There is interest in the collection and analysis of aerosol particles for environmental air sampling, counter-terrorism, epidemiology, medicine, and agriculture, among various applications. These applications typically involve the monitoring or collection of airborne plant, animal, or human pathogens.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is greater interest in identifying airborne pathogens in real time. The efficacy of these devices has been evaluated in hospital settings (“Viable SARS-COV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients”, Lednicky et al.), and the monitoring of airborne pathogens could become commonplace in hospitals, government buildings, and military complexes. Monitoring of aerosolized pathogens is of particular interest to agriculture, where the spread of disease in livestock could have devastating consequences.
Current aerosol collection system, e.g., wetted wall air sampler, employs a cyclone that pulls in air, spins it, and as it spins it, centrifugal forces pull out the particles into a solution. The current system generates liquid that is directly proportionate to the amount of processed air. Thus, the more air that is collected, the more solution there is to analyze.
There is a benefit to improving the collection and analysis of aerosol particles.
An exemplary active recirculation system and method for aerosol collection are disclosed that employ recirculation via one or more active pumps (e.g., peristaltic pumps) to continuously circulate a collection buffer within an aerosol collection frontend to improve the collection efficiency. In using less fluid volume, the exemplary active recirculation system and method increase the concentration of the target particle. A high concentration of particles may be advantageous when detecting pathogens downstream of collection. The aerosol collection frontend connects to a collection reservoir. During a collection cycle, a pump draws the fluid from the collection reservoir and pumps the collected fluid back into the collection front end at a set flow rate.
In an aspect, a system is disclosed comprising: an aerosol collection frontend configured to capture, in a hydrosol (e.g., buffer+captured aerosols and/or particles), aerosols and/or particles from a continuous moving volume of air (e.g., continuous stream of air) through an input nozzle; and a recirculation assembly operatively coupled to the aerosol collection frontend to recirculate the hydrosol collected from the frontend and a recirculation volume of hydrosol to increase the concentration of the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol for sampling thereof, the recirculation assembly including a collection reservoir configured to connect to the aerossol collection frontend to collect the hydrosol, the collection reservoir maintaining a part of the recirculation volume of hydrosol, and a first pump operatively connected to the collection reservoir to move the recirculation volume of hydrosol from the collection reservoir to a recirculation input of the acrosol collection frontend.
In some implementations, the system further includes a buffer replenishment reservoir and a second pump operatively connected to the buffer replenishment reservoir to move replacement clean hydrosol from the buffer replenishment reservoir to the collection reservoir.
In some implementations, the system further includes a filter, and the aerosols and/or particles are less than 10 μm.
In some implementations, the system further includes a sampling output port or sensor for analysis of the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol.
In some implementations, the system further includes a sensor module coupled to the sampling output port or sensor. The sensor module is configured to analyze the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol to detect a target pathogen or particle (e.g., COVID-19, bacterial pathogens, airborne pollutants, etc.).
In some implementations, the sensor module is modular such that the sensor module may be replaced with a different sensor module configured to analyze and detect a different target pathogen or particle.
In some implementations, the aerosol collection frontend comprises a wet cyclone assembly, a wetted wall cyclone assembly, or a condensation-based collection assembly.
In some implementations, the wet cyclone assembly or the wetted wall cyclone assembly includes a fluid atomizer, or a mixer configured to mix the hydrosol with the continuous moving volume of air and a skimmer configured to collect the captured hydrosol and guide it towards the recirculation assembly.
In some implementations, the hydrosol includes a buffered saline solution (e.g., phosphate-buffered saline).
In some implementations, the system further includes an H-bridge converter to operate the first pump of the recirculation assembly.
In some implementations, the system is configured to provide airflow of at least 18,000 L/min with a collection efficiency greater than 65%, and a concentration increase of at least 2×.
In some implementations, the system further includes a plurality of sensors connected to at least one of the aerosol collection frontend, the collection reservoir, the buffer replenishment reservoir, or any fluid conduit therebetween, wherein any one of the plurality of sensors is configured to sense pressure, humidity, temperature, or flow rate.
In some implementations, the system further includes a microcontroller in electrical communication with the plurality of sensors, the microcontroller configured to communicate with the H-bridge to control the converter to control the operation of the first pump or the second pump.
