Patent Grant
10772016
The present application relates generally to the field of wireless communication and, more specifically, to the classification of network communication traffic in wireless networks.
Radio technologies in cellular communications have grown rapidly and evolved since the launch of analog cellular systems in the 1980s, starting from the First Generation (1G) in the 1980s, Second Generation (2G) in the 1990s, Third Generation (3G) in the 2000s, and Fourth Generation (4G) in the 2010s (including Long Term Evolution (LTE) and variants of LTE). Fifth generation (5G) access networks, which can also be referred to as New Radio (NR) access networks, are currently being developed and expected to fulfill the demand for exponentially increasing data traffic, and to handle a very wide range of use cases and requirements, including services such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) services, massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (uRLLC).
Traffic has been growing steadily in wireless networks in the past years, and emerging applications such as video streaming keeps the momentum going. It is predicted that video will account for 70% of all mobile traffic within a few years. Video streaming traffic, in particular, is different from other types of traffic. The resources required to maintain an acceptable user experience for video streaming are different than that required for other types of traffic, such as voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), video downloading, messaging, gaming, and p2p, etc. A small quantity of video sessions (<10%) contribute 50% or more of the total traffic.
The above-described background relating to wireless networks is merely intended to provide a contextual overview of some current issues and is not intended to be exhaustive. Other contextual information may become further apparent upon review of the following detailed description.
Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the subject disclosure are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various views unless otherwise specified.
The subject disclosure is now described with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth example aspects of the subject matter. However, these aspects are illustrative of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the subject matter can be employed. Other aspects, advantages, and novel features of the disclosed subject matter will become apparent from the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the provided drawings. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the subject disclosure. It may be evident, however, that the subject disclosure can be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to facilitate describing the subject disclosure.
The methods and operations (e.g., processes and logic flows) described in this specification can be performed by devices (e.g., network management device, gateway device, computer, computing device, etc.) comprising programmable processors that execute machine executable instructions (e.g., computer program product, computer-readable instructions, software, software programs, software applications, software modules, etc.) to facilitate performance of the operations described herein. Examples of such devices can be devices comprising circuitry and components as described in
In the upcoming 5G and other next-gen networks, network services are slated to be handled by decentralized virtual network functions (VNFs) that are instantiated either for a specific service, or group of services. However, there are conditions or events that arise that can require additional resources that exceed the capabilities that can be provided by a particular network slice. The present patent application relates to the provision of network resources, in response to a determination that the network communication traffic comprises streaming video packets. The network resources be allocated to support the communication sessions comprising streaming video traffic using, for example, VNFs and software-defined networking methods.
UE 102 can comprise, for example, any type of device that can communicate with mobile network 106, as well as other networks (see below). The UE 102 can have one or more antenna panels having vertical and horizontal elements. Examples of a UE 102 comprise a target device, device to device (D2D) UE, machine type UE, or UE capable of machine to machine (M2M) communications, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet, mobile terminal, smart phone, laptop mounted equipment (LME), universal serial bus (USB) dongles enabled for mobile communications, a computer having mobile capabilities, a mobile device such as cellular phone, a dual mode mobile handset, a laptop having laptop embedded equipment (LEE, such as a mobile broadband adapter), a tablet computer having a mobile broadband adapter, a wearable device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a heads-up display (HUD) device, a smart car, a machine-type communication (MTC) device, and the like. UE 102 can also comprise IOT devices that communicate wirelessly.
Mobile network 106 can include various types of disparate networks implementing various transmission protocols, including but not limited to cellular networks, femto networks, picocell networks, microcell networks, internet protocol (IP) networks, Wi-Fi networks associated with the mobile network (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” implemented by a mobile handset), and the like. For example, in at least one implementation, wireless communications system 100 can be or can include a large scale wireless communication network that spans various geographic areas, and can comprise various additional devices and components (e.g., additional network devices, additional UEs, network server devices, etc.).
