Recombinant poxvirus cytomegalovirus, compositions, and uses

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to a modified poxvirus and to methods of making and using the same; for instance, a vaccinia virus or avipox (e.g. canarypox or fowlpox), e.g., modified recombinant poxvirus-cytomegalovirus (CMV), e.g, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) such as an attenuated recombinant, especially a NYVAC or ALVAC CMV or HCMV recombinant. More in particular, the invention relates to improved vectors for the insertion and expression of foreign genes for use as safe immunization vehicles to elicit an immune response against CMV or HCMV virus. Thus, the invention relates to a recombinant poxvirus, which virus expresses gene products of CMV or HCMV and to immunogenic compositions which induce an immunological response against CMV or HCMV infections when administered to a host, or in vitro (e.g., ex vivo modalities) as well as to the products of expression of the poxvirus which by themselves are useful for eliciting an immune response e.g., raising antibodies, which antibodies are useful against CMV or HCMV infection, in either seropositive or seronegative individuals, or which expression products or antibodies elicited thereby, isolated from an animal or human or cell culture as the case may be, are useful for preparing a diagnostic kit, test or assay for the detection of the virus, or of infected cells, or, of the expression of the antigens or products in other systems. The isolated expression products are especially useful in kits, tests or assays for detection of antibodies in a system, host, serum or sample, or for generation of antibodies. The poxvirus recombinants preferably contain DNA coding for any or all of CMV or HCMVgB, gH, gL, pp150, pp65 and IE1, including recombinants expressing truncated versions of IE1; and, the recombinant poxvirus DNA is useful for probes for CMV or HCMV or for preparing PCR primers for detecting the presence or absence of CMV or HCMV or antigens thereof.

[0003] Several publications are referenced in this application. Full citation to these references is found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims or where the publication is mentioned; and each of these publications is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0004] Vaccinia virus and more recently other poxviruses have been used for the insertion and expression of foreign genes. The basic technique of inserting foreign genes into live infectious poxvirus involves recombination between pox DNA sequences flanking a foreign genetic element in a donor plasmid and homologous sequences present in the rescuing poxvirus (Piccini et al., 1987).

[0005] Specifically, the recombinant poxviruses are constructed in two steps known in the art and analogous to the methods for creating synthetic recombinants of poxviruses such as the vaccinia virus and avipox virus described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,330, 4,772,848, 4,603,112, 5,100,587, and 5,179,993, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0006] First, the DNA gene sequence to be inserted into the virus, particularly an open reading frame from a non-pox source, is placed into an E. coli plasmid construct into which DNA homologous to a section of DNA of the poxvirus has been inserted. Separately, the DNA gene sequence to be inserted is ligated to a promoter. The promoter-gene linkage is positioned in the plasmid construct so that the promoter-gene linkage is flanked on both ends by DNA homologous to a DNA sequence flanking a region of pox DNA containing a nonessential locus. The resulting plasmid construct is then amplified by growth within E. coli bacteria (Clewell, 1972) and isolated (Clewell et al., 1969; Maniatis et al., 1982).

[0007] Second, the isolated plasmid containing the DNA gene sequence to be inserted is transfected into a cell culture, e.g. chick embryo fibroblasts, along with the poxvirus. Recombination between homologous pox DNA in the plasmid and the viral genome respectively gives a poxvirus modified by the presence, in a nonessential region of its genome, of foreign DNA sequences. The term “foreign” DNA designates exogenous DNA, particularly DNA from a non-pox source, that codes for gene products not ordinarily produced by the genome into which the exogenous DNA is placed.

[0008] Genetic recombination is in general the exchange of homologous sections of DNA between two strands of DNA. In certain viruses RNA may replace DNA. Homologous sections of nucleic acid are sections of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which have the same sequence of nucleotide bases.

[0009] Genetic recombination may take place naturally during the replication or manufacture of new viral genomes within the infected host cell. Thus, genetic recombination between viral genes may occur during the viral replication cycle that takes place in a host cell which is co-infected with two or more different viruses or other genetic constructs. A section of DNA from a first genome is used interchangeably in constructing the section of the genome of a second co-infecting virus in which the DNA is homologous with that of the first viral genome.

[0010] However, recombination can also take place between sections of DNA in different genomes that are not perfectly homologous. If one such section is from a first genome homologous with a section of another genome except for the presence within the first section of, for example, a genetic marker or a gene coding for an antigenic determinant inserted into a portion of the homologous DNA, recombination can still take place and the products of that recombination are then detectable by the presence of that genetic marker or gene in the recombinant viral genome. Additional strategies have recently been reported for generating recombinant vaccinia virus.

[0011] Successful expression of the inserted DNA genetic sequence by the modified infectious virus requires two conditions. First, the insertion must be into a nonessential region of the virus in order that the modified virus remain viable. The second condition for expression of inserted DNA is the presence of a promoter in the proper relationship to the inserted DNA. The promoter must be placed so that it is located upstream from the DNA sequence to be expressed.

[0012] Vaccinia virus has been used successfully to immunize against smallpox, culminating in the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980. In the course of its history, many strains of vaccinia have arisen. These different strains demonstrate varying immunogenicity and are implicated to varying degrees with potential complications, the most serious of which are post-vaccinial encephalitis and generalized vaccinia (Behbehani, 1983).

[0013] With the eradication of smallpox, a new role for vaccinia became important, that of a genetically engineered vector for the expression of foreign genes. Genes encoding a vast number of heterologous antigens have been expressed in vaccinia, often resulting in protective immunity against challenge by the corresponding pathogen (reviewed in Tartaglia et al., 1990a).

[0014] The genetic background of the vaccinia vector has been shown to affect the protective efficacy of the expressed foreign immunogen. For example, expression of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) gp340 in the Wyeth vaccine strain of vaccinia virus did not protect cottontop tamarins against EBV virus induced lymphoma, while expression of the same gene in the WR laboratory strain of vaccinia virus was protective (Morgan et al., 1988).

[0015] A fine balance between the efficacy and the safety of a vaccinia virus-based recombinant vaccine candidate is extremely important. The recombinant virus must present the immunogen(s) in a manner that elicits a protective immune response in the vaccinated animal but lacks any significant pathogenic properties. Therefore attenuation of the vector strain would be a highly desirable advance over the current state of technology.

[0016] A number of vaccinia genes have been identified which are non-essential for growth of the virus in tissue culture and whose deletion or inactivation reduces virulence in a variety of animal systems.

[0017] The gene encoding the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase (TK) has been mapped (Hruby et al., 1982) and sequenced (Hruby et al., 1983; Weir et al., 1983). Inactivation or complete deletion of the thymidine kinase gene does not prevent growth of vaccinia virus in a wide variety of cells in tissue culture. TK− vaccinia virus is also capable of replication in vivo at the site of inoculation in a variety of hosts by a variety of routes.

[0018] It has been shown for herpes simplex virus type 2 that intravaginal inoculation of guinea pigs with TK− virus resulted in significantly lower virus titers in the spinal cord than did inoculation with TK+ virus (Stanberry et al., 1985). It has been demonstrated that herpesvirus encoded TK activity in vitro was not important for virus growth in actively metabolizing cells, but was required for virus growth in quiescent cells (Jamieson et al., 1974).

[0019] Attenuation of TK− vaccinia has been shown in mice inoculated by the intracerebral and intraperitoneal routes (Buller et al., 1985). Attenuation was observed both for the WR neurovirulent laboratory strain and for the Wyeth vaccine strain. In mice inoculated by the intradermal route, TK− recombinant vaccinia generated equivalent anti-vaccinia neutralizing antibodies as compared with the parental TK+ vaccinia virus, indicating that in this test system the loss of TK function does not significantly decrease immunogenicity of the vaccinia virus vector. Following intranasal inoculation of mice with TK− and TK+ recombinant vaccinia virus (WR strain), significantly less dissemination of virus to other locations, including the brain, has been found (Taylor et al., 1991a).

[0020] Another enzyme involved with nucleotide metabolism is ribonucleotide reductase. Loss of virally encoded ribonucleotide reductase activity in herpes simplex virus (HSV) by deletion of the gene encoding the large subunit was shown to have no effect on viral growth and DNA synthesis in dividing cells in vitro, but severely compromised the ability of the virus to grow on serum starved cells (Goldstein et al., 1988). Using a mouse model for acute HSV infection of the eye and reactivatable latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia, reduced virulence was demonstrated for HSV deleted of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, compared to the virulence exhibited by wild type HSV (Jacobson et al., 1989).

[0021] Both the small (Slabaugh et al., 1988) and large (Schmidtt et al., 1988) subunits of ribonucleotide reductase have been identified in vaccinia virus. Insertional inactivation of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase in the WR strain of vaccinia virus leads to attenuation of the virus as measured by intracranial inoculation of mice (Child et al., 1990).

[0022] The vaccinia virus hemagglutinin gene (HA) has been mapped and sequenced (Shida, 1986). The HA gene of vaccinia virus is nonessential for growth in tissue culture (Ichihashi et al., 1971). Inactivation of the HA gene of vaccinia virus results in reduced neurovirulence in rabbits inoculated by the intracranial route and smaller lesions in rabbits at the site of intradermal inoculation (Shida et al., 1988). The HA locus was used for the insertion of foreign genes in the WR strain (Shida et al., 1987), derivatives of the Lister strain (Shida et al., 1988) and the Copenhagen strain (Guo et al., 1989) of vaccinia virus. Recombinant HA− vaccinia virus expressing foreign genes have been shown to be immunogenic (Guo et al., 1989; Itamura et al., 1990; Shida et al., 1988; Shida et al., 1987) and protective against challenge by the relevant pathogen (Guo et al., 1989; Shida et al., 1987).

[0023] Cowpox virus (Brighton red strain) produces red (hemorrhagic) pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs. Spontaneous deletions within the cowpox genome generate mutants which produce white pocks (Pickup et al., 1984). The hemorrhagic function (u) maps to a 38 kDa protein encoded by an early gene (Pickup et al., 1986). This gene, which has homology to serine protease inhibitors, has been shown to inhibit the host inflammatory response to cowpox virus (Palumbo et al., 1989) and is an inhibitor of blood coagulation.

[0024] The u gene is present in WR strain of vaccinia virus (Kotwal et al., 1989b). Mice inoculated with a WR vaccinia virus recombinant in which the u region has been inactivated by insertion of a foreign gene produce higher antibody levels to the foreign gene product compared to mice inoculated with a similar recombinant vaccinia virus in which the u gene is intact (Zhou et al., 1990). The u region is present in a defective nonfunctional form in Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus (open reading frames B13 and B14 by the terminology reported in Goebel et al., 1990a,b).

[0025] Cowpox virus is localized in infected cells in cytoplasmic A type inclusion bodies (ATI) (Kato et al., 1959). The function of ATI is thought to be the protection of cowpox virus virions during dissemination from animal to animal (Bergoin et al., 1971). The ATI region of the cowpox genome encodes a 160 kDa protein which forms the matrix of the ATI bodies (Funahashi et al., 1988; Patel et al., 1987). Vaccinia virus, though containing a homologous region in its genome, generally does not produce ATI. In WR strain of vaccinia, the ATI region of the genome is translated as a 94 kDa protein (Patel et al., 1988). In Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus, most of the DNA sequences corresponding to the ATI region are deleted, with the remaining 3′ end of the region fused with sequences upstream from the ATI region to form open reading frame (ORF) A26L (Goebel et al., 1990a,b).

[0026] A variety of spontaneous (Altenburger et al., 1989; Drillien et al., 1981; Lai et al., 1989; Moss et al., 1981; Paez et al., 1985; Panicali et al., 1981) and engineered (Perkus et al., 1991; Perkus et al., 1989; Perkus et al., 1986) deletions have been reported near the left end of the vaccinia virus genome. A WR strain of vaccinia virus with a 10 kb spontaneous deletion (Moss et al., 1981; Panicali et al., 1981) was shown to be attenuated by intracranial inoculation in mice (Buller et al., 1985). This deletion was later shown to include 17 potential ORFs (Kotwal et al., 1988b). Specific genes within the deleted region include the virokine N1L and a 35 kDa protein (C3L, by the terminology reported in Goebel et al., 1990a,b). Insertional inactivation of N1L reduces virulence by intracranial inoculation for both normal and nude mice (Kotwal et al., 1989a). The 35 kDa protein is secreted like N1L into the medium of vaccinia virus infected cells. The protein contains homology to the family of complement control proteins, particularly the complement 4B binding protein (C4bp) (Kotwal et al., 1988a). Like the cellular C4bp, the vaccinia 35 kDa protein binds the fourth component of complement and inhibits the classical complement cascade (Kotwal et al., 1990). Thus the vaccinia 35 kDa protein appears to be involved in aiding the virus in evading host defense mechanisms.

[0027] The left end of the vaccinia genome includes two genes which have been identified as host range genes, K1L (Gillard et al., 1986) and C7L (Perkus et al., 1990). Deletion of both of these genes reduces the ability of vaccinia virus to grow on a variety of human cell lines (Perkus et al., 1990).

[0028] Two additional vaccine vector systems involve the use of naturally host-restricted poxviruses, avipox viruses. Both fowlpoxvirus (FPV) and canarypoxvirus (CPV) have been engineered to express foreign gene products. Fowlpox virus (FPV) is the prototypic virus of the Avipox genus of the Poxvirus family. The virus causes an economically important disease of poultry which has been well controlled since the 1920's by the use of live attenuated vaccines. Replication of the avipox viruses is limited to avian species (Matthews, 1982) and there are no reports in the literature of avipoxvirus causing a productive infection in any non-avian species including man. This host restriction provides an inherent safety barrier to transmission of the virus to other species and makes use of avipoxvirus based vaccine vectors in veterinary and human applications an attractive proposition.

[0029] FPV has been used advantageously as a vector expressing antigens from poultry pathogens. The hemagglutinin protein of a virulent avian influenza virus was expressed in an FPV recombinant (Taylor et al., 1988a). After inoculation of the recombinant into chickens and turkeys, an immune response was induced which was protective against either a homologous or a heterologous virulent influenza virus challenge (Taylor et al., 1988a). FPV recombinants expressing the surface glycoproteins of Newcastle Disease Virus have also been developed (Taylor et al., 1990; Edbauer et al., 1990).

[0030] Despite the host-restriction for replication of FPV and CPV to avian systems, recombinants derived from these viruses were found to express extrinsic proteins in cells of nonavian origin. Further, such recombinant viruses were shown to elicit immunological responses directed towards the foreign gene product and where appropriate were shown to afford protection from challenge against the corresponding pathogen (Tartaglia et al., 1993a,b; Taylor et al., 1992; 1991b; 1988b).

[0031] Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of the betaherpesviridae subfamily (family Herpesviridae). HCMV is ubiquitous in humans, with usually mild or inapparent acute infection followed by persistence or latency. However, HCMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants infected in-utero (Stagno et al., 1983). HCMV is the most common infectious complication of organ transplantation (Glenn et al., 1981) and in immunocompromised hosts (Weller et al., 1971). In AIDS patients, CMV retinitis is the leading cause of blindness (Roarty et al., 1993; Gallant et al., 1992; Gross et al., 1990) A potential role of HCMV in coronary restinosis has recently been described (Speir et al., 1994). The live attenuated Towne strain of HCMV has been shown to protect seronegative renal transplant recipients from severe clinical symptoms of HCMV infection (Plotkin et al., 1976, 1984 and 1989) and to protect initially seronegative healthy individuals from infection and clinical symptoms after subcutaneous challenge with a wild-type strain of HCMV (Plotkin et al., 1989). Concerns remain about the use of a live HCMV vaccine because of the latency reactivation phenomenon characteristic of herpesvirus infections in humans and because of the capability of certain strains of HCMV to transform cells malignantly in vitro (Albrecht and Rapp, 1973; Galloway et al., 1986). For these reasons, a recombinant subunit CMV vaccine may be more acceptable for human immunization.

[0032] The role of individual HCMV proteins in protective immunity is unclear. Three immunologically distinct families of glycoproteins associated with the HCMV envelope have been described (Gretch et al., 1988b); gCI (gp55 and gp93-130); gCII (gp47-52); and gCIII (gp85-p145). Neutralization of HCMV has been demonstrated in vitro with antibodies specific for each of these glycoprotein families (Pachl et al., 1989; Rasmussen et al., 1988; Kari et al., 1986).

[0033] The gene coding for gCI is homologous to HSV I gB (Cranage et al., 1986). HCMVgB is synthesized as a glycosylated uncleaved precursor of apparent molecular weight 130-140 kDa which is processed by cellular proteinase into N-terminal 90-110 kDa and C-terminal 55-58 kDa products which remain associated in a disulfide linked complex (Britt and Auger, 1986; Britt and Vugler, 1989; Reis et al., 1993). Monoclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing HCMV have been obtained from mice immunized with lysates of HCMV infected cells or HCMV virions, these monoclonals were predominantly reactive with the C-terminal 55-58 kDa fragment (Britt, 1984; Kari et al., 1986; Pereira et al., 1984; Rasmussen et al., 1988). However, immunization with biochemically purified gP93 resulted in the development of gp93-specific neutralizing mAbs (Kari et al., 1990).

[0034] HCMV-gB may serve to elicit protective immunity in humans: immunization with the purified gB protein induces neutralizing antibody (Gönczöl et al., 1990) and human anti-gB monoclonal antibodies neutralize the virus (Masuho et al., 1987). Following natural infection neutralizing antibody specific for HCMV-gB is observed. When gB specific antibody is absorbed from human sera, HCMV neutralizing antibody titer is reduced significantly (50-88%, Gönczöl et al., 1991; 0-98% median 48%, Marshall et al., 1992). There is also evidence for activation of helper T cells by the gB protein in naturally seropositive humans (Liu et al., 1991) and gB specific CTL has been detected in humans in some studies (Borysiewicz et al., 1988; Liu et al., 1991; Riddell, et al., 1991).

[0035] The gCII glycoproteins are encoded by a gene or genes in the US6 gene family (US6 through US11, Gretch et al., 1988a). These glycoproteins are recognized by human anti-HCMV antibody in sera from convalescent adults. However, sera from congenitally infected infants with persistent infection failed to react with gCII glycoproteins (Kari and Gehrz, 1990), suggesting that gCII may be important to human protective immune responses to HCMV.

[0036] The gP86 component of the gCIII complex is encoded by a gene that is homologous to HSV-I gH (Cranage et al., 1988; Pachl et al., 1989). The HCMV gH protein is capable of inducing a neutralizing immune response in humans (10% of HCMV infected individuals have a detectable level of circulating gH specific antibody (Rasmussen et al., 1991) as well as in laboratory animals (Baboonian et al., 1989; Cranage et al., 1988; Ehrlich et al., 1988; Rasmussen et al., 1984). Murine gH-specific monoclonal antibodies neutralize virus infectivity in a complement-independent manner (Baboonian et al., 1989; Cranage et al., 1988; Rasmussen et al., 1984) and inhibit viral spread (Pachl et al., 1989) suggesting that gH may be responsible for virus attachment, penetration and or spread.

[0037] Although gH is found on the surface of HCMV infected cells (Cranage et al., 1988), when expressed by a variety of recombinant systems it is restricted to the endoplasmic reticulum (Spaete et al., 1991). Coexpression of the HCMV UL115 gene product (glycoprotein gL) results in the formation of a stable complex of these two proteins and the transport of gH to the cell surface (Spaete et al., 1993; Kaye et al., 1992).

[0038] HCMV synthesizes a number of matrix tegument phosphoproteins. The pp150 phosphoprotein is highly immunogenic apparently more so than any other of the HCMV structural proteins (Jahn et al., 1987). A second matrix phosphoprotein, pp65, elicits a variable humoral response in humans (Jahn et al., 1987; Plachter et al., 1990). This protein can stimulate lymphoproliferation, IL-2 and interferon production, B-cell stimulation of antibody and natural killer cell activity (Forman et al., 1985). It also serves as a target antigen for HCMV-specific, HLA-restricted cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) (Pande et al., 1991; Gilbert et al., 1993).

[0039] Additional structural proteins may be required for eliciting a protective immune response to HCMV. The major capsid protein (UL86) is known to induce specific antibodies during natural infection and has been considered as the CMV-group common antigen (Spaete et al., 1994). The tegument phosphoprotein, pp28 (UL99), is also known to elicit persistent antibody responses during a natural infection. Further, this protein has also been implicated as a CTL target immunogen (Charpentier et al., 1986). The immune response to the upper tegument phosphoprotein, pp71(UL82), is not as well characterized as the other tegument phosphoproteins (pp28, pp65), but as a known tegument protein requires further attention.

[0040] In addition to these structural proteins, some non-structural proteins may also be candidates for inclusion in a recombinant subunit vaccine. Immunization of mice with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) pp89 (functional homolog of HCMV IE 1) induces CD8+ T-cell responses that mediate protective immunity from challenge with MCMV (Jonjic et al., 1988). The human CMV major immediate early protein (IE 1) has been shown to be a target for CTLs isolated from HCMV seropositive individuals (Borysiewicz et al., 1988). Since IE 1 is among the initial viral proteins expressed and is necessary for inducing the expression of other CMV genes and initiating the viral life cycle in latently infected cells (Blanton and Tevethia, 1981; Cameron and Preston, 1981; DeMarchi et al., 1980: McDonough and Spector, 1983; Wathen et al., 1981), CTL responses directed against IE 1 may be important for controlling and/or eliminating HCMV infection. Recently Gilbert et al., (1993) have suggested that HCMV has evolved a mechanism by which other viral encoded proteins selectively interfere with the presentation of IE-derived peptides in association with Class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MGC) molecules.

[0041] Some additional nonstructural proteins may also be candidates for inclusion in a recombinant subunit HCMV vaccine candidate. The immediate early protein, IE2 (UL122), and the regulatory protein UL69 are known to contain human T-helper epitopes (Benings et al., 1995).

[0042] One approach to development of a subunit HCMV vaccine is the use of live viral vectors to express relevant HCMV gene products.

[0043] It can thus be appreciated that provision of a CMV or an HCMV recombinant poxvirus, and of compositions and products therefrom particularly NYVAC or ALVAC based CMV or HCMV recombinants and compositions and products therefrom, especially such recombinants containing coding for any or all of HCMVgB, gB, gL, pp65 and IE1, including recombinants expressing altered or truncated versions of IE1 and/or gB and compositions and products therefrom would be a highly desirable advance over the current state of technology.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0044] It is therefore an object of this invention to provide modified recombinant viruses, which viruses have enhanced safety, and to provide a method of making such recombinant viruses.

[0045] It is an additional object of this invention to provide a recombinant poxvirus antigenic vaccine or immunological composition having an increased level of safety compared to known recombinant poxvirus vaccines.

[0046] It is a further object of this invention to provide a modified vector for expressing a gene product in a host, wherein the vector is modified so that it has attenuated virulence in the host.

[0047] It is another object of this invention to provide a method for expressing a gene product in a cell cultured in vitro using a modified recombinant virus or modified vector having an increased level of safety.

[0048] These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent after consideration of the following.

[0049] In one aspect, the present invention relates to a modified recombinant virus having inactivated virus-encoded genetic functions so that the recombinant virus has attenuated virulence and enhanced safety. The functions can be non-essential, or associated with virulence. The virus is advantageously a poxvirus, particularly a vaccinia virus or an avipox virus, such as fowlpox virus or canarypox virus. The modified recombinant virus can include, within a non-essential region of the virus genome, a heterologous DNA sequence which encodes an antigen or epitope derived from HCMV, such as any or all of HCMVgB, gH, gL, pp150, pp65, IE1, including altered or truncated versions of IE1, and/or gB.

[0050] In another aspect, the present invention relates to an antigenic, immunological or vaccine composition or a therapeutic composition for inducing an antigenic or immunological response in a host animal inoculated with the composition, said vaccine including a carrier and a modified recombinant virus having inactivated nonessential virus-encoded genetic functions so that the recombinant virus has attenuated virulence and enhanced safety. The virus used in the composition according to the present invention is advantageously a poxvirus, particularly a vaccinia virus or an avipox virus, such as fowlpox virus and canarypox virus. The modified recombinant virus can include, within a non-essential region of the virus genome, a heterologous DNA sequence which encodes an antigenic protein, e.g., derived from HCMV, such as any or all of HCMVgB, gH, gL, pp150, pp65, IE1, including altered or truncated versions of IE1, and/or gB.

[0051] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to an immunogenic composition containing a modified recombinant virus having inactivated nonessential virus-encoded genetic functions so that the recombinant virus has attenuated virulence and enhanced safety. The modified recombinant virus includes, within a non-essential region of the virus genome, a heterologous DNA sequence which encodes an antigenic protein (e.g., derived from HCMV, such as any or all of HCMVgB, gH, gL, pp150, pp65, IE1, including altered or truncated versions of IE1, and/or gB) wherein the composition, when administered to a host, is capable of inducing an immunological response specific to the antigen.

[0052] In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for expressing a gene product in a cell in vitro by introducing into the cell a modified recombinant virus having attenuated virulence and enhanced safety. The modified recombinant virus can include, within a nonessential region of the virus genome, a heterologous DNA sequence which encodes an antigenic protein, e.g. derived from HCMV such as any or all of HCMVgB, gH, gL, pp150, pp65, IE1, including altered or truncated versions of IE1, and/or gB. The cells can then be reinfused directly into the individual or used to amplify specific reactivities for reinfusion (Ex vivo therapy).

[0053] In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for expressing a gene product in a cell cultured in vitro by introducing into the cell a modified recombinant virus having attenuated virulence and enhanced safety. The modified recombinant virus can include, within a non-essential region of the virus genome, a heterologous DNA sequence which encodes an antigenic protein, e.g., derived from HCMV such as any or all of HCMVgB, gH, gL, pp150, pp65, IE1, including altered or truncated versions of IE1, and/or gB. The product can then be administered to individuals or animals to stimulate an immune response. The antibodies raised can be useful in individuals for the prevention or treatment of HCMV and, the antibodies from individuals or animals or the isolated in vitro expression products can be used in diagnostic kits, assays or tests to determine the presence or absence in a sample such as sera of HCMV or antigens therefrom or antibodies thereto (and therefore the absence or presence of the virus or of the products, or of an immune response to the virus or antigens).

[0054] In a still further aspect, the present invention relates to a modified recombinant virus having nonessential virus-encoded genetic functions inactivated therein so that the virus has attenuated virulence, and wherein the modified recombinant virus further contains DNA from a heterologous source in a nonessential region of the virus genome. The DNA can code for HCMV such as any or all of HCMVgB, gH, gL, pp150, pp65, IE1, including altered or truncated versions of IE1, and/or gB. In particular, the genetic functions are inactivated by deleting an open reading frame encoding a virulence factor or by utilizing naturally host restricted viruses. The virus used according to the present invention is advantageously a poxvirus, particularly a vaccinia virus or an avipox virus, such as fowlpox virus or canarypox virus. Advantageously, the open reading frame is selected from the group consisting of J2R, B13R+B14R, A26L, A56R, C7L-K1L, and I4L (by the terminology reported in Goebel et al., 1990a,b); and, the combination thereof. In this respect, the open reading frame comprises a thymidine kinase gene, a hemorrhagic region, an A type inclusion body region, a hemagglutinin gene, a host range gene region or a large subunit, ribonucleotide reductase; or, the combination thereof. A suitable modified Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus is identified as NYVAC (Tartaglia et al., 1992), or a vaccinia virus from which has been deleted J2R, B13R+B14R, A26L, A56R, C7L-K1 and I4L or a thymidine kinase gene, a hemorrhagic region, an A type inclusion body region, a hemagglutinin gene, a host range region, and a large subunit, ribonucleotide reductase (See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,773). Alternatively, a suitable poxvirus is an ALVAC or, a canarypox virus (Rentschler vaccine strain) which was attenuated, for instance, through more than 200 serial passages on chick embryo fibroblasts, a master seed therefrom was subjected to four successive plaque purifications under agar from which a plaque clone was amplified through five additional passages.

[0055] The invention in yet a further aspect relates to the product of expression of the inventive recombinant poxvirus and uses therefor, such as to form antigenic, immunological or vaccine compositions for treatment, prevention, diagnosis or testing; and, to DNA from the recombinant poxvirus which is useful in constructing DNA probes and PCR primers.

[0056] These and other embodiments are disclosed or are obvious from and encompassed by the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0057] The following detailed description, given by way of example, but not intended to limit the invention solely to the specific embodiments described, may best be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0058]
FIG. 1 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pSD460 for deletion of thymidine kinase gene and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus vP410;

[0059]
FIG. 2 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pSD486 for deletion of hemorrhagic region and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus vP553;

[0060]
FIG. 3 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pMP494Δ for deletion of ATI region and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus vP618;

[0061]
FIG. 4 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pSD467 for deletion of hemagglutinin gene and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus vP723;

[0062]
FIG. 5 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pMPCK1Δ for deletion of gene cluster [C7L-K1L] and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus vP804;

[0063]
FIG. 6 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pSD548 for deletion of large subunit, ribonucleotide reductase and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus vP866 (NYVAC);

[0064]
FIG. 7 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pRW842 for insertion of rabies glycoprotein G gene into the TK deletion locus and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus vP879;

[0065]
FIG. 8 shows the DNA sequence of a 3209 base pair fragment of canarypox DNA containing the C5 ORF (SEQ ID NO:27) (the C5 ORF initiates at position 1537 and terminates at position 1857);

[0066]
FIGS. 9A and 9B schematically show a method for the construction of recombinant canarypox virus vCP65 (ALVAC-RG);

[0067]
FIG. 10 shows schematically the ORFs deleted to generate NYVAC;

[0068]
FIGS. 11A to 11D show graphs of rabies neutralizing antibody titers (RFFIT, IU/ml), booster effect of HDC and vCP65 (105.5 TCID50) in volunteers previously immunized with either the same or the alternate vaccine (vaccines given at days 0, 28 and 180, antibody titers measured at days 0, 7, 28, 35, 56, 173, 187 and 208);

[0069]
FIG. 12 shows the DNA sequence of HCMVgB (Towne strain) (SEQ ID NO:37);

[0070]
FIGS. 13A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted HCMVgB and NYVAC sequences flanking the TK locus (SEQ ID NO:38) (the 5′end of the H6 promoted CMVgB is at position 3447; the CMVgB coding sequence is from position 3324 through position 606);

[0071]
FIGS. 14A to C show the DNA sequence of a 7351 base pair fragment of canarypox DNA containing the C3 ORF (SEQ ID NO:39) (the C3 ORF is initiated at position 1458 and terminates at position 2897);

[0072]
FIGS. 15A to C show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted HCMVgB and ALVAC sequences flanking the C3 locus (SEQ ID NO:40) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVgB is at position 4425; the CMVgB coding sequence is from position 4301 through position 1581);

[0073]
FIGS. 16A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted HCMVgB and NYVAC sequences flanking the ATI locus (SEQ ID NO:41) (the 5′end of the H6 promoted CMVgB is at position 3348; the CMVgB coding sequence is from position 3224 through position 504);

[0074]
FIG. 17 shows the DNA sequence of HCMVgB (Towne strain) deleted of its transmembrane region (SEQ ID NO:42);

[0075]
FIGS. 18A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted HCMVgB lacking its transmembrane region and NYVAC sequences flanking the ATI locus (SEQ ID NO:43) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVgB is at position 3173; the CMVgB coding sequence is from position 3050 through position 504);

[0076]
FIG. 19 shows the DNA sequence of HCMVgB (Towne strain) deleted of its transmembrane region and containing an altered cleavage site (SEQ ID NO:44);

[0077]
FIGS. 20A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted HCMVgB lacking its transmembrane region and containing an altered cleavage site plus NYVAC sequences flanking the ATI locus (SEQ ID NO:45) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVgB is at position 3173; the CMVgB coding sequence is from position 3050 through position 504);

[0078]
FIG. 21 shows the DNA sequence of HCMVgH (Towne strain) (SEQ ID NO:46);

[0079]
FIGS. 22A and B show the DNA sequence of the 42K promoted HCMVgH plus NYVAC sequences flanking the I4L locus (SEQ ID NO:47) (the 5′ end of the 42K promoted CMVgH is at position 641; the CMVgH coding sequence is from position 708 through position 2933);

[0080]
FIGS. 23A and B show the DNA sequence of the 42K promoted CMVgH and ALVAC sequences flanking the C5 locus (SEQ ID NO:48) (the 5′ end of the 42K promoted CMVgH is at position 1664; the CMVgH coding sequence is from position 1730 through position 3955);

[0081]
FIG. 24 shows the DNA sequence of the 42K promoted CMVgH and WR flanking sequences (SEQ ID NO:49) (the 5′ end of the 42K promoted CMVgH is at position 2457; the CMVgH coding sequence is from position 2391 through 166);

[0082]
FIG. 25 shows the DNA sequence of HCMV IE1 (AD169 strain) (SEQ ID NO:50);

[0083]
FIG. 26 shows the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 and WR flanking sequences (SEQ ID NO:51) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 is at position 1796; the CMVIE1 coding sequence is from position 1673 through 201);

[0084]
FIGS. 27A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 and NYVAC sequences flanking the ATI locus (SEQ ID NO:52) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 is at position 2030; the CMVIE1 coding sequence is from position 1906 through position 434);

[0085]
FIG. 28 shows the DNA sequence of HCMVIE1 (AD169 strain) lacking amino acids 292-319 (SEQ ID NO:53);

[0086]
FIGS. 29A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 lacking amino acids 292-319 and NYVAC sequences flanking the ATI locus (SEQ ID NO:54) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 is at position 1940; the CMVIE1 coding sequence is from position 1816 through position 434);

[0087]
FIG. 30 shows the DNA sequence of the Exon 4 segment of HCMVIE1 (AD169 strain) (SEQ ID NO:55);

[0088]
FIG. 31 shows the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 Exon 4 segment and NYVAC sequences flanking the I4L locus (SEQ ID NO:56 (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted IE1 Exon 4 is at position 630; the CMVIE1 Exon 4 coding sequence is from position 754 through position 1971).

[0089]
FIGS. 32A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 Exon 4 segment and ALVAC sequences flanking the C5 locus (SEQ ID NO:57) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted IE1 Exon 4 is at position 1647; the CMVIE1 Exon 4 coding sequence is from position 1771 through position 2988).