In another aspect, a method of capturing aerosols and/or particles from a continuously moving volume of air (e.g., a continuous stream of air) is disclosed, the method comprising: capturing, in a hydrosol (e.g., buffer+captured aerosols and/or particles), aerosols and/or particles from a continuous moving volume of air (e.g., a continuous stream of air) through an input nozzle of an aerosol collection frontend; and recirculating the hydrosol collected from the frontend and a recirculation volume of hydrosol to increase the concentration of the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol for sampling thereof, wherein the recirculating moves the recirculation volume of hydrosol from a collection reservoir to a recirculation input of the aerosol collection frontend.
In some implementations, the method further includes outputting, through a sampling output port, a sample volume of the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol.
In some implementations, the method further includes introducing a volume of replacement clean hydrosol from a buffer replenishment reservoir into the collection reservoir or the aerosol collection frontend to replace the output sample volume.
In some implementations, the method further includes reversing the flow direction of the hydrosol at the end of a sampling period to drain excess volumes of hydrosol in a fluid line back into the collection reservoir.
In some implementations, the method further includes: monitoring any one of pressure, temperature, humidity, or flow rate of the hydrosol or the air; relaying sensor data to a microcontroller; and adjusting the flow parameters of the aerosol collection frontend or the recirculating hydrosol based on the sensor data.
In some implementations, the capturing or recirculating steps are performed until: (i) a predetermined volume of the continuous moving volume of air has moved through the aerosol collection frontend; (ii) a predetermined period of time has passed since the capturing began; (iii) a predetermined period of time has passed since the recirculating began; (iv) a predetermined volume of the sample volume of the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol has been collected through the sampling output port; or (v) a predetermined volume of the replacement clean hydrosol has been introduced from the buffer replenishment reservoir into the collection reservoir or the aerosol collection frontend.
In some implementations, the method further includes analyzing a sample volume of the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol; and detecting the presence or absence of a target pathogen or particle (e.g., COVID-19, bacterial pathogens, airborne pollutants, etc.).
The skilled person in the art will understand that the drawings described below are for illustration purposes only.
Some references, which may include various patents, patent applications, and publications, are cited in a reference list and discussed in the disclosure provided herein. The citation and/or discussion of such references is provided merely to clarify the description of the present disclosure and is not an admission that any such reference is “prior art” to any aspects of the present disclosure described herein. In terms of notation, “[n]” corresponds to the nth reference in the list. All references cited and discussed in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference.
Aerosol collection frontend. The aerosol collection frontend 102 is configured to capture, in a hydrosol 106 (not shown—see fluid in
In the example shown in
Air 109 flows into the aerosol collection frontend 102 through the input nozzle 110. For example, air 109 may be pumped or vacuumed into an input nozzle 110 that is open to the environment of interest for sampling. The pumping or vacuuming may be performed by the pump 112 of the aerosol collection frontend 102. In some implementations, the pump 112 is a vacuum pump configured to pull the air into the input nozzle 110 and, through the aerosol collection frontend 102, back into the environment. In other implementations, the pump 112 may cause a fluid to flow into the aerosol collection frontend 102. In some implementations, there is a pump 112 each for moving the air 109 and the fluid.
The input nozzle 110 is in fluid communication with the mixer 114 and causes flowing air 109 to enter the mixer 114. The mixer 114 allows the air 109 and the fluid to mix within the aerosol collection frontend 102. In some implementations, the mixer 114 is a water atomization comprising compressed air introduced adjacent to the fluid input to break the fluid into small particles. This atomization/mixing process increases the over-surface area of the fluid within the mixer 114, which allows for greater mixing of the fluid and air 109. The greater mixing allows the fluid to collect a greater number, mass, or concentration of sample particles from the air 109.
In some implementations, the aerosol collection frontend 102 is a cyclone body configured to create a vortex of fluid flow and collect sample fluid therein, as described by specific examples throughout this specification.
Recirculation assembly. The recirculation assembly 104 includes a collection reservoir 118, a pump 120, an output port or sensor 122, and a buffer replenishment reservoir 124
The collection reservoir 118 is in fluid communication with the mixer 114 of the aerosol collection frontend 102 and configured to collect fluid from the mixer 114. In other words, while air 109 is pumped through the aerosol collection frontend 102, fluid is mixed with the air 109 to collect samples from the air. This sample fluid flows into the collection reservoir 118 of the recirculation assembly 104.