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The upcoming 5G access network may utilize higher frequencies (e.g., >6 GHz) to aid in increasing capacity. Currently, much of the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum, the band of spectrum between 30 gigahertz (Ghz) and 300 Ghz is underutilized. The millimeter waves have shorter wavelengths that range from 10 millimeters to 1 millimeter, and these mmWave signals experience severe path loss, penetration loss, and fading. However, the shorter wavelength at mmWave frequencies also allows more antennas to be packed in the same physical dimension, which allows for large-scale spatial multiplexing and highly directional beamforming.
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In 5G and other next generation networks, network services can be handled by decentralized virtual network functions, called network slices, that are instantiated either for a specific, dedicated service, or group of services, utilized by subscribers or large enterprises. These slices can be made to perform specific tasks depending on the location, quality of service (QoS) and capacity of a given service. Thus, instead of having one network that serves all devices on the network and performs all services, a single physical network can be sliced into multiple virtual networks that can draw from both CN and radio access network (RAN) resources to provide a specific service. In this manner, network slices can be specifically configured to support a multitude of use cases and new services. Each use case involves performance requirements that vary enormously. As shown in
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Due to the privacy and protocol regulations, most applications in the wireless networks are encrypted so that it is difficult to identify user's traffic category, including in real time (e.g., live video streaming) Since most application information are encrypted, the wireless operators only know the traffic types of small amount. For example, video optimization algorithms could only be applied to limited number of applications which are revealed to the operators. There has been little research related to identifying the application/service type from radio access networks (RAN), or even the core networks. Based on mobile user's reports, a small proportion of users voluntarily report their application types, but the data is only available offline.
Current network prioritization is based on QCI classes instead of service types. QoS Class Identifier (QCI) is a mechanism used in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks to ensure bearer traffic is allocated appropriate Quality of Service (QoS). Different bearer traffic requires different QoS and therefore different QCI values. However, radio access network (RAN) algorithms do not prioritize a certain video service (e.g., real-time video streaming) over another non-streaming video service (e.g., background file download) based on their different QoS requirements, such as throughput and latency.
There is also no ability for current networks to perform real-time classification of traffic to determine whether the traffic is video streaming traffic, which consumes a lot of bandwidth/resource with high volumes and long durations. In the present art, traffic reports can be used to categorize user traffic according to the overall duration and traffic volume. However, this is conducted after the session ends and cannot help real-time user traffic control. A real-time determination can enable more performance optimization in the subsequent period before the video session ends.
The TCF 505 can also be operable to categorize traffic in real-time, enabling more resources to be made available through SDN and network slicing, before a video streaming session has concluded. As such, the TCF 505 of the present application can facilitate large-scale user traffic classification for UE level real-time network control and traffic prediction (e.g., real-time traffic classification to identify video-streaming like transmissions between the network node and UEs (long duration and large traffic) among general traffic (various durations and low traffic) in the early stage of new radio resource control (RRC) sessions (like 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 120 seconds, etc.).
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In example embodiments, labels (e.g., labeling a session as streaming-video, downloaded video, etc.) used in conjunction with training and validation data are derived based on either known application information or traffic report characteristics. An offline training model can be used to acquire historical CT events of existing sessions with known application category and form a time sequence of CT events. The time sequence of CT events can be formulated as a sequence classification task, wherein CT event sequences are taken during the early stage of an application session as input, and the traffic category of that session is used as the output. Various machine-learning classification models (e.g., algorithms) including but not limited to gradient boosting machine, random forecast classification, and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network, can be used to “train” the TCF 505.