[0090]
FIG. 33 shows the DNA Sequence of HCMVIE1 (AD169 strain) lacking amino acids 2-32 (SEQ ID NO:58;

[0091]
FIG. 34 shows the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 and NYVAC sequences flanking the I4L locus (SEQ ID NO:59)(the 5′ end of the H6 promoted IE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 is at position 630; the coding sequence for CMVIE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 is from position 754 through position 2133);

[0092]
FIGS. 35A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVIE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 and ALVAC sequences flanking the C5 locus (SEQ ID NO:60)(the 5′ end of the H6 promoted IE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 is at position 1647; the CMVIE1 coding sequence for CMVIE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 is from position 771 through position 3150);

[0093]
FIG. 36 shows the DNA sequence of HCMV pp65 (Towne strain) (SEQ ID NO:61);

[0094]
FIG. 37 shows the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMV9965 and NYVAC sequences flanking the HA locus (SEQ ID NO:62)(the 5′ end of the H6 promoted pp65 is at position 476; the CMVpp65 coding sequence is from position 600 through position 2282);

[0095]
FIGS. 38A and B show the DNA sequence of a 3706 base pair fragment of canarypox DNA containing the C6 ORF (SEQ ID NO:63) (the C6 ORF is initiated at position 377 and terminated at position 2254);

[0096]
FIGS. 39A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVpp65 and ALVAC sequences flanking the C6 locus (SEQ ID NO:64) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted pp65 is at position 496; the CMVpp65 coding sequence is from position 620 through 2302);

[0097]
FIG. 40 shows the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted CMVpp65 and WR flanking sequences (SEQ ID NO:65) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted pp65 is at position 168; the CMVpp65 coding sequence is from position 292 through 1974);

[0098]
FIG. 41 shows the DNA sequence of HCMVpp150 (Towne strain) (SEQ ID NO:66);

[0099]
FIGS. 42A and B show the DNA sequence of the 42K promoted CMVpp150 and NYVAC sequences flanking the ATI locus (SEQ ID NO:67) (the 5′ end of the 42K promoted pp150 is at position 3645; the CMVpp150 coding sequence is from position 3580 through 443);

[0100]
FIGS. 43A and B show the DNA sequence of the 42K promoted CMVpp150 and ALVAC sequences flanking the C6 locus (SEQ ID NO:68) (the 5′ end of the 42K promoted pp150 is at position 3714; the CMVpp150 coding sequence is from position 3649 through 512);

[0101]
FIGS. 44A and B show the DNA sequence of the 42K promoted CMVpp150 gene and WR flanking sequences (SEQ ID NO:69) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted pp150 is at position 3377; the CMVpp150 coding sequence is from position 3312 through 175);

[0102]
FIGS. 45A and B show the DNA sequence of the 42K promoted HCMVgH and H6 promoted HCMVIE Exon 4 and NYVAC sequences flanking the I4L locus (SEQ ID NO:70) (the 5′ end of the 42K promoted CMVgH is at position 2935; the CMVgH coding sequence is from position 2869 through 644; the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVIE Exon 4 is at position 2946; the CMVIE Exon 4 coding sequence is from position 3070 through position 4287);

[0103]
FIGS. 46A to C show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted HCMV pp65 and 42K promoted HCMVpp150 and ALVAC sequences flanking the C6 locus (SEQ ID NO:71) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVpp65 is at position 496; the CMVpp65 coding sequence is from position 620 through 2302; the 5′ end of the 42K promoted CMVpp150 is at position 5554; the CMVpp150 coding sequence is from position 5489 through position 2352);

[0104]
FIG. 47 shows the DNA sequence of HCMVgL (Towne strain) (SEQ ID NO:72);

[0105]
FIGS. 48A and B show the DNA sequence of the H6 promoted HCMVgB and H6 promoted HCMVgL and NYVAC sequences flanking the TK locus (SEQ ID NO:73) (the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVgB is at position 3447; the CMVgB coding sequence is from position 3324 through position 606; the 5′ end of the H6 promoted CMVgL is at position 3500; the CMVgL coding sequence is from position 3624 through position 4460);

[0106]
FIG. 49 shows the results of HCMV IE1 CTL stimulation by ALVAC-IE1 (vCP256) (percent cytotoxicity; white bars=WR, black bars=WRIE1, striped bars nonautologous);

[0107]
FIG. 50 shows the results of stimulation of HCMV pp65-CTLs by ALVAC-pp65 (vCP260) (human CTLs stimulated in vitro and assayed for HCMV pp65 CTLs using methodology similar to that used for FIG. 49; percent cytotoxity; white bars=WR, black bars=WR-pp65, striped bars=nonautologous);

[0108]
FIG. 51 shows the results of stimulation of HCMV IE1 CTLs by ALVAC-IE1 (vCP256) (methodology similar to that used for FIG. 49, except that following 6 days incubation for restimulation, the responder mononuclear cells were incubated with immunomagnetic beads coupled to monoclonal anti-human CD3, CD4 or CD8; percent cytotoxicity; white bars=WR, black bars=WR-IE1, striped bars=HLA mismatch);

[0109]
FIGS. 52A to D show expression of CMV gB by COPAK recombinants in Vero and HeLa cells (cell and medium fractions from infected cells radiolabeled with [S 35] methionine were immune precipitated with guinea pig anti-CMV gB; Vero medium (A), HeLa medium (B), Vero cell (C), and HeLa cell (D) fractions derived from infections by vP993 COPAK parent (lanes 1), vP1126 expressing the entire gB (lanes 2), vP1128 expressing gB without the transmembrane site (lanes 3), and vP1145 expressing the gB without transmembrane and with altered cleavage sites (lanes 4) are shown; far right lane contains molecular weight markers);

[0110]
FIGS. 53A and B show vaccinia infection of Vero and HeLa cells detected by expression of vaccinia early protein E3L (cell fractions from infected cells radiolabeled with [35 S] methionine were immune precipitated with rabbit anti-p25 (E3L); Vero (A) and HeLa (B) cell fractions derived from infections by vP993 (lanes 1), vP1126 (lanes 2), vP1128 (lanes 3), and vP1145 (lanes 4) are shown; far right lane contains molecular weight markers);

[0111]
FIG. 54 shows comparison of CMV gB production by Vero, HeLa and MRC-5 cells (SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis were performed on the medium from MRC-5 cells (lanes 1, 4), Vero cells (lanes 2, 5), or HeLa cells (lanes 3, 6) after infection with vP1145 (lanes 1, 2, 3) or vP993 (lanes 4, 5, 6); CMV gB was detected with monoclonal CH380; molecular weight markers are present in lane M);

[0112]
FIG. 55 shows immunoprecipitation of CMV gB by a panel of monoclonal antibodies and guinea pig anti-gB (radiolabeled medium fractions from Vero cells infected with vP993 (lanes 1), vP1126 (lanes 2), vP1128 (lanes 3), and vP1145 (lanes 4) were immune precipitated with guinea pig anti-CMV gB or with monoclonals 13-127, 13-128, CH380, HCMV 34, or HCMV 37; far left lane contains molecular weight markers);

[0113]
FIG. 56 shows western blot analysis of fractions and bed material from CMV gB immunoaffinity chromatography columns (column 19 fractions representing eluted gB (lane 5), flow through material (lane 6), and crude gB material applied to the column (lane 7) were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blot using monoclonal CH380; included in the assay was bed material from column 19 (lane 2) and column 11 (lane 3), as well as gB purified on column 7 (lane 4); molecular weight markers are present in lane 1);

[0114]
FIG. 57 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of CMV gB eluted from an immunoaffinity chromatography column (fractions 8.16 through 8.22, eluted from column 8, were electrophoretically separated on a 10% gel under reducing conditions, and stained with silver);

[0115]
FIG. 58 shows SDS-PAGE analysis of five batches of immunoaffinity purified CMV gB (samples of batches 1 through 5 (lanes 1-5) were electrophoretically separated on a 10% gel under reducing conditions and stained with Coomassie Blue; Lane M contains molecular weight markers);

[0116]
FIGS. 59, 59A shows characterization of immunoaffinity purified CMV gB (batch 5, analyzed by SDS-PAGE, as shown in FIGS. 58A and B, was scanned with a densitometer, and bands were defined (lane 7, labels 1 through 8) with FIG. 59A showing a densitometer tracing through lane 7);

[0117]
FIGS. 60A and B show immunoblot analysis of immunoaffinity purified CMV gB (purified HIV env (lanes 1), affinity purified CMV gB (lanes 2), crude CMV gB (lane (B3), or monoclonal CH380 (lane A3) were electrophoretically separated on a 10% gel, blotted onto nitrocellulose paper and probed for the presence of mouse IgG H and L chains or CMVgB using goat anti-mouse IgG (A) or monoclonal CH380 (B), respectively; molecular weight markers are present in lanes 4);

[0118]
FIGS. 61A and B show immunoprecipitation/immunoblot analysis of affinity purified gB (Batch 1 immunoaffinity purified gB(1) or crude gB (B) was immunoprecipitated with monoclonals CH380 (lanes 1), 13-127 (lanes 2), 13-128 (lanes 3), HCMV 37 (lanes 4), or HCMV 34 (lanes 5); the immunoprecipitates were electrophoretically separated on a 10% gel under reducing conditions, blotted onto nitrocellulose and probed for the presence of gB, using guinea pig anti-CMB gB; far left lanes are molecular weight markers); and

[0119]
FIGS. 62A and B show immunoblot analysis of affinity purified CMV gB (Vero cells lysates (lanes A3, B2), CEF lysates (lane A2), vaccinia-infected Vero cells (lane B3), crude CMV gB (lanes 4), affinity purified CMV gB (lanes 5), or purified HIV env (lanes 6) were electrophoretically separated on a 10% gel under reducing conditions, blotted onto nitrocellulose, and probed for the presence of Vero cell proteins using rabbit anti-Vero cells (A), or vaccinia proteins using rabbit anti-vaccinia (B); molecular weight markers are present in lanes 1).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0120] To develop a new vaccinia vaccine strain, NYVAC (vP866), the Copenhagen vaccine strain of vaccinia virus was modified by the deletion of six nonessential regions of the genome encoding known or potential virulence factors. The sequential deletions are detailed below (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,773). All designations of vaccinia restriction fragments, open reading frames and nucleotide positions are based on the terminology reported in Goebel et al., 1990a,b.

[0121] The deletion loci were also engineered as recipient loci for the insertion of foreign genes.

[0122] The regions deleted in NYVAC are listed below. Also listed are the abbreviations and open reading frame designations for the deleted regions (Goebel et al., 1990a,b) and the designation of the vaccinia recombinant (vP) containing all deletions through the deletion specified:

[0123] (1) thymidine kinase gene (TK; J2R) vP410;

[0124] (2) hemorrhagic region (u; B13R+B14R) vP553;

[0125] (3) A type inclusion body region (ATI; A26L) vP618;

[0126] (4) hemagglutinin gene (HA; A56R) vP723;

[0127] (5) host range gene region (C7L-K1L) vP804; and

[0128] (6) large subunit, ribonucleotide reductase (I4L) vP866 (NYVAC).

[0129] NYVAC is a genetically engineered vaccinia virus strain that was generated by the specific deletion of eighteen open reading frames encoding gene products some of which associated with virulence and host range (Tartaglia et al., 1992; Goebel et al., 1990a,b). The deletion of host range genes diminishes the ability of the virus to replicate in tissue culture cell derived from certain species such as swine and humans (Tartaglia et al., 1992; Perkus et al., 1990). In addition to reduced replication competency, NYVAC was shown to be highly attenuated by a number of criteria including (a) lack of induration or ulceration on rabbit skin, (b) rapid clearance from the site of inoculation, (c) high avirulence by intracranial inoculation into newborn mice when compared with other vaccinia strains including WYETH, and (d) failure to cause death, secondary lesions or disseminated infection when inoculated intraperitoneally in immunocompromised animals (Tartaglia et al., 1992). In spite of the highly attenuated characteristics of NYVAC, NYVAC based recombinants were effective in protecting mice from rabies challenge (Tartaglia et al., 1992), swine from challenge with Japanese encephalitis virus and pseudorabies virus challenge (Brockmeier et al., 1993; Konishi et al., 1992) and horses from equine influenza virus challenge (Taylor et al., 1993).

[0130] NYVAC is also highly attenuated by a number of criteria including i) decreased virulence after intracerebral inoculation in newborn mice, ii) inocuity in genetically (nu+/nu+) or chemically (cyclophosphamide) immunocompromised mice, iii) failure to cause disseminated infection in immunocompromised mice, iv) lack of significant induration and ulceration on rabbit skin, v) rapid clearance from the site of inoculation, and vi) greatly reduced replication competency on a number of tissue culture cell lines including those of human origin. Nevertheless, NYVAC based vectors induce excellent responses to extrinsic immunogens and provided protective immunity.

[0131] Avipoxvirus-based recombinants as live vectors provide an additional approach to develop recombinant subunit vaccines. These viruses are naturally restricted by their ability to replicate only in avian species. TROVAC refers to an attenuated fowlpox that was a plaque-cloned isolate derived from the FP-1 vaccine strain of fowlpoxvirus which is licensed for vaccination of 1 day old chicks.

[0132] ALVAC is an attenuated canarypox virus-based vector that was a plaque-cloned derivative of the licensed canarypox vaccine, Kanapox (Tartaglia et al., 1992). ALVAC has some general properties which are the same as some general properties of Kanapox. ALVAC-based recombinant viruses expressing extrinsic immunogens have also been demonstrated efficacious as vaccine vectors (Tartaglia et al., 1993 a,b). For instance, mice immunized with an ALVAC recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein were protected from lethal challenge with rabies virus (Tartaglia et al., 1992) demonstrating the potential for ALVAC as a vaccine vector. ALVAC-based recombinants have also proven efficacious in dogs challenged with canine distemper virus (Taylor et al., 1992) and rabies virus (Perkus et al., 1994), in cats challenged with feline leukemia virus (Tartaglia et al., 1993b), and in horses challenged with equine influenza virus (Taylor et al., 1993).

[0133] This avipox vector is restricted to avian species for productive replication. On human cell cultures, canarypox virus replication is aborted early in the viral replication cycle prior to viral DNA synthesis. Nevertheless, when engineered to express extrinsic immunogens, authentic expression and processing is observed in vitro in mammalian cells and inoculation into numerous mammalian species induces antibody and cellular immune responses to the extrinsic immunogen and provides protection against challenge with the cognate pathogen (Taylor et al., 1992; Taylor et al., 1991b). Recent Phase I clinical trials in both Europe and the United States of a canarypox/rabies glycoprotein recombinant (ALVAC-RG; vCP65) demonstrated that the experimental vaccine was well tolerated and induced protective levels of rabiesvirus neutralizing antibody titers (Cadoz et al., 1992; Fries et al., 1992). Indeed, reactogenicity in volunteers following administration of ALVAC-RG was minimal; and following two administrations of ALVAC-RG at a dose of 105.5 TCID50, all vaccinees developed rabies neutralizing antibody. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from the ALVAC-RG vaccinates demonstrated significant levels of lymphocyte proliferation when stimulated with purified rabies virus (Fries et al., 1992).

[0134] An ALVAC recombinant expressing the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp160 (ALVAC-HIV; vCP125) has been tested in phase I human clinical trial in a prime/boost protocol with recombinant gp160 (Pialoux et al., 1995). Reactogenicity in volunteers following administration of ALVAC-HIV was minimal and this vaccine candidate primed both HIV-I envelope-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.

[0135] Recent studies have indicated that a prime/boost protocol, whereby immunization with a poxvirus recombinant expressing a foreign gene product is followed by a boost using a purified subunit preparation form of that gene product, elicits an enhanced immune response relative to the response elicited with either product alone. Human volunteers immunized with a vaccinia recombinant expressing the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and boosted with purified HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein subunit preparation exhibit higher HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers than individuals immunized with just the vaccinia recombinant or purified envelope glycoprotein alone (Graham et al., 1993; Cooney et al., 1993). Humans immunized with two injections of an ALVAC-HIV-1 env recombinant (vCP125) failed to develop HIV specific antibodies. Boosting with purified rgp160 from a vaccinia virus recombinant resulted in detectable HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, specific lymphocyte T cell proliferation to rgp160 was clearly increased by the boost with rgp160. Envelope specific cytotoxic lymphocyte activity was also detected with this vaccination regimen (Pialoux et al., 1995). Macaques immunized with a vaccinia recombinant expressing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope glycoprotein and boosted with SIV envelope glycoprotein from a baculovirus recombinant are protected against a SIV challenge (Hu et al., 1991; 1992). In the same fashion, purified HCMVgB protein can be used in prime/boost protocols with NYVAC or ALVAC-gB recombinants.

[0136] NYVAC, ALVAC and TROVAC have also been recognized as unique among all poxviruses in that the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”)(U.S. Public Health Service), Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, which issues guidelines for the physical containment of genetic material such as viruses and vectors, i.e., guidelines for safety procedures for the use of such viruses and vectors which are based upon the pathogenicity of the particular virus or vector, granted a reduction in physical containment level: from BSL2 to BSL1. No other poxvirus has a BSL1 physical containment level. Even the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus—the common smallpox vaccine—has a higher physical containment level; namely, BSL2. Accordingly, the art has recognized that NYVAC, ALVAC and TROVAC have a lower pathogenicity than any other poxvirus.

[0137] CMV is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients, bone marrow transplant recipients, and patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapies for neoplastic diseases. There is no effective, well-tolerated, pharmaceutical therapy for CMV infection. One approach might be the ex vivo stimulation of donor CMV-specific CTLs for the treatment and control of the often fatal pneumonia caused by CMV infection in the bone marrow transplant recipient. In fact, the treatment and control of CMV infection in man by adoptive transfer of CMV CTL clones has been successfully demonstrated (Riddell et al., 1992). However, in this instance, CMV was used to stimulate and maintain the CMV-specific CTL clones used in this therapeutic protocol. The use of CMV for the purpose of ex vivo stimulation of CTL clones has its drawbacks, the most obvious being the possibility of introducing additional CMV into an immunosuppressed patient. The availability of immunotherapeutic agents that provide a safe and acceptable means for stimulating antigen-specific cellular immune effector activities seems to be a major shortcoming in the field of adoptive immunotherapy. Protein subunits, although potentially safe, are notoriously poor at stimulating CTLs. Peptides, generally considered safe yet effective at stimulating a CTL response, are highly restrictive in their abilities to stimulate CTL responses. Peptides are typically capable of inducing a CTL response to only one CTL epitope of many possible CTL epitopes contained within a single protein. Furthermore, peptides typically stimulate CTL responses from only a restricted portion of the population, being restricted to only those individuals expressing a particular allele of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Recombinant virus vectors are considered excellent inducers of CTL reactivities since they are capable of expressing the entire antigen, thus not restricted to a single epitope for a single segment of the population. However, most of these virus vectors, such as adenovirus, are capable of replication and are not considered safe for use in this type of protocol. Since ALVAC recombinants do not replicate in mammalian cells, yet are capable of stimulating antigen-specific CTL responses, as demonstrated by data contained within this application, ALVAC recombinants represent a uniquely safe and effective method for the ex vivo stimulation of virus-specific CTL clones for utilization in immunotherapeutic applications.

[0138] This invention pertains to NYVAC, ALVAC and vaccinia (WR strain) recombinants containing the HCMV genes encoding for gB, gH, gL, pp150, pp65 and IE 1, including truncated versions thereof, which are further described in the Examples below.

[0139] Clearly based on the attenuation profiles of the NYVAC, ALVAC, and TROVAC vectors and their demonstrated ability to elicit both humoral and cellular immunological responses to extrinsic immunogens (Tartaglia et al., 1993a,b; Taylor et al., 1992; Konishi et al., 1992) such recombinant viruses offer a distinct advantage over previously described vaccinia-based recombinant viruses.

[0140] The administration procedure for recombinant virus or expression product thereof, compositions of the invention such as immunological, antigenic or vaccine compositions or therapeutic compositions can be via a parenteral route (intradermal, intramuscular or subcutaneous). Such an administration enables a systemic immune response.

[0141] More generally, the inventive antigenic, immunological or vaccine compositions or therapeutic compositions (compositions containing the poxvirus recombinants of the invention) can be prepared in accordance with standard techniques well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical art. Such compositions can be administered in dosages and by techniques well known to those skilled in the medical arts taking into consideration such factors as the age, sex, weight, and condition of the particular patient, and the route of administration. The compositions can be administered alone, or can be co-administered or sequentially administered with compositions of the invention or with other immunological, antigenic or vaccine or therapeutic compositions in seropositive individuals. The compositions can be administered alone, or can be co-administered or sequentially administered with compositions of the invention or with other antigenic, immunological, vaccine or therapeutic compositions in seronegative individuals. Such other compositions can include purified antigens from HCMV or from the expression of such antigens by a recombinant poxvirus or other vector system or, such other compositions can include a recombinant poxvirus which expresses other HCMV antigens or biological response modifiers again taking into consideration such factors as the age, sex, weight, and condition of the particular patient, and, the route of administration.

[0142] Examples of compositions of the invention include liquid preparations for orifice, e.g., oral, nasal, anal, vaginal, etc., administration such as suspensions, syrups or elixirs; and, preparations for parenteral, subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular or intravenous administration (e.g., injectable administration) such as sterile suspensions or emulsions. In such compositions the recombinant poxvirus may be in admixture with a suitable carrier, diluent, or excipient such as sterile water, physiological saline, glucose or the like.

[0143] Further, the products of expression of the inventive recombinant poxviruses can be used directly to stimulate an immune response in either seronegative or seropositive individuals or in animals. Thus, the expression products can be used in compositions of the invention instead or in addition to the inventive recombinant poxvirus in the aforementioned compositions.

[0144] Additionally, the inventive recombinant poxvirus and the expression products therefrom stimulate an immune or antibody response in humans and animals and therefore those products are antigens. From those antibodies or antigens, by techniques well-known in the art, monoclonal antibodies can be prepared and, those monoclonal antibodies or the antigens, can be employed in well known antibody binding assays, diagnostic kits or tests to determine the presence or absence of particular HCMV antigen(s) and therefore the presence or absence of the virus or expression of the antigen(s) (in HCMV or other systems), or to determine whether an immune response to the virus or antigen(s) has simply been stimulated. Those monoclonal antibodies or the antigens can also be employed in immunoadsorption chromatography to recover or isolate HCMV or expression products of the inventive recombinant poxvirus.

[0145] More in particular, the inventive recombinants and compositions have numerous utilities, including:

[0146] (i) inducing an immunological response in seronegative individuals (use as or as part of a vaccine regimen);

[0147] (ii) therapy in seropositive individuals; and

[0148] (iii) a means for generating HCMV protein in vitro without the risk of virus infection.

[0149] The products of expression of the inventive recombinant poxvirus can be used directly to stimulate an immune response in either seronegative or seropositive individuals or in animals. Thus, the expression products can be used in compositions of the invention instead of or in addition to the inventive recombinant poxvirus.

[0150] Additionally, the inventive recombinant poxvirus and the expression products therefrom stimulate an immune or antibody response in humans and animals. From those antibodies, by techniques well-known in the art, monoclonal antibodies can be prepared and, those monoclonal antibodies or the expression products of the inventive poxvirus and composition can be employed in well known antibody binding assays, diagnostic kits or tests to determine the presence or absence of particular HCMV antigen(s) or antibody(ies) and therefore the presence or absence of the virus, or to determine whether an immune response to the virus or antigen(s) has simply been stimulated. Those monoclonal antibodies can also be employed in immunoadsorption chromatography to recover, isolate or detect HCMV or expression products of the inventive recombinant poxvirus. Methods for producing monoclonal antibodies and for uses of monoclonal antibodies, and, of uses and methods for HCMV antigens—the expression products of the inventive poxvirus and composition—are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They can be used in diagnostic methods, kits, tests or assays, as well as to recover materials by immunoadsorption chromatography or by immunoprecipitation.

[0151] Monoclonal antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by hybridoma cells. A monoclonal antibody reacts with a single antigenic determinant and provides greater specificity than a conventional, serum-derived antibody. Furthermore, screening a large number of monoclonal antibodies makes it possible to select an individual antibody with desired specificity, avidity and isotype. Hybridoma cell lines provide a constant, inexpensive source of chemically identical antibodies and preparations of such antibodies can be easily standardized. Methods for producing monoclonal antibodies are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, e.g., Koprowski, H. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,265, issued Apr. 1, 1989, incorporated herein by reference.

[0152] Uses of monoclonal antibodies are known. One such use is in diagnostic methods, e.g., David, G. and Greene, H. U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110, issued Mar. 8, 1983; incorporated herein by reference. Monoclonal antibodies have also been used to recover materials by immunoadsorption chromatography, e.g., Milstein, C. 1980, Scientific American 243:66, 70, incorporated herein by reference.

[0153] Furthermore, the inventive recombinant poxvirus or expression products therefrom can be used to stimulate a response in cells in vitro or ex vivo for subsequent reinfusion into a patient. If the patient is seronegative, the reinfusion is to stimulate an immune response, e.g., an immunological or antigenic response such as active immunization. In a seropositive individual, the reinfusion is to stimulate or boost the immune system against HCMV.

[0154] Accordingly, the inventive recombinant poxvirus has several utilities: In antigenic, immunological or vaccine compositions such as for administration to seronegative individuals. In therapeutic compositions in seropositive individuals in need of therapy to stimulate or boost the immune system against HCMV. In vitro to produce antigens which can be further used in antigenic, immunological or vaccine compositions or in therapeutic compositions. To generate antibodies (either by direct administration or by administration of an expression product of the inventive recombinant poxvirus) or expression products or antigens which can be further used: in diagnosis, tests or kits to ascertain the presence or absence of antigens in a sample such as sera, for instance, to ascertain the presence or absence of HCMV in a sample such as sera or, to determine whether an immune response has elicited to the virus or, to particular antigen(s); or, in immunoadsorption chromatography, immunoprecipitation and the like.

[0155] Furthermore, the recombinant poxviruses of the invention are useful for generating DNA for probes or for PCR primers which can be used to detect the presence or absence of hybridizable DNA or to amplify DNA, e.g., to detect HCMV in a sample or for amplifying HCMV DNA.

[0156] Other utilities also exist for embodiments of the invention.

[0157] A better understanding of the present invention and of its many advantages will be had from the following examples, given by way of illustration.

EXAMPLES

[0158] DNA Cloning and Synthesis. Plasmids were constructed, screened and grown by standard procedures (Maniatis et al., 1982; Perkus et al., 1985; Piccini et al., 1987). Restriction endonucleases were obtained from Bethesda Research Laboratories, Gaithersburg, Md., New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.; and Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind. Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase was obtained from Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals. BAL-31 exonuclease and phage T4 DNA ligase were obtained from New England Biolabs. The reagents were used as specified by the various suppliers.

[0159] Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides were prepared on a Biosearch 8750 or Applied Biosystems 380B DNA synthesizer as previously described (Perkus et al., 1989). DNA sequencing was performed by the dideoxy-chain termination method (Sanger et al., 1977) using Sequenase (Tabor et al., 1987) as previously described (Guo et al., 1989). DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for sequence verification (Engelke et al., 1988) was performed using custom synthesized oligonucleotide primers and GeneAmp DNA amplification Reagent Kit (Perkin Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Conn.) in an automated Perkin Elmer Cetus DNA Thermal Cycler. Excess DNA sequences were deleted from plasmids by restriction endonuclease digestion followed by limited digestion by BAL-31 exonuclease and mutagenesis (Mandecki, 1986) using synthetic oligonucleotides.

[0160] Cells, Virus, and Transfection. The origins and conditions of cultivation of the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus has been previously described (Guo et al., 1989). Generation of recombinant virus by recombination, in situ hybridization of nitrocellulose filters and screening for B-galactosidase activity are as previously described (Piccini et al., 1987).

[0161] The origins and conditions of cultivation of the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus and NYVAC has been previously described (Guo et al., 1989; Tartaglia et al., 1992). Generation of recombinant virus by recombination, in situ hybridization of nitrocellulose filters and screening for B-galactosidase activity are as previously described (Panicali et al., 1982; Perkus et al., 1989).

[0162] The parental canarypox virus (Rentschler strain) is a vaccinal strain for canaries. The vaccine strain was obtained from a wild type isolate and attenuated through more than 200 serial passages on chick embryo fibroblasts. A master viral seed was subjected to four successive plaque purifications under agar and one plaque clone was amplified through five additional passages after which the stock virus was used as the parental virus in in vitro recombination tests. The plaque purified canarypox isolate is designated ALVAC.

[0163] The strain of fowlpox virus (FPV) designated FP-1 has been described previously (Taylor et al., 1988a). It is an attenuated vaccine strain useful in vaccination of day old chickens. The parental virus strain Duvette was obtained in France as a fowlpox scab from a chicken. The virus was attenuated by approximately 50 serial passages in chicken embryonated eggs followed by 25 passages on chicken embryo fibroblast cells. The virus was subjected to four successive plaque purifications. One plaque isolate was further amplified in primary CEF cells and a stock virus, designated as TROVAC, established.

[0164] NYVAC, ALVAC and TROVAC viral vectors and their derivatives were propagated as described previously (Piccini et al., 1987; Taylor et al., 1988a,b). Vero cells and chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) were propagated as described previously (Taylor et al., 1988a,b).

[0165] As to NYVAC and especially Examples 1 to 6, reference's made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,773, incorporated herein by reference.

Example 1

Construction of Plasmid pSD460 for Deletion of Thymidine Kinase Gene (J2R)

[0166] Referring now to FIG. 1, plasmid pSD406 contains vaccinia HindIII J (pos. 83359-88377) cloned into pUC8. pSD406 was cut with HindIII and PvuII, and the 1.7 kb fragment from the left side of HindIII J cloned into pUC8 cut with HindIII/SmaI, forming pSD447. pSD447 contains the entire gene for J2R (pos. 83855-84385). The initiation codon is contained within an NlaIII site and the termination codon is contained within an SspI site. Direction of transcription is indicated by an arrow in FIG. 1.

[0167] To obtain a left flanking arm, a 0.8 kb HindIII/EcoRI fragment was isolated from pSD447, then digested with NlaIII and a 0.5 kb HindIII/NlaIII fragment isolated. Annealed synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN43/MPSYN44 (SEQ ID NO:1/SEQ ID NO:2)

1 SmaIMPSYN43 5′ TAATTAACTAGCTACCCGGG 3′MPSYN44 3′GTACATTAATTGATCGATGGGCCCTTAA 5′ NlaIII EcoRI

[0168] were ligated with the 0.5 kb HindIII/NlaIII fragment into pUC18 vector plasmid cut with HindIII/EcoRI, generating plasmid pSD449.

[0169] To obtain a restriction fragment containing a vaccinia right flanking arm and pUC vector sequences, pSD447 was cut with SspI (partial) within vaccinia sequences and HindIII at the pUC/vaccinia junction, and a 2.9 kb vector fragment isolated. This vector fragment was ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN45/MPSYN46 (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4)

2 HindIII SmaI NotI SspIMPSYN45 5′ AGCTTCCCGGGTAAGTAATACGTCAAGGAGAAAACGAAACGATCTGTAGTTAGCGGCCGCCTAATTAACTAAT 3′ MPSYN45MPSYN46 3′ AGGGCCCATTCATTATGCAGTTCCTCTTTTGCTTTGCTAGACATCAATCGCCGGCGGATTAATTGATTA 5′ MPSYN46

[0170] generating pSD459.

[0171] To combine the left and right flanking arms into one plasmid, a 0.5 kb HindIII/SmaI fragment was isolated from pSD449 and ligated with pSD459 vector plasmid cut with HindIII/SmaI, generating plasmid pSD460. pSD460 was used as donor plasmid for recombination with wild type parental vaccinia virus Copenhagen strain VC-2. 32P labelled probe was synthesized by primer extension using MPSYN45 (SEQ ID NO:3) as template and the complementary 20mer oligonucleotide MPSYN47 (SEQ ID NO:5) (5′ TTAGTTAATTAGGCGGCCGC 3′) as primer. Recombinant virus vP410 was identified by plaque hybridization.

Example 2

Construction of Plasmid pSD486 for Deletion of Hemorrhagic Region (B13R+B14R)

[0172] Referring now to FIG. 2, plasmid pSD419 contains vaccinia SalI G (pos. 160,744-173,351) cloned into pUC8. pSD422 contains the contiguous vaccinia SalI fragment to the right, SalI J (pos. 173,351-182,746) cloned into pUC8. To construct a plasmid deleted for the hemorrhagic region, u, B13R−B14R (pos. 172,549-173,552), pSD419 was used as the source for the left flanking arm and pSD422 was used as the source of the right flanking arm. The direction of transcription for the u region is indicated by an arrow in FIG. 2.

[0173] To remove unwanted sequences from pSD419, sequences to the left of the NcoI site (pos. 172,253) were removed by digestion of pSD419 with NcoI/SmaI followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligation generating plasmid pSD476. A vaccinia right flanking arm was obtained by digestion of pSD422 with HpaI at the termination codon of B14R and by digestion with NruI 0.3 kb to the right. This 0.3 kb fragment was isolated and ligated with a 3.4 kb HincII vector fragment isolated from pSD476, generating plasmid pSD477. The location of the partial deletion of the vaccinia u region in pSD477 is indicated by a triangle. The remaining B13R coding sequences in pSD477 were removed by digestion with ClaI/HpaI, and the resulting vector fragment was ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides SD22mer/SD20mer (SEQ ID NO:6/SEQ ID NO:7)

3 ClaI BamHI HpaISD22mer 5′ CGATTACTATGAAGGATCCGTT 3′SD20mer 3′ TAATGATACTTCCTAGGCAA 5′

[0174] generating pSD479. pSD479 contains an initiation codon (underlined) followed by a BamHI site. To place E. coli Beta-galactosidase in the B13−B14 (u) deletion locus under the control of the u promoter, a 3.2 kb BamHI fragment containing the Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al., 1983) was inserted into the BamHI site of pSD479, generating pSD479BG. pSD479BG was used as donor plasmid for recombination with vaccinia virus vP410. Recombinant vaccinia virus vP533 was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of chromogenic substrate X-gal. In vP533 the B13R−B14R region is deleted and is replaced by Beta-galactosidase.

