Patent Grant
10408047
his section is intended to introduce various aspects of the art, which may be associated with exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. This discussion is believed to assist in providing a framework to facilitate a better understanding of particular aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be understood that this section should be read in this light, and not necessarily as admissions of prior art.
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of data transmission along a tubular body. More specifically, the invention relates to the acoustic transmission of data along pipes within a wellbore. The present invention further relates to a hybrid wired-and-wireless transmission system for transmitting data along a downhole tubular string and to an in-wellbore tool incident to completion operations.
General Discussion of Technology
In the drilling of oil and gas wells, a wellbore is formed using a drill bit that is urged downwardly at a lower end of a drill string. After drilling to a predetermined depth, the drill string and bit are removed and the wellbore is lined with a string of casing. An annular area is thus formed between the string of casing and the surrounding formations.
A cementing operation is typically conducted in order to fill or “squeeze” the annular area with cement. The combination of cement and casing strengthens the wellbore and facilitates the isolation of formations behind the casing.
It is common to place several strings of casing having progressively smaller outer diameters into the wellbore. A first string may be referred to as surface casing. The surface casing serves to isolate and protect the shallower, fresh water-bearing aquifers from contamination by drilling fluids. Accordingly, this casing string is almost always cemented entirely back to the surface. A next smaller string of casing is then run into the wellbore.
A process of drilling and then cementing progressively smaller strings of casing is repeated several times below the surface casing until the well has reached total depth. In some instances, the final string of casing is a liner, that is, a string of casing that is not tied back to the surface. The final string of casing, referred to as a production casing, is also typically cemented into place.
In some completions, the production casing (or liner) has swell packers spaced across production intervals. This creates annular compartments for isolation of the zones during stimulation treatments and production. In this instance, the annulus may simply be packed with sand.
As part of the completion process, the production casing is perforated at a desired level. This means that lateral holes are shot through the casing and the cement column surrounding the casing. The perforations allow reservoir fluids to flow into the wellbore. In the case of swell packers or individual compartments, the perforating gun penetrates the casing, allowing reservoir fluids to flow from the rock formation into the wellbore along a corresponding zone.
After perforating, the formation is typically fractured in the various zones. Fracturing consists of injecting an aqueous fluid into a formation at such high pressures and rates that the reservoir rock parts and forms a network of fractures. The fracturing fluid is typically mixed with a proppant material such as sand, crushed granite, ceramic beads or other granular materials. The proppant serves to hold the fracture(s) open after the hydraulic pressures are released.
In order to further stimulate the formation and to clean the near-wellbore regions downhole, an operator may choose to “acidize” the formations. This is done by injecting an acid solution down the wellbore and through the perforations. The use of an acidizing solution is particularly beneficial when the formation comprises carbonate rock. In operation, the completion company injects a concentrated formic acid or other acidic composition into the wellbore, and directs the fluid into selected zones of interest. The acid helps to dissolve carbonate material, thereby opening up porous channels through which hydrocarbon fluids may flow into the wellbore. In addition, the acid helps to dissolve drilling mud that may have invaded the formation and that remains along the wellbore.
In some instances, the wellbore is left uneased along the pay zones. This means that no liner string is used. This is known as an open hole completion. To support the open wellbore and to prevent the migration of sand and fines into the wellbore, a filtering screen is typically placed along the subsurface reservoirs. A column of sand may also be installed around the filtering screen, thereby forming a gravel pack. In this instance, the wellbore is not perforated and fractured, although it may still be acid-treated.
The application of hydraulic fracturing and/or acid stimulation as described above is a routine part of petroleum industry operations as applied to individual hydrocarbon-producing formations (or “pay zones”). Such pay zones may represent up to about 60 meters (100 feet) of gross, vertical thickness of subterranean formation. More recently, wells are being completed through a producing formation horizontally, with the horizontal portion extending possibly 5,000, 10,000 or even 15,000 feet.
When there are multiple or layered formations to be hydraulically fractured, or a very thick hydrocarbon-bearing formation (over about 40 meters, or 131 feet), or where an extended-reach horizontal well is being completed, then more complex treatment techniques are required to obtain treatment of the entire target formation. In this respect, the operating company must isolate various zones or sections to ensure that each separate zone is not only perforated, but adequately fractured and treated. In this way the operator is sure that fracturing fluid and proppant are being injected through each set of perforations and into each zone of interest to effectively increase the flow capacity at each desired depth.
The isolation of various zones for pre-production treatment requires that the intervals be treated in stages. It is desirable to obtain data from the wellbore during the completion operation. In the oil and gas industry, communication systems have been introduced for monitoring downhole conditions and wellbore orientation during drilling. Such systems include mud pressure pulse transmission, or so-called mud pulse telemetry, which uses the drilling and wellbore fluids as a data transmission medium. Such also includes acoustic telemetry which uses the drill pipe as a transmission medium. Such also includes radiofrequency signals wherein electrodes placed in the pin and box ends of pipe joints are tuned to receive RF signals, which are transmitted along the pipe joints.
