RECOVERING SCRAMBLING SEQUENCE INITIALIZATION FROM FROZEN BITS OF AN UNCODED DOWNLINK CONTROL INFORMATION VECTOR

Abstract

A device may receive a downlink signal from a base station and may determine an input-output relation of polar encoding based on a vector of the downlink signal. The device may perform an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector and may utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal. The device may utilize a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence and may perform one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector.

Description

BACKGROUND

Accelerating decoding processes to extract valid operational information is critical to achieving ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) for a normal user equipment (UE) and/or an efficient multi-UE testing system.

SUMMARY

Some implementations described herein relate to a method. The method may include receiving a downlink signal from a base station and determining an input-output relation of polar encoding based on a vector of the downlink signal. The method may include performing an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector and utilizing rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal. The method may include utilizing a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence, and performing one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector.

Some implementations described herein relate to a device. The device may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to receive a downlink signal from a base station and determine an input-output relation of polar encoding based on an uncoded downlink control information vector of the downlink signal. The one or more processors may be configured to perform an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector and utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal. The one or more processors may be configured to utilize a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence, and perform one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector.

Some implementations described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of a device, may cause the device to receive a downlink signal from a base station, where the downlink signal includes one of a physical broadcast channel signal or a physical downlink control channel signal. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the device, may cause the device to determine an input-output relation of polar encoding based on a vector of the downlink signal and perform an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the device, may cause the device to utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal and utilize a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the device, may cause the device to perform one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1F are diagrams of an example implementation described herein.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example environment in which systems and/or methods described herein may be implemented.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of example components of one or more devices of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an example process for recovering a scrambling sequence initialization vector from frozen bits of an uncoded downlink control information vector.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description of example implementations refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.

Decoding downlink signals (e.g., physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) signals) via blind detection is one of the most computing resource intensive and time-consuming processing tasks of a testing system. A control channel element (CCE), consisting of six resource element groups (REGs), is commonly used to carry downlink control information (DCI). Multiple CCEs (e.g., one, two, four, eight, sixteen, and/or the like) are allocated for a PDCCH candidate depending on a DCI size and channel conditions. A corresponding aggregation level (AL) is used to count a quantity of the CCEs. Although a base station may fix certain CCE indices for a particular UE (e.g., emulated by the testing system), the UE cannot determine exactly which set of CCEs will be used to transmit the PDCCH carrying a specific DCI format. In this case, multiple blind decoding processes are required by combining different ALs with specific starting CCE indices and DCI sizes for successful DCI decoding.

In order to process DCI before modulation, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) attached, radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) masked, and interleaved DCI bit vector, uε₂^N, is first encoded by polar codes, where N=2ⁿ denotes a codeword length. A polar encoding operation can be expressed in a vector-matrix multiplication form. A vector uε₂^N may be an uncoded bit vector containing information bits and redundant bits. Indexes of information bits in the vector u may be selected from an index set , whereas indexes of redundant bits may be selected from an index set ^c. With a coded bit vector dε₂^N, the polar encoding operation can be written as:

d=uG,

where G=F^⊗n, F=[_{1 1}^{1 0}], and ⊗ is a Kronecker product. With a generator matrix G that satisfies G=G⁻¹, an alternative representation of d can be written as:

d=u G+u_cG_c,

where uε₂^K and u_cε₂^(N-K) are vectors composed of elements u with indexes from and ^c, respectively; and G and G_c are matrices composed of rows of G with indexes from and ^c, respectively, and columns of G with indexes from ={1,2, . . . , N}. By convention and in New Radio (NR), the elements of vector u_c are set to zero.

Following the encoding process, sub-block interleaving and rate matching are applied to the encoded codeword. A length of the codeword after rate-matching by E may be denoted by a vector bε₂^E. After rate matching, the resulting vector b may be scrambled by a scrambling sequence cε₂^E, which results in a vector {tilde over (b)}ε₂^E. The scrambling operation may be performed as:

{tilde over (b)} _l=b_i+c_i,

where by {tilde over (b)}_l, b_i, c_iε₂ and the addition is defined in ₂. The scrambling sequence c may be defined as:

c _i=x_1,i+Nc+x_2,i+Nc,

x _1,i+31=x_1,i+3+x_1,i,

x _2,i+31=x_2,i+3+x_2,i+2+x_2,i+1+x_2,i,

where N_c=1600. The sequence x₁ may be initialized by x_1,0=1, x_1,i=0, and i=1,2, . . . , 30. The sequence x₂ may be initialized by c_init=Σ_i=0³⁰x_2,i2ⁱ, where:

c _init=(N_RNTI·2¹⁶+n_ID)_mod231.

The parameter n_IDε{0, 1, . . . , 65535} equals a parameter pdcch-DMRS-ScramblingID if configured, and n_RNTI is equal to C-RNTI if a parameter pdcch-DMRS-ScramblingID is configured. In scenarios where the RNTI or initialization vector is unknown, a descrambling operation may be skipped during the detection process. This may alter the decoded data but may enable performance of a single decoding operation instead of 65,536 decoding operations. One approach to recover a scrambling sequence initialization vector from specific bits of uncoded DCI without a descrambling operation is to use an exhaustive search, where candidate vectors for each possible initialization vector are generated and a candidate vector, with bits that match frozen bits of an uncoded DCI vector, is selected. However, such an approach becomes infeasible for large initialization vectors.