[0175] To remove Beta-galactosidase sequences from vP533, plasmid pSD486, a derivative of pSD477 containing a polylinker region but no initiation codon at the u deletion junction, was utilized. First the ClaI/HpaI vector fragment from pSD477 referred to above was ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides SD42mer/SD40mer (SEQ ID NO:8/SEQ ID NO:9)

4 ClaI SacI XhoI HpaISD42mer 5′ CGATTACTAGATCTGAGCTCCCCGGGCTCGAGGGATCCGTT 3′SD40mer 3′ TAATGATCTAGACTCGAGGGGCCCGAGCTCCCTAGGCAA 5′ BglII SmaI BamHI

[0176] generating plasmid pSD478. Next the EcoRI site at the pUC/vaccinia junction was destroyed by digestion of pSD478 with EcoRI followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligation, generating plasmid pSD478E−. pSD478E− was digested with BamHI and HpaI and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides HEM5/HEM6 (SEQ ID NO:10/SEQ ID NO:11)

5 BamHI EcoRI HpaIHEM5 5′ GATCCGAATTCTAGCT 3′HEM6 3′ GCTTAAGATCGA 5′

[0177] generating plasmid pSD486. pSD486 was used as donor plasmid for recombination with recombinant vaccinia virus vP533, generating vP553, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal.

Example 3

Construction of Plasmid pMP494Δ for Deletion of ATI Region (A26L)

[0178] Referring now to FIG. 3, pSD414 contains SalI B cloned into pUC8. To remove unwanted DNA sequences to the left of the A26L region, pSD414 was cut with XbaI within vaccinia sequences (pos. 137,079) and with HindIII at the pUC/vaccinia junction, then blunt ended with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligated, resulting in plasmid pSD483. To remove unwanted vaccinia DNA sequences to the right of the A26L region, pSD483 was cut with EcoRI (pos. 140,665 and at the pUC/vaccinia junction) and ligated, forming plasmid pSD484. To remove the A26L coding region, pSD484 was cut with NdeI (partial) slightly upstream from the A26L ORF (pos. 139,004) and with HpaI (pos. 137,889) slightly downstream from the A26L ORF. The 5.2 kb vector fragment was isolated and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides ATI3/ATI4 (SEQ ID NO:12/SEQ ID NO:13)

6 NdeI BglII EcoRI HpaIATI3 5′ TATGAGTAACTTAACTCTTTTGTTAATTAAAAGTATATTCAAAAAATAAGTTATATAAATAGATCTGAATTCGTT 3′ ATI3ATI4 3′ ACTCATTGAATTGAGAAAACAATTAATTTTCATATAAGTTTTTTATTCAATATATTTATCTAGACTTAAGCAA 5′ ATI4

[0179] reconstructing the region upstream from A26L and replacing the A26L ORF with a short polylinker region containing the restriction sites BglII, EcoRI and HpaI, as indicated above. The resulting plasmid was designated pSD485. Since the BglII and EcoRI sites in the polylinker region of pSD485 are not unique, unwanted BglII and EcoRI sites were removed from plasmid pSD483 (described above) by digestion with BglII (pos. 140,136) and with EcoRI at the pUC/vaccinia junction, followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligation. The resulting plasmid was designated pSD489. The 1.8 kb ClaI (pos. 137,198)/EcoRV (pos. 139,048) fragment from pSD489 containing the A26L ORF was replaced with the corresponding 0.7 kb polylinker-containing ClaI/EcoRV fragment from pSD485, generating pSD492. The BglII and EcoRI sites in the polylinker region of pSD492 are unique.

[0180] A 3.3 kb BglII cassette containing the E. coli Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al., 1983) under the control of the vaccinia 11 kDa promoter (Bertholet et al., 1985; Perkus et al., 1990) was inserted into the BglII site of pSD492, forming pSD493KBG. Plasmid pSD493KBG was used in recombination with rescuing virus vP553. Recombinant vaccinia virus, vP581, containing Beta-galactosidase in the A26L deletion region, was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of X-gal.

[0181] To generate a plasmid for the removal of Beta-galactosidase sequences from vaccinia recombinant virus vP581, the polylinker region of plasmid pSD492 was deleted by mutagenesis (Mandecki, 1986) using synthetic oligonucleotide MPSYN177 (SEQ ID NO:14) (5′ AAAATGGGCGTGGATTGTTAACTTTATATAACTTATTTTTTGAATATAC 3′). In the resulting plasmid, pMP494Δ, vaccinia DNA encompassing positions [137,889-138,937], including the entire A26L ORF is deleted. Recombination between the pMP494Δ and the Beta-galactosidase containing vaccinia recombinant, vP581, resulted in vaccinia deletion mutant vP618, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal.

Example 4

Construction of Plasmid pSD467 for Deletion of Hemagglutinin Gene (A56R)

[0182] Referring now to FIG. 4, vaccinia SalI G restriction fragment (pos. 160,744-173,351) crosses the HindIII A/B junction (pos. 162,539). pSD419 contains vaccinia SalI G cloned into pUC8. The direction of transcription for the hemagglutinin (HA) gene is indicated by an arrow in FIG. 4. Vaccinia sequences derived from HindIII B were removed by digestion of pSD419 with HindIII within vaccinia sequences and at the pUC/vaccinia junction followed by ligation. The resulting plasmid, pSD456, contains the HA gene, A56R, flanked by 0.4 kb of vaccinia sequences to the left and 0.4 kb of vaccinia sequences to the right. A56R coding sequences were removed by cutting pSD456 with RsaI (partial; pos. 161,090) upstream from A56R coding sequences, and with EagI (pos. 162,054) near the end of the gene. The 3.6 kb RsaI/EagI vector fragment from pSD456 was isolated and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN59 (SEQ ID NO:15), MPSYN62 (SEQ ID NO:16), MPSYN60 (SEQ ID NO:17), and MPSYN61 (SEQ ID NO:18)

7 RsaIMPSYN59 5′ ACACGAATGATTTTCTAAAGTATTTGGAAAGTTTTATAGGTAGTTGATAGAACAAAATACATAATTT 3′MPSYN62 3′ TGTGCTTACTAAAAGATTTCATAAACCTTTCAAAATATCCATCAACTATCT 5′ BglII SmaI PstI EagIMPSYN60 5′ TGTAAAAATAAATCACTTTTTATACTAAGATCTCCCGGGCTGCAGC 3′MPSYN61 3′ TGTTTTATGTATTAAAACATTTTTATTTAGTGAAAAATATGATTCTAGAGGGCCCGACGTCGCCGG 5′

[0183] reconstructing the DNA sequences upstream from the A56R ORF and replacing the A56R ORF with a polylinker region as indicated above. The resulting plasmid is pSD466. The vaccinia deletion in pSD466 encompasses positions [161,185-162,053]. The site of the deletion in pSD466 is indicated by a triangle in FIG. 4.

[0184] A 3.2 kb BglII/BamHI (partial) cassette containing the E. coli Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al., 1983) under the control of the vaccinia 11 kDa promoter (Bertholet et al., 1985; Guo et al., 1989) was inserted into the BglII site of pSD466, forming pSD466KBG. Plasmid pSD466KBG was used in recombination with rescuing virus vP618. Recombinant vaccinia virus, vP708, containing Beta-galactosidase in the A56R deletion, was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of X-gal.

[0185] Beta-galactosidase sequences were deleted from vP708 using donor plasmid pSD467. pSD467 is identical to pSD466, except that EcoRI, SmaI and BamHI sites were removed from the pUC/vaccinia junction by digestion of pSD466 with EcoRI/BamHI followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligation. Recombination between vP708 and pSD467 resulted in recombinant vaccinia deletion mutant, vP723, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal.

Example 5

Construction of Plasmid pMPCSK1Δ for Deletion of Open Reading Frames [C7L-K1L]

[0186] Referring now to FIG. 5, the following vaccinia clones were utilized in the construction of pMPCSK1Δ. pSD420 is SalI H cloned into pUC8. pSD435 is KpnI F cloned into pUC18. pSD435 was cut with SphI and religated, forming pSD451. In pSD451, DNA sequences to the left of the SphI site (pos. 27,416) in HindIII M are removed (Perkus et al., 1990). pSD409 is HindIII M cloned into pUC8.

[0187] To provide a substrate for the deletion of the [C7L-K1L] gene cluster from vaccinia, E. coli Beta-galactosidase was first inserted into the vaccinia M2L deletion locus (Guo et al., 1990) as follows. To eliminate the BglII site in pSD409, the plasmid was cut with BglII in vaccinia sequences (pos. 28,212) and with BamHI at the pUC/vaccinia junction, then ligated to form plasmid pMP409B. pMP409B was cut at the unique SphI site (pos. 27,416). M2L coding sequences were removed by mutagenesis (Guo et al., 1990; Mandecki, 1986) using synthetic oligonucleotide

8 BglIIMPSYN82 (SEQ ID NO:19) 5′ TTTCTGTATATTTGCACCAATTTAGATCTTACTCAAAATATGTAACAATA 3′

[0188] The resulting plasmid, pMP409D, contains a unique BglII site inserted into the M2L deletion locus as indicated above. A 3.2 kb BamHI (partial)/BglII cassette containing the E. coli Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al., 1983) under the control of the 11 kDa promoter (Bertholet et al., 1985) was inserted into pMP409D cut with BglII. The resulting plasmid, pMP409DBG (Guo et al., 1990), was used as donor plasmid for recombination with rescuing vaccinia virus vP723. Recombinant vaccinia virus, vP784, containing Beta-galactosidase inserted into the M2L deletion locus, was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of X-gal.

[0189] A plasmid deleted for vaccinia genes [C7L-K1L] was assembled in pUC8 cut with SmaI, HindIII and blunt ended with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase. The left flanking arm consisting of vaccinia HindIII C sequences was obtained by digestion of pSD420 with XbaI (pos. 18,628) followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and digestion with BglII (pos. 19,706). The right flanking arm consisting of vaccinia HindIII K sequences was obtained by digestion of pSD451 with BglII (pos. 29,062) and EcoRV (pos. 29,778). The resulting plasmid, pMP581CK is deleted for vaccinia sequences between the BglII site (pos. 19,706) in HindIII C and the BglII site (pos. 29,062) in HindIII K. The site of the deletion of vaccinia sequences in plasmid pMP581CK is indicated by a triangle in FIG. 5.

[0190] To remove excess DNA at the vaccinia deletion junction, plasmid pMP581CK, was cut at the NcoI sites within vaccinia sequences (pos. 18,811; 19,655), treated with Bal-31 exonuclease and subjected to mutagenesis (Mandecki, 1986) using synthetic oligonucleotide MPSYN233 (SEQ ID NO:20) 5′-TGTCATTTAACACTATACTCATATTAATAAAAATAATATTTATT-3′. The resulting plasmid, pMPCSK1Δ, is deleted for vaccinia sequences positions 18,805-29,108, encompassing 12 vaccinia open reading frames [C7L-K1L]. Recombination between pMPCSK1Δ and the Beta-galactosidase containing vaccinia recombinant, vP784, resulted in vaccinia deletion mutant, vP804, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal.

Example 6

Construction of Plasmid pSD548 for Deletion of Large Subunit, Ribonucleotide Reductase (I4L)

[0191] Referring now to FIG. 6, plasmid pSD405 contains vaccinia HindIII I (pos. 63,875-70,367) cloned in pUC8. pSD405 was digested with EcoRV within vaccinia sequences (pos. 67,933) and with SmaI at the pUC/vaccinia junction, and ligated, forming plasmid pSD518. pSD518 was used as the source of all the vaccinia restriction fragments used in the construction of pSD548.

[0192] The vaccinia I4L gene extends from position 67,371-65,059. Direction of transcription for I4L is indicated by an arrow in FIG. 6. To obtain a vector plasmid fragment deleted for a portion of the I4L coding sequences, pSD518 was digested with BamHI (pos. 65,381) and HpaI (pos. 67,001) and blunt ended using Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase. This 4.8 kb vector fragment was ligated with a 3.2 kb SmaI cassette containing the E. coli Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al., 1983) under the control of the vaccinia 11 kDa promoter (Bertholet et al., 1985; Perkus et al., 1990), resulting in plasmid pSD524KBG. pSD524KBG was used as donor plasmid for recombination with vaccinia virus vP804. Recombinant vaccinia virus, vP855, containing Beta-galactosidase in a partial deletion of the I4L gene, was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of X-gal.

[0193] To delete Beta-galactosidase and the remainder of the I4L ORF from vP855, deletion plasmid pSD548 was constructed. The left and right vaccinia flanking arms were assembled separately in pUC8 as detailed below and presented schematically in FIG. 6.

[0194] To construct a vector plasmid to accept the left vaccinia flanking arm, pUC8 was cut with BamHI/EcoRI and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides 518A1/518A2 (SEQ ID NO:21/SEQ ID NO:22)

9 BamHI RsaI BglII EcoRI518A1 5′ GATCCTGAGTACTTTGTAATATAATGATATATATTTTCACTTTATCTCATTTGAGAATAAAAAGATCTTAGG 3′ 518A1518A2 3′ GACTCATGAAACATTATATTACTATATATAAAAGTGAAATAGAGTAAACTCTTATTTTTCTAGAATCCTTAA 5′ 518A2

[0195] forming plasmid pSD531. pSD531 was cut with RsaI (partial) and BamHI and a 2.7 kb vector fragment isolated. pSD518 was cut with BglII (pos. 64,459)/RsaI (pos. 64,994) and a 0.5 kb fragment isolated. The two fragments were ligated together, forming pSD537, which contains the complete vaccinia flanking arm left of the I4L coding sequences.

[0196] To construct a vector plasmid to accept the right vaccinia flanking arm, pUC8 was cut with BamHI/EcoRI and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides 518B1/518B2 (SEQ ID NO:23/SEQ ID NO:24)

10 BamHI BglII SmaI RsaI EcoRI518B1 5′ GATCCAGATCTCCCGGGAAAAAAATTATTTAACTTTTCATTAATAGGGATTTGACGTATGTAGCGTACTAGG 3′ 518B1518B2 3′ GTCTAGAGGGCCCTTTTTTTAATAAATTGAAAAGTAATTATCCCTAAACTGCATACTACGCATGATCCTTAA 5′ 518B2

[0197] forming plasmid pSD532. pSD532 was cut with RsaI (partial)/EcoRI and a 2.7 kb vector fragment isolated. pSD518 was cut with RsaI within vaccinia sequences (pos. 67,436) and EcoRI at the vaccinia/pUC junction, and a 0.6 kb fragment isolated. The two fragments were ligated together, forming pSD538, which contains the complete vaccinia flanking arm to the right of I4L coding sequences.

[0198] The right vaccinia flanking arm was isolated as a 0.6 kb EcoRI/BglII fragment from pSD538 and ligated into pSD537 vector plasmid cut with EcoRI/BglII. In the resulting plasmid, pSD539, the I4L ORF (pos. 65,047-67,386) is replaced by a polylinker region, which is flanked by 0.6 kb vaccinia DNA to the left and 0.6 kb vaccinia DNA to the right, all in a pUC background. The site of deletion within vaccinia sequences is indicated by a triangle in FIG. 6. To avoid possible recombination of Beta-galactosidase sequences in the pUC-derived portion of pSD539 with Beta-galactosidase sequences in recombinant vaccinia virus vP855, the vaccinia I4L deletion cassette was moved from pSD539 into pRC11, a pUC derivative from which all Beta-galactosidase sequences have been removed and replaced with a polylinker region (Colinas et al., 1990). pSD539 was cut with EcoRI/PstI and the 1.2 kb fragment isolated. This fragment was ligated into pRC11 cut with EcoRI/PstI (2.35 kb), forming pSD548. Recombination between pSD548 and the Beta-galactosidase containing vaccinia recombinant, vP855, resulted in vaccinia deletion mutant vP866, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal.

[0199] DNA from recombinant vaccinia virus vP866 was analyzed by restriction digests followed by electrophoresis on an agarose gel. The restriction patterns were as expected. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) (Engelke et al., 1988) using vP866 as template and primers flanking the six deletion loci detailed above produced DNA fragments of the expected sizes. Sequence analysis of the PCR generated fragments around the areas of the deletion junctions confirmed that the junctions were as expected. Recombinant vaccinia virus vP866, containing the six engineered deletions as described above, was designated vaccinia vaccine strain “NYVAC.”

Example 7

Insertion of a Rabies Glycoprotein G Gene into NYVAC

[0200] The gene encoding rabies glycoprotein G under the control of the vaccinia H6 promoter (Taylor et al., 1988a,b) was inserted into TK deletion plasmid pSD513. pSD513 is identical to plasmid pSD460 (FIG. 1) except for the presence of a polylinker region.

[0201] Referring now to FIG. 7, the polylinker region was inserted by cutting pSD460 with SmaI and ligating the plasmid vector with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides VQ1A/VQ1B (SEQ ID NO:25/SEQ ID NO:26)

11 SmaI BglII XhoI PstI NarI BamHIVQ1A 5′ GGGAGATCTCTCGAGCTGCAGGGCGCCGGATCCTTTTTCT 3′VQ1B 3′ CCCTCTAGAGAGCTCGACGTCCCGCGGCCTAGGAAAAAGA 5′

[0202] to form vector plasmid pSD513. pSD513 was cut with SmaI and ligated with a SmaI ended 1.8 kb cassette containing the gene encoding the rabies glycoprotein G gene under the control of the vaccinia H6 promoter (Taylor et al., 1988a,b). The resulting plasmid was designated pRW842. pRW842 was used as donor plasmid for recombination with NYVAC rescuing virus (vP866). Recombinant vaccinia virus vP879 was identified by plaque hybridization using 32P-labelled DNA probe to rabies glycoprotein G coding sequences.

[0203] The modified recombinant viruses of the present invention provide advantages as recombinant vaccine vectors. The attenuated virulence of the vector advantageously reduces the opportunity for the possibility of a runaway infection due to vaccination in the vaccinated individual and also diminishes transmission from vaccinated to unvaccinated individuals or contamination of the environment.

[0204] The modified recombinant viruses are also advantageously used in a method for expressing a gene product in a cell cultured in vitro by introducing into the cell the modified recombinant virus having foreign DNA which codes for and expresses gene products in the cell.

Example 8

Construction of ALVAC Recombinants Expressing Rabies Virus Glycoprotein G

[0205] This example describes the development of ALVAC, a canarypox virus vector and, of a canarypox-rabies recombinant designated as ALVAC-RG (vCP65) and its safety and efficacy.

[0206] Cells and Viruses. The parental canarypox virus (Rentschler strain) is a vaccinal strain for canaries. The vaccine strain was obtained from a wild type isolate and attenuated through more than 200 serial passages on chick embryo fibroblasts. A master viral seed was subjected to four successive plaque purifications under agar and one plaque clone was amplified through five additional passages after which the stock virus was used as the parental virus in in vitro recombination tests. The plaque purified canarypox isolate is designated ALVAC.

[0207] Construction of a Canarypox Insertion Vector. An 880 bp canarypox PvuII fragment was cloned between the PvuII sites of pUC9 to form pRW764.5. The sequence of this fragment is shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO. 27) between positions 1372 and 2251. The limits of an open reading frame designated as C5 were defined. It was determined that the open reading frame was initiated at position 166 within the fragment and terminated at position 487. The C5 deletion was made without interruption of open reading frames. Bases from position 167 through position 455 were replaced with the sequence (SEQ ID NO:28) GCTTCCCGGGAATTCTAGCTAGCTAGTTT. This replacement sequence contains HindIII, SmaI and EcoRI insertion sites followed by translation stops and a transcription termination signal recognized by vaccinia virus RNA polymerase (Yuen et al., 1987). Deletion of the C5 ORF was performed as described below. Plasmid pRW764.5 was partially cut with RsaI and the linear product was isolated. The RsaI linear fragment was recut with BglII and the pRW764.5 fragment now with a RsaI to BglII deletion from position 156 to position 462 was isolated and used as a vector for the following synthetic oligonucleotides:

[0208] RW145 (SEQ ID NO:29):

[0209] ACTCTCAAAAGCTTCCCGGGAATTCTAGCTAGCTAGTTTTTATAAA

[0210] RW146 (SEQ ID NO:30):

[0211] GATCTTTATAAAAACTAGCTAGCTAGAATTCCCGGGAAGCTTTTGAGAGT

[0212] Oligonucleotides RW145 and RW146 were annealed and inserted into the pRW 764.5 RsaI and BglII vector described above. The resulting plasmid is designated pRW831.

[0213] Construction of Insertion Vector Containing the Rabies G Gene. Construction of pRW838 is illustrated below. Oligonucleotides A through E, which overlap the translation initiation codon of the H6 promoter with the ATG of rabies G, were cloned into pUC9 as pRW737. Oligonucleotides A through E contain the H6 promoter, starting at NruI, through the HindIII site of rabies G followed by BglII. Sequences of oligonucleotides A through E ((SEQ ID NO:31)-(SEQ ID NO:35)) are:

12A (SEQ ID NO:31): CTGAAATTATTTCATTATCGCGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGGTTCCTCAGGCTCTCCTGTTTGTB (SEQ ID NO:32): CATTACGATACAAACTTAACGGATATCGCGATAATGAAATAATTTCAGC (SEQ ID NO:33: ACCCCTTCTGGTTTTTCCGTTGTGTTTTGGGAAATTCCCTATTTACACGATCCCAGACAAGCTTAGATCTCAGD (SEQ ID NO:34): CTGAGATCTAAGCTTGTCTGGGATCGTGTAAATAGGGAATTTCCCAAAACAE (SEQ ID NO:35): CAACGGAAAAACCAGAAGGGGTACAAACAGGAGAGCCTGAGGAAC

[0214] The diagram of annealed oligonucleotides A through E is as follows:

13 A C________________________|________________________ |_______________|___________________|__________ | | B E D

[0215] Oligonucleotides A through E were kinased, annealed (95° C. for 5 minutes, then cooled to room temperature), and inserted between the PvuII sites of pUC9. The resulting plasmid, pRW737, was cut with HindIII and BglII and used as a vector for the 1.6 kbp HindIII-BglII fragment of ptg155PRO (Kieny et al., 1984) generating pRW739. The ptg155PRO HindIII site is 86 bp downstream of the rabies G translation initiation codon. BglII is downstream of the rabies G translation stop codon in ptg155PRO. pRW739 was partially cut with NruI, completely cut with BglII, and a 1.7 kbp NruI-BglII fragment, containing the 3′ end of the H6 promoter previously described (Taylor et al., 1988a,b; Guo et al., 1989; Perkus et al., 1989) through the entire rabies G gene, was inserted between the NruI and BamHI sites of pRW824. The resulting plasmid is designated pRW832. Insertion into pRW824 added the H6 promoter 5′ of NruI. The pRW824 sequence of BamHI followed by SmaI is (SEQ ID NO:36): GGATCCCCGGG. pRW824 is a plasmid that contains a nonpertinent gene linked precisely to the vaccinia virus H6 promoter. Digestion with NruI and BamHI completely excised this nonpertinent gene. The 1.8 kbp pRW832 SmaI fragment, containing H6 promoted rabies G, was inserted into the SmaI of pRW831, to form plasmid pRW838.

[0216] Development of ALVAC-RG. Plasmid pRW838 was transfected into ALVAC infected primary CEF cells by using the calcium phosphate precipitation method previously described (Panicali et al., 1982; Piccini et al., 1987). Positive plaques were selected on the basis of hybridization to a specific rabies G probe and subjected to 6 sequential rounds of plaque purification until a pure population was achieved. One representative plaque was then amplified and the resulting ALVAC recombinant was designated ALVAC-RG (vCP65) (see also FIGS. 9A and 9B). The correct insertion of the rabies G gene into the ALVAC genome without subsequent mutation was confirmed by sequence analysis.

[0217] Immunofluorescence. During the final stages of assembly of mature rabies virus particles, the glycoprotein component is transported from the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane where it accumulates with the carboxy terminus extending into the cytoplasm and the bulk of the protein on the external surface of the cell membrane. In order to confirm that the rabies glycoprotein expressed in ALVAC-RG was correctly presented, immunofluorescence was performed on primary CEF cells infected with ALVAC or ALVAC-RG. Immunofluorescence was performed as previously described (Taylor et al., 1990) using a rabies G monoclonal antibody. Strong surface fluorescence was detected on CEF cells infected with ALVAC-RG but not with the parental ALVAC.

[0218] Immunoprecipitation. Preformed monolayers of primary CEF, Vero (a line of African Green monkey kidney cells ATCC # CCL81) and MRC-5 cells (a fibroblast-like cell line derived from normal human fetal lung tissue ATCC # CCL171) were inoculated at 10 pfu per cell with parental virus ALVAC and recombinant virus ALVAC-RG in the presence of radiolabelled 35S-methionine and treated as previously described (Taylor et al., 1990). Immunoprecipitation reactions were performed using a rabies G specific monoclonal antibody. Efficient expression of a rabies specific glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 67 kDa was detected with the recombinant ALVACRG. No rabies specific products were detected in uninfected cells or cells infected with the parental ALVAC virus.

[0219] Sequential Passaging Experiment. In studies with ALVAC virus in a range of non avian species no proliferative infection or overt disease was observed (Taylor et al., 1991b). However, in order to establish that neither the parental nor recombinant virus could be adapted to grow in non-avian cells, a sequential passaging experiment was performed.

[0220] The two viruses, ALVAC and ALVAC-RG, were inoculated in 10 sequential blind passages in three cell substrates:

[0221] (1) Primary chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells produced from 11 day old white leghorn embryos;

[0222] (2) Vero cells—a continuous line of African Green monkey kidney cells (ATCC # CCL81); and

[0223] (3) MRC-5 cells—a diploid cell line derived from human fetal lung tissue (ATCC # CCL171).

[0224] The initial inoculation was performed at an m.o.i. of 0.1 pfu per cell using three 60 mm dishes of each cell substrate containing 2×106 cells per dish. One dish was inoculated in the presence of 40 μg/ml of Cytosine arabinoside (Ara C), an inhibitor of DNA replication. After an absorption period of 1 hour at 37° C., the inoculum was removed and the monolayer washed to remove unabsorbed virus. At this time the medium was replaced with 5 ml of EMEM+2% NBCS on two dishes (samples t0 and t7) and 5 ml of EMEM+2% NBCS containing 40 μg/ml Ara C on the third (sample t7A). Sample t0 was frozen at −70′ C. to provide an indication of the residual input virus. Samples t7 and t7A were incubated at 37° C. for 7 days, after which time the contents were harvested and the cells disrupted by indirect sonication.

[0225] One ml of sample t7 of each cell substrate was inoculated undiluted onto three dishes of the same cell substrate (to provide samples t0, t7 and t7A) and onto one dish of primary CEF cells. Samples t0, t7 and t7A were treated as for passage one. The additional inoculation on CEF cells was included to provide an amplification step for more sensitive detection of virus which might be present in the non-avian cells.

[0226] This procedure was repeated for 10 (CEF and MRC-5) or 8 (Vero) sequential blind passages. Samples were then frozen and thawed three times and assayed by titration on primary CEF monolayers.

[0227] Virus yield in each sample was then determined by plaque titration on CEF monolayers under agarose. Summarized results of the experiment are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0228] The results indicate that both the parental ALVAC and the recombinant ALVAC-RG are capable of sustained replication on CEF monolayers with no loss of titer. In Vero cells, levels of virus fell below the level of detection after 2 passages for ALVAC and 1 passage for ALVAC-RG. In MRC-5 cells, a similar result was evident, and no virus was detected after 1 passage. Although the results for only four passages are shown in Tables 1 and 2 the series was continued for 8 (Vero) and 10 (MRC-5) passages with no detectable adaptation of either virus to growth in the non-avian cells.

[0229] In passage 1 relatively high levels of virus were present in the t7 sample in MRC-5 and Vero cells. However this level of virus was equivalent to that seen in the t0 sample and the t7A sample incubated in the presence of Cytosine arabinoside in which no viral replication can occur. This demonstrated that the levels of virus seen at 7 days in non-avian cells represented residual virus and not newly replicated virus.

[0230] In order to make the assay more sensitive, a portion of the 7 day harvest from each cell substrate was inoculated onto a permissive CEF monolayer and harvested at cytopathic effect (CPE) or at 7 days if no CPE was evident. The results of this experiment are shown in Table 3. Even after amplification through a permissive cell substrate, virus was only detected in MRC-5 and Vero cells for two additional passages. These results indicated that under the conditions used, there was no adaptation of either virus to growth in Vero or MRC-5 cells.

[0231] Inoculation of Macaques. Four HIV seropositive macaques were initially inoculated with ALVAC-RG as described in Table 4. After 100 days these animals were re-inoculated to determine a booster effect, and an additional seven animals were inoculated with a range of doses. Blood was drawn at appropriate intervals and sera analyzed, after heat inactivation at 56° C. for 30 minutes, for the presence of anti-rabies antibody using the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Assay (Smith et al., 1973).

[0232] Inoculation of Chimpanzees. Two adult male chimpanzees (50 to 65 kg weight range) were inoculated intramuscularly or subcutaneously with 1×107 pfu of vCP65. Animals were monitored for reactions and bled at regular intervals for analysis for the presence of anti-rabies antibody with the RFFI test (Smith et al., 1973). Animals were re-inoculated with an equivalent dose 13 weeks after the initial inoculation.

[0233] Inoculation of Mice. Groups of mice were inoculated with 50 to 100 μl of a range of dilutions of different batches of vCP65. Mice were inoculated in the footpad. On day 14, mice were challenged by intracranial inoculation of from 15 to 43 mouse LD50 of the virulent CVS strain of rabies virus. Survival of mice was monitored and a protective dose 50% (PD50) calculated at 28 days post-inoculation.

[0234] Inoculation of Dogs and Cats. Ten beagle dogs, 5 months old, and 10 cats, 4 months old, were inoculated subcutaneously with either 6.7 or 7.7 log10 TCID50 of ALVAC-RG. Four dogs and four cats were not inoculated. Animals were bled at 14 and 28 days post-inoculation and anti-rabies antibody assessed in an RFFI test. The animals receiving 6.7 log10 TCID50 of ALVAC-RG were challenged at 29 days post-vaccination with 3.7 log10 mouse LD50 (dogs) or 4.3 log10 mouse LD50 (cats) of the NYGS rabies virus challenge strain.

[0235] Inoculation of Squirrel Monkeys. Three groups of four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were inoculated with one of three viruses (a) ALVAC, the parental canarypox virus, (b) ALVAC-RG, the recombinant expressing the rabies G glycoprotein or (c) vCP37, a canarypox recombinant expressing the envelope glycoprotein of feline leukemia virus. Inoculations were performed under ketamine anaesthesia. Each animal received at the same time: (1) 20 μl instilled on the surface of the right eye without scarification; (2) 100 μl as several droplets in the mouth; (3) 100 μl in each of two intradermal injection sites in the shaven skin of the external face of the right arm; and (4) 100 μl in the anterior muscle of the right thigh.

[0236] Four monkeys were inoculated with each virus, two with a total of 5.0 log10 pfu and two with a total of 7.0 log10 pfu. Animals were bled at regular intervals and sera analyzed for the presence of antirabies antibody using an RFFI test (Smith et al., 1973). Animals were monitored daily for reactions to vaccination. Six months after the initial inoculation the four monkeys receiving ALVAC-RG, two monkeys initially receiving vCP37, and two monkeys initially receiving ALVAC, as well as one naive monkey were inoculated with 6.5 log10 pfu of ALVAC-RG subcutaneously. Sera were monitored for the presence of rabies neutralizing antibody in an RFFI test (Smith et al., 1973).

[0237] Inoculation of Human Cell Lines with ALVAC-RG. In order to determine whether efficient expression of a foreign gene could be obtained in non-avian cells in which the virus does not productively replicate, five cell types, one avian and four non-avian, were analyzed for virus yield, expression of the foreign rabies G gene and viral specific DNA accumulation. The cells inoculated were:

[0238] (a) Vero, African Green monkey kidney cells, ATCC # CCL81;

[0239] (b) MRC-5, human embryonic lung, ATCC # CCL 171;

[0240] (c) WISH human amnion, ATCC # CCL 25;

[0241] (d) Detroit-532, human foreskin, Downs's syndrome, ATCC # CCL 54; and

[0242] (e) Primary CEF cells.

[0243] Chicken embryo fibroblast cells produced from 11 day old white leghorn embryos were included as a positive control. All inoculations were performed on preformed monolayers of 2×106 cells as discussed below.

[0244] A. Methods for DNA Analysis

[0245] Three dishes of each cell line were inoculated at 5 pfu/cell of the virus under test, allowing one extra dish of each cell line un-inoculated. One dish was incubated in the presence of 40 μg/ml of cytosine arabinoside (Ara C). After an adsorption period of 60 minutes at 37° C., the inoculum was removed and the monolayer washed twice to remove unadsorbed virus. Medium (with or without Ara C) was then replaced. Cells from one dish (without Ara C) were harvested as a time zero sample. The remaining dishes were incubated at 37° C. for 72 hours, at which time the cells were harvested and used to analyze DNA accumulation. Each sample of 2×106 cells was resuspended in 0.5 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 40 mM EDTA and incubated for 5 minutes at 37° C. An equal volume of 1.5% agarose prewarmed at 42° C. and containing 120 mM EDTA was added to the cell suspension and gently mixed. The suspension was transferred to an agarose plug mold and allowed to harden for at least 15 min. The agarose plugs were then removed and incubated for 12-16 hours at 50° C. in a volume of lysis buffer (1% sarkosyl, 100 μg/ml proteinase K, 10 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5, 200 mM EDTA) that completely covers the plug. The lysis buffer was then replaced with 5.0 ml sterile 0.5×TBE (44.5 mM Tris-borate, 44.5 mM boric acid, 0.5 mM EDTA) and equilibrated at 4° C. for 6 hours with 3 changes of TBE buffer. The viral DNA within the plug was fractionated from cellular RNA and DNA using a pulse field electrophoresis system. Electrophoresis was performed for 20 hours at 180 V with a ramp of 50-90 sec at 15° C. in 0.5×TBE. The DNA was run with lambda DNA molecular weight standards. After electrophoresis the viral DNA band was visualized by staining with ethidium bromide. The DNA was then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane and probed with a radiolabelled probe prepared from purified ALVAC genomic DNA.

[0246] B. Estimation of Virus Yield

[0247] Dishes were inoculated exactly as described above, with the exception that input multiplicity was 0.1 pfu/cell. At 72 hours post infection, cells were lysed by three successive cycles of freezing and thawing. Virus yield was assessed by plaque titration on CEF monolayers.

[0248] C. Analysis of Expression of Rabies G Gene

[0249] Dishes were inoculated with recombinant or parental virus at a multiplicity of 10 pfu/cell, allowing an additional dish as an uninfected virus control. After a one hour absorption period, the medium was removed and replaced with methionine free medium. After a 30 minute period, this medium was replaced with methionine-free medium containing 25 uCi/ml of 35S-Methionine. Infected cells were labelled overnight (approximately 16 hours), then lysed by the addition of buffer A lysis buffer. Immunoprecipitation was performed as previously described (Taylor et al., 1990) using a rabies G specific monoclonal antibody.