It is also known to use fiber optic cables and electrical wires in a wellbore for communicating data. Cables and wires transmit data front a downhole sensor or measurement device during production. However, cables and wires generally are not used in connection with perforating, fracturing and acid-treating operations.
Still further, it is known to run logging tools and downhole sensors into a wellbore at the end of a wireline during production or remediation operations. Such operations are generally referred to as well logging. However, logging operations cannot be conducted during perforating, fracturing and acid-treating operations.
Therefore, a need exists for a downhole telemetry network that enables sensors to wirelessly transmit data from various zones along a wellbore in real time, and then transmit that data wirelessly to a tool in the wellbore during completion operations. Further, a need exists for a method of receiving data during a wellbore completion operation from a telemetry network that combines wireless and wired data transmission in real time.
A method of transmitting data along a wellbore and up to a surface is first provided herein. The method uses a plurality of data transmission nodes situated along a tubular body to accomplish a rapid transmission of data up the wellbore and to the surface. The wellbore penetrates into a subsurface formation, allowing for the communication of a wellbore condition at the level of the subsurface formation up to the surface. Preferably, the wellbore includes an extended horizontal portion, with each of the data transmission nodes residing along the horizontal portion.
The method first includes placing two or more downhole sensors along the wellbore. The sensors are placed proximate a depth of the subsurface formation. In one aspect, the sensors reside within the housing of a respective sensor communications node. Alternatively, each of the two or more downhole sensors resides adjacent the housing of a corresponding sensor communications node, and is in electrical communication with a corresponding electro-acoustic transducer of the communications node. Preferably, each sensor communications node is secured externally to a joint of production casing, to a base pipe of a sand screen, or to a sliding sleeve device, by means of a clamp.
The sensors may include, for example, any of (i) pressure sensors, (ii) temperature sensors, (iii) induction logs, (iv) gamma ray logs, (v) formation density sensors, (vi) sonic velocity sensors, (vii) vibration sensors, (viii) resistivity sensors, (ix) flow meters, (x) microphones, (xi) geophones, (xii) strain gauges, or (xiii) combinations thereof.
Each sensor communications nodes has a transceiver for transmitting data. The data corresponds to the generated signals from the sensors, as data signals.
The method further includes running a downhole tool into the wellbore. The tool is run into the wellbore using a working string. The working string may be a coiled tubing string, a jointed working string, a slick line or an electric line.
The downhole tool includes an associated signal receiver. The signal receiver configured to receive the data signals from the various sensor communications nodes as the downhole tool passes the nodes.
In one aspect, the sensor communications nodes transmit acoustic signals to intermediate communications nodes, which then transmit signals node-to-node up to a receiver communications node. The signal receiver is then configured to receive the data signals from the receiver communications node. In another embodiment, the sensor communications nodes transmit data signals themselves to the signal receiver. This is done by means of a wireless transmission. The wireless transmission may be, for example, by means of a radio signal, an optic signal, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or an inductive electro-magnetic signal.
The method also includes receiving data from the signal receiver at the surface. The data is indicative of one or more sensed subsurface conditions. For a land-based operation, the surface is an earth surface, preferably at or near the well head. For an offshore operation, the surface may be a production platform, a drilling rig, a floating ship-shaped vessel, or an FPSO.
In one embodiment, the working string is an electric line, while the downhole tool is a perforating gun that is run into the wellbore on the electric line. In this instance, transmitting data signals from the sensor communications nodes to the signal receiver comprises transmitting data signals in connection with a zone being perforated. In addition, receiving data from the signal receiver at the surface comprises receiving data through the electric line in real time.
In another embodiment, the working string is a coiled tubing, while the downhole tool is a nozzle at an end of the coiled tubing. In this instance, transmitting data signals from the sensor communications nodes to the signal receiver comprises transmitting data signals in connection with a zone receiving a fracturing fluid or an injection of acid. In addition, receiving data from the signal receiver at the surface comprises spooling the coiled tubing to the surface, retrieving the signal receiver, and uploading data from the signal receiver to a micro-processor.
In still another embodiment, the downhole tool is a logging tool that is run into the wellbore on a line. In this instance, transmitting data signals from the sensor communications nodes to the signal receiver comprises transmitting data signals in connection with a well logging operation. The working string may be an electric line, in which case receiving data from the signal receiver at the surface comprises receiving data through the electric line in real time. Alternatively, the working string may be a slick line or a coiled tubing string, in which case receiving data from the signal receiver at the surface comprises spooling the working string to the surface, retrieving the signal receiver, and uploading data from signal receiver to a micro-processor.
A downhole telemetry system is also provided herein. The system employs novel communications nodes spaced along pipe joints within a wellbore. The pipe joints may be, for example, joints of casing (including a liner), base pipes of joints of sand screen, sliding sleeve devices, or combinations thereof.
The system first comprises two or more downhole sensors. Each of the sensors resides along the wellbore within a subsurface formation. The subsurface formation preferably includes hydrocarbon fluids in commercially viable quantities. Each of the downhole sensors is configured to sense a subsurface condition, and then send a signal indicative of that subsurface condition.