The pump 120 of the recirculation assembly 104 is configured to move fluid from the collection reservoir 118 out of the recirculation assembly 104 and back into the aerosol collection frontend 102 via the recirculation input 116. The recirculation input 116 then introduces the fluid into the mixer 114 to once again mix with and collect samples from the air 109 flowing through. This recirculation process continues until the sample fluid has collected an adequate amount or concentration of samples from the air 109. In some implementations, the recirculation process continues for a predetermined time until a predetermined volume of liquid has been recirculated or until a predetermined volume of air 109 has been pumped through the frontend 102.
At any time in the recirculation process, including once the sample fluid has reached a desired concentration, the output port or sensor 122 is configured to pump some fluid out of the recirculation assembly 104. The output port or sensor 122 may be a simple collection tube used to collect a sample of concentrated sample fluid. In some implementations, the output port or sensor 122 may also include a sensor module configured to detect a desired pathogen or airborne particle. In some implementations, the output port or sensor 122 can be exchanged for a different output port or sensor 122 configured for collecting a new sample fluid or detecting a different pathogen or airborne particle of interest.
As sample fluid is drawn out of the recirculation assembly 104, it may be replaced by the introduction of additional buffer fluid via the buffer replenishment reservoir 124. The buffer replenishment reservoir 124 is configured to pump additional fluid into the collection reservoir 118 to maintain a desired volume of liquid flowing between the recirculation assembly 104 and the aerosol collection frontend 102. In some implementations, the buffer replenishment reservoir 124 pumps an initial amount of fluid into the collection reservoir on startup of the system 100a.
As described above, the aerosol collection frontend 102 can include a variety of exemplary systems. Generally, they can be described as either cyclone-based systems or condensation-based systems. Examples of cyclone-based systems include wetted wall cyclones, traditional wet cyclones, or other commercial products.
Examples of a wetted wall cyclone are shown in
The main difference between cyclones 601 and 602 is the inlet section. The shape of cyclone 602 is a constant width in the direction of airflow, while the depth narrows along a curve. Furthermore, the inlet section 606 of cyclone 602 also includes an atomizer 620 However, each cyclone 601 and cyclone 602 operates by a similar principle. Air enters the inlet section 606, and liquid enters the liquid injection inlet 610. The air and liquid mix as they enter the cyclone body 608 and begin swirling around the vortex finder 612. By the time the fluids reach the skimmer 614, the liquid clings to the walls of the cyclone body 608 and flows out via the liquid outflow 616. Air continues through to an air outlet 618.
Examples of traditional wet cyclone systems are shown in
Cyclone 604 in
An example commercial product of a cyclone-based system is shown in
An example of condensation-based systems includes condensation growth tube (CGT) devices, as shown in
Method 200 includes capturing (202), in a hydrosol (e.g., buffer+captured aerosols and/or particles), aerosols and/or particles from a continuous moving volume of air (e.g., a continuous stream of air) through an input nozzle of an aerosol collection frontend,
Method 200 further includes recirculating (204) the hydrosol collected from the frontend and a recirculation volume of hydrosol to increase the concentration of the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol for sampling thereof, wherein the recirculation moves the recirculation volume of hydrosol from a collection reservoir to a recirculation input of the aerosol collection frontend.
Method 200 further includes a number of optional steps for operation, denoted by a dotted-line arrow in the
Method 200 may further include reversing (210) the flow direction of the hydrosol at the end of a sampling period to drain excess volumes of hydrosol in a fluid line back into the collection reservoir. Method 200 may further include monitoring (212) any one of pressure, temperature, humidity, or flow rate of the hydrosol or the air; relaying sensor data to a microcontroller; and adjusting the flow parameters of the aerosol collection frontend or the recirculating hydrosol based on the sensor data.
