent Application
20110295851
The present ubiquity of digital cameras, mobile phone cameras, portable video recorders, as well as other devices with integrated cameras has resulted in a large and ever growing body of media objects. In order to manage the sheer volume of still images, videos, audio, and other forms of media, efforts to manage media have come in the form of organizing media objects in location based organizations schemes such as folders. In this way, media objects can be located quickly, and consumed after capture.
However, when media objects are shared between users, locations of the media objects change. With large amounts of media objects being stored on personal and public data stores, local and on the Internet, there have been efforts to implement generalized searching of media objects. However, current non-textual search techniques lag in accuracy and performance behind text-based search techniques. Accordingly, media objects have been associated with text, in the form of metatags, embedded tags, and overloaded file names so that text searching on the associated text can allow textual search techniques to be applied to non-textual data.
Associating text with media objects is cumbersome. Most mobile devices do not have user interfaces with which a user may easily enter text. Even when a media capture device is a mobile device with a text friendly input device, such as a netbook with a keyboard, users are more prone to consume the media object at time of capture and defer associating metadata until later. The end result is that text is rarely associated with the captured media object afterwards, and accordingly the media object is rarely consumed again.
This disclosure describes techniques for associating text with a digital media object at time of capture. At time of capture, a user may receive from server suggestions of text to associate with a media object. The user may select text from the suggestions for association with the media object. The selected text can be converted into an Internet query to retrieve web pages relevant to the captured media.
This disclosure also describes a user interface for a user to view, select, and associate suggested metadata. The user interface provides forms for a user to enter user preferences including, but not limited to choice of natural language of the suggested text. The user interface further provides a space for web pages to be navigated and viewed.
This disclosure also describes optimizations. In particular, tag propagation within a video object is described. Specifically, where a selected frame has preceding frames, this disclosure describes techniques to determine which tags associated with the preceding frames should be also be associated with the selected frame. In other words, associating metadata with of video frames can be automated, since associating metadata of successive frames depends on what metadata is associated with preceding frames in a video object. Note that metadata from preceding frames is but one possible resource for a succeeding frame. Tag propagation is may be used alone, or in combination with other techniques to provide annotation to frames. Most notably, tag propagation may be used with online selection of annotations as suggested by a server.
This summary is provided to introduce concepts relating to community model based point of interest local search. These techniques are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended for use in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples are described with reference to the following figures. In the figures, the left-most digit(s) of a reference number identifies the Fig. in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different figures indicates similar or identical items or features.
This application relates to annotating media objects at or near the time of capture. This application further relates to a client capturing a media object, such as a video or still image, receiving suggested annotations from a server with which to associate with the media object, and receiving links to web pages that may relate to the captured media. This application also includes optimizations to an annotation suggestion platform including, but not limited to indexing and tag propagation.
Media objects include, but are not limited to, digital still images, digital video files, digital audio files, and text. Media objects that combine different types of media into a single file are also referred to as multimedia objects. For example, a multimedia object for a movie may include a video stream, an audio soundtrack, and commentary in the form of text. For purposes of this application, multimedia objects will also be referred to as media objects.
Annotation is the association of a digital media object with text data. Associating text data with digital objects allows text search techniques to be leveraged on otherwise non-textual digital objects. Textual data may be associated by various techniques such as overloading file names, adding meta-tags, and associating links to data stores containing meta-tags. Accordingly, a search engine may find digital media objects by searching their metadata, alone or in combination with other search techniques.
In some contexts, annotation is distinguished from commentary. Both annotation and commentary refer to associating text data with a media file. However, annotation can also mean association text with a particular frame of a video, or a particular time in an audio track, whereas commentary is text associated with the entire media object. In some cases, annotation can refer to associating text not only with a particular frame, but with a particular location in a frame or a particular object depicted in a frame.
For purposes of this application, annotation refers to both annotation and commentary, regardless of rendering.
A suggested annotation for a digital media object is any textual data that an automated process provides to a requester as relevant to the digital media object based on a predefined determination of relevancy. For example, features of a captured media object may be extracted, digital objects similar to the captured object may be extracted from a database based on those features, and the metadata of the similar digital objects provided as annotation suggestions to the captured media object. By way of another example, a digital media object may be subjected to object recognition, and a lookup table mapping recognized objects to names may generate candidate metadata to be provided as annotation suggestions. The candidate metadata may be subjected to an ontology, a synonym dictionary or a foreign language dictionary to obtain additional annotation suggestions.