In one aspect, the subsurface condition is pressure. In that instance, the sensor is a pressure sensor. In another aspect, the subsurface condition is temperature, in which case the sensor is a temperature sensor. Other types of sensors may be used. These include induction logs, gamma ray logs, formation density sensors, sonic velocity sensors, vibration sensors, resistivity sensors, flow meters, microphones, geophones, strain gauges, or combinations thereof.
In the present system, the wellbore may be divided into production zones. A downhole sensor is placed along the wellbore within each production zone.
The system also includes two or more sensor communications nodes. The sensor communications nodes also reside along the wellbore and within the subsurface formation. Each of the sensor communications nodes has a housing. The housing is fabricated from a steel material. In one aspect, each of the communications nodes also has a sealed bore formed within the housing. The bore holds electronic components, including an electro-acoustic transducer and associated transceiver. The transceiver is designed to generate an acoustic signal along the pipe.
Each sensor communications node is independently powered. Thus, an independent power source such as a battery or a fuel cell is provided within the bore of each housing for providing power to the transceiver.
Each of the two or more downhole sensors resides within the housing of a corresponding sensor communications node. Alternatively, each of the two or more downhole sensors resides adjacent the housing of a corresponding sensor communications node, and is in electrical communication with the corresponding electro-acoustic transducer, such as by means of an insulated wire.
The downhole acoustic telemetry system also comprises a series of intermediate communications nodes. The intermediate communications nodes are placed between the two or more sensor communications nodes.
Each intermediate communications node has a housing that is fabricated from a steel material. In one aspect, each of the communications nodes also has a sealed bore formed within the housing. The bore holds electronic components, including an electro-acoustic transducer and associated transceiver. The transceiver is designed to generate an acoustic signal along a pipe so that acoustic signals may be sent from node-to-node, using the subsurface pipe as a carrier medium. Preferably, the intermediate communications nodes are spaced at one node per joint of pipe. Alternatively, the intermediate communications nodes may be placed along 2, 10, or even 20 joints of casing, with one node per joint.
The series of intermediate communications nodes includes a receiver communications node. The receiver communications node has a transceiver for wirelessly transmitting data corresponding to the electro-acoustic waves to a downhole signal receiver, as data signals.
The acoustic signals represent the data generated by the sensor. In this way, data about subsurface conditions are transmitted from node-to-node up to the receiver communications node. In one aspect, the communications nodes transmit data as mechanical waves at a rate exceeding about 50 bps.
So that the present inventions can be better understood, certain drawings, charts, graphs anchor flow charts are appended hereto. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only selected embodiments of the inventions and are therefore not to be considered limiting of scope, for the inventions may admit to other equally effective embodiments and applications.
As used herein, the term “hydrocarbon” refers to an organic compound that includes primarily, if not exclusively, the elements hydrogen and carbon. Examples of hydrocarbons include any form of natural gas, oil, coal, and bitumen that can be used as a fuel or upgraded into a fuel.
As used herein, the term “hydrocarbon fluids” refers to a hydrocarbon or mixtures of hydrocarbons that are gases or liquids. For example, hydrocarbon fluids may include a hydrocarbon or mixtures of hydrocarbons that are gases or liquids at formation conditions, at processing conditions, or at ambient conditions (15° C. to 20° C. and 1 atm pressure). Hydrocarbon fluids may include, for example, oil, natural gas, gas condensates, coal bed methane, shale oil, shale gas, and other hydrocarbons that are in a gaseous or liquid state.
As used herein, the term “subsurface” refers to geologic strata occurring below the earth's surface.
As used herein, the term “sensor” includes any electrical sensing device or gauge. The sensor may be capable of monitoring or detecting pressure, temperature, fluid flow, vibration, resistivity, sounds, or other formation data.
As used herein, the term “formation” refers to any definable subsurface region. The formation may contain one or more hydrocarbon-containing layers, one or more non-hydrocarbon containing layers, an overburden, and/or an underburden of any geologic formation.
The terms “zone” or “zone of interest” refer to a portion of a subsurface formation containing hydrocarbons. The term “hydrocarbon-bearing formation” may alternatively be used.
As used herein, the term “wellbore” refers to a hole in the subsurface made by drilling or insertion of a conduit into the subsurface. A wellbore may have a substantially circular cross section, or other cross-sectional shape. As used herein, the term “well,” when referring to an opening in the formation, may be used interchangeably with the term “wellbore.”
The terms “tubular member,” “tubular body” or “subsurface pipe” refer to any pipe, such as a joint of casing, a portion of a liner, a production tubing, an injection tubing, a pup joint, underwater piping, an ICD joint, a sliding sleeve device, or a base pipe in a sand screen.
The inventions are described herein in connection with certain specific embodiments. However, to the extent that the following detailed description is specific to a particular embodiment or a particular use, such is intended to be illustrative only and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the inventions.
The well site 100 includes a well head 160. The well head 160 is positioned at the surface 101 over the wellbore 150. The well head 160 controls the flow of formation fluids from the subsurface formation 155 to the surface 101 upon completion. The well head 160 also facilitates the run-in of tools during completion of the wellbore 150, and the injection of treatment fluids such as acid.