[0250] Results: Estimation of Viral Yield. The results of titration for yield at 72 hours after inoculation at 0.1 pfu per cell are shown in Table 5. The results indicate that while a productive infection can be attained in the avian cells, no increase in virus yield can be detected by this method in the four non-avian cell systems.

[0251] Analysis of Viral DNA Accumulation. In order to determine whether the block to productive viral replication in the non-avian cells occurred before or after DNA replication, DNA from the cell lysates was fractionated by electrophoresis, transferred to nitrocellulose and probed for the presence of viral specific DNA. DNA from uninfected CEF cells, ALVAC-RG infected CEF cells at time zero, ALVAC-RG infected CEF cells at 72 hours post-infection and ALVAC-RG infected CEF cells at 72 hours post-infection in the presence of 40 μg/ml of cytosine arabinoside all showed some background activity, probably due to contaminating CEF cellular DNA in the radiolabelled ALVAC DNA probe preparation. However, ALVAC-RG infected CEF cells at 72 hours post-infection exhibited a strong band in the region of approximately 350 kbp representing ALVAC-specific viral DNA accumulation. No such band is detectable when the culture is incubated in the presence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, cytosine arabinoside. Equivalent samples produced in Vero cells showed a very faint band at approximately 350 kbp in the ALVAC-RG infected Vero cells at time zero. This level represented residual virus. The intensity of the band was amplified at 72 hours post-infection indicating that some level of viral specific DNA replication had occurred in Vero cells which had not resulted in an increase in viral progeny. Equivalent samples produced in MRC-5 cells indicated that no viral specific DNA accumulation was detected under these conditions in this cell line. This experiment was then extended to include additional human cell lines, specifically WISH and Detroit-532 cells. ALVAC infected CEF cells served as a positive control. No viral specific DNA accumulation was detected in either WISH or Detroit cells inoculated with ALVAC-RG. It should be noted that the limits of detection of this method have not been fully ascertained and viral DNA accumulation may be occurring, but at a level below the sensitivity of the method. Other experiments in which viral DNA replication was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation support the results obtained with Vero and MRC-5 cells.

[0252] Analysis of Rabies Gene Expression. To determine if any viral gene expression, particularly that of the inserted foreign gene, was occurring in the human cell lines even in the absence of viral DNA replication, immunoprecipitation experiments were performed on 35S-methionine labelled lysates of avian and non-avian cells infected with ALVAC and ALVAC-RG. The results of immunoprecipitation using a rabies G specific monoclonal antibody illustrated specific immunoprecipitation of a 67 kDa glycoprotein in CEF, Vero and MRC-5, WISH and Detroit cells infected with ALVAC-RG. No such specific rabies gene products were detected in any of the uninfected and parentally infected cell lysates.

[0253] The results of this experiment indicated that in the human cell lines analyzed, although the ALVAC-RG recombinant was able to initiate an infection and express a foreign gene product under the transcriptional control of the H6 early/late vaccinia virus promoter, the replication did not proceed through DNA replication, nor was there any detectable viral progeny produced. In the Vero cells, although some level of ALVAC-RG specific DNA accumulation was observed, no viral progeny was detected by these methods. These results would indicate that in the human cell lines analyzed the block to viral replication occurs prior to the onset of DNA replication, while in Vero cells, the block occurs following the onset of viral DNA replication.

[0254] In order to determine whether the rabies glycoprotein expressed in ALVAC-RG was immunogenic, a number of animal species were tested by inoculation of the recombinant. The efficacy of current rabies vaccines is evaluated in a mouse model system. A similar test was therefore performed using ALVAC-RG. Nine different preparations of virus (including one vaccine batch (J) produced after 10 serial tissue culture passages of the seed virus) with infectious titers ranging from 6.7 to 8.4 log10 TCID50 per ml were serially diluted and 50 to 100 μl of dilutions inoculated into the footpad of four to six week old mice. Mice were challenged 14 days later by the intracranial route with 300 μl of the CVS strain of rabies virus containing from 15 to 43 mouse LD50 as determined by lethality titration in a control group of mice. Potency, expressed as the PD50 (Protective dose 50%), was calculated at 14 days post-challenge. The results of the experiment are shown in Table 6. The results indicated that ALVAC-RG was consistently able to protect mice against rabies virus challenge with a PD50 value ranging from 3.33 to 4.56 with a mean value of 3.73 (STD 0.48). As an extension of this study, male mice were inoculated intracranially with 50 μl of virus containing 6.0 log10 TCID50 of ALVAC-RG or with an equivalent volume of an uninfected cell suspension. Mice were sacrificed on days 1, 3 and 6 post-inoculation and their brains removed, fixed and sectioned. Histopathological examination showed no evidence for neurovirulence of ALVAC-RG in mice.

[0255] In order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ALVAC-RG for dogs and cats, a group of 14, 5 month old beagles and 14, 4 month old cats were analyzed. Four animals in each species were not vaccinated. Five animals received 6.7 log10 TCID50 subcutaneously and five animals received 7.7 log10 TCID50 by the same route. Animals were bled for analysis for anti-rabies antibody. Animals receiving no inoculation or 6.7 log10 TCID50 of ALVAC-RG were challenged at 29 days post-vaccination with 3.7 log10 mouse LD50 (dogs, in the temporal muscle) or 4.3 log10 mouse LD50 (cats, in the neck) of the NYGS rabies virus challenge strain. The results of the experiment are shown in Table 7.

[0256] No adverse reactions to inoculation were seen in either cats or dogs with either dose of inoculum virus. Four of 5 dogs immunized with 6.7 log10 TCID50 had antibody titers on day 14 post-vaccination and all dogs had titers at 29 days. All dogs were protected from a challenge which killed three out of four controls. In cats, three of five cats receiving 6.7 log10 TCID50 had specific antibody titers on day 14 and all cats were positive on day 29 although the mean antibody titer was low at 2.9 IU. Three of five cats survived a challenge which killed all controls. All cats immunized with 7.7 log10 TCID50 had antibody titers on day 14 and at day 29 the Geometric Mean Titer was calculated as 8.1 International Units.

[0257] The immune response of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) to inoculation with ALVAC, ALVAC-RG and an unrelated canarypox virus recombinant was examined. Groups of monkeys were inoculated as described above and sera analyzed for the presence of rabies specific antibody. Apart from minor typical skin reactions to inoculation by the intradermal route, no adverse reactivity was seen in any of the monkeys. Small amounts of residual virus were isolated from skin lesions after intradermal inoculation on days two and four post-inoculation only. All specimens were negative on day seven and later. There was no local reaction to intra-muscular injection. All four monkeys inoculated with ALVAC-RG developed anti-rabies serum neutralizing antibodies as measured in an RFFI test. Approximately six months after the initial inoculation all monkeys and one additional naive monkey were re-inoculated by the subcutaneous route on the external face of the left thigh with 6.5 log10 TCID50 of ALVAC-RG. Sera were analyzed for the presence of anti-rabies antibody. The results are shown in Table 8.

[0258] Four of the five monkeys naive to rabies developed a serological response by seven days post-inoculation with ALVAC-RG. All five monkeys had detectable antibody by 11 days post-inoculation. Of the four monkeys with previous exposure to the rabies glycoprotein, all showed a significant increase in serum neutralization titer between days 3 and 7 post-vaccination. The results indicate that vaccination of squirrel monkeys with ALVAC-RG does not produce adverse side-effects and a primary neutralizing antibody response can be induced. An anamnestic response is also induced on re-vaccination. Prior exposure to ALVAC or to a canarypox recombinant expressing an unrelated foreign gene does not interfere with induction of an anti-rabies immune response upon re-vaccination.

[0259] The immunological response of HIV-2 seropositive macaques to inoculation with ALVAC-RG was assessed. Animals were inoculated as described above and the presence of anti-rabies serum neutralizing antibody assessed in an RFFI test. The results, shown in Table 9, indicated that HIV-2 positive animals inoculated by the subcutaneous route developed anti-rabies antibody by 11 days after one inoculation. An anamnestic response was detected after a booster inoculation given approximately three months after the first inoculation. No response was detected in animals receiving the recombinant by the oral route. In addition, a series of six animals were inoculated with decreasing doses of ALVAC-RG given by either the intra-muscular or subcutaneous routes. Five of the six animals inoculated responded by 14 days post-vaccination with no significant difference in antibody titer.

[0260] Two chimpanzees with prior exposure to HIV were inoculated with 7.0 log10 pfu of ALVAC-RG by the subcutaneous or intra-muscular route. At 3 months post-inoculations both animals were re-vaccinated in an identical fashion. The results are shown in Table 10.

[0261] No adverse reactivity to inoculation was noted by either intramuscular or subcutaneous routes. Both chimpanzees responded to primary inoculation by 14 days and a strongly rising response was detected following re-vaccination.

14TABLE 1Sequential Passage of ALVAC in Avian and non-Avian Cells.CEFVeroMRC-5Pass 1Sample toa2.43.02.6t7b7.01.40.4t7Ac1.21.20.4Pass 2Sample to5.00.4N.D.dt77.30.4N.D.t7A3.9N.D.N.D.Pass 3Sample to5.40.4N.D.t77.4N.D.N.D.t7A3.8N.D.N.D.Pass 4Sample to5.2N.D.N.D.t77.1N.D.N.D.t7A3.9N.D.N.D.aThis sample was harvested at zero time and represents the residual input virus. The titer is expressed as log10 pfu per ml. bThis sample was harvested at 7 days post-infection. cThis sample was inoculated in the presence of 40 μg/ml of Cytosine arabinoside and harvested at 7 days post infection. dNot detectable

[0262]

15

TABLE 2

Sequential Passage of ALVAC-RG in Avian and non-Avian Cells

CEF
Vero
MRC-5

Pass 1

Sample t0a
3.0
2.9
2.9

t7b
7.1
1.0
1.4

t7Ac
1.8
1.4
1.2

Pass 2

Sample t0
5.1
0.4
0.4

t7
7.1
N.D.d
N.D.

t7A
3.8
N.D.
N.D.

Pass 3

Sample t0
5.1
0.4
N.D.

t7
7.2
N.D.
N.D.

t7A
3.6
N.D.
N.D.

Pass 4

Sample t0
5.1
N.D.
N.D.

t7
7.0
N.D.
N.D.

t7A
4.0
N.D.
N.D

a
This sample was harvested at zero time and represents the residual input virus. The titer is expressed as log10 pfu per ml.

b
This sample was harvested at 7 days post-infection.

c
This sample was inoculated in the presence of 40 μg/ml of Cytosine arabinoside and harvested at 7 days post-infection.

d
Not detectable.

[0263]

16

TABLE 3

Amplification of residual virus by passage in CEF cells

CEF
Vero
MRC-5

a) ALVAC

Pass 2a
7.0b
6.0
5.2

3
7.5
4.1
4.9

4
7.5
N.D.c
N.D.

5
7.1
N.D.
N.D.

b) ALVAC-RG

Pass 2a
7.2
5.5
5.5

3
7.2
5.0
5.1

4
7.2
N.D.
N.D.

5
7.2
N.D.
N.D.

a
Pass 2 represents the amplification in CEF cells of the 7 day sample from Pass 1.

b
Titer expressed as log10 pfu per ml

c
Not Detectable

[0264]

17

TABLE 4

Schedule of inoculation of rhesus macaques with

ALVAC-RG (vCP65)

Animal
Inoculation

176L
Primary:
1 × 108 pfu of vCP65 orally in TANG

Secondary:
1 × 107 pfu of vCP65 plus 1 × 107

pfu of vCP82a by SC route

185L
Primary:
1 × 108 pfu of vCP65 orally in Tang

Secondary:
1 × 107 pfu of vCP65 plus 1 × 107

pfu of vCP82 by SC route

177L
Primary:
5 × 107 pfu SC of vCP65 by SC route

Secondary:
1 × 107 pfu of vCP65 plus 1 × 107

pfu of vCP82 by SC route

186L
Primary:
5 × 107 pfu of vCP65 by SC route

Secondary:
1 × 107 pfu of vCP65 plus 1 × 107

pfu of vCP82 by SC route

178L
Primary:
1 × 107 pfu of vCP65 by SC route

182L
Primary:
1 × 107 pfu of vCP65 by IM route

179L
Primary:
1 × 106 pfu of vCP65 by SC route

183L
Primary:
1 × 106 pfu of vCP65 by IM route

180L
Primary:
1 × 106 pfu of vCP65 by SC route

184L
Primary:
1 × 105 pfu of vCP65 by IM route

187L
Primary
1 × 107 pfu of vCP65 orally

a
vCP82 is a canarypox virus recombinant expressing the measles virus fusion and hemagglutinin genes.

[0265]

18

TABLE 5

Analysis of yield in avian and non-avian cells

inoculated with ALVAC-RG

Sample Time

Cell Type
t0
t72
t72Ab

Expt 1

CEF
3.3a
7.4
1.7

Vero
3.0
1.4
1.7

MRC-5
3.4
2.0
1.7

Expt 2

CEF
2.9
7.5
<1.7

WISH
3.3
2.2
2.0

Detroit-532
2.8
1.7
<1.7

a
Titer expressed as log10 pfu per ml

b
Culture incubated in the presence of 40 μg/ml of Cytosine arabinoside

[0266]

19

TABLE 6

Potency of ALVAC-RG as tested in mice

Test
Challenge Dosea
PD50b

Initial seed
43
4.56

Primary seed
23
3.34

Vaccine Batch H
23
4.52

Vaccine Batch I
23
3.33

Vaccine Batch K
15
3.64

Vaccine Batch L
15
4.03

Vaccine Batch M
15
3.32

Vaccine Batch N
15
3.39

Vaccine Batch J
23
3.42

a
Expressed as mouse LD50

b
Expressed as log10 TCID50

[0267]

20

TABLE 7

Efficacy of ALVAC-RG in dogs and cats

Dogs

Cats

Dose
Antibodya
Survivalb
Antibody
Survival

6.7
11.9
5/5
2.9
3/5

7.7
10.1
N.T.
8.1
N.T.

a
Antibody at day 29 post inoculation expressed as the geometric mean titer in International Units.

b
Expressed as a ratio of survivors over animals challenged

[0268]

21

TABLE 8

Anti-rabies serological response of Squirrel

monkeys inoculated with canarypox recombinants

Mon-

key
Previous
Rabies serum-neutralizing antibodya

#
Exposure
−196b
0
3
7
11
21
28

22
ALVACc
NTg
<1.2
<1.2
<1.2
2.1
2.3
2.2

51
ALVACc
NT
<1.2
<1.2
1.7
2.2
2.2
2.2

39
vCP37d
NT
<1.2
<1.2
1.7
2.1
2.2
N.T.g

55
vCP37d
NT
<1.2
<1.2
1.7
2.2
2.1
N.T.

37
ALVAC-RGe
2.2
<1.2
<1.2
3.2
3.5
3.5
3.2

53
ALVAC-RGe
2.2
<1.2
<1.2
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4

38
ALVAC-RGf
2.7
<1.7
<1.7
3.2
3.8
3.6
N.T.

54
ALVAC-RGf
3.2
<1.7
<1.5
3.6
4.2
4.0
3.6

57
None
NT
<1.2
<1.2
1.7
2.7
2.7
2.3

a
: As determined by RFFI test on days indicated and expressed in International Units

b
: Day-196 represents serum from day 28 after primary vaccination

c
: Animals received 5.0 log10 TCID50 of ALVAC

d
: Animals received 5.0 log10 TCID50 of vCP37

e
: Animals received 5.0 log10 TCID50 of ALVAC-RG

f
: Animals received 7.0 log10 TCID50 of ALVAC-RG

g
: Not tested.

[0269]

22

TABLE 9

Inoculation of rhesus macaques with ALVAC-RGa

Route of Primary Inoculation

Days post-
_or/Tang—
_SC—
_SC—
_SC—
_IM—
_SC—
_IM—
_SC_
_IM—
_OR—

Inoculation
176Lb
185L
177L
186L
178L
182L
179L
186L
180L
184L
187Lb

−84
—
—

—

−9
—
—
—
—
—

—

3
—
—
—
—

6
—
—
±
±

11
—
—
16d
128

19
—
—
32
128
—

—

35
—
—
32
512

59
—
—
64
256

75
—
—
64
128
—

—

99c
—
—
64
256
—

—
—
—
—
—

2
—
—
32
256
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

6
—
—
512
512
64
32
64
128
32
—
—

15
16
16
512
512
64
32
64
128
32
—
—

29
16
32
256
256
64
64
32
128
32
—
—

55

32

32

32
16
—

57
16

128
128
16

16

—

a
See Table 9 for schedule of inoculations.

b
Animals 176L and 185L received 8.0 log10 pfu by the oral route in 5 ml Tang. Animal 187L received 7.0 log10 pfu by oral route not in Tang.

c
Day of re-vaccination for animals 176L, 185L, 177L and 186L by S.C. route, and primary vaccination for animals 178L, 182L, 179L, 183L, 180L, 184L and 187L.

d
Titers expressed as reciprocal of last dilution showing inhibition of fluorescence in an RFFI test.

[0270]

23

TABLE 10

Inoculation of chimpanzees with ALVAC-RG

Weeks post-
Animal 431
Animal 457

Inoculation
I.M.
S.C.

0

<8a
<8

1
<8
<8

2
8
32

4
16
32

8
16
32

12b/0
16
8

13/1
128
128

15/3
256
512

20/8
64
128

26/12
32
128

a
Titer expressed as reciprocal of last dilution showing inhibition of fluorescence in an RFFI test

b
Day of re-inoculation

Example 9

Immunization of Humans Using Canarypox Expressing Rabies Glycoprotein (ALVAC-RG: vCP65)

[0271] ALVAC-RG (vCP65) was generated as described in Example 9 and FIGS. 9A and 9B. For scaling-up and vaccine manufacturing ALVAC-RG (vCP65) was grown in primary CEF derived from specified pathogen free eggs. Cells were infected at a multiplicity of 0.1 and incubated at 37° C. for three days.

[0272] The vaccine virus suspension was obtained by ultrasonic disruption in serum free medium of the infected cells; cell debris were then removed by centrifugation and filtration. The resulting clarified suspension was supplemented with lyophilization stabilizer (mixture of amino-acids), dispensed in single dose vials and freeze dried. Three batches of decreasing titer were prepared by ten-fold serial dilutions of the virus suspension in a mixture of serum free medium and lyophilization stabilizer, prior to lyophilization.

[0273] Quality control tests were applied to the cell substrates, media and virus seeds and final product with emphasis on the search for adventitious agents and inocuity in laboratory rodents. No undesirable trait was found.

[0274] Preclinical data. Studies in vitro indicated that VERO or MRC-5 cells do not support the growth of ALVAC-RG (vCP65); a series of eight (VERO) and 10 (MRC) blind serial passages caused no detectable adaptation of the virus to grow in these non avian lines. Analyses of human cell lines (MRC-5, WISH, Detroit 532, HEL, HNK or EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells) infected or inoculated with ALVAC-RG (vCP65) showed no accumulation of virus specific DNA suggesting that in these cells the block in replication occurs prior to DNA synthesis. Significantly, however, the expression of the rabies virus glycoprotein gene in all cell lines tested indicating that the abortive step in the canarypox replication cycle occurs prior to viral DNA replication.

[0275] The safety and efficacy of ALVAC-RG (vCP65) were documented in a series of experiments in animals. A number of species including canaries, chickens, ducks, geese, laboratory rodents (suckling and adult mice), hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs, squirrel monkeys, rhesus macaques and chimpanzees, were inoculated with doses ranging from 105 to 108 pfu. A variety of routes were used, most commonly subcutaneous, intramuscular and intradermal but also oral (monkeys and mice) and intracerebral (mice).

[0276] In canaries, ALVAC-RG (vCP65) caused a “take” lesion at the site of scarification with no indication of disease or death. Intradermal inoculation of rabbits resulted in a typical poxvirus inoculation reaction which did not spread and healed in seven to ten days. There was no adverse side effects due to canarypox in any of the animal tests. Immunogenicity was documented by the development of anti-rabies antibodies following inoculation of ALVAC-RG (vCP65) in rodents, dogs, cats, and primates, as measured by Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). Protection was also demonstrated by rabies virus challenge experiments in mice, dogs, and cats immunized with ALVAC-RG (vCP65).

[0277] Volunteers. Twenty-five healthy adults aged 20-45 with no previous history of rabies immunization were enrolled. Their health status was assessed by complete medical histories, physical examinations, hematological and blood chemistry analyses. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, allergies, immune depression of any kind, chronic debilitating disease, cancer, injection of immune globins in the past three months, and seropositivity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or to hepatitis B virus surface antigen.

[0278] Study design. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either standard Human Diploid Cell Rabies Vaccine (HDC) batch no E0751 (Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccine, Lyon, France) or the study vaccine ALVAC-RG (vCP65).

[0279] The trial was designated as a dose escalation study. Three batches of experimental ALVAC-RG (vCP65) vaccine were used sequentially in three groups of volunteers (Groups A, B and C) with two week intervals between each step. The concentration of the three batches was 103.5, 104.5, 105.5 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID50) per dose, respectively.

[0280] Each volunteer received two doses of the same vaccine subcutaneously in the deltoid region at an interval of four weeks. The nature of the injected vaccine was not known by the participants at the time of the first injection but was known by the investigator.

[0281] In order to minimize the risk of immediate hypersensitivity at the time of the second injection, the volunteers of Group B allocated to the medium dose of experimental vaccine were injected 1 h previously with the lower dose and those allocated to the higher dose (Group C) received successively the lower and the medium dose at hourly intervals.

[0282] Six months later, the recipients of the highest dosage of ALVAC-RG (vCP65) (Group C) and HDC vaccine were offered a third dose of vaccine; they were then randomized to receive either the same vaccine as previously or the alternate vaccine. As a result, four groups were formed corresponding to the following immunization scheme: 1. HDC, HDC-HDC; 2. HDC, HDC-ALVAC-RG (vCP65); 3. ALVAC-RG (vCP65), ALVAC-RG (vCP65)-HDC; 4. ALVAC-RG (vCP65), ALVAC-RG (vCP65), ALVAC-RG (vCP65).

[0283] Monitoring of Side Effects. All subjects were monitored for 1 h after injection and re-examined every day for the next five days. They were asked to record local and systemic reactions for the next three weeks and were questioned by telephone two times a week.

[0284] Laboratory Investigators. Blood specimens were obtained before enrollment and two, four and six days after each injection. Analysis included complete blood cell count, liver enzymes and creatine kinase assays.

[0285] Antibody assays. Antibody assays were performed seven days prior to the first injection and at days 7, 28, 35, 56, 173, 187 and 208 of the study.

[0286] The levels of neutralizing antibodies to rabies were determined using the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition test (RFFIT) (Smith et al., 1973). Canarypox antibodies were measured by direct ELISA. The antigen, a suspension of purified canarypox virus disrupted with 0.1% Triton X100, was coated in microplates. Fixed dilutions of the sera were reacted for two hours at room temperature and reacting antibodies were revealed with a peroxidase labelled anti-human IgG goat serum. The results are expressed as the optical density read at 490 nm.

[0287] Analysis. Twenty-five subjects were enrolled and completed the study. There were 10 males and 15 females and the mean age was 31.9 (21 to 48). All but three subjects had evidence of previous smallpox vaccination; the three remaining subjects had no typical scar and vaccination history. Three subjects received each of the lower doses of experimental vaccine (103.5 and 104.5 TCID50), nine subjects received 105.5 TCID50 and ten received the HDC vaccine.

[0288] Safety (Table 11). During the primary series of immunization, fever greater than 37.7° C. was noted within 24 hours after injection in one HDC recipient (37.8° C.) and in one vCP65 105.5 TCID50 recipient (38° C.). No other systemic reaction attributable to vaccination was observed in any participant.

[0289] Local reactions were noted in 9/10 recipients of HDC vaccine injected subcutaneously and in 0/3, 1/3 and 9/9 recipients of vCP65 103.5, 104.5, 105.5 TCID50, respectively.

[0290] Tenderness was the most common symptoms and was always mild. Other local symptoms included redness and induration which were also mild and transient. All symptoms usually subsided within 24 hours and never lasted more than 72 hours.

[0291] There was no significant change in blood cell counts, liver enzymes or creatine kinase values.

[0292] Immune Responses; Neutralizing Antibodies to Rabies (Table 12). Twenty eight days after the first injection all the HDC recipients had protective titers (≧0.5 IU/ml). By contrast none in groups A and B (103.5 and 104.5 TCID50) and only 2/9 in group C (105.5 TCID50) ALVAC-RG (vCP65) recipients reached this protective titer.

[0293] At day 56 (i.e. 28 days after the second injection) protective titers were achieved in 0/3 of Group A, 2/3 of Group B and 9/9 of Group C recipients of ALVAC-RG (vCP65) vaccine and persisted in all 10 HDC recipients.

[0294] At day 56 the geometric mean titers were 0.05, 0.47, 4.4 and 11.5 IU/ml in groups A, B, C and HDC respectively.

[0295] At day 180, the rabies antibody titers had substantially decreased in all subjects but remained above the minimum protective titer of 0.5 IU/ml in 5/10 HCD recipients and in 5/9 ALVAC-RG (vCP65) recipients; the geometric mean titers were 0.51 and 0.45 IU/ml in groups HCD and C, respectively.

[0296] Antibodies to the Canarypox virus (Table 13). The pre-immune titers observed varied widely with titers varying from 0.22 to 1.23 O.D. units despite the absence of any previous contact with canary birds in those subjects with the highest titers. When defined as a greater than two-fold increase between preimmunization and post second injection titers, a seroconversion was obtained in 1/3 subjects in group B and in 9/9 subjects in group C whereas no subject seroconverted in groups A or HDC.

[0297] Booster Injection. The vaccine was similarly well tolerated six months later, at the time of the booster injection: fever was noted in 2/9 HDC booster recipients and in 1/10 ALVAC-RG (vCP65) booster recipients. Local reactions were present in 5/9 recipients of HDC booster and in 6/10 recipients of the ALVAC-RG (vCP65) booster.

[0298] Observations. FIGS. 11A-11D show graphs of rabies neutralizing antibody titers (Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test or RFFIT, IU/ml): Booster effect of HDC and vCP65 (105.5 TCID50) in volunteers previously immunized with either the same or the alternate vaccine. Vaccines were given at days 0, 28 and 180. Antibody titers were measured at days 0, 7, 28, 35, 56, 173, and 187 and 208.

[0299] As shown in FIGS. 11A to 11D, the booster dose given resulted in a further increase in rabies antibody titers in every subject whatever the immunization scheme. However, the ALVAC-RG (vCP65) booster globally elicited lower immune responses than the HDC booster and the ALVAC-RG (vCP65), ALVAC-RG (vCP65)—ALVAC-RG (vCP65) group had significantly lower titers than the three other groups. Similarly, the ALVAC-RG (vCP65) booster injection resulted in an increase in canarypox antibody titers in 3/5 subjects who had previously received the HDC vaccine and in all five subjects previously immunized with ALVAC-RG (vCP65).

[0300] In general, none of the local side effects from administration of vCP65 was indicative of a local replication of the virus. In particular, lesions of the skin such as those observed after injection of vaccine were absent. In spite of the apparent absence of replication of the virus, the injection resulted in the volunteers generating significant amounts of antibodies to both the canarypox vector and to the expressed rabies glycoprotein.

[0301] Rabies neutralizing antibodies were assayed with the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT) which is known to correlate well with the sero neutralization test in mice. Of 9 recipients of 105.5 TCID50, five had low level responses after the first dose. Protective titers of rabies antibodies were obtained after the second injection in all recipients of the highest dose tested and even in 2 of the 3 recipients of the medium dose. In this study, both vaccines were given subcutaneously as usually recommended for live vaccines, but not for the inactivated HDC vaccine. This route of injection was selected as it best allowed a careful examination of the injection site, but this could explain the late appearance of antibodies in HDC recipients: indeed, none of the HDC recipients had an antibody increase at day 7, whereas, in most studies where HDC vaccine is give intramuscularly a significant proportion of subjects do (Klietmann et al., Geneva, 1981; Kuwert et al., 1981). However, this invention is not necessarily limited to the subcutaneous route of administration.

[0302] The GMT (geometric mean titers) of rabies neutralizing antibodies was lower with the investigational vaccine than with the HDC control vaccine, but still well above the minimum titer required for protection. The clear dose effect response obtained with the three dosages used in this study suggest that a higher dosage might induce a stronger response. Certainly from this disclosure the skilled artisan can select an appropriate dosage for a given patient.

[0303] The ability to boost the antibody response is another important result of this Example; indeed, an increase in rabies antibody titers was obtained in every subject after the 6 month dose whatever the immunization scheme, showing that preexisting immunity elicited by either the canarypox vector or the rabies glycoprotein had no blocking effect on the booster with the recombinant vaccine candidate or the conventional HDC rabies vaccine. This contrasts findings of others with vaccinia recombinants in humans that immune response may be blocked by pre-existing immunity (Cooney et al., 1991; Etinger et al., 1991).

[0304] Thus, this Example clearly demonstrates that a non-replicating poxvirus can serve as an immunizing vector in humans, with all of the advantages that replicating agents confer on the immune response, but without the safety problem created by a fully permissive virus. And, from this disclosure such as this Example and other Examples suitable dosages and modes or routes for administration or immunization of recombinants containing either rabies or other coding, or expression products thereof, are within the ambit of the skilled artisan as well modes for in vitro expression.

24TABLE 11Reactions in the 5 days following vaccinationvCP65 dosageH D C(TCID50)103.5104.5105.5controlInjection1st2nd1st2nd1st2nd1st2ndNo. vaccinees3333991010temp >37.7° C.00000110soreness00116886redness00000454induration00000454

[0305]

25

TABLE 12

Rabies neutralizing antibodies (REFIT; IU/ml)

Individual titers and geometric mean titers (GMT)

TCID50/
Days

No.
dose
0
7
28
35
56

1
103.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.2

3
103.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1

4
103.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1

G.M.T.
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1

6
104.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1

7
104.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
2.4
1.9

10
104.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.6
1.1

G.M.T.
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.58
0.47

11
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
1.0
3.2
4.3

13
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
6.0
8.8

14
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
2.1
9.4

17
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.2
2.5

18
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
0.7
8.3
12.5

20
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
3.7

21
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
2.6
3.9

23
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.7
4.2

25
105.5
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.6
0.9

G.M.T.
<0.1
<0.1
0.16
1.9
4.4*

2
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
0.8
7.1
7.2

5
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
9.9
12.8
18.7

8
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
12.7
21.1
16.5

9
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
6.0
9.9
14.3

12
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
5.0
9.2
25.3

15
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
2.2
5.2
8.6

16
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
2.7
7.7
20.7

19
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
2.6
9.9
9.1

22
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
1.4
8.6
6.6

24
HDC
<0.1
<0.1
0.8
5.8
4.7

G.M.T.
<0.1
<0.1
2.96
9.0
11.5*

*p = 0.007 student t test

[0306]

26

TABLE 13

Canarypox antibodies: ELISA Geometric Mean Titers*

vCP65

dosage
Days

TCID50/dose
0
7
28
35
56

103.5
0.69
ND
0.76
ND
0.68

104.5
0.49
0.45
0.56
0.63
0.87

105.5
0.38
0.38
0.77
1.42
1.63

HDC control
0.45
0.39
0.40
0.35
0.39

*optical density at {fraction (1/25 )}dilution

Example 10

Comparison of the LD50 of ALVAC and NYVAC with Various Vaccinia Virus Strains

[0307] Mice. Male outbred Swiss Webster mice were purchased from Taconic Farms (Germantown, N.Y.) and maintained on mouse chow and water ad libitum until use at 3 weeks of age (“normal” mice). Newborn outbred Swiss Webster mice were of both sexes and were obtained following timed pregnancies performed by Taconic Farms. All newborn mice used were delivered within a two day period.

[0308] Viruses. ALVAC was derived by plaque purification of a canarypox virus population and was prepared in primary chick embryo fibroblast cells (CEF). Following purification by centrifugation over sucrose density gradients, ALVAC was enumerated for plaque forming units in CEF cells. The WR(L) variant of vaccinia virus was derived by selection of large plaque phenotypes of WR (Panicali et al., 1981). The Wyeth New York State Board of Health vaccine strain of vaccinia virus was obtained from Pharmaceuticals Calf Lymph Type vaccine Dryvax, control number 302001B. Copenhagen strain vaccinia virus VC-2 was obtained from Institut Merieux, France. Vaccinia virus strain NYVAC was derived from Copenhagen VC-2. All vaccinia virus strains except the Wyeth strain were cultivated in Vero African green monkey kidney cells, purified by sucrose gradient density centrifugation and enumerated for plaque forming units on Vero cells. The Wyeth strain was grown in CEF cells and enumerated for plaque forming units in CEF cells.

[0309] Inoculations. Groups of 10 normal mice were inoculated intracranially (ic) with 0.05 ml of one of several dilutions of virus prepared by 10-fold serially diluting the stock preparations in sterile phosphate-buffered saline. In some instances, undiluted stock virus preparation was used for inoculation.

[0310] Groups of 10 newborn mice, 1 to 2 days old, were inoculated ic similarly to the normal mice except that an injection volume of 0.03 ml was used.

[0311] All mice were observed daily for mortality for a period of 14 days (newborn mice) or 21 days (normal mice) after inoculation. Mice found dead the morning following inoculation were excluded due to potential death by trauma.

[0312] The lethal dose required to produce mortality for 50% of the experimental population (LD50) was determined by the proportional method of Reed and Muench (Reed and Muench, 1938).

[0313] Comparison of the LD50 of ALVAC and NYVAC with Various Vaccinia Virus Strains for Normal, Young Outbred Mice by the ic Route. In young, normal mice, the virulence of NYVAC and ALVAC were several orders of magnitude lower than the other vaccinia virus strains tested (Table 14). NYVAC and ALVAC were found to be over 3,000 times less virulent in normal mice than the Wyeth strain; over 12,500 times less virulent than the parental VC-2 strain; and over 63,000,000 times less virulent than the WR(L) variant. These results would suggest that NYVAC is highly attenuated compared to other vaccinia strains, and that ALVAC is generally nonvirulent for young mice when administered intracranially, although both may cause mortality in mice at extremely high doses (3.85×108 PFUs, ALVAC and 3×108 PFUs, NYVAC) by an undetermined mechanism by this route of inoculation.