An optimal model (e.g., model for categorizing traffic) can be formulated by the TCF 505 based on the performance metrics (accuracy, precision, and recall, etc.) in the validation processes. The well-trained model can then be applied to real-time streaming data (e.g., CT events data) to recognize UE traffic categories. Thus, in practice mode (e.g., not offline-training), the well-trained classification model can be applied by the TCF 505 to all mobile user's UEs in real time based on the reported TCF event sequences during the early stages of application sessions/connections (e.g., within seconds of the active application session). Again, the categorization during the early stages of the application sessions allow for a real-time categorization of the traffic, as opposed to obtaining reports after the application sessions have ended. Categorization during the early stages allows for additional resources, for example, to allocated to service an application streaming video data, so that the user experience does not suffer (e.g., delays due to jitters, buffering, etc. causing a disjointed video-viewing experience) when a user views a video-streaming application on his or her UE. For example, referring to
Additionally, the TCF 505 can conduct the prediction for each user/session continuously to improve the classification confidence over time.
A CT event can include, in general, periodically reported call trace records (e.g., periodically reported measurements). Specifically, for example, a radio UE timing advance (TA) measurement can be used, since a UE's TA measurements are reported periodically (e.g., every minute). Additionally, periodic RF measurements (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP) and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) measurements can also be used as a periodic call trace record.
CT event data can also comprise handover events (e.g., when a wireless communication session is handed off from one mobile communication cell to another).
CT event data can also comprise time stamps that are constantly made and reported while the UE application session is still active.
The reporting of these CT events and their associated data elements (e.g., time stamp, etc.) by a network node can be used by the TCF 505 to determine a sequence of CT events, as shown by
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At data acquisition stage 905, the TCF 505 can be operable to receive, or collect, user UE reported historical records. The historical records can relate a UEs reports and messages related to its application sessions, including such information as CT events associated with an application session, examples of which CT events are shown and described above with respect to
In the traffic category modelling stage 910, key performance indicators (KPIs) are generated, and TCF 505 undergoes machine classifier training and evaluation, in which CT events are input into the system for it to “train” itself to evaluate whether, based on a combination of CT events, traffic comprises live video-streaming packets. After training and evaluation based on multiple sets of CT event data, the TCF 505 develops a model by which it can determine and categorize traffic based on, for example, less than a few minutes of provided CT event data related to a UE.
At the application stage 915, the TCF 505 can apply its model to real-world UE traffic. The TCF 505 can, for example, receive, via a network node device (e.g., network node 104) coupled with a UE (e.g., UE 102), CT events data (e.g., real-time user reports, time stamps, bearer traffic reports, context setup and release messages, HO events, etc.) streamed to it. After combining the CT events data, the TCF 505 can be operable to continuously classify traffic from UEs, and depending on the determination of whether that a UE's traffic relates to live streaming video, facilitate the selection/optimization of resources for that UE.
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The operations 1000 can further comprise, at step 1020, sequencing and combining the call trace event data for a period of the wireless communication session (e.g., see
The operations 1000 can further comprise, at step 1030, analyzing the call trace event data to determine a category (or, in other words, classification) of network communication traffic transmitted via a communication channel between the network node device and the user equipment. The network communication traffic can be associated with an application executing on the user equipment (e.g., a live-streaming video application).
The operations 1000 can comprise, at step 1040, in response to a determination that the network communication traffic comprises streaming video packets (e.g., live streaming video packets), initiating directing of network resources to be allocated to support the wireless communication session. The TCF 505 can, for example send a message to an orchestration manager device (e.g., service orchestration manager 405), the message facilitating an allocation of the network resources. The network resources can be allocated using a software defined networking process (e.g., SDN, as described above with respect to
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The operations 1100 can comprise, at step 1120, sequencing and combining, by the first network device, the call trace event data for a time period applicable to the wireless communication session (e.g., see
The operations 1100 can comprise, at step 1130, analyzing, by the first network device, the call trace event data to determine a category of network communication traffic transmitted via a communication channel between the second network device and the user equipment.
The operations 1100 can further comprise, at step 1140, in response to a determination that the network communication traffic comprises streaming video packets, initiating, by the first network device, direction of network resources to be allocated to support the wireless communication session. The TCF 505 can, for example send a message to an orchestration manager device, the message facilitating an allocation of the network resources. The network resources can be allocated using a software defined networking process (e.g., SDN, as described above with respect to
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The operations 1200 can further comprise, at step 1220, sequencing and combining the call trace event data during at least part of the wireless communication session (e.g., see
The operations 1200 can further comprise, at step 1230, analyzing the call trace event data to determine a category of network communication traffic transmitted via a communication channel between the network node device and the user equipment.