The well head 160 may be any arrangement of pipes or valves that receives reservoir fluids at the top of the wellbore 150. In the arrangement of
The wellbore 150 has been completed with a series of pipe strings, referred to as casing. First, a string of surface casing 110 has been cemented into a rock matrix 157. Cement 112 is shown in an annular space 115 within the wellbore 150 surrounding the casing 110. The surface casing 110 has an upper end in sealed connection with the lower valve 164.
Next, at least one intermediate string of casing 120 is cemented into the wellbore 150. The intermediate string of casing 120 is in sealed fluid communication with the upper master valve 162. Cement 114 is again shown in an annular space 115 of the wellbore 150 within the rock matrix 157. The combination of the casing strings 110, 120 and the cement sheath 112 in the annulus 115 strengthens the wellbore 150 and facilitates the isolation of formations behind the casing 110, 120.
It is understood that a wellbore 150 may, and typically will, include more than one string of intermediate casing. Some of the intermediate casing strings may be only partially cemented into place, depending on regulatory requirements and the presence of migratory fluids in any adjacent strata. In some instances, an intermediate string of casing may be a liner.
Finally, a production string 130 is provided. The illustrative production string 130 is hung from the intermediate casing string 120 using a liner hanger 132. The production string 130 is a liner that is not tied back to the surface 101. A portion of the production liner 130 may optionally be cemented in place.
The production liner 130 has a “lower” end 134 that extends substantially to an end (or toe) 154 of the wellbore 150. For this reason, the wellbore 150 is said to be completed as a cased-hole well. In an alternate aspect, the production string 130 is not a liner but is a casing string that extends back to the surface 101. If the liner is not cemented in place, it is an open-hole well.
The illustrative wellbore 150 is completed as a horizontal wellbore. The wellbore 150 includes an horizontal portion 105. The horizontal portion 105 is defined by a heel and the toe 154. The horizontal portion 105 penetrates into and extends along the subsurface formation 155.
The liner 130 contains a bore 135. Upon completion, the bore 135 will receive production fluids and, preferably, a packer and a string of production tubing (not shown). In order to create fluid communication between the bore 135 of the liner 130 and the surrounding rock matrix 157 making up the subsurface formation 155, the liner 130 is being perforated. Perforations are seen along the production casing 130 at 136.
To create the perforations 136, a perforating gun 138 is deployed into the bore 135. The perforating gun 138 is pumped into the horizontal portion 105 at the end of a working string 140. The working string 140 is unspooled from the surface 101 so that a lower end 142 of the working string 140 ultimately extends towards the end 134 of the liner 130.
After perforating the liner 130, the subsurface formation 155 is fractured. Hydraulic fracturing consists of injecting an aqueous fluid with friction reducers or viscous fluids (usually shear thinning, non-Newtonian gels or emulsions) into the formation 155 at such high pressures and rates that the reservoir rock parts and forms a network of fractures 158. As noted above, the fracturing fluid is typically mixed with a proppant material such as sand or ceramic beads. The proppant serves to hold the fractures 158 open after the hydraulic pressures are released. In the case of so-called “tight” or unconventional formations, the combination of fractures and injected proppant substantially increases the flow capacity of the treated reservoir.
Preferably, the horizontal portion 105 of the wellbore 150 is a so-called extended-reach wellbore. This means that the horizontal portion 105 extends over 1,000 feet, and possibly as much as 15,000 feet. For extended reach wellbores, it is common to complete the wellbore by perforating and fracturing in sequential zones. This is typically done from toe-to-heel.
In the view of
Where the natural or hydraulically-induced fracture planes of a formation are vertical, a horizontally completed wellbore (portion 105) allows the production casing 130 to intersect multiple fracture planes. Horizontal completions are common for wells that are completed in so-called “tight” or “unconventional” formations. However, the present inventions have equal utility in vertically completed wells or in multi-lateral deviated wells.
It is desirable to monitor subsurface conditions during the completions process. To accomplish this, a series of novel communications nodes is provided. The communications nodes are referred to as sensor communications nodes, and are indicated at 170. The nodes 170 are shown spaced along an outer diameter of the production casing 130.
The pipe joint 300 is intended to represent a joint of production casing. The pipe joint 300 has an elongated wall 310 defining an internal bore 315. The bore 315 transmits hydrocarbon fluids during an oil and gas production operation. The pipe joint 300 has a box end 322 having internal threads, and a pin end 324 having external threads. The communications node 350 resides intermediate the box end 322 and the pin end 324.
The communications node 350 shown in
There are benefits to the use of an externally-placed communications node that uses acoustic waves. For example, such a node will not interfere with the flow of fluids within the internal bore 315 of the pipe joint 300. Further, installation and mechanical attachment can be readily assessed or adjusted, as necessary, using clamps. Because the acoustic signals are carried by the wall 310 of the pipe joint 300 itself, the data is largely unaffected by the fluids in the pipe joint 300.