[0314] Comparison of the LD50 of ALVAC and NYVAC with Various Vaccinia Virus Strains for Newborn Outbred Mice by the ic Route. The relative virulence of 5 poxvirus strains for normal, newborn mice was tested by titration in an intracranial (ic) challenge model system (Table 15). With mortality as the endpoint, LD50 values indicated that ALVAC is over 100,000 times less virulent than the Wyeth vaccine strain of vaccinia virus; over 200,000 times less virulent than the Copenhagen VC-2 strain of vaccinia virus; and over 25,000,000 times less virulent than the WR-L variant of vaccinia virus. Nonetheless, at the highest dose tested, 6.3×107 PFUs, 100% mortality resulted. Mortality rates of 33.3% were observed at 6.3×106 PFUs. The cause of death, while not actually determined, was not likely of toxicological or traumatic nature since the mean survival time (MST) of mice of the highest dosage group (approximately 6.3 LD50) was 6.7±1.5 days. When compared to WR(L) at a challenge dose of 5 LD50, wherein MST is 4.8±0.6 days, the MST of ALVAC challenged mice was significantly longer (P=0.001).

[0315] Relative to NYVAC, Wyeth was found to be over 15,000 times more virulent; VC-2, greater than 35,000 times more virulent; and WR(L), over 3,000,000 times more virulent. Similar to ALVAC, the two highest doses of NYVAC, 6×108 and 6×107 PFUs, caused 100% mortality. However, the MST of mice challenged with the highest dose, corresponding to 380 LD50, was only 2 days (9 deaths on day 2 and 1 on day 4). In contrast, all mice challenged with the highest dose of WR-L, equivalent to 500 LD50, survived to day 4.

27TABLE 14Calculated 50% Lethal Dose for mice by various vacciniavirus strains and for canarypox virus (ALVAC) by the ic route.POXVIRUSCALCULATEDSTRAINLD50 (PFUs)WR (L)2.5VC-21.26 × 104WYETH5.00 × 104NYVAC1.58 × 108ALVAC1.58 × 108

[0316]

28

TABLE 15

Calculated 50% Lethal Dose for newborn mice by various vaccinia

virus strains and for canarypox virus (ALVAC) by the ic route.

POXVIRUS
CALCULATED

STRAIN
LD50 (PFUs)

WR (L)
0.4

VC-2
0.1

WYETH
1.6

NYVAC
1.58 × 106

ALVAC
1.00 × 107

Example 11

Evaluation of NYVAC (vP866) and NYVAC-RG (vP879)

[0317] Immunoprecipitations. Preformed monolayers of avian or non-avian cells were inoculated with 10 pfu per cell of parental NYVAC (vP866) or NYVAC-RG (vP879) virus. The inoculation was performed in EMEM free of methionine and supplemented with 2% dialyzed fetal bovine serum. After a one hour incubation, the inoculum was removed and the medium replaced with EMEM (methionine free) containing 20 μCi/ml of 35S-methionine. After an overnight incubation of approximately 16 hours, cells were lysed by the addition of Buffer A (1% Nonidet P-40, 10 mM Tris pH7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% sodium azide, 500 units per ml of aprotinin, and 0.02% phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride). Immunoprecipitation was performed using a rabies glycoprotein specific monoclonal antibody designated 24-3F10 supplied by Dr. C. Trinarchi, Griffith Laboratories, New York State Department of Health, Albany, N.Y., and a rat anti-mouse conjugate obtained from Boehringer Mannheim Corporation (Cat. #605-500). Protein A Sepharose CL-48 obtained from Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology Inc., Piscataway, N.J., was used as a support matrix. Immunoprecipitates were fractionated on 10% polyacrylamide gels according to the method of Dreyfuss et. al. (1984). Gels were fixed, treated for fluorography with 1M Na-salicylate for one hour, and exposed to Kodak XAR-2 film to visualize the immunoprecipitated protein species.

[0318] Sources of Animals. New Zealand White rabbits were obtained from Hare-Marland (Hewitt, N.J.). Three week old male Swiss Webster outbred mice, timed pregnant female Swiss Webster outbred mice, and four week old Swiss Webster nude (nu+nu+) mice were obtained from Taconic Farms, Inc. (Germantown, N.Y.). All animals were maintained according to NIH guidelines. All animal protocols were approved by the institutional IACUC. When deemed necessary, mice which were obviously terminally ill were euthanized.

[0319] Evaluation of Lesions in Rabbits. Each of two rabbits was inoculated intradermally at multiple sites with 0.1 ml of PBS containing 104, 105, 106, 107, or 108 pfu of each test virus or with PBS alone. The rabbits were observed daily from day 4 until lesion resolution. Indurations and ulcerations were measured and recorded.

[0320] Virus Recovery from Inoculation Sites. A single rabbit was inoculated intradermally at multiple sites with 0.1 ml of PBS containing 106, 107, or 108 pfu of each test virus or with PBS alone. After 11 days, the rabbit was euthanized and skin biopsy specimens taken from each of the inoculation sites were aseptically prepared by mechanical disruption and indirect sonication for virus recovery. Infectious virus was assayed by plaque titration on CEF monolayers.

[0321] Virulence in Mice. Groups of ten mice, or five in the nude mice experiment, were inoculated ip with one of several dilutions of virus in 0.5 ml of sterile PBS. Reference is also made to Example 11.

[0322] Cyclophosphamide (CY) Treatment. Mice were injected by the ip route with 4 mg (0.02 ml) of CY (SIGMA) on day -2, followed by virus injection on day 0. On the following days post infection, mice were injected ip with CY: 4 mg on day 1; 2 mg on days 4, 7 and 11; 3 mg on days 14, 18, 21, 25 and 28. Immunosuppression was indirectly monitored by enumerating white blood cells with a Coulter Counter on day 11. The average white blood cell count was 13,500 cells per μl for untreated mice (n=4) and 4,220 cells per μl for CY-treated control mice (n=5).

[0323] Calculation of LD50. The lethal dose required to produce 50% mortality (LD50) was determined by the proportional method of Reed and Muench (Reed and Muench 1938).

[0324] Potency Testing of NYVAC-RG in Mice. Four to six week old mice were inoculated in the footpad with 50 to 100 μl of a range of dilutions (2.0-8.0 log10 tissue culture infective dose 50% (TCID50)) of either VV-RG (Kieny et al., 1984), ALVAC-RG (Taylor et al., 1991b), or the NYVAC-RG. Each group consisted of eight mice. At 14 days post-vaccination, the mice were challenged by intracranial inoculation with 15 LD50 of the rabies virus CVS strain (0.03 ml). On day 28, surviving mice were counted and protective does 50% (PD50) calculated.

[0325] Derivation of NYVAC (vP866). The NYVAC strain of vaccinia virus was generated from VC-2, a plaque cloned isolate of the COPENHAGEN vaccine strain. To generate NYVAC from VC-2, eighteen vaccinia ORFs, including a number of viral functions associated with virulence, were precisely deleted in a series of sequential manipulations as described earlier in this disclosure. These deletions were constructed in a manner designed to prevent the appearance of novel unwanted open reading frames. FIG. 10 schematically depicts the ORFs deleted to generate NYVAC. At the top of FIG. 10 is depicted the HindIII restriction map of the vaccinia virus genome (VC-2 plaque isolate, COPENHAGEN strain). Expanded are the six regions of VC-2 that were sequentially deleted in the generation of NYVAC. The deletions were described earlier in this disclosure (Examples 1 through 6). Below such deletion locus is listed the ORFs which were deleted from that locus, along with the functions or homologies and molecular weight of their gene products.

[0326] Replication Studies of NYVAC and ALVAC on Human Tissue Cell Lines. In order to determine the level of replication of NYVAC strain of vaccinia virus (vP866) in cells of human origin, six cell lines were inoculated at an input multiplicity of 0.1 pfu per cell under liquid culture and incubated for 72 hours. The COPENHAGEN parental clone (VC-2) was inoculated in parallel. Primary chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells (obtained from 10-11 day old embryonated eggs of SPF origin, Spafas, Inc., Storrs, Conn.) were included to represent a permissive cell substrate for all viruses. Cultures were analyzed on the basis of two criteria: the occurrence of productive viral replication and expression of an extrinsic antigen.

[0327] The replication potential of NYVAC in a number of human derived cells are shown in Table 16. Both VC-2 and NYVAC are capable of productive replication in CEF cells, although NYVAC with slightly reduced yields. VC-2 is also capable of productive replication in the six human derived cell lines tested with comparable yields except in the EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cell line JT-1 (human lymphoblastoid cell line transformed with Epstein-Barr virus, see Rickinson et al., 1984). In contrast, NYVAC is highly attenuated in its ability to productively replicate in any of the human derived cell lines tested. Small increases of infectious virus above residual virus levels were obtained from NYVAC-infected MRC-5 (ATCC #CCL171, human embryonic lung origin), DETROIT 532 (ATCC #CCL54, human foreskin, Downs Syndrome), HEL 299 (ATCC #CCL137, human embryonic lung cells) and HNK (human neonatal kidney cells, Whittiker Bioproducts, Inc. Walkersville, Md., Cat #70-151) cells. Replication on these cell lines was significantly reduced when compared to virus yields obtained from NYVAC-infected CEF cells or with parental VC-2 (Table 16). It should be noted that the yields at 24 hours in CEF cells for both NYVAC and VC-2 is equivalent to the 72-hour yield. Allowing the human cell line cultures to incubate an additional 48 hours (another two viral growth cycles) may, therefore, have amplified the relative virus yield obtained.

[0328] Consistent with the low levels of virus yields obtained in the human-derived cell lines, MRC-5 and DETROIT 532, detectable but reduced levels of NYVAC-specific DNA accumulation were noted. The level of DNA accumulation in the MRC-5 and DETROIT 532 NYVAC-infected cell lines relative to that observed in NYVAC-infected CEF cells paralleled the relative virus yields. NYVAC-specific viral DNA accumulation was not observed in any of the other human-derived cells.

[0329] An equivalent experiment was also performed using the avipox virus, ALVAC. The results of virus replication are also shown in Table 16. No progeny virus was detectable in any of the human cell lines consistent with the host range restriction of canarypox virus to avian species. Also consistent with a lack of productive replication of ALVAC in these human-derived cells is the observation that no ALVAC-specific DNA accumulation was detectable in any of the human-derived cell lines.

[0330] Expression of Rabies Glycoprotein by NYVAC-RG (vP879) in Human Cells. In order to determine whether efficient expression of a foreign gene could be obtained in the absence of significant levels of productive viral replication, the same cell lines were inoculated with the NYVAC recombinant expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (vP879, Example 7) in the presence of 35S-methionine. Immunoprecipitation of the rabies glycoprotein was performed from the radiolabelled culture lysate using a monoclonal antibody specific for the rabies glycoprotein. Immunoprecipitation of a 67 kDa protein was detected consistent with a fully glycosylated form of the rabies glycoprotein. No serologically crossreactive product was detected in uninfected or parental NYVAC infected cell lysates. Equivalent results were obtained with all other human cells analyzed.

[0331] Inoculations on the Rabbit Skin. The induction and nature of skin lesions on rabbits following intradermal (id) inoculations has been previously used as a measure of pathogenicity of vaccinia virus strains (Buller et al., 1988; Child et al., 1990; Fenner, 1958, Flexner et al., 1987; Ghendon and Chernos 1964). Therefore, the nature of lesions associated with id inoculations with the vaccinia strains WR (ATCC #VR119 plaque purified on CV-1 cells, ATCC #CCL70, and a plaque isolate designated L variant, ATCC #VR2035 selected, as described in Panicali et al., 1981)), WYETH (ATCC #VR325 marketed as DRYVAC by Wyeth Laboratories, Marietta, Pa.), COPENHAGEN (VC-2), and NYVAC was evaluated by inoculation of two rabbits (A069 and A128). The two rabbits displayed different overall sensitivities to the viruses, with rabbit A128 displaying. less severe reactions than rabbit A069. In rabbit A128, lesions were relatively small and resolved by 27 days post-inoculation. On rabbit A069, lesions were intense, especially for the WR inoculation sites, and resolved only after 49 days. Intensity of the lesions was also dependent on the location of the inoculation sites relative to the lymph drainage network. In particular, all sites located above the backspine displayed more intense lesions and required longer times to resolve the lesions located on the flanks. All lesions were measured daily from day 4 to the disappearance of the last lesion, and the means of maximum lesion size and days to resolution were calculated (Table 17). No local reactions were observed from sites injected with the control PBS. Ulcerative lesions were observed at sites injected with WR, VC-2 and WYETH vaccinia virus strains. Significantly, no induration or ulcerative lesions were observed at sites of inoculation with NYVAC.

[0332] Persistence of Infectious Virus at the Site of Inoculation. To assess the relative persistence of these viruses at the site of inoculation, a rabbit was inoculated intradermally at multiple sites with 0.1 ml PBS containing 106, 107 or 108 pfu of VC-2, WR, WYETH or NYVAC. For each virus, the 107 pfu dose was located above the backspine, flanked by the 106 and 108 doses. Sites of inoculation were observed daily for 11 days. WR elicited the most intense response, followed by VC-2 and WYETH (Table 18). Ulceration was first observed at day 9 for WR and WYETH and day 10 for VC-2. Sites inoculated with NYVAC or control PBS displayed no induration or ulceration. At day 11 after inoculation, skin samples from the sites of inoculation were excised, mechanically disrupted, and virus was titrated on CEF cells. The results are shown in Table 18. In no case was more virus recovered at this timepoint than was administered. Recovery of vaccinia strain, WR, was approximately 106 pfu of virus at each site irrespective of amount of virus administered. Recovery of vaccinia strains WYETH and VC-2 was 103 to 104 pfu regardless of amount administered. No infectious virus was recovered from sites inoculated with NYVAC.

[0333] Inoculation of Genetically or Chemically Immune Deficient Mice. Intraperitoneal inoculation of high doses of NYVAC (5×108 pfu) or ALVAC (109 pfu) into nude mice caused no deaths, no lesions, and no apparent disease through the 100 day observation period. In contrast, mice inoculated with WR (103 to 104 pfu), WYETH (5×107 or 5×108 pfu) or VC-2 (104 to 109 pfu) displayed disseminated lesions typical of poxviruses first on the toes, then on the tail, followed by severe orchitis in some animals. In mice infected with WR or WYETH, the appearance of disseminated lesions generally led to eventual death, whereas most mice infected with VC-2 eventually recovered. Calculated LD50 values are given in Table 19.

[0334] In particular, mice inoculated with VC-2 began to display lesions on their toes (red papules) and 1 to 2 days later on the tail. These lesions occurred between 11 and 13 days post-inoculation (pi) in mice given the highest doses (109, 108, 107 and 106 pfu), on day 16 pi in mice given 105 pfu and on day 21 pi in mice given 104 pfu. No lesions were observed in mice inoculated with 103 and 102 pfu during the 100 day observation period. Orchitis was noticed on day 23 pi in mice given 109 and 108 pfu, and approximately 7 days later in the other groups (107 to 104 pfu). Orchitis was especially intense in the 109 and 108 pfu groups and, although receding, was observed until the end of the 100 day observation period. Some pox-like lesions were noticed on the skin of a few mice, occurring around 30-35 days pi. Most pox lesions healed normally between 60-90 days pi. Only one mouse died in the group inoculated with 109 pfu (Day 34 pi) and one mouse died in the group inoculated with 108 pfu (Day 94 pi). No other deaths were observed in the VC-2 inoculated mice.

[0335] Mice inoculated with 104 pfu of the WR strain of vaccinia started to display pox lesions on Day 17 pi. These lesions appeared identical to the lesions displayed by the VC-2 injected mice (swollen toes, tail). Mice inoculated with 103 pfu of the WR strain did not develop lesions until 34 days pi. Orchitis was noticed only in the mice inoculated with the highest dose of WR (104 pfu). During the latter stages of the observation period, lesions appeared around the mouth and the mice stopped eating. All mice inoculated with 104 pfu of WR died or were euthanized when deemed necessary between 21 days and 31 days pi. Four out of the 5 mice injected with 103 pfu of WR died or were euthanized when deemed necessary between 35 days and 57 days pi. No deaths were observed in mice inoculated with lower doses of WR (1 to 100 pfu).

[0336] Mice inoculated with the WYETH strain of vaccinia virus at higher doses 5×107 and 5×108 pfu) showed lesions on toes and tails, developed orchitis, and died. Mice injected with 5×106 pfu or less of WYETH showed no signs of disease or lesions.

[0337] As shown in Table 19, CY-treated mice provided a more sensitive model for assaying poxvirus virulence than did nude mice. LD50 values for the WR, WYETH, and VC-2 vaccinia virus strains were significantly lower in this model system than in the nude mouse model. Additionally, lesions developed in mice injected with WYETH, WR and VC-2 vaccinia viruses, as noted below, with higher doses of each virus resulting in more rapid formation of lesions. As was seen with nude mice, CY-treated mice injected with NYVAC or ALVAC did not develop lesions. However, unlike nude mice, some deaths were observed in CY-treated mice challenged with NYVAC or ALVAC, regardless of the dose. These random incidences are suspect as to the cause of death.

[0338] Mice injected with all doses of WYETH (9.5×104 to 9.5×108 pfu) displayed pox lesions on their tail and/or on their toes between 7 and 15 days pi. In addition, the tails and toes were swollen. Evolution of lesions on the tail was typical of pox lesions with formation of a papule, ulceration and finally formation of a scab. Mice inoculated with all doses of VC-2 (1.65×105 to 1.65×109) also developed pox lesions on their tails and/or their toes analogous to those of WYETH injected mice. These lesions were observed between 7-12 days post inoculation. No lesions were observed on mice injected with lower doses of WR virus, although deaths occurred in these groups.

[0339] Potency Testing of NYVAC-RG. In order to determine that attenuation of the COPENHAGEN strain of vaccinia virus had been effected without significantly altering the ability of the resulting NYVAC strain to be a useful vector, comparative potency tests were performed. In order to monitor the immunogenic potential of the vector during the sequential genetic manipulations performed to attenuate the virus, a rabiesvirus glycoprotein was used as a reporter extrinsic antigen. The protective efficacy of the vectors expressing the rabies glycoprotein gene was evaluated in the standard NIH mouse potency test for rabies (Seligmann, 1973). Table 20 demonstrates that the PD50 values obtained with the highly attenuated NYVAC vector are identical to those obtained using a COPENHAGEN-based recombinant containing the rabies glycoprotein gene in the tk locus (Kieny et al., 1984) and similar to PD50 values obtained with ALVAC-RG, a canarypox based vector restricted to replication to avian species.

[0340] Observations. NYVAC, deleted of known virulence genes and having restricted in vitro growth characteristics, was analyzed in animal model systems to assess its attenuation characteristics. These studies were performed in comparison with the neurovirulent vaccinia virus laboratory strain, WR, two vaccinia virus vaccine strains, WYETH (New York City Board of Health) and COPENHAGEN (VC-2), as well as with a canarypox virus strain, ALVAC (See also Example 11). Together, these viruses provided a spectrum of relative pathogenic potentials in the mouse challenge model and the rabbit skin model, with WR being the most virulent strain, WYETH and COPENHAGEN (VC-2) providing previously utilized attenuated vaccine strains with documented characteristics, and ALVAC providing an example of a poxvirus whose replication is restricted to avian species. Results from these in vivo analyses clearly demonstrate the highly attenuated properties of NYVAC relative to the vaccinia virus strains, WR, WYETH and COPENHAGEN (VC-2) (Tables 14-20). Significantly, the LD50 values for NYVAC were comparable to those observed with the avian host restricted avipoxvirus, ALVAC. Deaths due to NYVAC, as well as ALVAC, were observed only when extremely high doses of virus were administered via the intracranial route (Example 11, Tables 14, 15, 19). It has not yet been established whether these deaths were due to nonspecific consequences of inoculation of a high protein mass. Results from analyses in immunocompromised mouse models (nude and CY-treated) also demonstrate the relatively high attenuation characteristics of NYVAC, as compared to WR, WYETH and COPENHAGEN strains (Tables 17 and 18). Significantly, no evidence of disseminated vaccinia infection or vaccinial disease was observed in NYVAC-inoculated animals or ALVAC-inoculated animals over the observation period. The deletion of multiple virulence-associated genes in NYVAC shows a synergistic effect with respect to pathogenicity. Another measure of the inocuity of NYVAC was provided by the intradermal administration on rabbit skin (Tables 17 and 18). Considering the results with ALVAC, a virus unable to replicate in nonavian species, the ability to replicate at the site of inoculation is not the sole correlate with reactivity, since intradermal inoculation of ALVAC caused areas of induration in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, it is likely that factors other than the replicative capacity of the virus contribute to the formation of the lesions. Deletion of specific virulence-associated genes in NYVAC prevents lesion occurrence.

[0341] Together, the results in this Example and in foregoing Examples, including Example 10, demonstrate the highly attenuated nature of NYVAC relative to WR, and the previously utilized vaccinia virus vaccine strains, WYETH and COPENHAGEN. In fact, the pathogenic profile of NYVAC, in the animal model systems tested, was similar to that of ALVAC, a poxvirus known to productively replicate only in avian species. The apparently restricted capacity of NYVAC to productively replicate on cells derived from humans (Table 16) and other species, including the mouse, swine, dog and horse, provides a considerable barrier that limits or prevents potential transmission to unvaccinated contacts or to the general environment in addition to providing a vector with reduced probability of dissemination within the vaccinated individual.

[0342] Significantly, NYVAC-based vaccine candidates have been shown to be efficacious. NYVAC recombinants expressing foreign gene products from a number of pathogens have elicited immunological responses towards the foreign gene products in several animal species, including primates. In particular, a NYVAC-based recombinant expressing the rabies glycoprotein was able to protect mice against a lethal rabies challenge. The potency of the NYVAC-based rabies glycoprotein recombinant was comparable to the PD50 value for a COPENHAGEN-based recombinant containing the rabies glycoprotein in the tk locus (Table 20). NYVAC-based recombinants have also been shown to elicit measles virus neutralizing antibodies in rabbits and protection against pseudorabies virus and Japanese encephalitis virus challenge in swine. The highly attenuated NYVAC strain confers safety advantages with human, animal, medical and veterinary applications (Tartaglia et al., 1992). Furthermore, the use of NYVAC as a general laboratory expression vector system may greatly reduce the biological hazards associated with using vaccinia virus.

[0343] By the following criteria, the results of this Example and the Examples herein, including Example 10, show NYVAC to be highly attenuated: a) no detectable induration or ulceration at site of inoculation (rabbit skin); b) rapid clearance of infectious virus from intradermal site of inoculation (rabbit skin); c) absence of testicular inflammation (nude mice); d) greatly reduced virulence (intracranial challenge, both three-week old and newborn mice); e) greatly reduced pathogenicity and failure to disseminate in immunodeficient subjects (nude and cyclophosphamide treated mice); and f) dramatically reduced ability to replicate on a variety of human tissue culture cells. Yet, in spite of being highly attenuated, NYVAC, as a vector, retains the ability to induce strong immune responses to extrinsic antigens.

29TABLE 16Replication of COPENHAGEN (VC-2),NYVAC and ALVAC in avian or human derived cell linesHourspost-Yielda%CellsinfectionVC-2NYVACALVACYieldCEF 03.8b3.74.5248.37.86.6488.67.97.7728.37.77.52572Ac<1.41.83.1MRC-5 03.83.84.7727.24.63.80.2572A2.22.23.7WISH* 03.43.44.3727.62.23.10.000472A—d1.92.9DETROIT 03.83.74.4727.25.43.41.672A1.71.72.9HEL 03.83.54.3727.54.63.30.12572A2.52.13.6JT-1 03.13.14.1726.53.14.20.03972A2.42.14.4HNK 03.83.74.7727.64.53.60.07972A3.12.73.7a: Yield of NYVAC at 72 hours post-infection expressed as a percentage of yield of VAC-2 after 72 hours on the same cell line. b: Titer expressed as LOG50 pfu per ml. c: Sample was incubated in the presence of 40 μg/ml of cytosine arabinoside. d: Not determined. *: ATCC #CCL25 Human amnionic cells.

[0344]

30

TABLE 17

Induration and ulceration at the site of

intradermal inoculation of the rabbit skin

VIRUS

INDURATION
ULCERATION

STRAIN
DOSEa
Sizeb
Daysc
Size
Days

WR
104
386
30
88
30

105
622
35
149
32

106
1057
34
271
34

107
877
35
204
35

108
581
25
88
26

WYETH
104
32
5
—d
—

105
116
15
—
—

106
267
17
3
15

107
202
17
3
24

108
240
29
12
31

VC-2
104
64
7
—
—

105
86
8
—
—

106
136
17
—
—

107
167
21
6
10

108
155
32
6
8

NYVAC
104
—
—
—
—

105
—
—
—
—

106
—
—
—
—

107
—
—
—
—

108
—
—
—
—

a
pfu of indicated vaccinia virus in 0.1 ml PBS inoculated intradermally into one site.

b
mean maximum size of lesions (mm2)

c
mean time after inoculation for complete healing of lesion.

d
no lesions discernable.

[0345]

31

TABLE 18

Persistence of poxviruses at the site of intradermal inoculation

Total Virus

Virus
Inoculum Dose
Recovered

WR
8.0a
6.14

7.0
6.26

6.0
6.21

WYETH
8.0
3.66

7.0
4.10

6.0
3.59

VC-2
8.0
4.47

7.0
4.74

6.0
3.97

NYVAC
8.0
0

7.0
0

6.0
0

a
expressed as log10 pfu.

[0346]

32

TABLE 19

Virulence studies in immunocompromised mice

LD50a

Poxvirus

Cyclophosphamide

Strain
Nude mice
treated mice

WR
422
42

VC-2
>109
<1.65 × 105

WYETH
1.58 × 107
1.83 × 106

NYVAC
>5.50 × 108
7.23 × 108

ALVAC
>109
≧5.00 × 108b

a
Calculated 50% lethal dose (pfu) for nude or cyclophosphamide treated mice by the indicated vaccinia viruses and for ALVAC by intraperitoneal route.

b
5 out of 10 mice died at the highest dose of 5 × 108 pfu.

[0347]

33

TABLE 20

Comparative efficacy of NYVAC-RG and ALVAC-RG in mice

Recombinant
PD50a

VV-RG
3.74

ALVAC-RG
3.86

NYVAC-RG
3.70

a
Four to six week old mice were inoculated in the footpad with 50-100 μl of a range of dilutions (2.0-8.0 log10 tissue culture infection dose 50% (TCID50) of either the VV-RG (Kieny et al., 1984), ALVAC-RG (vCP65) or NYVAC-RG (vP879). At day 14, mice of each group were challenged by intracranial inoculation of 30 μl of a live CVS strain rabies virus corresponding to 15 lethal dose 50% (LD50) per mouse. At day 28, surviving

# mice were counted and a protective dose 50% (PD50) was calculated.

Example 12

Cloning of HCMV gB in Poxvirus Vectors

[0348] Cloning of the HCMV gB gene into vaccinia donor plasmid, pMP22BHP. The 4800 bp HindIII-BamHI fragment of the HindIII D fragment of the HCMV DNA (Towne strain) was cloned into the 2800 bp HindIII-BamHI fragment of the plasmid pIBI24 (International Biotechnologies, Inc., New Haven, Conn.). By in vitro mutagenesis (Kunkel, 1985) using the oligonucleotides CMVM5 (SEQ ID NO:74) (5′-GCCTCATCGCTGCTGGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGGAATCCAGGATCTG-3′) and CMVM3 (SEQ ID NO:75) (5″-GACAGAGACTTGTGATTTTTATAAGCTTCGTAAGCTGTCA-3′), the gB gene was modified to be expressed under the control of the vaccinia H6 promoter (Taylor et al., 1988a,b; Perkus et al., 1989). The plasmid containing the modified gB was designated 24CMVgB (5+3). The DNA sequence of the CMVgB gene is shown in FIG. 12 (SEQ ID NO:37).

[0349] Plasmid pMP2VCL (containing a polylinker region with vaccinia sequences upstream of the K1L host range gene) was digested within the polylinker with HindIII and XhoI and ligated to annealed oligonucleotides SPHPRHA A through D generating SP131 containing a HindIII site, H6 promoter −124 through −1 (Perkus et al., 1989) and a polylinker region.

34SPHPRHA A(SEQ ID NO:76) (5′-AGCTTCTTTATTCTATACTTAAAAAGTGAAAATAAATACAAAGGTTCTTGAGGGT-3′)SPHPRHA B(SEQ ID NO:77) (5′-TGTGTTAAATTGAAAGCGAGAAATAATCATAAATTATTTCATTATCGCGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAC-3′)SPHPRHA C(SEQ ID NO:78) (3′-TTATTAGTATTTAATAAAGTAATAGCGCTATAGGCAATTCAAACATAGCATGAGCT-5′)SPHPRHA D(SEQ ID NO:79) (3′-AGAAATAAGATATGAATTTTTCACTTTTATTTATGTTTCCAAGAACTCCCAACACAATTTAACTTTCGCTCT-5′).

[0350] The 2900 bp EcoRV-BamHI fragment of 24CMVgB (5+3) was cloned into the 3100 bp EcoRV-BglII fragment of SP131. This cloning step put the gB gene under the control of the H6 promoter. The resulting plasmid was designated SP131CMVgB.

[0351] Plasmid pSD22-H contains a 2.9 kb BglII fragment derived from the HindIII F region of the WR strain of vaccinia virus ligated into the BamHI site of pUC8. The unique BamHI site in pSD22-H is a nonessential site used as an insertion locus for foreign genes (Panicali and Paoletti, 1982). Plasmid pMP22BHP is a derivative of pSD22-H in which the unique BamHI site was modified by the addition of an expanded polylinker region for the insertion of foreign DNA. Plasmid pMP22BHP was digested with HindIII and ligated to a 2.9 kb HindIII fragment from SP131CMVgB (containing the H6 promoted gB gene) generating plasmid SAg22CMVgB. To modify the polylinker region in sAg22CMVgB, the plasmid was digested with BamHI followed by partial digestion with HindIII and purified. Ligation to a 50 bp BamHI/HindIII polylinker derived from IBI24 resulted in plasmid 22CMVgB.

[0352] Cloning of the HCMVgB gene into NYVAC donor plasmid pSD542. Plasmid pSD542 (a NYVAC TK locus donor plasmid) was derived from plasmid pSD513 (Tartaglia et al., 1992). The polylinker region in pSD513 was modified by cutting with PstI/BamHI and ligating to annealed synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN288 (SEQ ID NO:80) (5′-GGTCGACGGATCCT-3′) and MPSYN289 (SEQ ID NO:81) (5′-GATCAGGATCCGTCGACCTGCA-3′) resulting in plasmid pSD542.

[0353] 22CMVgB was digested with BamHI and NsiI to generate a fragment containing the H6 promoter and part of the gB gene, and with NsiI and PstI to generate a fragment containing the remainder of the gB gene. These two fragments were ligated to pSD542 that had been digested with BamHI and PstI within its' polylinker creating the NYVAC donor plasmid 542CMVgB. The DNA sequence of the CMVgB gene and flanking sequences contained in 542CMVgB is shown in FIGS. 13A and B (SEQ ID NO:38).

[0354] Cloning of the HCMV gB gene into the ALVAC donor plasmid CP3LVOH6. An 8.5 kb canarypox BglII fragment was cloned in the BamHI site of pBS-SK plasmid vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) to form pWW5. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a reading frame designated C3 initiated at position 1458 and terminated at position 2897 in the sequence in FIGS. 14A-C (SEQ ID NO:39). In order to construct a donor plasmid for insertion of foreign genes into the C3 locus with the complete excision of the C3 open reading frame, PCR primers were used to amplify the 5′ and 3′ sequences relative to C3. Primers for the 5′ sequence were RG277 (SEQ ID NO:82) (5′-CAGTTGGTACCACTGGTATTTTATTTCAG-3′) and RG278 (SEQ ID NO:83) (5′-TATCTGAATTCCTGCAGCCCGGGTTTTTATAGCTAATTAGTCAAATGTGAGTTAATATTA G-3′).

[0355] Primers for the 3″ sequences were RG279 (SEQ ID NO:84) (5′-TCGCTGAATTCGATATCAAGCTTATCGATTTTTATGACTAGTTAATCAAATAAAAAGCAT ACAAGC-3′) and RG280 (SEQ ID NO:85) (5′-TTATCGAGCTCTGTAACATCAGTATCTAAC-3′). The primers were designed to include a multiple cloning site flanked by vaccinia transcriptional and translational termination signals. Also included at the 5′-end and 3′-end of the left arm and right arm were appropriate restriction sites (Asp718 and EcoRI for left arm and EcoRI and SacI for right arm) which enabled the two arms to ligate into Asp718/SacI digested pBS-SK plasmid vector. The resultant plasmid was designated as pC3I.

[0356] A 908 bp fragment of canarypox DNA, immediately upstream of the C3 locus was obtained by digestion of plasmid pWW5 with NsiI and SspI. A 604 bp fragment of canarypox DNA was derived by PCR (Engelke et al., 1988) using plasmid PWW5 as template and oligonucleotides CP16 (SEQ ID NO:86) (5′-TCCGGTACCGCGGCCGCAGATATTTGTTAGCTTCTGC-3′) and CP17 (SEQ ID NO:87) (5′-TCGCTCGAGTAGGATACCTACCTACTACCTACG-3′). The 604 bp fragment was digested with Asp718 and XhoI (sites present at the 5′ ends of oligonucleotides CP16 and CP17, respectively) and cloned into Asp718-XhoI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI25 (International Biotechnologies, Inc., New Haven, Conn.) generating plasmid SPC3LA. SPC3LA was digested within IBI25 with EcoRV and within canarypox DNA with NsiI and ligated to the 908 bp NsiI-SspI fragment generating SPCPLAX which contains 1444 bp of canarypox DNA upstream of the C3 locus.

[0357] A 2178 bp BglII-StyI fragment of canarypox DNA was isolated from plasmids pXX4 (which contains a 6.5 kb NsiI fragment of canarypox DNA cloned into the PstI site of pBS-SK). A 279 bp fragment of canarypox DNA was isolated by PCR (Engelke et al., 1988) using plasmid pXX4 as template and oligonucleotides CP19 (SEQ ID NO:88) (5′-TCGCTCGAGCTTTCTTGACAATAACATAG-3′) and CP20 (SEQ ID NO:89) (5′-TAGGAGCTCTTTATACT ACTGGGTTACAAC-3′). The 279 bp fragment was digested with XhoI and SacI (sites present at the 5′ ends of oligonucleotides CP19 and CP20, respectively) and cloned into SacI-XhoI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI25 generating plasmid SPC3RA.