The user may enter user input 112 into user interface 122 to interact with client 120. Interactions include, but are not limited to, entering user preferences, selections of annotation suggestions, link navigation and selection and web page navigation. In cases such as entering user preferences, client 120 will forward user input 112 to the application modules 138. These application modules 138 may then use user input 112 to modify operations by search engine 132 or other functionality implemented by other application module 138.
The user may also enter user input 112 into user interface 122 causing client 120 to send a request for suggested tags 124 to search facility 130. The request 124 may comprise the media object itself or a reference to the media object.
The search facility 130 comprises a search engine 132 and a number of data stores including, but not limited to a feature index 134 and a data store of media objects and their associated annotations 136. The search facility is implemented in the context of an application comprising other application modules 138. Feature index 134 uses features or feature identifiers as a key to locate an associated media object. Specifically, given a feature, the feature index 134 can identify media objects with that feature in media object data store 136. Because the media object data store stores the media objects associated annotations, data store 136 can also provide candidate annotations. Search engine 132 may invoke other application functionality 138 to determine which candidate annotations should be suggested as annotations 128 to the client 120.
Search engine 132 in general may invoke other application functionality 138 to modify search queries and other search engine operations. For example, if a user has specified user preferences such as natural language choice, or filtering out adult content with user input 112, then client 120 forwards these preferences to application functionality 138 for persistence and later retrieval. Thus, if a user were to specify Russian as a language of choice for tags, search engine 132 would retrieve this preference from application functionality 138, generate link query 142 with the Russian language criterion, and execute the link query 142 accordingly.
Upon receiving annotations 128, user 110 may use user interface 122 to select metadata to associate with the captured media object.
Upon selection, client 120 may perform the association to the locally stored captured media object. Client 120 may also forward selections 126 to search engine to be used to search for web page links relevant to the captured media from a web site 140, for example an external search engine 144. Specifically, search engine 132 uses user annotation selections 126 to generate a query for web page links 142. Alternatively, if the generated suggestions 128 are of high confidence, search engine 132 may generate link query 142 without making use of user selections 126.
The generated link query 142 may simply be a concatenation of the selected annotations 126 as key words. Alternatively, additional key words identified by seeking terms related to the selected annotation via ontologies, synonym dictionaries and foreign dictionaries may be brought to bear. These ontologies, synonym dictionaries and foreign dictionaries may be stored in data stores and accessed via other application functionality 138. Alternatively, ontologies, synonym dictionaries and foreign dictionaries may be stored as part of the other application functionality 138.
External search engine 144 the queries external data store 146 for web page links that satisfy link query 142. External data store 146 may contain content itself, or references to outside web pages collected by a web crawler or bot. Upon execution of the link query 142, external search engine 144 forwards web page links 148 back to search engine 132 which in turn forwards the link results 128 back to client 120 for display in user interface 122.
An alternative link search would be for client 120 to directly query the external site 140. In this case, the generation of a link query is performed in a software module on client 120, and the link results 148 are returned directly to client 120 for display in user interface 122. In this configuration, where user input 112 specifies user preferences, those user preferences will be stored locally to the client. In this way, a generated link query may take these preferences into account as described above.
In either alternative, a user 110 may then navigate and select web page links in user interface 122. Upon selection, the client will go to the selected link and display the corresponding web page on user interface 122.
Annotation suggestion relies on have annotations to suggest being stored in data stores 134 and 136. Data stores 134 and 136 are initially populated and updated by an administrator 150 that executes a media search 152, and invokes a loader 160 to load data stored 134 and 136. Specifically, administrator 150 specifies media to be searched, and loader 160 generates a query 162 from the media search 152. The query 162 is executed against an external search engine 144 which in turn returns media objects or references to media objects that satisfy the query 162. These objects are then sent to an extract, transform and load (ETL) module 164. ETL module 164 then extracts the media objects from the query results, and extracts features in the media objects. ETL module 164 then stores media objects in data store 136 and stores unique features or references to unique features in feature index 134 along with a reference to the media objects with those features. In this way, search engine 132 may identify media objects having a particular feature, by using the feature as a key against feature index 134.
ETL module 164 may also extract annotations associated with media objects returned by the results of query 162. The annotation text may simply be any text that came with the digital object in the query including, but not limited to, surrounding text from a hosting web page, metadata, embedded tags, and terms from the filename, title of web page, user comments in page, optical character recognition of text in a multimedia object, or generated from machine learning or data mining techniques. The annotation text may be stored as is, or may be parsed and processed to refine the annotations. The annotations may be stored with the media objects in data store 136, or alternatively in a separate data store.