In
In operation, each sensor communications node 170 is in electrical communication with a downhole sensor. This may be by means of a short wire, or by means of wireless communication such as infrared or radio-frequency communication. The sensor communications nodes 170 are configured to receive signals from the sensors, wherein the signals represent a subsurface condition. The subsurface condition may be pressure detected by a pressure sensor. A pressure sensor may be, for example, a sapphire gauge or a quartz gauge. Sapphire gauges are preferred as they are considered more rugged for the high-temperature downhole environment. Alternatively, the sensors may be temperature sensors. Alternatively, the sensors may be microphones for detecting ambient noise, or geophones (such as a tri-axial geophone) for detecting the presence of micro-seismic activity.
In the telemetry network of
All of these conditions encompass the term “subsurface condition” as used herein.
Referring again to
To harvest the data signals, a downhole tool is run into the bore 135 at the end 142 of a working string 140. In the arrangement of
The signal receiver 165 also resides at the end 142 of the working string 140. In operation, the perforating gun 138 is pumped to the toe 154 of the horizontal portion 155. The perforating gun 138 is then raised in the wellbore 150. As the perforating gun 138 arrives at a production zone to be perforated (such as Zone 108) a signal is sent from the operator at the surface 101 to detonate charges in the perforating gun 160. This causes the production liner 130 to be perforated (see perforations 136). Thereafter, the rock matrix 157 along the subsurface formation 155 will be fractured (see fractures 158).
It is preferred that the process of perforating and fracturing be conducted in as seamless (i.e., non-stop) a manner as possible. One technique for this process is the Just-In-Time Perforating (or “JITP”) process. The JITP process, and other techniques, are discussed in U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2013/0062055, which is entitled “Assembly And Method For Multi-Zone Fracture Stimulation of A Reservoir Using Autonomous Tubular Units.”
Regardless of the process, the sensor communications nodes 170 will transmit data signals from a receiver residing within a housing (shown at 410 in the
It is observed in
The communications node 400 first includes a housing 410. The housing 410 is designed to be attached to an outer wall of a joint of wellbore pipe, such as the pipe joint 300 of
The housing 410 is dimensioned to be strong enough to protect internal electronics. In one aspect, the housing 410 has an outer wall 412 that is about 0.2 inches (0.51 cm) in thickness. A bore 405 is formed within the wall 412. The bore 405 houses the electronics, shown in
The first intermediate communications node 172 will receive an electrical signal from the sensor communications node 170. An electro-acoustic transducer 442 converts electrical energy to acoustical energy (or vice-versa). The transducer 442 is coupled with outer wall 412 on the side attached to the tubular body and is preferably part of the circuit board 445.
It is noted that in
The transducer 442 may itself serve as a sensor. This allows active acoustic response along a section of casing, thereby allowing the operator to evaluate, for example, cement integrity. In another aspect, a separate sensor 432 is provided in the housing 410 and is in electrical communication with the transducer 442.
A first intermediate communications node 172 receives an electrical (or other) signal from the sensor communications node 170 along Zone 108. The transducer 442 converts the signals to acoustic signals, and then transmits the signals through the pipe to a next intermediate communications node 172, using the transceiver 440. Such acoustic waves are preferably at a frequency of between about 50 kHz and 500 kHz. More preferably, the acoustic wave are transmitted at a frequency of between about 100 kHz and 125 kHz. Those acoustic signals may be digitized by the micro-processor.
In one preferred embodiment, the acoustic telemetry data transfer is accomplished using multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK). Any extraneous noise in the signal is moderated by using well-known conventional analog and/or digital signal processing methods. This noise removal and signal enhancement may involve conveying the acoustic signal through a signal conditioning circuit using, for example, a bandpass filter. Alternatively, an acoustic modern is used as the transducer 442, wherein the modem uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as a modulation technique.
In one preferred embodiment, an electrical signal is delivered to an electromechanical transducer, such as through a driver circuit. In a preferred embodiment, the transducer is the same electro-acoustic transducer that originally received the MESK data. The signal generated by the electro-acoustic transducer then passes through the housing 410 to the tubular body, that is, the liner 130, and propagates along the tubular body to a next intermediate communication node 172. The re-transmitted signal represents the same sensor data originally transmitted by sensor communications node 170 in Zone 108. In one aspect, the acoustic signal is generated and received by a tnagnetostrictive transducer comprising a coil wrapped around a core as the transceiver. In another aspect, the acoustic signal is generated and received by a piezo-electric ceramic transducer. In either case, the filtered signal is delivered up to a receiver communications node 174.
Referring back to
The communications node 400 also optionally includes a shoe 500. More specifically, the node 400 includes a pair of shoes 500 disposed at opposing ends of the wall 412. Each of the shoes 500 provides a beveled face that helps prevent the node 400 from hanging up on an external tubular body or the surrounding earth formation, as the case may be, during run-in or pull-out. The shoes 500 may have a protective outer layer 422 and an optional cushioning material 424 (shown in
The shoe 500 first includes a body 510. The body 510 includes a flat under-surface 512 that butts up against opposing ends of the wall 412 of the communications node 400.