[0358] To add additional unique sites to the polylinker, pC3I was digested within the polylinker region with EcoRI and ClaI, treated with alkaline phosphatase and ligated to kinased and annealed oligonucleotides CP12 (SEQ ID NO:90) (5′-AATTCCTCGAGGGATCC-3′) and CP13 (SEQ ID NO:91) (5′-CGGGATCCCTCGAGG-3′) (containing an EcoRI sticky end, XhoI site, BamHI site and a sticky end compatible with ClaI) generating plasmid SPCP3S. SPCP3S was digested within the canarypox sequences downstream of the C3 locus with StyI and SacI (pBS-SK) and ligated to a 261 bp BglII-SacI fragment from SPC3RA and the 2178 bp BglII-StyI fragment from pXX4 generating plasmid CPRAL containing 2572 bp of canarypox DNA downstream of the C3 locus. SPCP3S was digested within the canarypox sequences upstream of the C3 locus with AsP7l8 (in pBS-SK) and AccI and ligated to a 1436 bp Asp718-AccI fragment from SPCPLAX generating plasmid CPLAL containing 1457 bp of canarypox DNA upstream of the C3 locus. CPLAL was digested within the canarypox sequences downstream of the C3 locus with StyI and SacI (in pBS-SK) and ligated to a 2438 bp StyI-SacI fragment from CPRAL generating plasmid CP3L containing 1457 bp of canarypox DNA upstream of the C3 locus, stop codons in six reading frames, early transcription termination signal, a polylinker region, early transcription termination signal, stop codons in six reading frames, and 2572 bp of canarypox DNA downstream of the C3 locus.

[0359] The early/late H6 vaccinia virus promoter (Taylor et al., 1988a,b; Perkus et al., 1989) was derived by PCR (Engelke et al., 1988) using pRW838 (a plasmid containing the rabies glycoprotein gene (Kieny et al., 1984) linked to the H6 promoter) as template and oligonucleotides CP21 (SEQ ID NO:92) (5′-TCGGGATCCGGGTTAATTAATTAGTTATTAGACAAGGTG-3′) and CP22 (SEQ ID NO:93) (5′-TAGGAATTCCTCGAGTACGATACAAACTTAAGCGGATATCG-3′). The PCR product was digested with BamHI and EcoRI (sites present at the 5′ ends of oligonucleotides CP21 and CP22, respectively) and ligated to CP3L that was digested with BamHI and EcoRI in the polylinker generating plasmid VQH6CP3L.

[0360] ALVAC donor plasmid VQH6CP3L was digested within the polylinker with XhoI and within the H6 promoter with NruI and ligated to a NruI/HindIII fragment from 22CMVgB containing part of the H6 promoter and gB gene and a polylinker derived from pIBI24 by XhoI and HindIII digestion generating the ALVAC donor plasmid CP3LCMVgB. The DNA sequence of the CMVgB gene plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid CP3LCMVgB is shown in FIGS. 15A-C (SEQ ID NO:40).

[0361] Cloning of the HCMV gB gene deleted of its transmembrane region into the NYVAC donor plasmid pSD553. Plasmid pSD553 is a vaccinia deletion/insertion plasmid of the COPAK series. It contains the vaccinia K1L host range gene (Gillard et al., 1986; Perkus et al., 1990) within flanking Copenhagen vaccinia arms, replacing the ATI region (ORFs A25L, A26L; Goebel et al., 1990a,b). pSD553 was constructed as follows.

[0362] Left and right vaccinia flanking arms were constructed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using pSD414, a pUC8-based clone of vaccinia SalI B (Goebel et al., 1990a,b) as template. The left arm was synthesized using synthetic deoxyoligonucleotides MPSYN267 (SEQ ID NO:94) (5′-GGGCTGAAGCTTGCTGGCCGCTCATTAGACAAGCGAATGAGGGAC-3′) and MPSYN268 (SEQ ID NO:95) (5′-AGATCTCCCGGGCTCGAGTAATTAATTAATTTTTATTACACCAGAAAAGACGGCTTGAGA T C-3′) as primers. The right arm was synthesized using synthetic deoxyoligonucleotides MPSYN269 (SEQ ID NO:96) (5′-TAATTACTCGAGCCCGGGAGATCTAATTTAATTTAATTTATATAACTCATTTTTTGAATA T ACT-3′) and MPSYN270 (SEQ ID NO:97) (5′-TATCTCGAATTCCCGCGGCTTTAAATGGACGGAACTCTTTTCCCCC-3′) as primers. The two PCR-derived DNA fragments containing the left and right arms were combined in a further PCR reaction. The resulting product was cut with EcoRI/HindIII and a 0.9 kb fragment isolated. The 0.9 kb fragment was ligated with pUC8 cut with EcoRI/HindIII, resulting in plasmid pSD541. The polylinker region located at the vaccinia ATI deletion locus was expanded as follows. pSD541 was cut with BglII/XhoI and ligated with annealed complementary synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN333 (SEQ ID NO:98) (5′-GATCTTTTGTTAACAAAAACTAATCAGCTATCGCGAATCGATTCCCGGGGGATCCGGTAC CC-3′) and MPSYN334 (SEQ ID NO:99) (5′-TCGAGGGTACCGGATCCCCCGGGAATCGATTCGCGATAGCTGATTAGTTTTTGTTAACAA A A-3′) generating plasmid pSD552. The K1L host range gene was isolated as a 1 kb BglII (partial)/HpaI fragment from plasmid pSD452 (Perkus et al., 1990). pSD552 was cut with BglII/HpaI and ligated with the K1L containing fragment, generating pSD553.

[0363] A HindIII fragment from SP131CMVgB (containing the HCMVgB gene under the control of the H6 promoter) was filled in with the klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I and ligated into plasmid pSD553 which had been SmaI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated. The resulting NYVAC donor plasmid (in which the H6 promoted gB is in the same orientation as K1L) was designated 553H6CMVgB. The DNA sequence of the CMVgB gene plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid 553H6CMVgB is shown in FIGS. 16A and B (SEQ ID NO:41).

[0364] The sequence of CMVgB deleted of its transmembrane region is presented in FIG. 17 (SEQ ID NO:42). The nucleotides encoding the transmembrane region were deleted in the following manner. Oligonucleotides SPgB3 (SEQ ID NO:100) (5′-GATCCATGGACTCGACAGCGGCGTCTCTGCATGCAGCCGCTGCAGA-3′) and SPgB4 (SEQ ID NO:101) (5′-AGCTTCTGCAGCGGCTGCATGCAGAGACGCCGCTGTCGAGTCCATG-3′) were kinased, annealed and cloned into BamHI/HindIII digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid SPCMVgB2. Oligonucleotides SPgB1 (SEQ ID NO:102) (5′-ACGAATTCTGCAGTTCACCTATGACACGTTGC-3′ ) and SPgB2 (SEQ ID NO:103) (5′-ATAGGATCCATGGTCGTCCAGACCCTTGAGGTAGGGC-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid SP131CMVgB as template to generate a 0.7 kb fragment. This fragment was digested with EcoRI/BamHI and cloned into EcoRI/BamHI digested and alkaline phosphase treated IBI24 generating plasmid SPCMVgB1. A 0.7 kb EcoRI/NcoI fragment from SPCMVgB1 was ligated to EcoRI/NcoI digested and phosphatase treated SPCMVgB2 generating plasmid SPCMVgB3. The unique NcoI site in SPCMVgB3 was deleted by mutagenesis (Mandecki, 1986) using oligonucleotide SPgB5 (SEQ ID NO:104) (5′-GCCCTACCTCAAGGGTCTGGACGACACTCGACAGCGGCGTCTCTGCAT-3′) generating plasmid SPCMVgB4. A 0.7 kb PstI fragment from SPCMVgB4 was ligated to a 6.6 kb PstI fragment from 553H6CMVgB generating NYVAC donor plasmid 553H6CMVgBTM−. This plasmid contains the gB gene under the control of the H6 promoter with its transmembrane region deleted (amino acids 715-772; Spaete et al., 1988). The DNA sequence of the transmembrane deleted CMVgB gene plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid 553H6CMVgBTM− is shown in FIGS. 18A and B (SEQ ID NO:43).

[0365] Cloning the HCMVgB gene deleted of its transmembrane region and containing an altered cleavage site into NYVAC donor plasmid pSD553. The sequence of CMVgB deleted of its transmembrane region and containing an altered cleavage site is presented in FIG. 19 (SEQ ID NO:44). The alteration of the cleavage site was accomplished in the following manner. Oligonucleotides SPgB8 (SEQ ID NO:105) (5′-AATTGGTGACCG-3′) and SPgB9 (SEQ ID NO:106) (5′-GATCCGGTCACC-3′) were kinased, annealed and cloned into EcoRI/BamHI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid BstIBI. A 1.4 kb BstEII/SpHI fragment from 553H6CMVgBTM− was cloned into BstEII/SpHI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated BstIBI generating plasmid SPCMVgB5.

[0366] Oligonucleotides SPgB10 (SEQ ID NO:107) (5′-TGAAAGACCGAATTCTGCGT-3′) plus SPgB11 (SEQ ID NO:108) (5′-TGCGATTCATCGGTTTGTTGTAGAT-3′) and SPgB12 (SEQ ID NO:109) (5′-GACCCTTGAGGTAGGGCGGC-3′) plus SPgB13 (SEQ ID NO:110) (5′-ACTCATAATAGAACCATAAGATCTACAGATGGCAACAAT-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid 553H6CMVgBTM− to generate 0.7 and 0.8 kb fragments. These two fragments were combined in a PCR with oligonucleotides SPgB10 plus SPgB12 to generate a 1.2 kb fragment. The 1.2 kb fragment was digested with EcoRI and PstI and a 0.5 kb fragment isolated and cloned into EcoRI/PstI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid SPCMVgB6. The 0.5 kb EcoRI/PstI fragment from SPCMVgB6 was used to replace the corresponding fragment in SPCMVgB5 generating plasmid SPCMVgB7. A 1.4 kb BstEII/SpHI fragment from SPCMVgB7 was used to replace the corresponding fragment in 553H6CMVgB generating NYVAC donor plasmid 553H6gBC−TM−. This plasmid contains the gB gene under the control of the H6 promoter with its transmembrane region deleted (amino acids 715-772) and an alteration at the cleavage site (RTKR*ST modified to RTIRST where the asterisk indicated where cleavage normally occurs (Spaete et al., 1988) the S codon was modified to create a BglII restriction site). The DNA sequence of the cleavage site altered and transmembrane deleted CMVgB gene plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid 553H6gBC−TM− is shown in FIGS. 20A and B (SEQ ID NO:45).

Example 13

Construction of Recombinant Poxviruses Containing HCMVgB

[0367] Procedures for transfection of recombinant donor plasmids into tissue culture cells infected with a rescuing poxvirus and identification of recombinants by in situ hybridization on nitrocellulose filters have been described (Guo et al., 1989; Panicali and Paoletti, 1982; Piccini et al., 1987; Perkus et al., 1993). Plasmid 542CMVgB was transfected into NYVAC (vP866) infected Vero cells (ATCC CCL#81) to generate the recombinant vP1001 (NYVAC-gB). Plasmid CP3LCMVgB was transfected into ALVAC infected primary chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells to generate the recombinant vCP139 (ALVAC-gB). Plasmids 553H6CMVgB, 553H6CMVgBTM− and 553H6gBC−TM− were transfected into NYVAC infected Vero cells to generate the recombinants vP1126, vP1128 and vP1145, respectively. Plasmid 22CMVgB was transfected into Vero cells infected with the WR L variant vaccinia virus (Panicali et al., 1981) to generate the recombinant vP992.

Example 14

Immunoprecipitation of HCMVgB Expressed by Poxvirus Recombinants

[0368] Immunoprecipitation assays were performed as described previously (Taylor et al., 1990) using gB specific guinea pig polyclonal serum (Gönczöl et al., 1990). The apparent molecular weights of the gB specific bands corresponded to previously published results (Britt and Auger, 1986; Britt and Vugler, 1989; Reis et al., 1993). The intracellular fraction from vP992, vP1001, vCP139, vP1126, vP1128 and vP1145 contained a major band of apparent molecular weight 130-140 kDa, identifiable as the glycosylated uncleaved gB precursor. Fainter bands at approximately 110 kDa and 55 kDa, representing the N-terminal and C-terminal processed fragments were also seen in the cell fractions. The extracellular medium from vP1128 and vP1145 infected cells contained the uncleaved precursor and N-terminal and C-terminal processed fragments.

Example 15

Humoral Response of Laboratory Animals Inoculated with ALVAC-gB AND NYVAC-gB

[0369] Following a single immunization of CBA mice with vP1001 (NYVAC-gB), neutralizing antibody titers of the sera of inoculated mice were assessed (Gönczöl et al., 1986). Antibodies capable of neutralizing HCMV were detected (Table 21) in the sera of mice 14-21 days later (geometric mean titers of 1:16) and between 28-60 days post-immunization (gmt=1:26). A single immunization of CBA mice with vCP139 (ALVAC-gB) generated HCMV neutralizing antibody titers of 1:64 gmt (14-21 days pi) and 1:111 gmt (between 28 and 60 days pi). Thus, immunization of mice with NYVAC and ALVAC recombinants expressing HCMV gB elicited antibodies able to neutralize the infectivity of HCMV.

[0370] ALVAC-gB (vCP139) was evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in human volunteers. After two inoculations with 106.3TCID50 of this recombinant, no serious reactions were noted.

35TABLE 21HCMV Neutralizing Antibodies in CBA miceDays After ImmunizationImmunization14-2121-2828-60NYVAC-gB161632243224ALVAC-gB3264128646412812896Immunization was i.p. with 2-4 × 108 PFU of recombinant viruses.

[0371] Guinea pigs were immunized twice with ALVAC-gB (days 0 and 28) and sera were tested for the presence of HCMV neutralizing antibody. HCMV neutralizing antibody was detected (Table 22) in the sera on day 34 (gmt=60), day 42 (gmt=60) and day 56(gmt=60). Thus, immunization of guinea pigs with ALVAC-gB elicited antibodies able to neutralize the infectivity of HCMV.

36TABLE 22HCMV Neutralizing Antibodies inGuinea Pigs Inoculated with ALVAC-gBDaysGuinea Pig #0142834425619<4<4<464646420<4<4<432646421<4<4<412326422<4<4<448483223<4<4 496464624<4<4<4464632Guinea pigs were inoculated by intramuscular route on days 0 and 28 with 106.3 TCID50

Example 16

Cloning of HCMVgH in Poxvirus Vectors

[0372] Cloning of the HCMVgH gene into the NYVAC donor plasmid pSD550. The HCMVgH gene was isolated from genomic DNA (Towne strain) by PCR using oligonucleotides SPgH1 (SEQ ID NO:111) (5′-TATCTGCAGATGCGGCCAGGCCTCCCCTCCTAC-3′) and SPgH2 (SEQ ID NO:112) (5′-CCGAAGCTTTCAGCATGTCTTGAGCATGC-3′). The resulting 2.3 kb fragment was digested with PstI (site at the 5′ end of SPgH1) and HindIII (site at the 5′ end of SPgH2) and cloned into PstI/HindIII digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid SPgH1. The sequence of CMVgH is presented in FIG. 21 (SEQ ID NO:46).

[0373] The 3′ end of the gH gene in SPgH1 was modified to contain a vaccinia virus early transcription termination signal (Yuen and Moss, 1987) and a unique XhoI restriction site in the following manner. SPgH1 was digested within the 3′ end of the gH gene with SpHI and within IBI24 with HindIII and the fragment containing gH was purified and ligated to kinased and annealed oligonucleotides SPgH16 (SEQ ID NO:113) (5′-CTCAAGACATGCTGATTTTTATCTCGAGA-3′) and SPgH17 (SEQ ID NO:114) (5′-AGCTTCTCGAGATAAAAATCAGCATGTCTTGAGCATG-3′) generating plasmid SPgH2.

[0374] Kinased and annealed oligonucleotides SPgH12 (SEQ ID NO:115) (5′-AATTCTCGAGTTTATTGGGAAGAATATGATAATATTTTGGGATTTC-3′), SPgH13 (SEQ ID NO:116) (5′-AAAATTGAAAATATATAATTACAATATAAAATGCGGCCCGGG-3′), SPgH14 (SEQ ID NO:117) (5′-GATCCCCGGGCCGCATTTTATATTGTAATTATAT-3′) and SPgH15 (SEQ ID NO:118) (5′-ATTTTCAATTTTGAAATCCCAAAATATTATCATATTCTTCCCAATAAACTCGAG-3′) were ligated to EcoRI/BamHI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid SPgH3 which contains a unique XhoI site, the entomopox 42K promoter and nucleotide sequences encoding the first four amino acids of HCMVgH (underlined bases in codons three and four in oligonucleotides SPgH13 (SEQ ID NO:116) and SPgH14 (SEQ ID NO:117) were modified to create a SmaI site without altering the amino acid sequence). Oligonucleotides SPgH18 (SEQ ID NO:119) (5′-TTAGAATTCCCCGGGCTCCCCTCCTACCTCATCGT-3′) and SPgH19 (SEQ ID NO:120) (5′-TTACTGCAGTAAGTGTTAAGTCTCTGTTGGTATC-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid SPgH1 as template to derive a 0.4 kb fragment. This fragment was digested with SmaI and PstI and cloned into SmaI/PstI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated SPgH3 generating plasmid SPgH5 which contains a unique XhoI site, the 42K promoter and 5′ 15% of the HCMVgH gene. A 0.4 kb EcoRI/BglII fragment from SPgH5 was ligated to a 4.7 kb EcoRI/BglII fragment from SPgH3 generating plasmid SPgH6 which contains the 42K promoted gH gene flanked by XhoI sites.

[0375] Plasmid pSD550 (an I4L locus donor plasmid) was derived from plasmid pSD548 (Tartaglia et al., 1992). The polylinker region in pSD548 was modified by cutting with BglII and SmaI and ligating to annealed synthetic oligonucleotides 539A (SEQ ID NO:121) (5′-AGAAAAATCAGTTAGCTAAGATCTCCCGGGCTCGAGGGTACCGGATCCTGATTAGTTAATT TTTGT-3′) and 539B (SEQ ID NO:122) (5′-GATCACAAAAATTAACTAATCAGGATCCGGTACCCTCGAGCCCGGGAGATCTTAGCTAAC T GATTTTTCT-3′) resulting in plasmid pSD550. The 2.3 kb XhoI fragment from SPgH6 was cloned into XhoI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated pSD550 generating the NYVAC donor plasmid I4L42KgH in which the orientation of gH is in the same direction as the replaced I4L gene. The DNA sequence of CMVgH plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid I4L42KgH are shown in FIGS. 22A and B (SEQ ID NO:47).

[0376] Cloning of the HCMVgH gene into the ALVAC donor plasmid NVOC5LSP. A C5 insertion vector containing 1535 bp upstream of C5, polylinker containing KpnI/SmaI/XbaI and NotI sites and 404 bp of canarypox DNA (31 base pairs of C5 coding sequence and 373 bp of downstream sequence) was derived in the following manner. A genomic library of canarypox DNA was constructed in the cosmid vector puK102 (Knauf and Nester, 1982) probed with pRW764.5 (a pUC9 based plasmid containing an 880 bp canarypox PvuII fragment which includes the C5 ORF Nucleotides 1372 to 2251 in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:27)) and a clone containing a 29 kb insert identified (pHCOS1). A 3.3 kb ClaI fragment from pHCOS1 containing the C5 region was identified. The C5 open reading frame is initiated at position 1537 and terminated at position 1857 in the sequence shown in FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO:27).

[0377] The C5 insertion vector was constructed in two steps. The 1535 bp upstream sequence was generated by PCR amplification using oligonucleotides C5A (SEQ ID NO:123) (5′-ATCATCGAATTCTGAATGTTAAATGTTATACTTTG-3′) and C5B (SEQ ID NO:124) (5′-GGGGGTACCTTTGAGAGTACCACTTCAG-3′) and purified genomic canarypox DNA as template. This fragment was digested with EcoRI (within oligoC5A) and cloned into EcoRI/SmaI digested pUC8 generating C5LAB. The 404 bp arm was generated by PCR amplification using oligonucleotides C5C (SEQ ID NO:125) (5′-GGGTCTAGAGCGGCCGCTTATAAAGATCTAAAATGCATAATTTC-3′) and C5DA (SEQ ID NO:126) (5′-ATCATCCTGCAGGTATTCTAAACTAGGAATAGATG-3′). This fragment was digested with PstI (within oligoC5DA) and cloned into SmaI/PstI digested C5LAB generating pC5L.

[0378] pC5L was digested within the polylinker with Asp718 and NotI, treated with alkaline phosphatase and ligated to kinased and annealed oligonucleotides CP26 (SEQ ID NO:127) (5′-GTACGTGACTAATTAGCTATAAAAAGGATCCGGTACCCTCGAGTCTAGAATCGATCCCGG GTTTTTATGA CTAGTTAATCAC-3′) and CP27 (SEQ ID NO:128) (5′-GGCCGTGATTAACTAGTCATAAAAACCCGGGATCGATTCTAGACTCGAGGGTACCGGATC C TTTTTATAGCTAATTAGTCAC-3′) (containing a disabled Asp718 site, translation stop codons in six reading frames, vaccinia early transcription termination signal (Yuen and Moss, 1987), BamHI KpnI XhoI XbaI ClaI and SmaI restriction sites, vaccinia early transcription termination signal, translation stop codons in six reading frames, and a disabled NotI site) generating plasmid C5LSP. The polylinker region in C5LSP was further modified by digesting with BamHI and ligating to annealed oligonucleotides CP32 (SEQ ID NO:129) (5′-GATCTTAATTAATTAGTCATCAGGCAGGGCGAGAACGAGACTATCTGCTCGTTAATTAAT T AGGTCGACG-3′) and CP33 (SEQ ID NO:130) (5′-GATCCGTCGACCTAATTAATTAACGAGCAGATAGTCTCGTTCTCGCCCTGCCTGATGACT A ATTAATTAA-3′) generating plasmid VQC5LSP. VQC5LSP was digested with EcoRI, treated with alkaline phosphatase, ligated with kinased and annealed oligonucleotide CP29 (SEQ ID NO:131) (5′-AATTGCGGCCGC-3′) and digested with NotI. The linearized plasmid was purified and self ligated to generate plasmid NVQC5LSP. The 2.3 kb XhoI fragment from SPgH6 was cloned into XhoI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated NVQC5LSP generating the ALVAC donor plasmid NVQC5L42KgH in which the orientation of gH is in the same direction as the deleted C5 gene. The DNA sequence of CMVgH plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid NVQC5L42KgH are shown in FIGS. 23A and B (SEQ ID NO:27).

[0379] Cloning of the HCMVgH gene into the vaccinia donor plasmid pSD157K1LINS. Plasmid pHK (which contains the WR vaccinia HindIII K fragment cloned in pBR322) was digested with HindIII/BglII and a 1.2 kb fragment isolated and cloned into BamHI/HindIII digested pBS-SK+ yielding plasmid pBS-HKARM. pBS-HKARM was digested with Asp718 in the polylinker region, blunt ended with the klenow fragment of E. Coli DNA polymerase, and digested with HindIII at the pBS/vaccinia junction. The resulting 4.1 kb vector fragment was ligated to a 2.0 kb NruI/HindIII fragment from pHM-1 (pHM-1 contains the WR vaccinia virus HindIII M fragment cloned in pBR322) resulting in plasmid pMPWRMK. pMPWRMK was cut with HpaI and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN527 (SEQ ID NO:132) (5′-ATAAAAATTAGCTACTCAGGTACCCTGCAGTCGCGAGGATCCGAATTCCCCGGGCTCGAG T GATTAATTAGTTTTTAT-3′) and MPSYN528 (SEQ ID NO:133) (5′-ATAAAAACTAATTAATCACTCGAGCCCGGGGAATTCGGATCCTCGCGACTGCAGGGTACC T GAGTAGCTAATTTTTAT-3′). The resulting plasmid is pSD157K1LINS. pSD157K1LINS was digested within its polylinker region with XhoI, treated with alkaline phosphatase and ligated to the 2.3 kb XhoI fragment from SPgH6 yielding plasmid MP804-42KgH (which contains the HCMVgH gene and vaccinia K1L gene both in the same orientation.) The DNA sequence of CMVgH plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid MP804-42KgH are shown in FIG. 24 (SEQ ID NO:49).

Example 17

Construction of Recombinant Poxviruses Containing HCMVgH

[0380] Plasmid I4L42kgH was transfected into NYVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vP1173 (containing HCMVgH). The same plasmid was transfected into vP1001 infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1183 (containing HCMVgB and gH).

[0381] Plasmid NVQC5L42KgH was transfected into ALVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vCP236 (containing HCMVgH). The same plasmid was transfected into vCP139 infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vCP233 (containing HCMVgB and gH). Vaccinia virus vP1170 (which contains Ecogpt under the transcriptional control of the entomopoxvirus 42K promoter in place of the deleted K1L gene) was used to infect Vero cells transfected with plasmid MP804-42KgH to generate the recombinant vP1205B.

Example 18

Immunoprecipitation of HCMVgH Expressed by Poxvirus Recombinants

[0382] Immunoprecipitation performed with a monoclonal antibody specific for HCMVgH demonstrated the expression of an 86 kDa gH protein (Pachl et al., 1989) by recombinants vP1173, vP1183, vP1205B, vCP233 and vCP236. Immunoprecipitation with the gB specific guinea pig polyclonal serum demonstrated correct expression of gB by recombinants vP1183 and vCP233.

[0383] The HCMV 72-kDa immediate early 1 protein (IE1) is a target for CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in humans (Borysiewicz et al., 1988) and is recognized by CD4+ T cells (Alp et al., 1991). For one individual the peptide specificities of proliferative and MHC-class I-restricted cytotoxic determinants on IE1 were determined and found to be spatially distinct segments of the exon 4 coding region (Alp et al., 1991).

[0384] The IE1 protein has been shown to up-regulate expression from its own promoter (Cherrington and Mocarski, 1989) as well as expression from the HIV LTR (Biegalke and Geballe, 1991; Ghazal et al., 1991) and expression of the promoters for the cellular genes c-myc, c-fos and hsp70 (Hagemeier et al., 1992; Santomenna and Colberg-Poley, 1990; Colberg-Poley et al., 1992). Lafemina et al., (1989) reported that the IE1 protein expressed in stable cell lines preferentially associates with metaphase chromosomes and proposed that this protein may be involved in maintenance of a putative plasmid state for HCMV DNA during latency.

[0385] In the following Examples 19-30, the development of poxvirus recombinants expressing the entire IE1 gene, IE1 deleted of amino acids 2-32, IE1 deleted of amino acids 292-319 or the exon 4 segment of IE1 are provided. These studies were performed in order to develop a form of the IE1 gene product that would be incapable of translocation to the nucleus, thus decreasing its potential to act as a transactivator, while maintaining its ability to be recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Example 45 demonstrates that an ALVAC recombinant expressing an altered form of the IE1 protein (deleted of amino acids 2-32) which unlike the full length gene product is found in both the nucleus and cytomplasm of infected cells, can re-stimulate cytotoxic effector cells from HCMV seropositive individuals.

Example 19

Cloning of the Entire HCMV IE1 Gene in Poxvirus Vectors

[0386] Cloning of the HCMV IE1 gene into the vaccinia donor plasmid pSD22-H. The entire HCMV IE1 gene (AD169 strain) was derived as a 1.5 kb fragment by PCR using plasmid pJD083 as template (Akrigg et al., 1985) along with oligonucleotides IE3 (SEQ ID NO:134) (5′-ACGGATCCATAAAAATTACTGGTCAGCCTTGCTTC-3′) and IE5 (SEQ ID NO:135) (5′-ATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGGAGTCCTCTGCCAAGAGA-3′). The DNA sequence of CMV IE1 is presented in FIG. 25 (SEQ ID NO:50). Plasmid pSD486H6340 (which contains an irrelevant gene linked precisely to H6 promoter) was digested (within the H6 promoter) with NruI and (at the 3′ end of the irrelevant gene) with BamHI and ligated to the BamHI digested 1.5 kb PCR fragment (BamHI site located at the 5′ end of oligonucleotide IE3) generating plasmid pSD486H6HCMVIE1.

[0387] The H6 promoted IE1 gene was obtained from pSD486H6HCMVIE1 as a 1.6 kb fragment by digestion with BamHI followed by partial BglII digestion and ligated to BamHI digested pSD22-H yielding plasmid pSD22-HCMVIE1. The DNA sequence of CMV IE1 plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid pSD22-HCMVIE1 are shown in FIG. 26 (SEQ ID NO:51).

[0388] Cloning of the HCMVIE1 gene into the vaccinia donor plasmid pSD554. Oligonucleotides SPIE1 (SEQ ID NO:136) (5′-CGCGAATTCTCGCGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGGAGT-3′) and SPIE2 (SEQ ID NO:137) (5′-GCCTCTAGAGTTAACCTCCTTCCTCAACAT-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid pSD486H6HCMVIE1 as template to generate a 181 bp fragment. This fragment was digested with EcoRI and XbaI and cloned into EcoRI/XbaI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid SPIE1 containing part of the H6 promoter and the first 135 bp of the IE1 gene. Oligonucleotides SPIE3 (SEQ ID NO:138) (5′-CGGTCTAGAGGTTATCAGTGTAATGAAGC-3′) and SPIE4 (SEQ ID NO:139) (5′-CCGAAGCTTCTCGAGATAAAAATTACTGGTCAGCCTTGCTTCTAGT-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid pSD486H6HCMVIE1 as template to generate a 506 bp fragment. This fragment was digested with XbaI and HindIII and cloned into XbaI/HindIII digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid SPIE2 containing the 3′ end of the IE1 gene, a vaccinia early transcription termination signal and an XhoI site. SPIE1 was digested at the 3′ end of the inserted fragment of the IE1 gene with HindII and within the IBI24 polylinker with HindIII, alkaline phosphatase treated and ligated to a 903 bp HindII-BglII fragment from pSD486H6HCMVIE1 and a 464 bp BglII-HindIII fragment from SPIE2 generating plasmid SPIE3 containing the entire IE1 gene linked to part of the H6 promoter.

[0389] Plasmid pSD553 was cut with NruI and ligated with a SmaI/NruI fragment containing the synthetic H6 promoter (Perkus et al., 1989) upstream from the NruI site located at −26 relative to the translation initiation codon. The resulting plasmid, pMP553H6, was digested with NruI and BamHI and ligated to annealed oligonucleotides MPSYN347 (SEQ ID NO:140) (5′-CGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATCTGCAGCCCGGGGGGG-3′) and MPSYN348 (SEQ ID NO:141) (5′-GATCCCCCGGGCTGCAGATTACGATACAAACTTAACGGATATCG-3′). The resulting plasmid, pSD554, contains the entire H6 promoter region through nucleotide −1 relative to the initiation codon, followed by a polylinker region. pSD554 was digested with NruI and XhoI and ligated to a 1.5 kb NruI/XhoI fragment from SPIE3 generating plasmid COPAKH6IE. The DNA sequence of CMV IE1 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid COPAKH6IE are shown in FIGS. 27A and B (SEQ ID NO:52).

Exampl 20

Construction of Recombinant Poxviruses Containing the Entire HCMVIE1 Gene

[0390] Plasmid pSD22-HCMVIE1 was transfected into Vero cells infected with the WR L variant to generate the recombinant vP893. Plasmid COPAKH6IE was transfected into NYVAC infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1161.

Example 21

Expression of the Entire IE1 Gene by Poxvirus Recombinants

[0391] Immunoprecipitation studies performed with a monoclonal antibody specific for HCMVIE1 demonstrated the expression of a 72 kDa IE1 protein (Blanton and Tevethia, 1981; Cameron and Preston, 1981) by recombinants vP893 and vP1161. Immunofluorescence studies (performed as described in Taylor et al., 1990) revealed nuclear localization of the IE1 gene product.

Example 22

Cloning of the HCMVIE1 Gene (Lacking Amino Acids 292-319) into the Vaccinia Donor Plasmid pSD554

[0392] The DNA sequence of CMVIE1 lacking amino acids 292-319 is shown in FIG. 28 (SEQ ID NO:53). This deletion was made in the following manner. Plasmid SPIE3 was digested with SpeI and a 4239 bp fragment isolated (which lacks nucleotides 868-958 encoding amino acids 292-319). This fragment was self ligated generating plasmid SPIE4. A 1.4 kb NruI/XhoI fragment from SPIE4 was ligated to NruI/XhoI digested pSD554 generating plasmid COPAKH6IEN−. The DNA sequence of CMVIE1 lacking amino acids 292-319 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid COPAKH6IEN− are shown in FIGS. 29A and B (SEQ ID NO:54).

Example 23

Construction of a Recombinant Poxvirus Containing the HCMV IE1 Gene Lacking Amino Acids 292-319

[0393] Plasmid COPAKH6IEN− was transfected into NYVAC infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1160.

Example 24

Expression of the HCMVIE1 Gene Lacking Amino Acids 292-319

[0394] Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated the expression of a 69 kDa protein in cells infected with vP1160 consistent with the deletion of amino acids 292-319. Immunofluorescence studies revealed nuclear localization of this gene product.

Example 25

Cloning of the Exon 4 Segment of HCMVIE1 in Poxvirus Vectors

[0395] Cloning of the Exon 4 segment of HCMVIE1 in NYVAC donor plasmid SPI4LH6. The DNA sequence of the Exon 4 segment of HCMVIE1 is shown in FIG. 30 (SEQ ID NO:55). This segment of the gene was obtained in the following manner. Oligonucleotides SPIE5 (SEQ ID NO:142) (5′-CGCGAATTCTCGCGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGAAACAGATTAAGGTTCGAGT-3′) and SPIE6 (SEQ ID NO:143) (5′-GCCTCTAGATGCCGCCATGGCCTGACT-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid pSD486H6HCMVIE1 to generate a 0.5 kb fragment. This fragment was digested with EcoRI and XbaI and cloned into EcoRI/XbaI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid SPIE5. Plasmid SPIE3 was digested with EcoRI and NcoI and a 3.6 kb fragment purified and ligated to a 0.47 kb EcoRI-NcoI fragment from SPIE5 generating plasmid SPIE6 which contains the Exon 4 segment of IE1 linked to part of the H6 promoter.