The operations 1200 can further comprise, at step 1240, in response to a determination that the network communication traffic comprises streaming video packets, instructing that network resources be allocated to support the wireless communication session. The TCF 505 can, for example send a message to an orchestration manager device, the message facilitating an allocation of the network resources. The network resources can be allocated using a software defined networking process (e.g., SDN, as described above with respect to
Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the inventive methods can be practiced with other computer system configurations, comprising single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associated devices.
The illustrated aspects of the embodiments can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which can include computer-readable storage media or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.
Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to store desired information. Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium.
Communications media can embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and comprises any information delivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.
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The system bus 1308 can be any of several types of bus structure that can further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memory controller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of commercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1306 comprises read-only memory (ROM) 1327 and random access memory (RAM) 1312. A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in a non-volatile memory 1327 such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 1300, such as during start-up. The RAM 1312 can also include a high-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.
The computer 1300 further comprises an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 1314 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive 1314 can also be configured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 1316, (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette 1318) and an optical disk drive 1320, (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk 1322 or, to read from or write to other high capacity optical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive 1314, magnetic disk drive 1316 and optical disk drive 1320 can be connected to the system bus 1308 by a hard disk drive interface 1324, a magnetic disk drive interface 1326 and an optical drive interface 1328, respectively. The interface 1324 for external drive implementations comprises at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1294 interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies are within contemplation of the subject embodiments.
The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions, and so forth. For the computer 1300 the drives and media accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format. Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to a HDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of media which are readable by a computer 1300, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and the like, can also be used in the example operating environment, and further, that any such media can contain computer-executable instructions for performing the methods of the disclosed embodiments.
A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1312, comprising an operating system 1330, one or more application programs 1332, other program modules 1334 and program data 1336. All or portions of the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also be cached in the RAM 1312. It is to be appreciated that the embodiments can be implemented with various commercially available operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
A user can enter commands and information into the computer 1300 through one or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 1338 and a pointing device, such as a mouse 1340. Other input devices (not shown) can include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 1304 through an input device interface 1342 that is coupled to the system bus 1308, but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 2394 serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, etc.
A monitor 1344 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 1308 through an interface, such as a video adapter 1346. In addition to the monitor 1344, a computer 1300 typically comprises other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.
The computer 1300 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections by wired and/or wireless communications to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 1348. The remote computer(s) 1348 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, a personal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainment device, a peer device or other common network node, and typically comprises many, if not all of, the elements described relative to the computer, although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device 1350 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 1352 and/or larger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 1354. Such LAN and WAN networking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which can connect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet.
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1300 is connected to the local network 1352 through a wired and/or wireless communication network interface or adapter 1356. The adapter 1356 can facilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 1352, which can also include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicating with the wireless adapter 1356.
When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1300 can include a modem 1358, or is connected to a communications server on the WAN 1354, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 1354, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1358, which can be internal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to the system bus 1308 through the input device interface 1342. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer, or portions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 1350. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used.
The computer is operable to communicate with any wireless devices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable data assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or location associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand, restroom), and telephone. This comprises at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™ wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefined structure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.
Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bed in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radio technologies called IEEE802.11 (a, b, g, n, etc.) to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, at an 11 Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data rate, for example, or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can provide real-world performance similar to the basic “10BaseT” wired Ethernet networks used in many offices.