Extending from the under-surface 512 is a stem 520, The illustrative stem 520 is circular in profile. The stem 520 is dimensioned to be received within opposing recesses 414 of the wall 412 of the node 400.
Extending in an opposing direction from the body 510 is a beveled surface 530. As noted, the beveled surface 530 is designed to prevent the communications node 400 from hanging up on an object during run-in into a wellbore.
Behind the beveled surface 530 is a flat surface 535. The flat surface 535 is configured to extend along the liner string 130 when the communications node 400 is attached to the tubular body 130. In one aspect, the shoe 500 includes an optional shoulder 515. The shoulder 515 creates a clearance between the flat surface 535 and the tubular body opposite the stem 520.
Returning to
The downhole telemetry network of
Two specific applications to the downhole telemetry network are provided in
In the arrangement of
In each view, the wellbore 200 is divided into multiple zones, designated as 202A, 202B, 202C . . . 202M. Each zone 202A, 202B, 202C . . . 202M has a corresponding sensor communications node 270. The sensor communications nodes 270 are designed in accordance with node 400 of
To define the production zones 202A, 202B, 202C . . . 202M, packers 232 are placed in the annulus 205. The packers 232 may be, for example, swell packers or mechanically-set packers. An example of a suitable mechanically-set packer is described in U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2013/0248179 entitled “Packer For Alternate Flow Channel Gravel Packing and Method For Completing A Wellbore.”
It is understood that in order to pump the ball 225 down the bore 245 and to fracture the formation 250 along zone 202M, the bottom of the liner string 230 must be opened to the formation 250. This may be done by perforating the liner 230 below the sleeve 220 before the ball 225 is dropped.
During fracturing, the operator monitors pressure gauges at the surface 101. When pressure readings are sufficiently high to indicate that fractures 258 have been formed, the operator drops ball sealers 226 into the bore 245. The ball sealers 226 will eventually seat along the ports 224, sealing off zone 202M.
Thereafter, or simultaneously therewith, the operator raises the perforating gun 238A and shoots perforations into a new zone, such as a zone intermediate zones 202C and 202M. Pumping pressure is increased to form fractures in the formation 250 along the new zone. New ball sealers are then dropped into the bore 245, sealing off the newly formed perforations (not shown). This process is repeated until all zones are perforated and fractured, including zones 202C, 202B and 202A, from toe-to-heel.
It is understood that this process will require the perforating gun 238A to be periodically changed out as charges are detonated and exhausted. It is also understood that the process will likely involve the periodic placement of bridge plugs or the dropping of frac balls onto frac seats along the liner 130 to accomplish a staged perforating and fracturing operation. U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2013/0062055, entitled “Assembly And Method For Multi-Zone Fracture Stimulation of A Reservoir Using Autonomous Tubular Units,” is again referenced for details of various processes.
In
It is observed that a signal receiver 265 is again disposed at the lower end of the working string 240A. The signal receiver 265 picks up wireless transmissions from the transmitter in the sensor communications nodes 270 as the receiver 265 crosses (or otherwise moves with a designated proximity to) the respective nodes 270 downhole. The designated proximity may be, for example, between 0.1 and 25 feet (0.9 and 7.6 meters). The receiver communications nodes 270 are affixed to an outer diameter of the horizontal production tubing 230.
In this application, the signal receiver 265 wirelessly receives signal data indicative of sounds, such as may be received by a microphone. Sounds may suggest the existence and extent of fractures, the presence of undesirable fluid flow behind casing, the presence of undesirable fluid flow through erstwhile-sealed perforations at a designated zone, and so forth. For example, if a bridge plug or a ball sealer leaks fluid during a hydraulic fracturing operation, the leak may be detected by analysis of downhole sound data.
In one aspect, rather than transmit raw sound data to the surface for analysis, the sensor communications nodes 170 may be programmed to perform a data analysis using their own on-board microprocessor, and then only transmit data signals if a downhole sensor has detected a leak. If a leak is detected, new ball sealers may be dropped.
The downhole tool of
In the completion process for the wellbore 200 in
After the acid injection operation, the coiled tubing string 240B is spooled back to the surface. The signal receiver 265 is retrieved and data from the sensor communications nodes 270 is uploaded to a processer 190. The operator may then analyze the data to determine Whether acid was appropriately injected into each desired zone.
It is understood that while
It is also understood that a sand screen is actually a series of joints of screen, with each joint having a filter medium wrapped or wound around the base pipe. It is preferred, though not required, to place a gravel slurry (not shown) around the screen joints to support the surrounding formation 250 and to provide further fluid filtering. The use of sand screens with gravel packs allows for greater fluid communication with the surrounding rock matrix while still providing support for the wellbore 250.
Finally, it is understood that the working string 240B in
In any aspect, the present downhole telemetry network allows for a high speed transmission of data up to the surface 101 in a novel manner. Signals need not be sent acoustically, node-to-node, through all the strings of subsurface pipe. Further, the placement of separate communications nodes along every joint of pipe in the wellbore is not needed. Thus, the network is faster, more reliable and still less expensive than a full downhole acoustic telemetry system.