Therefore, current techniques for providing multi-UE testing of a base station consume computing resources (e.g., processing resources, memory resources, communication resources, and/or the like), networking resources, and/or the like associated with performing unnecessary and computationally intensive decoding operations, performing an unnecessary descrambling operation, performing an exhaustive search for a scrambling sequence initialization vector, and/or the like.

Some implementations described herein relate to a testing system that recovers scrambling sequence initialization vector from frozen bits of an uncoded DCI vector. For example, the testing system may receive a downlink signal from a base station and may determine an input-output relation of polar encoding based on a vector of the downlink signal. The device may perform an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector and may utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal. The device may utilize a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence and may perform one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector.

In this way, the testing system recovers scrambling sequence initialization vector from frozen bits of an uncoded DCI vector, without performing a descrambling operation. For example, the testing system may determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector from specific bits of an uncoded DCI vector without performing a descrambling operation and without using an exhaustive search. The testing system may be utilized with a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), where bit values at specific bit locations of the uncoded DCI vector without descrambling are known. This, in turn, conserves computing resources, networking resources, and/or the like that would otherwise have been consumed in performing unnecessary and computationally intensive decoding operations, performing an unnecessary descrambling operation, performing an exhaustive search for a scrambling sequence initialization vector, and/or the like.

FIGS. 1A-1F are diagrams of an example 100 associated with recovering a scrambling sequence initialization vector from frozen bits of an uncoded DCI vector. As shown in FIGS. 1A-1F, example 100 includes a base station associated with a testing system. The testing system may recover a scrambling sequence initialization vector from frozen bits of an uncoded DCI vector. Further details of the base station and the testing system are provided elsewhere herein.

As shown in FIG. 1A, and by reference number 105, the testing system may receive a downlink signal from the base station. For example, the base station may generate the downlink signal. The downlink signal may include a physical broadcast channel signal (PBCH), a PDCCH signal, and/or the like. The downlink signal may include an uncoded DCI vector. The downlink signal may include a signal on a physical channel that carries DCI, and may include data identifying a number of the symbols (L), transport format, resource allocation, an uplink (UL) scheduling assignment (e.g., UL grants), scheduling assignments, and/or other control information. The base station may provide the downlink signal to the testing system, and the testing system may receive the downlink signal from the base station. In some implementations, the testing system may continuously receive multiple downlink signals from the base station, may periodically receive multiple downlink signals from the base station, may receive multiple downlink signals from the base station based on providing requests for the downlink signals to the base station, and/or the like.

As shown in FIG. 1B, in order to process DCI before modulation, the base station may encode a CRC-attached, RNTI-masked, and interleaved DCI bit vector, uε₂^N, by polar codes, where N=2ⁿ denotes a codeword length. A polar encoding operation can be expressed in a vector-matrix multiplication form. A vector uε₂^N may denote an uncoded bit vector containing information bits and redundant bits. Indexes of information bits in the vector u may be selected from an index set , whereas indexes of redundant bits may be selected from an index set ^c. With a coded bit vector dε₂^N , the polar encoding operation of the base station may be determined as:

d=uG,

where G=F^⊗n, F=[_{1 1}^{1 0}], and ⊗ is a Kronecker product. With a generator matrix G that satisfies G=G⁻¹, an alternative representation of d can be written as:

d=u G+u_cG,

where uε₂^K and u_cε₂^(N-K) are vectors composed of elements u with indexes from and ^c, respectively; and G and G_c are matrices composed of rows of G with indexes from and ^c, respectively, and columns of G with indexes from ={1,2, . . . , N}. By convention and in New Radio (NR), the elements of vector u_c are set to zero.

Following the encoding process, the base station may apply sub-block interleaving and rate matching to the encoded codeword. A length of the codeword after rate-matching by E may be denoted by a vector bε₂^E. After rate matching, the base station may scramble the resulting vector b with a scrambling sequence cε₂^E, which results in a vector {tilde over (b)}ε₂^E. The base station may perform scrambling operation as follows:

{tilde over (b)} _l=b_i+c_i,

where by {tilde over (b)}_l, b_i, c_iε₂ and the addition is defined in ₂. The scrambling sequence c may be defined as:

c _i=x_1,i+Nc+x_2,i+Nc,

x _1,i+31=x_1,i+3+x_1,i,

x _2,i+31=x_2,i+3+x_2,1+2+x_2,i+1+x_2,i,

where N_c=1600. The sequence x₁ may be initialized by x_1,0=1, x_1,i=0, and i=1, 2, . . . , 30. The sequence x₂ may be initialized by

$c_{\mathrm{init}}={\sum }_{i=0}^{30}{x}_{2,i}{2}^i,$

where:

c _init=(n_RNTI·2¹⁶+n_ID)_mod231.