[0396] The early/late H6 vaccinia virus promoter (Guo et al., 1989; Perkus et al., 1989) was derived by PCR using PRW823 as template (a plasmid containing the H6 promoter linked to an irrelevant gene) and oligonucleotides CP30 (SEQ ID NO:144) (5′-TCGGGATCCGGGTTAATTAATTAGTCATCAGGCAGGGCG-3′) and CP31 (SEQ ID NO:145) (5′-TAGCTCGAGGGTACCTACGATACAAACTTAACGGATATCG-3′). The PCR product was digested with BamHI and XhoI (sites present at the 5′ end of CP30 and CP31, respectively) and ligated to BamHI/XhoI digested C5LSP generating plasmid VQH6C5LSP. This plasmid was used as template in PCR with oligonucleotides CP31 and RUB1 (SEQ ID NO:146) (5′-TCGGGATCCTTCTTTATTCTATACTTA-3′). The PCR product was digested with BamHI and XhoI (site present at the 5′ ends of RUB1 and CP31, respectively) and ligated to BamHI/XhoI digested pSD550 generating plasmid SPI4LH6. A 1.3 kb NruI/XhoI fragment isolated from SPIE6 was cloned into NruI/XhoI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated SPI4LH6 generating plasmid I4LH6IE-Ex4 (in which the H6 promoted IE1 Exon 4 gene is in the same orientation as the replaced I4L gene). The DNA sequence of the Exon 4 segment of HCMVIE1 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid I4LH6IE-Ex4 are shown in FIG. 31 (SEQ ID NO:56).

[0397] Cloning of the Exon 4 fragment of HCMVIE1 in ALVAC donor plasmid NVQH6C5LSP. Plasmid VQH6C5LSP was digested with EcoRI, treated with alkaline phosphatase, ligated with kinased and annealed oligonucleotide CP29 and digested with NotI. The linearized plasmid was purified and self ligated generating plasmid NVQH6C5LSP. The 1.3 kb NruI/XhoI fragment from SPIE6 was cloned into NruI/XhoI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated NVQH6C5LSP generating plasmid NVQH6IE-Ex4 (in which the H6 promoted IE1 Exon 4 gene is in the same orientation as the replaced C5 gene). The DNA sequence of the Exon 4 segment of HCMVIE1 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid NVQH6IE-Ex4 are shown in FIGS. 32A and B (SEQ ID NO:57).

Example 26

Construction of Recombinant Poxviruses Containing the Exon 4 Segment of IE1

[0398] Plasmid I4LH6IE-Ex4 was transfected into NYVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vP1186. Plasmid NVQH6IE-Ex4 was transfected into ALVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vCP244.

Example 27

Expression of the Exon 4 Segment of HCMVIE1 by Poxvirus Recombinants

[0399] Immunofluorescence experiments revealed cytoplasmic localization of the IE-Exon 4 protein expressed by recombinants vP1186 and vCP244. Immunoprecipitation experiments with a monoclonal antibody specific for IE-Exon 4 demonstrated the expression of a 60 kDa protein in cells infected with vCP244 consistent with the predicted size of the exon 4 segment. Immunoprecipitation with a polyclonal rabbit serum raised against a bacterial Exon 4 fusion protein revealed the expression of a 60 kDa protein in cells infected with vP1186 and VCP244.

Example 28

Cloning of the HCMVIE1 Gene (Lacking Amino Acids 2-32) in Poxvirus Vectors

[0400] Cloning of the HCMVIE1 gene (lacking amino acids 2-32) in NYVAC donor plasmid SPI4LH6. The DNA sequence of HCMVIE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 is shown in FIG. 33 (SEQ ID NO:58). This segment was obtained in the following manner. Oligonucleotides SPIE9 (SEQ ID NO:147) (5′-AATTCTCGCGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGACGACGTTCCTGCAGACTATGTTG A GGAAGGAGGTT-3′) and SPIE10 (SEQ ID NO:148) (5′-AACCTCCTTCCTCAACATAGTCTGCAGGAACGTCGTCATTACGATACAAACTTAACGGAT ATCGC GAG-3′) were kinased, annealed and ligated to a 4.2 kb HindII/EcoRI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated fragment from SPIE3 generating plasmid SPIE8. A 1.4 kb NruI/XhoI fragment from SPIE8 (containing part of the H6 promoter and IE1 lacking amino acids 2-32) was ligated to NruI/XhoI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated SPI4LH6 generating plasmid I4LH6IEd32. The DNA sequence of HCMVIE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid I4LH6IEd32 are shown in FIG. 34 (SEQ ID NO:59).

[0401] Cloning of the HCMVIE1 gene (lacking amino acids 2-32) in ALVAC donor plasmid NVQH6C5LSP. The 1.4 kb NruI/XhoI fragment from SPIE8 was cloned into NruI/XhoI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated NVQH6C5LSP generating plasmid NVQH6IEd32. The DNA sequence of HCMVIE1 lacking amino acids 2-32 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid NVQH6IEd32 are shown in FIGS. 35A and B (SEQ ID NO:60).

EXAMPLE 29

Construction of Poxvirus Recombinants Containing the IE1 Gene Lacking Amino Acids 2-32

[0402] Plasmid I4LH6IEd32 was transfected into NYVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vP1201. Plasmid NVQH6IEd32 was transfected into ALVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vCP256.

Example 30

Expression of IE1 Lacking Amino Acids 2-32 by Poxvirus Recombinants

[0403] Immunofluorescence experiments revealed both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of the IE1 protein lacking amino acids 2-32 by recombinants vP1201 and vCP256. Immunoprecipitation with a polyclonal rabbit serum raised against a bacterial exon 4 fusion protein revealed the expression of a 68 kDa protein in cells infected with vP1201 consistent with the predicted size.

EXAMPLE 31

Cloning of the HCMV pp65 Gene in Poxvirus Vectors

[0404] Cloning of the HCMV pp65 gene in NYVAC donor plasmid SPHA-H6. pSD456 is a subclone of Copenhagen vaccinia DNA containing the HA gene (A56R; Goebel et al., 1990a,b) and surrounding regions. pSD456 was used as a template in PCR for synthesis of left and right vaccinia arms flanking the A56R ORF. The left arm was synthesized using oligonucleotides MPSYN279 (SEQ ID NO:149) (5′-CCCCCCGAATTCGTCGACGATTGTTCATGATGGCAAGAT-3′) and MPSYN280 (SEQ ID NO:150) (5′-CCCGGGGGATCCCTCGAGGGTACCAAGCTTAATTAATTAAATATTAGTATAAAAAGTGAT TTATTTTT-3′). The right arm was synthesized using oligonucleotides MPSYN281 (SEQ ID NO:151) (5′-AAGCTTGGTACCCTCGAGGGATCCCCCGGGTAGCTAGCTAATTTTTCTTTTACGTATTAT A TATGTAATAAACGTTC-3′) and MSYN312 (SEQ ID NO:152) (5′-TTTTTTCTGCAGGTAAGTATTTTTAAAACTTCTAACACC-3′). The purified PCR fragments for the left and right arms were combined in a further PCR reaction. The resulting product was digested with EcoRI/HindIII. The resulting 0.9 kb fragment was cloned into EcoRI/HindIII digested pUC8 resulting in plasmid pSD544.

[0405] pSD544 was digested within its polylinker with XhoI, filled in with klenow and treated with alkaline phosphatase. Plasmid SP126 (equivalent to SP131) was digested with HindIII, treated with klenow and the H6 promoter isolated by digestion with SmaI. Ligation of the H6 promoter fragment to pSD544 generated SPHA-H6.

[0406] The HCMV pp65 gene was PCR amplified using HCMV genomic DNA as template (Towne strain) and oligonucleotides pp651 (SEQ ID NO:153) (5′-GATTATCGCGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGGCATCCGTACTGGGTCCCATTTCG GG-3′) and pp651R (SEQ ID NO:154) (5′-GCATAGGTACCGGATCCATAAAAATCAACCTCGGTGCTTTTTGGGCG-3′). The DNA sequence of CMVpp65 is shown in FIG. 36 (SEQ ID NO:61). The 1.6 kb product was digested with NruI and BamHI (site present at the 5′ end of oligonucleotides pp651 and pp651R, respectively) and cloned into NruI/BamHI digested SPHA-H6 generating plasmid CMV65.1. This plasmid contained the pp65 gene linked to the H6 promoter, however, the first 30 bp of the pp65 gene were missing.

[0407] To derive a plasmid containing the first 30 bp of the pp65 gene oligonucleotides RNApp65I (SEQ ID NO:155) (5′-TAGTTCGGATCCCCGCTCAGTCGCCTACA-3′) and pp65R4 (SEQ ID NO:156) (5′-ATCAAGGGATCCATCGAAAAAGAAGAGCG-3′) were used in PCR with genomic DNA. The resulting 1 kb fragment was digested with BamHI (BamHI sites present at the 5′ ends of both oligonucleotides) and cloned into BamHI digested IBI24 generating plasmid pp65.7. Plasmid pp65.7 was used in PCR with oligonucleotides pp651B (SEQ ID NO:157) (5′-GATTATCGCGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGGAGTCGCGCGGTCGCCGTTGTCCC G-3′) and pp65BstXI (SEQ ID NO:158) (5′-ACCTGCATCTTGGTTGC-3′) to generate a 0.5 kb fragment. This fragment was digested with NruI and BstXI (sites at the 5′ ends of oligonucleotides pp651B and pp65BstXI, respectively) and ligated to a 4.8 kb NruI/BstXI fragment of CMV65.1 generating plasmid pCMV65.2. This plasmid contains the entire pp65 gene linked precisely to the H6 promoter oriented in the same direction as the replaced HA gene. The DNA sequence of CMVpp65 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid pCMV65.2 are shown in FIG. 37 (SEQ ID NO:62).

[0408] Cloning of the HCMV pp65 gene in ALVAC donor plasmid pMPC616E6VQ. FIGS. 38A and B (SEQ ID NO:63) is the sequence of a 3.7 kb segment of canarypox DNA. Analysis of the sequence revealed a reading frame designate C6L initiated at position 377 and terminated at position 2254. A C6 insertion vector containing 370 bp upstream of C6, polylinker containing SmaI, PstI, XhoI and EcoRI sites, and 1156 bp of downstream sequence was derived in the following manner. The 0.4 bp upstream sequence was generated by PCR amplification of a cosmid clone derived from purified genomic canarypox DNA using oligonucleotides C6A1SG (SEQ ID NO:159) (5′-ATCATCGAGCTCGCGGCCGCCTATCAAAAGTCTTAATGAGTT-3′) and C6B1SG (SEQ ID NO:160) (5′-GAATTCCTCGAGCTGCAGCCCGGGTTTTTATAGCTAATTAGTCATTTTTTCGTAAGTAAG T ATTTTATTTAA-3′). The 1.2 kb downstream arm was generated by PCR amplification of the same template using oligonucleotides C6C1SG (SEQ ID NO:161) (5′-CCCGGGCTGCAGCTCGAGGAATTCTTTTTATTGATTAACTAGTCAAATGAGTATATATAA T TGAAAAAGTAA-3′) and C6D1SG (SEQ ID NO:162) (5′-GATGATGGTACCTTCATAAATACAAGTTTGATTAAACTTAAGTTG-3′). These fragments were fused by a third PCR employing gel purified 0.4 and 1.2 kb fragments as template for primers C6A1SG (SEQ ID NO:159) and C6D1SG (SEQ ID NO:162). The resulting 1.6 kb fragment was isolated from an agarose gel, digested with SacI and KpnI and ligated to similarly digested pBS generating C6 insertion plasmid pC6L.

[0409] Plasmid pMPC616E6VQ was derived by cloning a HpaI-XhoI fragment containing the H6 promoter precisely linked to an irrelevant gene into Sma-XhoI digested pC6L. pMPC616E6VQ was digested with NruI and BamHI and the 4 kb vector fragment (NruI-BamHI) and 0.6 kb C6 flanking arm fragment (BamHI-BamHI) isolated. These two fragments were combined in a ligation with a 1.7 kb NruI-BamHI fragment from pCMV65.2 (containing part of the H6 promoter linked to the p65 gene) generating plasmid CMV65C6.1 which contained a C6 flanking arm, H6 promoter and the pp65 gene but lacked the 0.6 kb C6 flanking arm. CMV65C6.1 was digested with BamHI, treated with alkaline phosphatase and ligated to the 0.6 kb C6 flanking arm generating plasmid CMV65C6.2 in which C6 flanking arms are present on both sides of the H6-pp65 insert. The DNA sequence of CMVpp65 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid CMV65C6.2 are shown in FIGS. 39A and B (SEQ ID NO:64).

[0410] Cloning of the HCMVpp65 gene into the vaccinia donor plasmid pSD157 K1LINS. Plasmid pCMV65.2 was digested with KpnI, treated with Mung Bean Nuclease and digested with BamHI generating a 1.7 kb fragment containing H6-pp65. PSD157K1LINS was digested with BamHI and SmaI and ligated to the 1.7 kb fragment generating plasmid CMV65.WR. The DNA sequence of CMVpp65 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid CMV65.WR are shown in FIG. 40 (SEQ ID NO:65).

Example 32

Construction of Recombinant Poxviruses Containing HCMVpp65

[0411] Plasmid pCMV65.2 was transfected into NYVAC infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1184 (containing HCMVpp65), into vP1001 infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1196 (containing HCMVgB and pp65) and into vP1183 infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1210 (containing HCMVgB, gH and pp65).

[0412] Plasmid CMV65C6.2 was transfected into ALVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vCP260 (containing HCMVpp65).

[0413] Plasmid CMV65.WR was transfected into vP1170 infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1214 (WR-pp65).

Example 33

Expression of HCMVpp65 by Poxvirus Recombinants

[0414] Immunoprecipitation experiments with a monoclonal antibody specific for HCMV pp65 demonstrated the expression of a 65 kDa protein (Pande et al., 1991) by recombinants vP1184, vP1214, vCP260, vP1196 and vP1210. In addition, immunoprecipitation with gB specific guinea pig polyclonal sera demonstrated correct expression of gB by recombinants vP1196 and vP1210 and immunoprecipitation with a gH specific monoclonal antibody demonstrated correct expression of gH by recombinant vP1210.

Example 34

Cloning of the HCMV pp150 Gene Poxvirus Vectors

[0415] Cloning of the pp150 gene into the NYVAC donor plasmid pSD541. The DNA sequence of CMVpp150 is shown in FIG. 41 (SEQ ID NO:66). Oligonucleotides pp150.1B (SEQ ID NO:163) (5′-TTCGGATCCGGTTCTGGAGAAAAGCC-3′) and pp150R6 (SEQ ID NO:164) (5′-GCTTCCAAGCTTTCCTGAAGGGATTGTAAGCC-3′) were used in PCR with Towne genomic DNA to generate a 2 kb fragment from the 5′ end of pp150. This fragment was digested with BamHI and HindIII and cloned into BamHI/HindIII digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid pp150.5.

[0416] Oligonucleotides pp150.9 (SEQ ID NO:165) (5′-TTCGGATCCGGCTTTCAGTCTCGTCTCC-3′) and pp150 END2 (SEQ ID NO:166) (5′-TTCGGATCCATGCAATTGCCCGCGGACAAC-3′) were used in PCR with Towne DNA to generated a 1.8 kb fragment which includes the 3′ end of the gene. This fragment was digested with BamHI and cloned into BamHI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated pUC8 yielding pp150.3.

[0417] Oligonucleotides SP150-3 (SEQ ID NO:167) (5′-TTCGAATTCGCTAGCTTTATTGGGAAGAATATGATAATATTTTGGGATTTCAAAATTGAA A ATATATAATTACAATATAAAATGAGTTTGCAGTTTATC-3′) and SP150-4 (SEQ ID NO:168) (5′-TTCTCTAGATGAGCTCGTTGAACAGCAC-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid pp150.5 as template to generate a 259 bp fragment. This fragment was digested with EcoRI and XbaI and cloned into EcoRI/XbaI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid 150.5MP. This plasmid contains a NheI site, 65 bp entomopoxvirus 42K promoter and bases 1-170 from the 5′ end of the pp150 gene. The underlined base in the sequence of oligonucleotide SP150-3 (position −53 of the promoter) is missing in this clone.

[0418] Oligonucleotides SP150-1 (SEQ ID NO:169) (5′-CCGAAGCTTGCTAGCAATAAAAACTATTCCTCCGTGTTCTTAAT-3′ ) and SP150-2 (SEQ ID NO:170) (5′-GCCTCTAGATACGTAAAGCTAAGTTATC-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid pp150.3 as template to generate a 907 bp fragment. This fragment was digested with XbaI and HindIII and cloned into XbaI/HindIII digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 yielding plasmid 150.3MP. This plasmid contains nucleotides 2273-3141 from pp150 followed by a vaccinia early transcription termination signal (T5ATT) (Yuen and Moss, 1987) and a NheI site. pp150 nucleotide 2748 (FIG. 41; SEQ ID NO:66) in this clone is an A not a C as in pp150.3, this change is silent.

[0419] Plasmid pp150.3 was digested with SnaBI and HindIII and a 3451 bp fragment isolated. Plasmid 150.3MP was digested with SnaBI and HindIII and 873 bp fragment isolated. Ligation of these two fragments yielded plasmid 150.3MC which contains pp150 nucleotides 1473-3141 followed by T5ATT and a NheI site.

[0420] Plasmid 150.5MP was digested with SacI and HindIII and a 3056 bp fragment isolated. Plasmid pp150.5 was digested with SacI and HindIII and a 1816 bp fragment isolated. Ligation of these two fragments yielded plasmid 150.5MC which contains a NheI site, 65bp 42K promoter and pp150 nucleotides 1-1981.

[0421] Plasmid 150.5MC was digested with HpaI and HindIII and a 4634 bp fragment isolated. Plasmid 150.3MC was digested with HpaI and HindIII and a 1412 bp fragment isolated. Ligation of these two fragments yielded plasmid 150.1 which contains a NheI site, 65bp 42K promoter, nucleotides 1-3141 pp150, T5ATT and a NheI site.

[0422] Plasmid pSD541 is a vaccinia insertion plasmid which is deleted for vaccinia sequences encompassing the A25L and A26L ORFs (Goebel et al., 1990a,b). The deletion junction consists of a polylinker region containing XhoI, SmaI and BglII restriction sites, flanked on both sides by stop codons and early vaccinia transcriptional terminators (Yuen and Moss, 1987). pSD541 was constructed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using cloned vaccinia SalI E plasmid pSD414 as template. Synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN267 (SEQ ID NO:94) (5′-GGGCTCAAGCTTGCGGCCGCTCATTAGACAAGCGAATGAGGGAC-3′) and MPSYN268 (SEQ ID NO:95) (5′-AGATCTCCCGGGCTCGAGTAATTAATTAATTTTTATTACACCAGAAAAGACGGCTTGAGA T C-3′) were used as primers to generate the left vaccinia arm and synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN269 (SEQ ID NO:96) (5′-TAATTACTCGAGCCCGGGAGATCTAATTTAATTTAATTTATATAACTCATTTTTTGAATA T ACT-3′) and MPSYN270 (SEQ ID NO:97) (5′-TATCTCGAATTCCCGCGGCTTTAAATGGACGGAACTCTTTTCCCC-3′) were used to generate the right vaccinia arm. PCR products consisting of the left and right vaccinia arms were combined, and subjected to PCR amplification. The PCR product was digested with EcoRI and HindIII and electrophoresed on a agarose gel. The 0.8 kb fragment was isolated and ligated into pUC8 cut with EcoRI/HindIII, resulting in plasmid pSD541.

[0423] Plasmid pSD541 was digested in its polylinker region with SmaI and alkaline phosphatase treated. Plasmid 150.1 was digested with NheI, treated with klenow and a 3224bp fragment (containing 42K-pp150) isolated. Ligation of these two fragments yielded plasmid 150.7. The DNA sequence of CMVpp150 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid 150.7 are shown in FIGS. 42A and B (SEQ ID NO:68).

[0424] Cloning of the pp150 gene into ALVAC donor plasmid PMM117. Plasmid PMM117 is a derivative of pC6L with a modified polylinker region. PMM117 was digested in its polylinker with EcoRI filled in with klenow and treated with alkaline phosphatase. Plasmid 150.1 was digested with NheI, treated with klenow and a 3224bp fragment (containing 42K-pp150) isolated. Ligation of these two fragments generated plasmid 150.6. The DNA sequence of CMVpp150 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid 150.6 are shown in FIGS. 43A and B (SEQ ID NO:68).

[0425] Cloning of the pp150 gene into vaccinia donor plasmid pSD157K1LINS. Plasmid pSD1571LINS was digested in its polylinker region with SmaI and alkaline phosphatase treated. Plasmid 150.1 was digested with NheI, treated with klenow and a 3224 bp fragment (containing 42K-pp150) isolated. Ligation of these two fragments generated plasmid 150.4. The DNA sequence of CMVpp150 plus flanking DNA sequences in plasmid 150.4 are shown in FIGS. 44A and B (SEQ ID NO:69).

Example 35

Construction of Recombinant Poxviruses Containing HCMVpp150

[0426] Plasmid 150.4 was transfected into vP1170 infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vP1238 (WR-pp150).

[0427] Plasmid 150.7 was transfected into NYVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vP1247 (NYVAC-pp150).

[0428] Plasmid 150.6 was transfected into ALVAC infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vCP284 (ALVAC-pp150).

Example 36

Expression of HCMVpp150 by Poxvirus Recombinants

[0429] Western blot (Harlow and Lane, 1988) with a monoclonal antibody specific for HCMVpp150 demonstrated the expression of a 150 kDa protein in cells infected with vP1238 which comigrated with a protein present in HCMV infected cells. Expression of a 150 kDa protein was observed in vP1247 and vCP284 infected cells by immunoprecipitation with the pp150 specific monoclonal antibody.

Example 37

Developing a NYVAC Donor Plasmid Containing the HCMVgH and IE1 Exon 4 Genes

[0430] Plasmid I4LH6IE-Ex4 was linearized with BamHI, filled in with klenow and treated with alkaline phosphatase yielding a 4.9 kb fragment. Plasmid gH6-3 was digested with XhoI, filled in with klenow and a 2.3 kb fragment (containing 42K-gH) isolated. These two fragments were ligated to generate plasmid I4L42KgHH6IE -Ex4. The DNA sequence of CMVgH and IE-Exon4 plus additional flanking sequences in plasmid I4L42KgHH6IE-Ex4 are shown in FIGS. 45A and B (SEQ ID NO:70).

Example 38

Construction of NYVAC Recombinants Containing HCMVgB.+ gH.+ pp65.+ IE-Exon 4, HCMVgB.+ gh.+ pp65.+ pp150 or HCMVgB.+ gh.+ pp65.+ IE-Exon 4 and pp150

[0431] Plasmid I4L42KgHH6IE-Ex 4 was transfected into vP1196 infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1216 (containing HCMVgB, gH, pp65, IE-Exon 4). Plasmid 150.7 was transfected into vP1216 infected CEF cells to generate the recombinant vP1251 (containing HCMVgB, gH, IE-Exon 4, pp65, pp150). Plasmid 150.7 was transfected into vP1210 infected Vero cells to generate the recombinant vP1262 (containing HCMV-gB, gH, pp65, pp150).

Example 39

Expression of the HCMV Genes in vP1216, vP1251, vP1262

[0432] Immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies specific for gB, gH, pp65 and IE-Exon 4 demonstrated the correct expression of all four genes by recombinant vP1216. Immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies specific for gB, gH, pp65 and IE-Exon 4 demonstrated the correct expression of these four genes by recombinant vP1251. Immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies specific for gB, gH and pp65 demonstrated the correct expression of these three genes by recombinant vP1262. Western blot with a monoclonal antibody specific for pp150 demonstrated the correct expression of this gene by recombinants vP1251 and vP1262.

Example 40

Developing an ALVAC Donor Plasmid Containing the HCMV pp65 and pp150 Genes

[0433] Plasmid CMV65C6.2 was linearized with EcoRI, filled in with klenow and treated with alkaline phosphatase generating a 6.3 kb fragment. Plasmid 150.1 was digested with NheI, filled in with klenow and a 3.2 kb fragment (42K-pp150) isolated. Ligation of these two fragments yielded plasmid 150.8. The DNA sequence of CMVpp65 and pp150 plus additional flanking sequences in plasmid 150.8 are shown in FIGS. 46A to C (SEQ ID NO:71).

Example 41

Construction of an ALVAC Recombinant Containing HCMVgB, gH, pp65 and pp150

[0434] Plasmid 150.8 was transfected into vPC233 infected CEF cells to generate an ALVAC-gB, gH, pp65, pp150recombinant (vCP280).

Example 42

Expression of the HCMV Genes in vCP280

[0435] Immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies specific for gB, gH and pp65 demonstrated the correct expression of these three genes by recombinant vCP280.

Example 43

Cloning of HCMVgL in Poxvirus Vectors Deriving a NYVAC Donor Plasmid Containing gB and gL

[0436] Oligonucleotides UL115A (SEQ ID NO:171) (5′-GCCTCTAGAATGTGCCGCCGCCCGGATTGC-3′) and UL115B (SEQ ID NO:172) (5′-CGCAAGCTTAGCGAGCATCCACTGCTTGAGGGC-3′) were used in PCR with Towne DNA as template to generate a 853 bp fragment. This fragment was digested with XbaI and HindIII and cloned into XbaI/HindIII digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid UL115.1. The sequence of CMVgL is presented in FIG. 47 (SEQ ID NO:72).

[0437] Oligonucleotides UL115M (SEQ ID NO:173) (5′-TCCAAGCTTAGATCTATAAAAATTAGCGAGCATCCACTGCTTGAGGGCCATAGC-3′) and UL115N (SEQ ID NO:174) (5′-GCCTCTAGATGCTGACGCTGTTGAGCTCGGAC-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid UL115.1 as template to generate a 498 bp fragment. This fragment was digested with HindIII and XbaI and cloned into HindIII/XbaI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid UL115.2.

[0438] Oligonucleotides UL115G2 (SEQ ID NO:175) (5′-CGCGAATTCTCGCGATATCCGTTAAGTTTGTATCGTAATGTGCCGCCGCCCGGATTGC-3′) and UL115H2 (SEQ ID NO:176) (5′-GCCTCTAGATTCCAGCGCGGCGCTGTGTCCGAGC-3′) were used in PCR with plasmid UL115.1 as template to generate a 450 bp fragment. This fragment was digested with EcoRI and XbaI and cloned into EcoRI/XbaI digested and alkaline phosphatase treated IBI24 generating plasmid UL115.3.

[0439] Plasmid UL115.3 was digested with HindIII and SacI and a 3226bp fragment isolated. Plasmid UL115.2 was digested with HindIII and SacI and a 469bp fragment isolated. Ligation of these two fragments yielded plasmid UL115.4.

[0440] Plasmid UL115.4 was digested with NruI and BglII and a 865 bp fragment isolated. Plasmid I4LH6 was digested with NruI and BglII and a 3683 bp fragment isolated. Ligation of these two fragments yielded plasmid I4LH6gL.

[0441] To correct a one base deletion in the H6 promoter in I4LH6gL this plasmid was digested with EcoRV treated with alkaline phosphatase and a 3805 bp fragment isolated. Plasmid I4LH6 was digested with EcoRV and a 736 bp fragment isolated. Ligation of thise two fragments yielded plasmid I4LH6CgL.

[0442] Plasmid 542CMVgB was linearized with BamHI and treated with alkaline phosphatase. Plasmid I4LH6CgL was digested with BamHI and BglII and a 968 bp fragment (containing the H6 promoted gL gene) isolated. Ligation of thise two fragments generated plasmid 542CMVgBgL. The DNA sequence of CMVgL and CMVgB plus additional flanking DNA sequences in plasmid 542CMVgBgL are shown in FIGS. 48A and B (SEQ. ID NO: 73).

Example 44

Developing a NYVAC Recombinant Containing gB. gH, gL, pp65, pp150, IE1-Exon 4 or gB, gH, gL, pp65, pp150

[0443] Plasmid 542CMVgBgL was transfected into vP1251 infected CEF cells to generate a NYVAC gB, gH, gL, pp65, pp150, IE1-Exon 4 recombinant (vP1302).

[0444] Plasmid 542CMVgBgL is transfected into 1262 infected cells to generate a NYVAC gB, gH, gL pp65, pp150 recombinant.

Example 45

Human Cytotocix T Lymphocyte Responses to HCMV Proteins

[0445] Lymphocytes comprising the antigen-specific segment of the immune system may functionally react to antigen by producing antibodies (B-lymphocytes) or by becoming cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+ T-lymphocytes). ALVAC recombinants expressing HCMV proteins that are known to be recognized by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are capable of re-stimulating human cellular immune responses with characteristics of classical CTLs.

[0446] Thirteen individuals for which there was previously established EBV-transformed B-cell lines (LBCL) for use as CTL targets were screened for CTL responses to HCMV gB, IE1, and pp65. Although only one of these volunteer blood donos had an established clinicl history of HCMV infection, seven were found to be HCMV seropositive by virtue of their sera containing antibodies which neutralized HCMV.

[0447] Stimulation of HCMV 1E1 CTLs by ALVAC-1E1 (vCP256): Whole blood was collected into heparinized Vacutainer tubes from each volunteer donor by venipuncture. The mononuclear cell fraction was separated from the remainder of the blood components by centrifugation over Leucoprep gradients, washed several times by centrifugation in Stim Medium (MEM containing 5% fetal bovine serum [FBS], 2 mM L-glutamine, 10−4 M 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 IU/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin), counted for viable cells with trypan blue, and resuspended at 5×106 cells/ml in Stim Medium (responder cells). A portion of the mononuclear cells were resuspended at 107 cells/ml in MEM containing 2% FBS and infected with recombinant ALVAC expressing HCMV 1E1 (vCP256) at a multiplicity of infection of 25 for approximately 1 hour at 37C. Following incubation, sufficient Stim Medium was added to dilute the infected cells to 5×105 cells/ml (stimulator cells). Equal volumes of responder cells and stimulator cells were added to upright 25 cm2 tissue culture flasks or to the wells of 24-well tissue culture plates and incubated in 5% CO2/95% air at 37C. for 6 days. Target cells were prepared by infecting LBCLs with recombinant WR vaccinia virus expressing HCMV IE1 (vP893) similarly to the infection of stimulator cells except the target cells were incubated overnight at 4×105 cells/ml in RPMI 1640 medium containing 20% FBS. Following incubation, the mononuclear cells and the target cells were washed by centrifugation in Assay Medium (RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 5×10−5 M 2-mercaptoethanol, 100 IU/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin). Target cells were incubated in Na251CrO4 for 1 hour, washed by centrifugation in Assay Medium, resuspended to 105 cells/ml in Assay Medium, and held on ice until use. Following centrifugation, the mononuclear cells were diluted to 2×106 cells/ml in Assay Medium. One tenth ml of mononuclear cells and 0.1 ml of 51Cr labelled, infected target cells were added to the wells of 96-well round bottom tissue culture plates. These volumes and cell densities resulted in an effector to target ratio (E:T) of 20:1. The tissue culture plates were centrifuged at 250 g for 2 minutes and incubated in 5% CO2/95% air at 37C. for 4 to 5 hours. Following incubation, 0.1 ml of supernatant fluid from each well was collected using Skatron filter wicks and counted for released radioactivity. Percent cytoxicity was calculated as:

(EXPERIMENTAL 51CR RELEASE-SPONTANEOUS 51CR RELEASE)/(MAXIMUM 51CR RELEASE−SPONTANEOUS 51CR RELEASE)×100.

[0448] Maximum release was determined by the addition of 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate to target cells while spontaneous release was determined by incubating target cells in the absence of effector cells. In none of the experiments presented did spontaneous release of 51Cr from target cells exceed 20% of maximum 51Cr release.

[0449] Following in vitro stimulation with ALVAC recombinants expressing a single HCMV protein, mononuclear cells from four of the seven seropositive volunteer donors lysed autologous targets expressing HCMV IE1 (FIG. 49) and mononuclear cells from six of the seven seropositive donors lysed autologous targets expressing HCMV pp65 (FIG. 50). Re-stimulated mononuclear cells from none of the HCMV seropositive donors lysed autologous targets expressing HCMV gB.

[0450] The mononuclear cells from HCMV seronegative volunteer donors, when re-stimulated similarly to the mononuclear cells of the HCMV seropositive donors, failed to lyse autologous target cells expressing HCMV IE1 or HCMV pp65 (FIG. 49 and FIG. 50, respectively).

[0451] In all cases except one, the cytotoxic effector cells only lysed autologous, but not nonautologous, target cells expressing the appropriate HCMV protein. The single exception, mononuclear cells from Donor 7C, following re-stimulation with ALVAC pp65 (vCP260), was capable of lysing nonautologous target cells expressing HCMV pp65. However, it was later demonstrated that Donor 7C and the donor for the nonautologous target cell line share HLA-B7 of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

[0452] Stimulation of HCMV IE1 CTLs by ALVAC-IE1 (vCP256): Human CTLs were stimulated in vitro and assayed for HCMV IE1 CTLs using similar methodology as in FIG. 49 except that following 6 days incubation for restimulation, the responder mononuclear cells were incubated with immunomagnetic beads coupled to monoclonal anti-human CD3, CD4, or CD8. Following incubation, the beads were removed by a magnet and therefore the CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+ cells. The cells adhering to the magnetic beads were uncoupled, washed and used in the cytotoxicity assay.

[0453] Representative of the phenotype of the cytotoxic responses of this HCMV seropositive cohort, the ALVAC-IE1 (vCP256) re-stimulated mononuclear cells from Donor 2A failed to lyse IE1-expressing targets following depletion of lymphocytes expressing CD3 and CD8, but not CD4 (FIG. 51). Furthermore, re-stimulated mononuclear cells that had been enriched for CD8, but not CD4, retained cytotoxic activity.

[0454] Thus, the cytotoxic effector cells derived from HCMV seropositive volunteer donors by re-stimulation in vitro with ALVAC recombinants expressing HCMV IE1 (vCP256) or HCMV pp65 (vCP260) were antigen specific, MHC-restricted, and expressed CD3 and CD8. These characteristics are consistent with those of classical cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).

[0455] These results show that ALVAC recombinants expressing HCMV proteins can serve as vaccines for the purpose of eliciting human cytotoxic T lymphocytes capable of mediating the destruction of HCMV-infected human cells. Furthermore, these data also show that these recombinant viruses can serve as reagents for the ex vivo stimulation and expansion of cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones for the purpose of immunotherapeutic applications (Riddell et al., 1992).