Finally, the method 200 includes a stopping step, wherein the recirculating or the capturing is stopped (214). In order to know when to stop, the method 200 may include a variety of predetermined parameters which signal one of the recirculating or the capturing to cease. For example, the method may stop capturing or recirculating when one of the following occurs: (i) a predetermined volume of the continuous moving volume of air has moved through the aerosol collection frontend; (ii) a predetermined period of time has passed since the capturing began; (iii) a predetermined period of time has passed since the recirculating began; (iv) a predetermined volume of the sample volume of the captured aerosols and/or particles in the captured hydrosol has been collected through the sampling output port; or (v) a predetermined volume of the replacement clean hydrosol has been introduced from the buffer replenishment reservoir into the collection reservoir or the aerosol collection frontend. In other implementations, a different signal or function may cease the operation of the recirculating or capturing steps. In other implementations, the stopping signal is a manual stop input by a user.
In
The operation of
A more detailed diagram of the system 300 is shown in
The electrical diagram in
Another example of a wet cyclone system is shown in
A prototypical system 400 is shown in
The transportation mechanism for the buffer fluid is visible in
A study was conducted to develop and build a bioaerosol collection and analysis system that can be placed and run within an HVAC system (return air side) of a large residential or commercial. In one scenario, the study evaluated the bioaerosol collection and analysis system in relation to a ten-story building to detect concentrations of SARS-COV-2 of 1 particle, or 1 plaque-forming unit (pfu) per liter (L) of air and alert within 15 minutes (threshold metrics). The study had objective metrics of 0.1 pfu/L with an alert in 5 minutes. The system has the benefits to provide near real-time warning to military personnel of an infectious environment so that protective measures can be implemented to prevent disease. The sensor has a selectivity for SARS-COV-2 that is a function of the specificity of the bioreceptor. Thus, by switching out the biosensor, this technology has extensibility to any other pathogen for which a bioreceptor exists. This technology can be scaled down or up in size, weight, and power (SWaP) and be portable or used in smaller or larger buildings, auditoriums, and conference rooms or as stand-off sensors for perimeter protection or even flown from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for use on the battlefield.
The bioaerosol collector system included a wet-walled cyclone (
The fluidics system filters the collected hydrosol for particles larger than 10 microns (environmental debris, pollens, etc.) and concentrates the target organism through volume reduction with target retention. Currently, this is achieved using tangential flow filtration (TFF) and influenza virus (H1N1-WSN-33) as a surrogate. This has achieved significant volume reduction (10 mL down to 250 μL) and concentration increase by a factor of about 2×. The fluidics system then delivers the sample to the sensor for analysis.
In the study, the prototyped system was configured to perform bioaerosol collection at an airflow of 18,000 to 20,000 L/min. The system could process and collect at a fluid (hydrosol) flow rate of at least 5 mL/min at a collection efficiency of ˜65% for particles 2-6 μm in diameter and reduce the total collection volume to 10-12 mL. Fluidics system can efficiently remove unwanted large environmental particulate >5 to 10 μm in diameter while retaining nearly all target viruses. The fluidics system can reduce collection volume from 10 mL to 250 μL and increase the concentration of the target by 2-fold. Table 1 shows the performance metrics for the study.
Bioaerosol Collector. The bioaerosol collector included a wet-walled cyclone that used a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution as the hydrosol (collection fluid) that was atomized into the collection air flow at approximately 1,750 L/min. The collection device was configured with the exemplary recirculation mode to channel the collected hydrosol to the wet- walled cyclone.
The study established the collection efficiency of the cyclone for various-sized PSL fluorescent beads within the respirable range of concern [1]. The data showed a general trend in efficiency that approaches values seen in the Mcfarland cyclone [2].
With the implementation of the exemplary recirculation system, the study observed an increase in the concentration of target particles collected by introducing clean collection fluid for the first 3 minutes of a collection cycle and then continually recirculating that collection fluid for the remaining 7 minutes of the 10-minute collection cycle. By recirculating the hydrosol, the study was able to reduce the amount of fluid delivered to the fluidics module to less than 10 mL, which would be roughly 40 mL without recirculation. By reducing the amount of fluid delivered without sacrificing collection efficiency, the concentration of target particles per mL of fluid increases by about 5-fold.