In each of
In one arrangement, the communications nodes (such as nodes 400 with the shoes 500) are welded onto an inner or outer surface of the tubular body, such as wall 310 of the pipe joint 300. More specifically, the body 410 of the respective communications nodes 400 are welded onto the wall of the tubular body. In some cases, it may not be feasible or desirable to pre-weld the communications nodes 400 onto pipe joints before delivery to a well site. Further still, welding may degrade the tubular integrity or damage electronics in the housing 410. Therefore, it is desirable to utilize a clamping system that allows a drilling or service company to mechanically connect/disconnect the communications nodes 400 along a tubular body as the tubular body is being run into a wellbore.
The system 600 first includes at least one clamp 610. In the arrangement of
The illustrative clamps 610 of
Each clamp 610 also includes a fastening mechanism 620. The fastening mechanisms 620 may be any means used for mechanically securing a ring onto a tubular body, such as a hook or a threaded connector. In the arrangement of
In operation, a clamp 610 is placed onto the tubular body 630 by pivoting the first 612 and second 614 arcuate sections of the clamp 610 into an open position. The first 612 and second 614 sections are then closed around the tubular body 630, and the bolt 625 is run through the first 622 and second 624 receiving rings. The bolt 625 is then turned relative to the nut 627 in order to tighten the clamp 610 and connected communications node 400 onto the outer surface of the tubular body 630. Where two clamps 610 are used, this process is repeated.
The tubular body 630 may be, for example, a string of casing, such as the casing string 130 of
In one aspect, the communications node 400 is about 12 to 16 inches (0.30 to 0.41 meters) in length as it resides along the tubular body 630. Specifically, the housing 410 of the communications node may be (0.20 to 0.25 meters) in length, and each opposing shoe 500 may be 2 to 5 inches (0.05 to 0.13 meters) in length. Further, the communications node 400 may be about 1 inch in width and 1 inch in height. The housing 410 of the communications node 400 may have a concave profile that generally matches the radius of the tubular body 630.
A method for transmitting data in a wellbore is also provided herein. The method preferably employs the communications node 400 and the clamps 610 of
The method 700 first includes placing two or more downhole sensors along the wellbore. This is shown at Box 710. The sensors are placed proximate a depth of the subsurface formation. The sensors may be, for example, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, formation logging tools, microphones or casing strain gauges.
The method 700 also includes generating signals at the downhole sensors. This is provided at Box 720. The signals are indicative of subsurface conditions.
The method 700 further includes providing two or more sensor communications nodes along the wellbore. This is indicated at Box 730. The sensor communications nodes are also placed proximate a depth of the subsurface formation. Preferably, the sensors from step 710 reside within a housing of an associated sensor communications node. Also, the sensor communications nodes are preferably clamped to an outer surface of a string of production casing.
Each of the sensor communications nodes has an independent power source. The independent power source may be, for example, batteries or a fuel cell. In addition, each of the communications nodes optionally has an electro-acoustic transducer for converting electrical signals from the sensors into acoustic signals, or waves. Preferably, a frequency for the acoustic waves is selected that is between about 100 kHz and 125 kHz to more closely match the anticipated resonance frequency of the pipe material itself.
Each sensor communications node also has a transmitter or a transceiver for transmitting data. The data corresponds to the generated signals, as data signals. The data is sent wirelessly.
The method 700 additionally includes running a downhole tool into the wellbore. This is indicated at Box 740. The tool is run into the wellbore using a working string. The working string may be a coiled tubing string, a jointed working string, a slick line or an electric line.
The downhole tool includes an associated signal receiver. The signal receiver is configured to receive the data signals from the various sensor communications nodes as the downhole tool passes the nodes. In one aspect, the sensor communications nodes transmit acoustic signals to intermediate communications nodes, which then transmit signals node-to-node up to a receiver communications node. The signal receiver is then configured to receive the data signals from the receiver communications node(s).
In this arrangement, the intermediate communications nodes are configured to transmit signals indicative of the subsurface conditions acoustically. In one aspect, piezo wafers or other piezoelectric elements are used to transmit the acoustic signals. In another aspect, multiple stacks of piezoelectric crystals or other magnetostrictive devices are used. Signals are created by applying electrical signals of a designated frequency across one or more piezoelectric crystals, causing them to vibrate at a rate corresponding to the frequency of the desired acoustic signal.
In one aspect, the data transmitted between the intermediate communications nodes is represented by acoustic waves according to a multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) modulation method. Although MFSK is well-suited for this application, its use as an example is not intended to be limiting. It is known that various alternative forms of digital data modulation are available, for example, frequency shift keying (FSK), multi-frequency signaling (MF), phase shift keying (PSK), pulse position modulation (PPM), and on-off keying (OOK). In one embodiment, every 4 bits of data are represented by selecting one out of sixteen possible tones for broadcast.