In this way, once a media object is identified as relevant to a captured media object, search engine 132 may then retrieve annotations associated with the relevant media object. These retrieved annotations may then be refined into annotation suggestions 128 for the captured media object.
An application based on an annotation suggestion platform is capable of being hosted on a wide range of client devices 210. If an application based on an annotation suggestion platform is embodied in a web page, the client device may be any web-aware client, including but not limited to a cell phone 212, personal computer (“PC”) 214, netbook 216, or web aware personal device assistant (“PDA”) 218. If the application based on an annotation suggestion platform is embodied in a windowed application, it may be hosted on a PC 214 or netbook 216. PC 214 may include any device of the standard PC architecture, or may include alternative personal computers such as the MacIntosh™ from Apple Computer™, or workstations including but not limited to UNIX workstations.
An application based on an annotation suggestion platform on a client device 210 may then access a search engine or application server hosted on an enterprise server 220 or a server hosted on the general internet 230.
If an application based on an annotation suggestion platform is accessing an enterprise server 220 on a local area network (“LAN”), it may connect via any number of LAN connectivity configurations 230. At the physical layer this may include Ethernet™ or Wi-Fi™. At the network/session/transport layer this may include connectivity via the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (“TCP/IP”) or other protocol. If the color layout UI is accessing the internet, it may connect via standard internet protocols including TCP/IP for the network/session/transport layer and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“HTTP”) at the application layer.
Enterprise server 220 may be based on a standard PC architecture, or on a mainframe.
If accessing the general internet 230, an independently hosted web server 242 may be accessed. A web server 242 may be a standard enterprise server based on a standard PC architecture that hosts an application server. Exemplary application server software includes Internet Information Server™ (“IIS”) from Microsoft Corporation™ or Apache Web Server, an open source application server. Web server 242 may access a database server also potentially on a standard PC architecture hosting a database. Exemplary databases include, Microsoft SQL Server™ and Oracle™. In this way a platform supporting community model based point of interest local search may be either 2-tier or 3-tier.
Alternatively, an application based on an annotation suggestion platform or the annotation suggestion platform itself may be hosted on a cloud computing service 244. Cloud computing service 244 contains a large number of servers and other computing assets potentially in geographically disparate locations. These computing assets may be disaggregated into their constituent CPUs, memory, long term storage, and other component computing assets. Accordingly, the metadata association process, the search engine, and a digital media object datastore, when hosted on cloud computing service 244, would have both centralized and distributed data storage on the cloud, accessible via a data access API such as Open Database Connectivity (“ODBC”) or ADO.Net™ from Microsoft Corporation™. An application based on an annotation suggestion platform would be hosted on computing assets in the cloud computing service 244 corresponding to an application server.
A canonical example of a mobile client is a cell phone. A typical local search enabled mobile client will have cellular communications capability and a media capture device such as a camera. Furthermore, the mobile client will have web browser capability, generally over the cellular communications capability, and the ability to automatically transmit queries over the internet and the ability to display, browse and select received search results. Alternatively, in cases where the annotation application and supporting data are stored locally, on the client, a web connection is not necessary. A mobile client embodiment 300 with web connectivity is a described as follows.
Mobile client 300 comprises a computing subsystem 310, a cellular subsystem 320, a hardware user interface 330, a low-level software layer 340 and various software applications 350.
Computing subsystem 310 includes a processor 312 in the form of a general central processing unit, or alternatively a custom processor. Computing subsystem 310 includes a system clock 314 by which the system may tell time if there is no cellular connectivity. Computing subsystem 310 includes an input/output (I/O) interface 316 for both on-device and extended hardware. Not shown are other computing subsystem components 318 that comprise a hardware platform. These include, but are not limited to, a system bus, RAM, a boot ROM, and a supporting chipset. A power source, such as a battery (not shown), and a recharger (not shown) are also included in computing subsystem 310.
Cellular subsystem 320 includes all hardware necessary to effect cellular communications. Cellular subsystem 320 includes a transceiver 322 to transmit and receive cellular signals. Transceiver 322 may be supported by one or more custom chips implementing cellular radio functionality. Cellular signals may be coded and decoded by codec 324. A geolocation device 326 may be in the form of a global positioning system (GPS) receiver. Alternative geolocation devices may be in the form of a cellular tower triangulation routine. Other components of the cellular subsystem 328 not shown include an antenna and various routines specific to cellular communications such as quality of service and roaming software.