As used in this application, the terms “system,” “component,” “interface,” and the like are generally intended to refer to a computer-related entity or an entity related to an operational machine with one or more specific functionalities. The entities disclosed herein can be either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. These components also can execute from various computer readable storage media comprising various data structures stored thereon. The components can communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal comprising one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be an apparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or electronic circuitry that is operated by software or firmware application(s) executed by a processor, wherein the processor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes at least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality through electronic components without mechanical parts, the electronic components can comprise a processor therein to execute software or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality of the electronic components. An interface can comprise input/output (I/O) components as well as associated processor, application, and/or API components.
Furthermore, the disclosed subject matter can be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, computer-readable carrier, or computer-readable media. For example, computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, a magnetic storage device, e.g., hard disk; floppy disk; magnetic strip(s); an optical disk (e.g., compact disk (CD), a digital video disc (DVD), a Blu-Ray Disc™ (BD)); a smart card; a flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive); and/or a virtual device that emulates a storage device and/or any of the above computer-readable media.
As it employed in the subject specification, the term “processor” can refer to substantially any computing processing unit or device comprising single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors with software multithread execution capability; multi-core processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploit nano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimize space usage or enhance performance of UE. A processor also can be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.
In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “data store,” “data storage,” “database,” “repository,” “queue”, and substantially any other information storage component relevant to operation and functionality of a component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components described herein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can comprise both volatile and nonvolatile memory. In addition, memory components or memory elements can be removable or stationary. Moreover, memory can be internal or external to a device or component, or removable or stationary. Memory can comprise various types of media that are readable by a computer, such as hard-disc drives, zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards or other types of memory cards, cartridges, or the like.
By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory can comprise read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory can comprise random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methods herein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising, these and any other suitable types of memory.
In particular and in regard to the various functions performed by the above described components, devices, circuits, systems and the like, the terms (comprising a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., a functional equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function in the herein illustrated example aspects of the embodiments. In this regard, it will also be recognized that the embodiments comprises a system as well as a computer-readable medium comprising computer-executable instructions for performing the acts and/or events of the various methods.
Computing devices typically comprise a variety of media, which can comprise computer-readable storage media and/or communications media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows. Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media that can be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implemented in connection with any method or technology for storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can comprise, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to store desired information. Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the information stored by the medium.
On the other hand, communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and comprises any information delivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example, and not limitation, communications media comprise wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media
Further, terms like “user equipment,” “user device,” “mobile device,” “mobile,” station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” and similar terminology, generally refer to a wireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wireless communication network or service to receive or convey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoing terms are utilized interchangeably in the subject specification and related drawings. Likewise, the terms “access point,” “node B,” “base station,” “evolved Node B,” “cell,” “cell site,” and the like, can be utilized interchangeably in the subject application, and refer to a wireless network component or appliance that serves and receives data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream from a set of subscriber stations. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. It is noted that in the subject specification and drawings, context or explicit distinction provides differentiation with respect to access points or base stations that serve and receive data from a mobile device in an outdoor environment, and access points or base stations that operate in a confined, primarily indoor environment overlaid in an outdoor coverage area. Data and signaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows.
Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer,” and the like are employed interchangeably throughout the subject specification, unless context warrants particular distinction(s) among the terms. It should be appreciated that such terms can refer to human entities, associated devices, or automated components supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacity to make inference based on complex mathematical formalisms) which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth. In addition, the terms “wireless network” and “network” are used interchangeable in the subject application, when context wherein the term is utilized warrants distinction for clarity purposes such distinction is made explicit.
Moreover, the word “exemplary,” where used, is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or clear from context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context to be directed to a singular form.
In addition, while a particular feature may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature can be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “have”, “having”, “includes” and “including” and variants thereof are used in either the detailed description or the claims, these terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
The above descriptions of various embodiments of the subject disclosure and corresponding figures and what is described in the Abstract, are described herein for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the precise forms disclosed. It is to be understood that one of ordinary skill in the art can recognize that other embodiments comprising modifications, permutations, combinations, and additions can be implemented for performing the same, similar, alternative, or substitute functions of the disclosed subject matter, and are therefore considered within the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to any single embodiment described herein, but rather should be construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the claims below.
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