The SenSARS collection cyclone operated at an airflow rate between 1,800 and 2,400 LPM (depending on test conditions), which is higher than originally estimated. At this higher flow rate, the system had a total of 20,000 Liters of air moving through the cyclone for each 10-minute collection cycle. By applying current performance measurements of the cyclone to Equation 1, the study estimated that the concentration of target particles in the solution delivered to the fluidics module to be 1,550 pfu per mL of fluid collected. And by physically decreasing the distance between the recirculation pump and the atomizer, the volume of hydrosol in the fluid lines can be reduced during recirculation from 9 mL to 5 mL to provide a concentration of 2,000 pfu/mL. Equation 1 provides the calculation for the concentration of the target:
where Vair is the amount of air passed through the aerosol collection frontend for a single collection cycle, Cambient is the concentration of particles in ambient air, η is the particle collection efficiency, and Vhydrosol is the total volume of hydrosol collected at the end of the collection cycle.
The fluidics system filters the collected hydrosol to remove particles larger than 10 microns (environmental debris, pollens, etc.) and concentrates the target organism through volume reduction with target retention, then delivers the sample to the sensor.
The results in
A wetted wall aerosol sampling cyclone is similar to the instant system. An example wetted wall aerosol sampling cyclone system is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0193971 A1. That system does not continuously recirculate the collection fluid.
Another similar design includes a subsystem of the SAS2300 Wetted Wall Air Sampler (U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,835 B1) that passively recycles collection liquid through an aerosol collector. Though there are similarities, the exemplary system at least additionally provides for the control of the final fluid volume via the use of pumps to control liquid volume levels.
Although example embodiments of the present disclosure are explained in some instances in detail herein, it is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated. Accordingly, it is not intended that the present disclosure be limited in its scope to the details of construction and arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.
It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” or “5 approximately” one particular value and/or to “about” or “approximately” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, other exemplary embodiments include the one particular value and/or to the other particular value.
By “comprising” or “containing” or “including” is meant that at least the name compound, element, particle, or method step is present in the composition or article or method, but does not exclude the presence of other compounds, materials, particles, method steps, even if the other such compounds, material, particles, method steps have the same function as what is named.
In describing example embodiments, terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. It is intended that each term contemplates its broadest meaning as understood by those skilled in the art and includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. It is also to be understood that the mention of one or more steps of a method does not preclude the presence of additional method steps or intervening method steps between those steps expressly identified. Steps of a method may be performed in a different order than those described herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Similarly, it is also to be understood that the mention of one or more components in a device or system does not preclude the presence of additional components or intervening components between those components expressly identified.
As discussed herein, a “subject” may be any applicable human, animal, or another organism, living or dead, or other biological or molecular structure or chemical environment, and may relate to particular components of the subject, for instance, specific tissues or fluids of a subject (e.g., human tissue in a particular area of the body of a living subject), which may be in a particular location of the subject, referred to herein as an “area of interest” or a “region of interest.”
It should be appreciated that, as discussed herein, a subject may be a human or any animal. It should be appreciated that an animal may be a variety of any applicable type, including, but not limited thereto, mammal, veterinarian animal, livestock animal or pet type animal, etc. As an example, the animal may be a laboratory animal specifically selected to have certain characteristics similar to humans (e.g., rat, dog, pig, monkey), etc. It should be appreciated that the subject may be any applicable human patient, for example.
The term “about,” as used herein, means approximately, in the region of, roughly, or around. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term “about” is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by a variance of 10%. In one aspect, the term “about” means plus or minus 10% of the numerical value of the number with which it is being used. Therefore, about 50% means in the range of 45%-55%. Numerical ranges recited herein by endpoints include all numbers and fractions subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.90, 4, 4.24, and 5).
Similarly, numerical ranges recited herein by endpoints include subranges subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1-1,5, 1.5-2, 2-2.75, 2.75-3, 3-3.90, 3.90-4, 4-4.24, 4.24-5, 2-5, 3-5, 1-4, and 2-4). It is also to be understood that all numbers and fractions thereof are presumed to be modified by the term “about.”
All references cited and discussed in this specification are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and to the same extent as if each reference was individually incorporated by reference.
This PCT application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/308,641, filed Feb. 10, 2022, entitled “RECIRCULATION SYSTEM FOR AEROSOL COLLECTORS USING LIQUID COLLECTION BUFFER,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
This invention was made with government support under award no. HR00112190060 awarded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The government has certain rights in the invention.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US2023/012819 | 2/10/2023 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
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63308641 | Feb 2022 | US |