Hardware user interface 330 includes hardware typically directly accessed by users in the operation of mobile client 300. The hardware user interface 300 includes a display, which may be a simple LCD or LED display, or a touch-screen that may or may not support multi-touch. Buttons 334 may include a 9-pad for dialing phone numbers plus a set of auxiliary buttons to navigate through menus and a software user interface as displayed on the display 332. The hardware user interface 330 includes a media capture device 336, including, but not limited to a video camera or a digital still camera that may capture media objects which may be stored locally or uploaded to a web site via the cellular subsystem 320. Other hardware user interface items 338 not shown include, but are not limited to jog dials, power buttons, Wi-Fi™ interfaces, and the like.
Low-level software 340 encompass the operating system 342 and all other system software that comprise a platform for software applications to run upon. Low-level software 340 may include a library of user interface widgets 344 such as text boxes and radio buttons. Low-level software 340 may also include a logging routine 346 to log internet activity locally. It is this logging routine that may track point of interest local searches, and log user selections. The logs may be stored locally, or uploaded to a web site via the cellular subsystem 320. Other low-level software 340 may include intercepts, journaling hooks, device drivers and other kernel level or device level software.
Software applications 350 may be implemented on top of the low-level software 350. One such software application is a web browser 352. Web browser 352 can run web applications 354 over the cellular subsystem 320. One such web application 354 may be an annotation suggestion client. The web browser 352 usually is one of several native applications 356 resident on mobile client 300. In the alternative, an annotation suggestion client application might be implemented as a native application 356 rather than as a web application 354. In either a web or native implementation, an annotation suggestion client may have forms for entering user preferences, for sending a request for suggested annotations for a captured media object, for displaying and selecting suggested annotations, and for selecting, navigating and viewing web pages that relate to the captured media. The operation of these user interface elements are discussed in greater detail with respect to
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In 440, the client receives and displays metadata and receives user feedback on the suggested metadata. Specifically, the client receives suggested metadata from the server side of the annotation suggestion platform determines as related to the captured media. The determination of related metadata is discussed in greater detail with respect to
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Semantics may vary between user interfaces. In other embodiments, checking a checkbox corresponding to metadata may alternatively mean selecting the metadata as relevant.
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Even if the client performs the web page link search, the client may still forward selected and de-selected metadata to the server. In some embodiments, metadata candidates de-selected by users may be aggregated. Where the number of de-selections exceeds a predetermined threshold, the server may identify a de-selected metadata candidate as incorrect metadata, and may start a process to de-associate the metadata candidate from media objects in the data store. In this way, user de-selected metadata may perform a corrective function to the stored media objects.
Regardless if the server or client executes the web page link query, the client will receive and display the web page links 456 satisfying the query. The user may then select a link 458 and navigate to the link via a web browser.
The link search may be triggered by a user command, or may be triggered automatically once a user selects metadata. Alternatively, the link search may be performed in the background or via making use of idle processing time.
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Once media objects similar to a captured object are identified, the associated text may be mined for metadata candidate 630. Associated text may come in many forms including, but not limited to, metatags, embedded tags, overloaded filenames and stored links to associated text. Some text may be unprocessed text. For example, text surrounding an image in a web page may be bodily extracted. Alternatively annotations and commentary from a user feedback web page may be retrieved. In both cases, the metadata will be separated from the raw extracted text.
In one embodiment, in item 632, the associated text is scanned for n-grams 632. Specifically, an n-gram is a word vector or term vector containing n items. An n-gram might require a semantic relation on the position within a vector. For example, a 3-gram may require a subject-verb-object relationship with a subject in position 1, a verb in position 2 and an object in position 3. Other n-grams may not require a semantic relation. Once the scan identifies n-grams, the n-grams may be filtered against a vocabulary or a dictionary of n-grams. Candidate n-grams not found in the vocabulary or dictionary are eliminated as false positives.
It is possible that after filtering, a relatively small number of n-grams will remain. In this event, the server side of an annotation suggestion platform may attempt to extrapolate additional n-grams, perhaps through a regression model 634. Specifically, n-grams not explicitly retrieved from candidate metadata but similar to n-grams surviving the initial filter in 632 may be generated from other sources including, but not limited to ontologies, synonym dictionaries or foreign language dictionaries. Similar n-grams may be identified via a regression model or via applying similarity metrics. Generated n-grams may then be filtered and statistically noisy n-grams removed 636. Other alternatives for extrapolating n-grams include, but are not limited to majority voting, machine learning methods, and data mining methods.