Acoustic telemetry along tubulars is characterized by multi-path or reverberation which persists for a period of milliseconds. As a result, a transmitted tone of a few milliseconds duration determines the dominant received frequency for a time period of additional milliseconds. Preferably, the communication nodes determine the transmitted frequency by receiving or “listening to” the acoustic waves for a time period corresponding to the reverberation time, which is typically much longer than the transmission time. The tone duration should be long enough that the frequency spectrum of the tone burst has negligible energy at the frequencies of neighboring tones, and the listening time must be long enough for the multipath to become substantially reduced in amplitude. In one embodiment, the tone duration is 2 ms, then the transmitter remains silent for 48 milliseconds before sending the next tone. The receiver, however, listens for 2+48=50 ms to determine each transmitted frequency, utilizing the long reverberation time to make the frequency determination more certain. Beneficially, the energy required to transmit data is reduced by transmitting for a short period of time and exploiting the multi-path to extend the listening time during which the transmitted frequency may be detected.
In one embodiment, an MFSK modulation is employed where each tone is selected from an alphabet of 16 tones, so that it represents 4 bits of information. With a listening time of 50 ms, for example, the data rate is 80 bits per second.
The tones are selected to be within a frequency band where the signal is detectable above ambient and electronic noise at least two nodes away from the transmitter node so that if one node fails, it can be bypassed by transmitting data directly between its nearest neighbors above and below. In one example the tones are evenly spaced in period within a frequency band from about 50 kHz to 500 kHz.
In one aspect, the electro-acoustic transceivers in the sensor communications nodes receive acoustic waves at a first frequency, and re-transmit the acoustic waves at a second different frequency. The electro-acoustic transceivers listen for the acoustic waves generated at the first frequency for a longer time than the time for which the acoustic waves were generated at the first frequency by a previous communications node.
The method also includes receiving data from the signal receiver at the surface. This is provided at Box 750. The data is indicative of one or more sensed subsurface conditions. For a land-based operation, the surface is an earth surface, preferably at or near the well lead. For an offshore operation, the surface may be a production platform, a drilling rig, a floating ship-shaped vessel, or an FPSO.
In one embodiment, the working string is an electric line, while the downhole tool is a perforating gun that is run into the wellbore on the electric line. In this instance, transmitting data signals from the sensor communications nodes to the signal receiver comprises transmitting data signals in connection with a zone being perforated. In addition, receiving data from the signal receiver at the surface comprises receiving data through the electric line in real time. In this instance, the sensors may be, for example, microphones. Such an embodiment is disclosed in Box 760, where data signals are transmitted to the surface in real time.
In another embodiment, the working string is a coiled tubing, while the downhole tool is a nozzle at an end of the coiled tubing. In this instance, transmitting data signals from the sensor communications nodes to the signal receiver comprises transmitting data signals in connection with a zone receiving an injection of fracturing fluid or an injection of an acid. In addition, receiving data from the signal receiver at the surface comprises spooling the coiled tubing to the surface, retrieving the signal receiver, and uploading data from the signal receiver to a micro-processor. Such an embodiment is disclosed in Boxes 765A, where the coiled tubing string (or other working string is spooled or pulled to the surface.
Data from the signal receiver is then uploaded to a process for analysis. This is shown at Box 765B. This enables an operator to monitor, for example, where frac sand (proppant) is going, and knowing whether or not new fractures have intercepted previously created fractures in a neighboring zone. Alternatively, this enables an operator to monitor a flow of acid through perforations.
The method 700 also provides for processing data signals received by the signal receiver. This is indicated at Box 770. The receiver has data acquisition capabilities. The receiver may employ either volatile or non-volatile memory. The signals are processed for analysis of the one or more subsurface conditions. Analysis may be by an operator, by software, or both.
It is noted that the method 700 may involve the use of intermediate communications nodes along at least one zone, such as nodes 172 shown along Zone 107 in
transmitting data from a sensor communications node up the wellbore through a series of intermediate communications nodes and to a receiver communications node using acoustic signals, the data being indicative of the subsurface conditions;
transmitting data from the receiver communications node to the signal receiver; and
repeating either the step of Box 760 or the steps of Boxes 765A and 765B to deliver data to the surface for the step of Box 770.
It is also observed that the operator may wish to retrieve data from the sensor communications nodes at a subsequent point after production operations have commenced. In this instance, the method 700 may further include:
beginning production operations;
running a battery recharging device into the wellbore, the battery recharging device emitting a signal to recharge a batter; and
approaching (and preferably crossing) each sensor communications node such that the sensor communications nodes each receive the recharging signal.
In one aspect, the network can be put into a low-power “sleep mode” to preserve battery life while the network is inactive. When sensor data is desired after production operations have commenced, the network can be awoken, queried for data, and then put back to sleep until the next data acquisition period.
As can be seen, a novel downhole telemetry system is provided, as well as a novel method for the electro-acoustic transmission of information using a plurality of data transmission nodes. While it will be apparent that the inventions herein described are well calculated to achieve the benefits and advantages set forth above, it will be appreciated that the inventions are susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the spirit thereof.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/107,900 filed on Jan. 26, 2015. This application is related to PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US13/76281 filed Dec. 18, 2013, entitled “Wired and Wireless Downhole Telemetry Using Production Tubing,” and is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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