[0456] As discussed earlier, HCMV-gB can serve to elicit protective immunity in humans since 1) HCMV neutralizing antibody titer is reduced significantly when gB specific antibody is absorbed from human sera (Gönczöl et al., 1991; Marshall et al., 1992) and 2) there is evidence for the activation of helper T cells by the gB protein in seropositive individuals (Liu et al., 1991). Gönczöl et al., (1990) reported the immunoaffinity purified gB was immunogenic in human volunteers. In this study a single injection of the purified gB was able to induce high titers of HCMV neutralizing antibodies and lymphocyte proliferation in naturally seropositive individuals. In seronegative individuals three injections of the gB preparation induced transient HCMV neutralizing antibodies, a fourth injection induced a rapid reappearance and increase in titer of HCMV neutralizing antibodies.

[0457] These studies show the use of purified gB as a subunit vaccine. Additionally purified gB can also be used in prime/boost protocols in combination with NYVAC or ALVAC-gB recombinants. Recent studies have indicated that a prime/boost protocol, whereby immunization with a poxvirus recombinant expressing a foreign gene product is followed by a boost with a purified form of that gene product, elicits an enhanced immune response relative to the response elicited with either product alone. For example, humans immunized with a vaccinia recombinant expressing the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and boosted with purified HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein from a baculovirus recombinant exhibit higher HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers than individuals immunized with just the vaccinia recombinant or purified envelope glycoprotein alone (Graham et al., 1993; Cooney et al., 1993). Humans immunized with two injections of ALVAC-HIV (vCP125) failed to develop HIV specific antibodies. Boosting with purified rgp160 from a vaccinia virus recombinant resulted in detectable HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, specific lymphocyte T cell proliferation to rgp160 was clearly increased by the boost with rgp160. Envelope specific cytotoxic lymphocyte activity was also detected with this vaccination regimen (Pialoux et al., 1995). Macaques immunized with a vaccinia recombinant expressing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope glycoprotein and boosted with SIV envelope glycoprotein from a baculovirus recombinant are protected against a SIV challenge (Hu et al., 1991; 1992).

Example 46

Purification of HCMV Glycoprotein B

[0458] This Example involves purification of CMV glycoprotein B produced by a vaccinia recombinant, and the testing of its immunogenicity in laboratory animals in combination with ALVAC-CMV gB (vCP139).

[0459] COPAK recombinants vP1126, vP1128, and vP1145, each expressing a different form of gB, elicit CMV neutralizing antibodies in mice (Table 23) and therefore express gB in an immunogenic form. To select a virus and cell system, and an immunological reagent for CMV gB purification, gB expression by the three COPAK recombinants was compared by an immunoprecipitation assay, utilizing 5 different gB-specific monoclonal antibodies. Based on the assay results, a scheme was developed to purify gB from the medium of vP1145-infected VERO cells.

[0460] Immunoaffinity column bed material was prepared by crosslinking CMV gB-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) CH380 to Protein A-agarose. This material was used to purify gB in a one-step procedure. Batches of gB were produced and evaluated for purity, as described in section III.

[0461] Immunoprecipitation Assay. Vero and HeLa cell monolayers in 60 mm dishes were infected with vP1126, vP1128, vP1145, or vP993 (described below) at an moi of 5 pfu/cell in serum-free medium. Medium and cells were harvested separately at 24 hours post infection. Immunoprecipitation (IP) assays were performed (Taylor et al., 1990) using the reagents described below, with rat anti-mouse IgG as a bridge to protein A for the monoclonals.

37Virus:vP1126:COPAK-CMV gB (entire). Full length wild type gBvP1128:COPAK-CMV gB (TM−). Lacks transmembrane regionvP1145:COPAK-CMV gB (TM−, C1− lacks transmembrane region andhas an altered cleavage site.vP993:COPAK controlReagents:Guinea pig anti-CMV gB:Obtained from Eva Gönczöl (WistarInstitute)Monoclonal CH380:Obtained from PMs&v (Pereria andHoffman, 1986)Monoclonal 13-127Advanced Biotechnologies, Inc.Monoclonal 13-128Advanced Biotechnologies, Inc.,neutralizing, conformationally dependentMonoclonal HCMV-34Cogent Diagnostics, neutralizingMonoclonal HCMV-37Cogent Diagnostics, neutralizingRabbit anti-p25(obtained from Bert Jacobs, U. Arizona)(Vaccinia E3L)

[0462] Preparation of immunoaffinity chromatography bed material. One ml of immunoaffinity column bed material consisting of approximately 2.4 mg of mAb CH380 coupled to Protein A-agarose with the crosslinking agent dimethylpimelimidate was provided by Stephen Cockle, Connaught Laboratories, Limited (Willowdale, Ontario, Canada). mAb CH380 (Pereria and Hoffman, 1986) was used previously to purify CMV gB from a CMV viral envelope preparation (Gönczöl et. al., 1990). The material from S. Cockle was used in preliminary experiments to further determine its utility in gB purification. To scale up gB production, additional bed material was prepared by the same method used by S. Cockle, as described below.

[0463] Preparation of monoclonal CH380. Four vials of lyophilized monoclonal CH380 (lot S1705, obtained from PMsv) were reconstituted in PBS (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.5 mM KH2PO4, 8.1 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.4) (1 ml each) and dialysed overnight versus PBS (final volume 3.5 ml). Protein concentration was determined to be 4.9 mg/ml by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA assay, reagents obtained from Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). This preparation was then diluted in an equal volume of MAPS binding buffer (Bio-Rad cat# 153-6161; 31.4% w/v in milli-Q water, adjusted to pH 9, and filtered through a 22 mm membrane). To remove particulate material, the antibody preparation in MAPS buffer was centrifuged at 16,000×g for 30 min, and the protein concentration of the supernate was calculated from the absorbence at 280 nm, using 1.44 as the absorbence coefficient for IgG.

[0464] Preparation of protein a-agarose beads. Three ml of protein A-agarose beads (Bio-Rad cat # 153-6153) were washed 4 times with 2 volumes of MAPS binding buffer by gentle mixing in a closed tube and centrifugation for 5 min at 1000×g (1400 rpm in Beckman GPKR centrifuge, GH 3.7 rotor). The supernate was discarded after the last wash.

[0465] Binding of monoclonal antibody to the beads. All of the mAb antibody from step 1 was added to the washed beads from step 2 and the mixture was rotated in a closed tube at 4° C. The amount of mAb bound to the beads was determined at 6-12 hour intervals by pelleting the beads (1000 g/5 min) and determining concentration of IgG in the supernatant by reading OD at 280 nm, as described above. Approximately 48 hour of incubation at 4° C. were required to reach 90% depletion of IgG from the supernate.

[0466] Covalent crosslinking of monoclonal antibody to the beads. After binding was 90% complete, the beads were washed 4 times with 6 ml (2 volumes) of 50 mM borate, 3M NaCl, pH9. The beads were then resuspended in 30 ml (10 volumes) of 200 mM borate, 3M NaCl, pH9, and the pH adjusted to 9±0.1. A sample of beads (100 μl) was removed for later evaluation of cross-linking. Cross linking reagent dimethylpimelimidate (DMP) was prepared immediately before use at a concentration of 500 mM in 200 mM borate, 3M NaCl, pH9. DMP was added to the beads to produce a final concentration of 20 mM, and the beads were mixed in a closed tube, end-over-end, for 30 min at room temperature. Another sample of beads (100 μl) was removed for evaluation of cross-linking. To quench residual crosslinking reagent, the beads were washed 2 times with 6 ml (2 volumes) of 200 mM ethanolamine, pH8 and then incubated in 30 ml (10 volumes) of 200 mM ethanolamine, pH8 by mixing end-over-end for 2 hours at room temperature. Finally the beads were washed 4 times with 6 ml (2 volumes) of PBS and stored in 6 ml of PBS with 0.01% NaN3.

[0467] To determine the extent of crosslinking, the gel bead samples taken before and after DMP incubation were pelleted, supernates discarded, and the beads mixed with 2×SDS-PAGE sample buffer containing reducing agent. These samples were boiled and electrophoretically separated on a 10% polyacrylamide gel. After staining with Coomassie Blue, IgG heavy and light chains could be detected in the “before” samples, but not in the “after” samples, indicating good efficiency of crosslinking.

[0468] Based on protein concentration before and after incubation of the antibody with the beads, the resulting bed material was estimated to contain approximately 5 mg of monoclonal antibody per ml of protein A-agarose beads.

[0469] Purification of CMV gB by immunoaffinity column chromatography. Column buffers. PBS (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.5 mM KH2PO4, 8.1 mM Na2HPO4), pH 7 (batch 1), pH 7.4 (batches 2-5), or pH 6.8 (batches 2-5); 0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5; 1 M tris, pH 8.5.

[0470] Columns. Column sizes varied from 0.3 to 4 ml volumes. When a new column was poured, it was stripped with 10 bed volumes (bv) of 0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5, followed by 10-20 bv of PBS, pH 7 or 7.4. At the end of each column run, the column was washed with at least 10 bv of PBS, pH 7. At the beginning of each run, it was washed again with at least 10 bv of PBS, pH 7. The columns were run at room temperature and, when not in use, stored at 4° C. in PBS+0.01% NaN3.

[0471] Preparation of the crude gB sample. Roller bottles (850 cm2) were seeded with Vero cells in MEM+10% FBS. Medium was changed to serum-free MEM 2-12 hours before infection. Cells were infected with vP1145 at an MOI of 5 pfu/cell in a volume of 10 ml/RB of serum-free MEM. Virus was absorbed at 37° C. for 60 min and then 30 ml of serum-free MEM was added to each RB and incubation continued at 37° C. Medium was harvested at 16-24 hours post infection. The medium was clarified by centrifugation at 3000 rpm (Beckman GPKR centrifuge GH 3.7 rotor) for 15 min. The supernatant was recovered and further clarified by centrifugation at 20,000 rpm in a Beckman SW28 rotor for 60 min. The clarified medium was then concentrated (10 to 40-fold) by ultrafiltration with buffer exchange to PBS, pH 7.4, using one or more of the following ultrafiltration devices having 30,000 MWCO: Centricell-60 (Polysciences #19182-6), Centriprep-30 (Amicon #4306), or polysulfone immersible filter units (Polysciences #2250). This material was applied to the column as described below.

[0472] Column procedure. The crude gB sample was applied to the column at a flow rate of 0.03-0.09 ml/min, controlled by stopcock or peristaltic pump. After application of the sample, the column was washed at a flow rate of 0.2-0.6 ml/min with 10 by PBS, pH7 (batch 1), or 20 by of PBS, pH7.4 followed by 20 bv of PBS, pH6.8 (batches 2-5). Bound material was eluted with 10 bv of 0.1 M glycine, pH 2.5, collecting 500 μl (Batch 1,3) or 1 ml (batch 2,4,5) fractions into tubes containing 50 μl (Batch 1,3) or 100 μl (batch 2,4,5) of 1.0 M Tris, pH 8.5. One column (#28) was eluted with 0.1N glycine+0.1M Tris, pH7. CMV gB fractions were identified by SDS-PAGE on a 10% gel, under reducing conditions, followed by silver stain (Bio-Rad kit #161-0443).

[0473] Treatment of eluted gB. After identification by SDS-PAGE and silver stain the CMV gB fractions were pooled and concentrated in one of 2 ways: 1) Dialysis against 0.1×PBS and 10-fold vacuum concentration (majority of batch 1), or 2) Precipitation with 70% ammonium sulfate and resuspension in PBS. Protein concentration of the gB samples was determined by bicinchoninic acid microplate assay (BCA reagents from Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). Five batches of gB were prepared and frozen in aliquots at −70° C.

[0474] Evaluation of purified gB. Slot blot. Slot blot analysis was utilized to measure relative quantities of CMV gB in crude preparations, flow-through fractions, and elution fractions from affinity column purification. Serial two-fold dilutions in PBS were made of each test sample, and these were applied to nitrocellulose paper with the Schleicher and Scheull Manifold II slot blot apparatus. Each test included serially diluted samples of purified gB with a known protein concentration (determined by BCA microplate assay) as a standard. CMV gB was detected with monoclonal CH380 diluted 1:100 followed by 125I goat anti-mouse (NEN # NEX159, at 0.1 Ci/ml). Slot blot signals on the autoradiograph were scanned and analyzed by densitometry (PDI, Inc., Huntington Station, N.Y., Quantity One densitometer program). The amount of CMV gB in each test sample was determined by linear regression analysis as compared to a gB standard curve.

[0475] Western blot. Test samples were electrophoretically separated on a 10% gel under reducing conditions, and blotted onto nitrocellulose paper (Harlow and Lane, 1988). The blot was probed for the presence of CMVgB, mouse IgG, vaccinia, and Vero cell proteins with the following reagents:

38ANTIGENPRIMARY ANTIBODYDETECTIONCMV gBMonoclonal CH380 diluted125I goat anti-mouse1:100(NEN # NEX159), 0.1 μCi/mlMouse125I goat anti-mouse(See primary antibody)IgG(NEN # NEX159, at0.1 μCi/mlVacciniaRabbit anti-vP410,125I Protein A (NENproteinsrabbit #W29 week 39,#NEX-146), 0.1 μCi/mlSeptember 13, 1991, pre-absorbed against Vero cellsand diluted 1:100VeroRabbit anti-Vero cells,25I Protein A (NENcellobtained from B.#NEX-146), 0.1 μCi/mlproteinsMeignier, PMsv,preabsorbed againstALVAC-infected CEF anddiluted 1:100

[0476] Immunoprecipitation/western blot assay. A combination IP/Western Blot was performed on Batch 1 gB utilizing the panel of monoclonal antibodies. Unlabeled crude and purified gB was subjected to immunoprecipitation followed by SDS-PAGE, the gel was blotted onto nitrocellulose, and gB-specific proteins detected with guinea pig anti-CMV gB (from Eva Gönczöl), diluted 1:1000, and 125I Protein A (NEN #NEX-146), 0.1 μ Ci/ml.

[0477] Analysis of the purity of the gB product. Samples from each batch of gB were analyzed by electrophoretic separation on a 10% gel under reducing conditions, followed by staining with Coomassie Blue. The dried gel was scanned and analyzed by densitometry (PDI, Inc., Huntington Station, N.Y., Quantity One densitometer program).

[0478] Immunoprecipitation assay comparing expression of CMV gB by three vaccinia COPAK recombinants. To choose a suitable recombinant, cell substrate and antibody for production and immunoaffinity purification of CMV gB, COPAK recombinants expressing 3 different forms of gB were compared by immunoprecipitation assay using guinea pig anti-gB and a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Recombinants vP1126, vP1128, and vP1145 elicit CMV neutralizing antibodies in mice and therefore express gB in an immunogenic form (Table 23). All of the CMV gB antibodies tested produced similar IP results. A representative assay, with guinea pig serum using both medium and cell fractions from HeLa and Vero cell infections, is shown in FIGS. 52A to D. As expected, CMV gB specific material was precipitated from both the cell and medium fractions of vP1128 and vP1145 infected cells, but in only the cell fraction with vP1126 infected cells. The apparent molecular weights of the gB specific bands correspond to previously published results (Britt and Auger, 1986; Britt and Vugler, 1989; Reis et. al., 1993). The cell fractions of all three CMV gB recombinants contained a major band of apparent molecular weight 130-140 kDa, consistent with the apparent molecular weight of the glycosylated uncleaved gB precursor. Less intense protein species with apparent MW of 110 kDa and 55 kDa were observed in the cell fractions and are consistent with the proteolytically processed mature protein species. The N-terminal product was previously reported to be 90-110 kDa and the C-terminal product 55-58 kDa (Britt and Auger, 1986). In HeLa cells a protein species with an apparent higher molecular mass (approximately 150 kDa) was also present (e.g., FIG. 52D, lane 4). This species probably also represents an uncleaved precursor form that is more highly glcosylated. In the medium fractions three gB bands were precipitated from vP1128 and vP1145 infected cells, representing the uncleaved precursor, and N-terminal and C-terminal processed polypeptides. By densitometric analysis, there was more gB-specific material precipitated from the medium fractions of Vero cells compared to HeLa, with recombinant vP1145 producing more gB-specific material than vP1128. This difference may be explained by the observation that more vaccinia E3L was precipitated from the cell fraction of vP1145 than the vP1128 cell fraction, indicating an overall higher level of vaccinia expression in this sample (FIGS. 53A and B). With vP1145, there was more gB specific material precipitated from the medium fraction than from the cell fraction in both HeLa and Vero cells (compare FIGS. 52 A,B vs. C,D).

[0479] The three different sizes of gB precipitated from the medium of HeLa infected cells appear to have higher molecular weights than the three species produced in Vero cells (compare FIG. 52A vs. 52B). These differences may be due to different levels of glycosylation in HeLa cells compared to Vero, but this hypothesis was not examined further. To determine if the higher molecular weight gB-specific proteins would also be produced by another human cell line, MRC-5, a western blot assay was performed comparing the gB proteins in the medium of vP1145 infected HeLa, MRC-5, and Vero cells using monoclonal CH380 (FIG. 54). The result shows that the two gB bands detectable in this assay, gB precursor (approx. 140 kDa) and C terminal processing fragment (55-58 kDa), had apparently higher molecular weights in HeLa and MRC-5 than in VERO cells. The N-terminal processing fragment is not detectable by western blot using either monoclonal CH380 or the guinea pig anti-CMV gB serum.

[0480] MAb CH380 was chosen for use in immunoaffinity purification of gB, since a large quantity was readily available and no apparent differences were seen in the gB-specific proteins detected by the five different monoclonals in the IP assay (FIG. 55). Based on the IP analysis and the considerations that purification of secreted gB from the medium of infected cells eliminates the need to solubilize gB from cell membranes and purify it from cellular proteins, purification of CMV gB was initiated using the medium fraction of vP1145-infected Vero cells. Infection was done in serum-free medium, further reducing contaminating proteins in the crude material.

[0481] Purification of CMV gB. Fifteen separate immunoaffinity chromatography column runs, yielding a total of 3.1 mg of gB, are summarized in Table 24. Some of the material was used for further assays and the remainder was pooled in 5 separate batches of purified product, totaling 2.6 mg (Table 25). Column runs 7, 8, 10, and 11 were sequential runs in the same column. The bed material from columns 19A, 19B, 19C, 21A, 21B, and 21C were pooled to make the column used for runs 28, 29, and 32, from which the largest amount of gB was obtained. Table 24 lists the Crude gB material applied to each column in terms of the number of vP1145-infected Vero roller bottles (1×108 cells per RB) from which the crude material was derived, and amount of total protein and gB-specific protein in the crude. Based on analysis of 8 samples, the total protein content of the crude preparations ranged from 1.2 to 3.7 mg/RB with a mean value of 2.4 mg/RB (24 μg per 106 cells). Utilizing a slot blot assay with purified gB as standard, the amount of gB present in the crude material was measured for 7 of the preparations: values ranged from 50 to 350 μg/RB with a mean of 153 μg/RB (1.5 μg/106 cells). Together these calculations indicate that the protein in the crude preparations consisted of approximately 6% gB. CMV gB yields ranged from 8 to 29 μg/RB with a mean of 20μg/RB (0.2 μg/106 cells) (Table 24). Approximately fifty roller bottles (1×109 cells) were required to produce 1 mg of CMV gB.

[0482] The capacity of the immunoabsorbent gel for gB was not fully evaluated. The 4 ml bed material used for column runs 28, 29, and 32, was initially divided into 0.6 ml mini-columns (column runs 19A, 19B, 19C, 21A, 21B, and 21C) and varying amounts of crude gB were applied to each column to determine where saturation of binding would occur. Unfortunately, the quantity of gB in the crude material applied to the columns was overestimated, and saturation was not demonstrated. The highest binding result (from column 19C) was used as an estimate of column capacity (300 μg/ml bed material). The amount of gB eluted from the mini-columns represented 8 to 25% of the gB protein applied to the columns (Table 24). Therefore, if the capacity of the 4 ml column is at least 1.2 mg and 25% of the gB applied is recovered, it was estimated that 4.9 mg of crude gB (from approximately 33 RB) must be applied to the column to obtain 1.2 mg of purified gB. The result from column 28 is close to this estimate: material from 36 roller bottles was applied to the column #28, and 1 mg of gB was eluted.

[0483] The gB applied to the columns but not eluted as purified material has not been quantitatively accounted for. Since only 8-25% of the gB applied to the column was recovered as purified gB, the remainder of the gB must be present in flow-through fractions, wash fractions, eluted fractions not pooled with the product, or bound to the column. CMV gB could be detected by western blot in the flow-through fractions (e.g., FIG. 56, lane 6). However, when the amount of gB in the flow-through fractions was estimated by slot blot analysis, it did not account for more than 20% of the applied gB. The wash fractions have not been evaluated. The pooled fractions chosen for the final gB product were peak fractions only and therefore trace amounts of gB in adjacent fractions could account for some of the missing gB. For example, FIG. 57 shows sequential fractions eluted from column 8. Fractions 8.17-8.21 were pooled for the gB product, but trace amounts remained in fractions 8.16 and 8.22. Evidence exists also for the retention of gB in the immunoabsorbent gel. Gel material, taken from columns 11 and 19C after elution and washes, contains gB specific material detectable by western blot (FIG. 56, lanes 2 and 3). The amount of gB remaining on the column has not been quantitatively evaluated.

[0484] Reapplication of flow-through material to the column was attempted when flow-through material from column run #7 was applied to column #10 (Table 24). The amount of gB eluted from column 10 (4.5 μg) was only 4% of that obtained from column 7 (110 μg). It was not possible to evaluate this result since the capacity of the bed material for gB, and the amounts of gB applied to the column and present in the flow-through fractions were not known. Because of the poor yield, this approach was not used again.

[0485] Evaluation of purified gB. After pooling gB-containing eluted fractions, evaluation of purified gB consisted of 1) determination of total protein concentration, 2) SDS-PAGE analysis to identify gB specific and non-specific bands, and 3) confirmation of these bands with immunological reagents. Additionally, the purified gB was analyzed for degree of purity by densitometer scan, and for native conformation by ability to bind to a panel of CMV monoclonal antibodies.

[0486] Fractions containing CMV gB eluted from each column were analyzed initially by SDS-PAGE and silver staining, and gB fractions were identified and pooled for each run. A typical elution profile is shown in FIG. 57. A portion of the eluted gB was used for analysis, and the remainder of the material was combined into 5 separate batches (Table 25). Each batch was analyzed by SDS-PAGE on a 10% gel under reducing conditions and stained with Coomassie Blue (FIG. 58). The stained gel was scanned on a densitometer and the molecular weight and relative quantity of each band was calculated: a typical scan is shown in FIGS. 59, 59A and analysis of the 5 batches is summarized in Table 26. By SDS-PAGE analysis batches 1-5 appear very similar (FIG. 58). The two major bands, having apparent molecular weights 120-130 and 51-59 kDa, represent the precursor gB protein and the C-terminal processing fragment. The wide diffuse appearance of these bands is probably due to variable glycosylation of this normally heavily glycosylated protein. The identity of these bands as gB-specific is supported by results from western blot analysis with monoclonal CH380 (FIG. 60B). The bands of apparent molecular weight 77-100 kDa, which appear as doublets in batches 2-5 (FIG. 58), are the correct size for the gB N-terminal processing fragment, identified in the medium of vP1145-infected cells by IP analysis (FIGS. 52A and B). These bands could not be verified as gB-specific by either western blot analysis (FIG. 60B), or a combination immunoprecipitation-western blot assay (FIGS. 61A and B), but the possibility should not be ruled out since neither the guinea pig anti-gB serum nor monoclonal CH380 are able to detect N-terminal processing fragments by western blot. A contaminating protein of approximately 39-45 kDa is present in each batch at a level of 6-15% of total protein (FIG. 58 and Table 26). Two more possible gB protein bands, one of greater than 200 kDa and the other 30-35 kDa are present in every batch (FIGS. 58, 59, and 59A; Table 26). Evidence that the large (˜200 kDa) protein is gB is derived from western blot analysis with monoclonal CH380 which detects two proteins with molecular weights greater than 200 kDa (FIG. 60B, lanes 2 & 3). It is possible that the protein of approximately 30-35 kDa is also gB-specific (FIG. 58). In the IP analysis of medium of vP1145-infected cells, a protein of approximately 35 kDa was detected by 3 monoclonals (13-128, HCMV 34, and HCMV 37)(FIG. 55) and by the guinea pig serum (FIGS. 52A and B). A protein of this size was described by Reis et al. (1993) as a degradation product of gB.

[0487] Assuming that contaminating proteins in the gB preparation would be derived from the cell substrate, the virus vector or the immunoabsorbent bed material, the preparation was probed for the presence of mouse IgG, Vero cell proteins, and vaccinia proteins. Proteins derived from Vero cells or mouse IgG could not be detected by western blot analysis (FIGS. 60A and 62A). However, contaminating vaccinia-specific proteins with molecular weights of approximately 35 and 20 kDa were detected in trace amounts (FIG. 62B, lane 5).

[0488] To determine if the eluted gB retained its native conformation, a combination immunoprecipitation/western blot assay was performed with a panel of monoclonals which included 3 neutralizing and one conformationally dependent antibody. Each monoclonal antibody precipitated the precursor and C-terminal fragment from purified gB (FIG. 61), suggesting that the gB eluted from the immunoaffinity column retained its native conformation In summary, the analysis of eluted gB in batches 1-5 demonstrates that the product contains at least two known gB-specific proteins, the precursor gB and C-terminal fragment, which together account for approximately 50% of the protein content (FIG. 58 and Table 26). Three other protein species, which account for 20-25% of total protein content (Table 26), could also be gB-specific although direct evidence has not been provided.

[0489] Immunogenicity of purified gB. The five CMV gB batches were pooled and the final concentration determined. Several amounts of purified gB were adjuvanted with either alum or QS21 and used to inoculate mice. Serum from the mice was evaluated for the presence of HCMV neutralizing antibody. Table 27 demonstrates that all of the amounts of purified gB tested with both adjuvants were able to elicit HCMV neutralizing antibody.

[0490] Purified gB was used in a prime/boost protocol in combination with ALVAC-gB (vCP139) in mice. Table 28 demonstrates that mice receiving ALVAC gB (vCP139) on day 0 and boosted on Day 29 with purified gB adjuvanted with QS21 or Alum developed higher levels of HCMV neutralizing antibody than mice receiving a second dose of ALVAC-gB (vCP1319).

39TABLE 23Induction of HCMV Neutralizing Antibody in MiceDays After ImmunizationImmunogen13048135vP1126 1628256vP1128168106vP11451681061Mice were immunized with 1 × 108 PFU of recombinant viruses (ip.) on day 0 and day 49. 2HCMV Neutralizing titer

[0491]

40

TABLE 24

SUMMARY OF IMMUNOAFFINITY PURIFICATION COLUMNS

CRUDE MATERIAL APPLIED

#VERO

TO COLUMN

COLUMN
ROLLER

gB-specific
gB YIELD

RUN
BOTTLESa
COLUMN SIZE
Total Proteinb
proteinc
(% of applied)

7
4
1 ml
13.3 mg
ndd
110 ugb

8
6
1 ml
14.4 mg
2.2 mg
84 μgb

10
Col 7
1 ml
nd
nd
4.8 ugb

flow thru

11
4
1 ml
nd
nd
100 ugb

13
1
0.3 ml
nd
nd
12 ugd

19A
1
0.6 ml
2.9 mg
240 μg
41 μgc

(17%)

19B
2
0.6 ml
5.8 mg
480 μg
93 μgc

(19%)

19C
3
0.6 ml
8.7 mg
720 μg
185 μgc

(25%)

21A
3
0.6 ml
5.7 mg
300 μg
29 μgc

(8%)

21B
5
0.6 ml
9.5 mg
500 μg
120 μgc

(13%)

21C
7
0.6 ml
13.3 mg
700 μg
150 μgc

(19%)

23
3
6 ml
5.7 mg
300 μg
25 μgc

(8%)

28
36
4 ml
64.8 mg
nd
1000 μgb

29
24
4 ml
30 mg
nd
480 μgb

32
24
4 ml
nd
nd
700 μgb

a
Cell density: 1 × 108 cells per roller bottle

b
Protein concentration determined by Pierce BCA assay

c
Estimated by slot blot analysis, using purified gB as standard

d
Not determined

[0492]

41

TABLE 25

CMV gB BATCHES

TOTAL

COLUMN

BATCH #
gB
VOLUME
CONCENTRATION
RUN

1
0.16 mg
0.55 ml
0.29 mg/ml
7

8

10

11

13

2
1.0 mg
1.0 ml
1.0 mg/ml
28

3
0.26 mg
0.5 ml
0.52 mg/ml
21A

21B

21C

23

4
0.48 mg
0.5 ml
0.96 mg/ml
29

5
0.7 mg
0.5 ml
1.4 mg/ml
32

[0493]

42

TABLE 26

DENSITOMETRY ANALYSIS OF 5 BATCHES OF CMV gB

PROTEIN
APPARENT MOLECULAR WEIGHT (kDa)a
RELATIVE QUANTITY (%)b

BAND
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5

>200 kDa
222
208
221
225
217
10.6
6.7
7.5
8.3
7.4

(gB?)
192

8

Precursor gB
128
120
124
128
134
39
30
36.1
30
27.4

N fragment
83
94
99
101
100
9.6
3.6
3.2
4.5
3.5

(?)

77
84
88
89

9.7
6.3
6.6
6.3

C fragment
55
51
55.4
56.4
59
21
15.6
13.7
22.6
21

Unknown
42
39
42
44
45
6.1
12
15.4
14.3
15.8

contaminant

gB
32
30
35
35
37
4.3
9.7
11.3
8.6
10

degradation

product (?)

a
Calculated from densitometer scan using molecular weight markers as standards (refer to FIG. 59, 59A)

b
The density of each band is calculated from a 2 dimensional scan line through the band: the average pixel OD across the sample width is integrated under the curve to the baseline to obtain density (ODxcm). Relative quantity is the percentage of the total density of all bands in the lane. (refer to FIG. 59, 59A).

[0494]

43

TABLE 27

HCMV Neutralizing Antibodies

Elicited by purified gB protein in CBA Mice1

NT2
NT2
NT2
NT2

Mouse
dose3
Adjuvant3
4w
6w
8w
9w

201
2.5
Alum
32
256
256
256

203

8
64
128
128

204

8
12
16
16

206
5.0
Alum
48
512
192
192

207

12
192
512
512

208

16
192
192
192

209

16
128
256
256

210

8
128
256
256

211
10.0
Alum
32
256

213

32
96
256
256

214

32
256
256

216
20.0
Alum
64
128
128
128

217

64
256
256
256

218

32
128
512
256

219

16
128
256
256

220

32
192
512
256

222
2.5
QS21
8
192
512

223

32
>4096
>4096
2048

224

16
1536

225

64
1024
1024
1024

226
5.0
QS21
64
>4096
1024
1024

227

96
>4096

228

64
>4096
>4096
>4096

229

64
>256
>4096

230

32
>4096
1536
2048

231
10.0
QS21
64
2048
2048
>4096

232

96
1536
2048

233

96
>4096

234

64
2048
2048
1024

236
20.0
QS21
128
3072

239

96
>4096
>4096
>4096

1
Mice were inoculatedS.C. at weeks 0 and 4.

2
Sera were obtainedat 4, 6, 8 or 9 weeks after priming.

3
μg gB in either 15 μg QS21 or 25 μl Alum were used for each inoculation.

[0495]

44

TABLE 28

Summary Of Prime-Boost Experiment

NT
antigen
NT
antigen
NT
NT

Mice
Day 0
adj.
Day 29
adj.
Day 42
Day 56

381
4
ALV
32
gB + Alu
384
768

382
<4
ALV
8
gB + Alu
192
192

383
4
ALV
4
gB + Alu
192
256

384
<4
ALV
48
gB + Alu
512
512

385
4
ALV
16
gB + Alu
256
ND

397
4
ALV
8
gB + Alu
128
192

G.m. 4

13.5

248
326

392
<4
ALV
<4
gB + QS
128
128

393
<4
ALV
4
gB + QS
>1024
>1024

394
<4
ALV
8
gB + QS
>1024
>1024

395
<4
ALV
16
gB + QS
512
384

396
<4
ALV
4
gB + QS
256
384

398
4
ALV
8
gB + QS
>1024
>1024

G.m. 4

6.3

>512
>522

373
4
ALV
16
ALV
128
96

376
4
ALV
4
ALV
8
12

378
8
ALV
4
ALV
8
4

379
4
ALV
8
ALV
128
128

380
4
ALV
16
ALV
64
64

399
4
ALV
4
ALV
96
192

400
<4
ALV
4
ALV
64
128

G.m. 4

6.5

45.6
51.2

5 × 105 TCD50 of ALVAC-gB (vCP139), 5 ug gB + Alu, 1 ug gB + QS21 were given, s.c.

G.m. = geometric mean

[0496] The results presented here demonstrate the ability of the NYVAC and ALVAC-HCMV recombinants and products therefrom to be employed in the compositions and utilities aforementioned, for instance, immunological, antigenic or vaccine compositions, or for use in preparing antigens or antibodies for assays, kits or tests, and, for example, as suitable for uses in vaccine or immunization strategies capable of preventing infection by HCMV; and, that the DNA of the recombinants is useful for probes or for preparing PCR primers.

[0497] Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by the appended claims is not to be limited by particular details set forth in the above description as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope thereof.

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	Number	Date	Country
Parent	07502834	Apr 1990	US
Child	08124668	Sep 1993	US
Parent	06622135	Jun 1984	US
Child	07090209	Aug 1987	US

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	09085273	May 1998	US
Child	09916963	Jul 2001	US
Parent	08471014	Jun 1995	US
Child	09085273	May 1998	US
Parent	07847951	Mar 1992	US
Child	08105483	Aug 1993	US
Parent	08036217	Mar 1993	US
Child	07666056	Mar 1991	US
Parent	08124668	Sep 1993	US
Child	07666056	Mar 1991	US

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	08105483	Aug 1993	US
Child	08471014	Jun 1995	US
Parent	07713967	Jun 1991	US
Child	07847951	Mar 1992	US
Parent	07666056	Mar 1991	US
Child	07713967	Jun 1991	US
Parent	07394488	Aug 1989	US
Child	07502834	Apr 1990	US
Parent	07339004	Apr 1989	US
Child	07394488	Aug 1989	US
Parent	07090209	Aug 1987	US
Child	07394488	Aug 1989	US
Parent	06446824	Dec 1982	US
Child	06622135	Jun 1984	US
Parent	06334456	Dec 1981	US
Child	06446824	Dec 1982	US

Recombinant poxvirus cytomegalovirus, compositions, and uses

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