Tag propagation 638 also provides an alternative technique to provide additional n-grams. Tag propagation is discussed with respect to
Once a final list of n-grams comprising suggested metadata candidates has been mined in 630, the metadata candidates are scored for relevance by any number of relevancy scores in 640. The metadata candidates may be ranked and returned to the client 650 for potential association with a captured media object. Alternatively, not all the scored metadata candidates will be forwarded to the client. Rather, a predetermined number of highest ranked metadata candidates might be forwarded instead.
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In item 710, an administrator, or automated process generates a specification for media objects. The specification may be an Internet search query for media objects. Alternatively, the specification could merely be the location, such as a file directory, of a previously prepared set of media objects.
In item 720, the media objects are retrieved along with their text associated with the media objects. The text may be explicitly stored with the media objects including, but not limited to, overloaded filenames, metatags and embedded tags. Alternatively, the media objects may have associated text stored separately including, but not limited to, surrounding text, annotation and commentary.
In item 730, the media objects and associated text, or alternatively references to the media objects and associated text are stored in a data store. Where the media objects and associated text are stored, less processing is necessary. In some embodiments, the associated text may be pre-mined for metadata candidates, reducing the processing needed to perform mining in later stages. However, media objects may require a large amount of storage. Accordingly, an alternative embodiment may be to store web hyperlinks to the locations of media objects, and to retrieve the media objects and surrounding text dynamically on-demand. In this embodiment, more processing, but less storage space is required.
In item 740, features are extracted from stored media objects, using technique similar to those described with respect to item 622, but requiring less storage space. When a feature is extracted from a media object, a cross reference record, or other indexing record mapping a feature identifier and a media object may be stored 750.
If a relational database is used to store media objects, features, and associated text, then a cross-reference table mapping features to media objects may be created. Alternatively, an inverted index may be built that maps features to media objects. Specifically, when local features are extracted, each visual word is used as a key that is used to connect to media objects that contain the visual word. In other embodiments, a lookup table storing pointers to features and media objects may be used. The lookup table may be implemented in various ways including, but not limited to a hierarchy, hash table or a tree structure. Each record may comprise a key-value pair of a feature identifier and a media object identifier or their pointers. The feature identifier or pointer may then used as a key.
Regardless of embodiment, when a feature is extracted from a candidate media object, its feature identifier may be used to identify other media objects cross referenced against the same identifier. Where all or a majority of features in a captured media object are shared with another media object, those two media objects may be deemed to be similar. Since the media object has been stored with its associated text, the associated text of similar media objects may then be retrieved for candidate metadata mining.
For still image media objects, metadata is typically associated with the entire object. However, for video media objects, which comprise multiple frames, it is not always the case that metadata is associated with the entire object. A video may comprise multiple scenes, each of which has a different set of metadata requirements. For example, a first scene may show a car, and the scene's frames may be associated with the word “car” as metadata. But if the second scene is that of a house, the “car” metadata of the first scene may be inappropriate for frames from the second scene.
Even if the frames are in the same scene, it may not be the case that all the frames are associated with the same metadata.
Tag propagation is a technique where a selected frame in a video object is associated with metadata from preceding frames, based on the degree of similarity of the selected frame and the preceding frames. If the preceding frame is similar to the selected frame, then the preceding frame's metadata is propagated to the selected frame. Otherwise, the preceding frame is deemed to be dissimilar, and the metadata is not propagated.
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In some embodiments, preceding frames 920 are stored in an active buffer, in RAM or other working memory of an application. The preceding frames may also be stored allowing with metadata 940 corresponding to the frames 940, and confidence scores 950 indicating the degree of relevance of metadata 940 to the preceding frames 920. There may be separate confidence scores 950 for each item of metadata 940, or alternatively, there may be a single confidence score 950 that applies to all the metadata 940 for a preceding frame 920.
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For example, the distance of a frame to the selected frame may be used to determine the likelihood that the two frames are sufficiently similar to propagate tags. If a preceding frame 920 is within two frames of the selected frame, then it is highly likely that the two frames are similar, and that metadata should be propagated from the frame to the selected frame. However, if a preceding frame 920 is five hundred frames from selected frame 910, it is highly likely that the frames are dissimilar enough to suppress metadata propagation to the selected frame 910. In this case, the frames may be in completely different scenes. Other predetermined similarity measures, including analysis of extracted features may used instead. Alternatively, an amalgam of similarity measures may be used, for instance having a similarity metric measure scored directly in proportion to the preceding frame's 920 respective distance to the selected frame 910.
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Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