The parameter n_IDε{0, 1, . . . , 65535} equals a parameter pdcch-DMRS-ScramblingID if configured, and n_RNTI is equal to C-RNTI if a parameter pdcch-DMRS-ScramblingID is configured. The scrambling operation may generate an uncoded DCI vector (q) of the downlink signal.

As shown in FIG. 1C, and by reference number 110, the testing system may determine input-output relation (r) of polar encoding based on the vector q of the downlink signal. For example, the testing system may define a sequence generation operation where an input vector c₀ε₂^M is used to generate a sequence sε₂^E′, where E′=min(E,N). The testing system may generate the input vector c₀ from the uncoded DCI vector qε₂^N, for N≥M. The testing system may determine the vector c₀ from the uncoded DCI vector q, when only q_c is given and without using an exhaustive search.

To this end, the testing system may express the sequence generation operation in vector-matrix multiplication form as follows:

$c_{i+M}={\sum }_{k=i}^{i+M-1}{p}_{k-i}{c}_k,$

where p₀, . . . , p_M−1ε{0,1} are coefficients of a generator polynomial. Generation of a first sequence bit, c_M, from an initial bit sequence, c₀=[c₀. . . c_M−1], may be expressed in vector-matrix multiplication form as:

[c₁ . . . c_M]=c₁=c₀C,   (1)

where

$C=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}0& 0& \dots & 0& p_0\\ 1& 0& \dots & 0& p_1\\ 0& 1& \dots & ⋮& p_2\\ ⋮& ⋮& \ddots & 0& ⋮\\ 0& \dots & 0& 1& p_{M-1}\end{array}\right]\in {𝔽}_2^{M\times M}$

and C is invertible if p₀=1. If c_j is defined as c_j=[c_j . . . c_j+M−1], then c_j may be calculated in terms of c₀ as:

c_j=c₀C^j.   (2)

A sequence s of length E′, for E′≥M, may be calculated as:

s=[c_Nc c_Nc+M . . . c_{Nc+[E′/M]M,}],   (3)

where ={0,1, . . . , E′−[E′/M]M} and K≥0. Accordingly, s may be calculated in terms of c₀ as:

s=c ₀[C^Nc C^Nc+M . . . C^Nc+[E′/M]M],   (4)

where ={0,1, . . . , M−1} and C^Nc+[E′/M]M denote the matrix composed of rows from the set and columns from the set of matrix C^Nc+[E′/M]M, respectively. Then, the testing system may calculate c₀ in terms of the uncoded DCI vector q. The testing system may calculate an input-output relation (r) of a polar encoder for rε₂^N as:

r=qG.   (5)

When the relation G=G⁻¹ is true, equation (5) may be written as:

q=rG.   (6)

As shown in FIG. 1D, and by reference number 115, the testing system may perform an interleaving operation with a matrix (D) and the input-output relation (r) to obtain an interleaved vector (r′). For example, the testing system may define a sub-block interleaver represented by a matrix D of dimensions N×N, which performs an interleaving operation to obtain the interleaved vector r′ε₂^N as:

r′=rD.   (7)

The testing system may utilize the relation, D⁻¹=D^T, to calculate a corresponding de-interleaving operation as:

r=r′D^T.   (8)

As shown in FIG. 1E, and by reference number 120, the testing system may utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector (r′) to determine the scrambling sequence(s). For example, the testing system may express the interleaved vector r′ in terms of the scrambling sequence s as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{r}_i^{\prime }=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,& \mathrm{if}i\in 𝒩\backslash ℰ,\\ s_{i-k},& \mathrm{if}i\in ℰ,\end{array}& \left(9\right)\end{array}$

where ={k, k+1, . . . , k+E′−1}. The variable k may depend on the variables E, N, and a rate-matching scheme, and may be expressed as:

$\begin{array}{cc}k=\{\begin{array}{cc}0,& \mathrm{if}E\ge N,\\ 0,& \mathrm{if}E<N\mathrm{and}\mathrm{shortening}\mathrm{is}\mathrm{used},\\ N-E,& \mathrm{if}E<N\mathrm{and}\mathrm{puncturing}\mathrm{is}\mathrm{used}.\end{array}& \left(10\right)\end{array}$

Consequently, the testing system may define relations between the input-output relation r and the scrambling sequence s as:

s=rD₍₁₁₎

r=s(D^T)₍₁₂₎

In some implementations, when an additional interleaver is used after rate matching and before scrambling, the testing system may utilize a modified version of equation (9) and the matrix D to reflect the additional interleaver operations. In some implementations, if c₀=1 and C is invertible, the testing system may determine that that C^j is also invertible and that:

(C^j)⁻¹=(C⁻¹)^j.   (13)

As shown in FIG. 1F, and by reference number 125, the testing system may utilize a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence(s) to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector (c₀). For example, the testing system may calculate c_j from c₀ based on the expression c₀=c_j(C⁻¹)^j, which generates:

c₀=sΩ,   (14)

where:

$\begin{array}{cc}\Omega =\left[\begin{array}{c}{0}_{\mathrm{MpxM}}\\ {\left(C^{-1}\right)}^{N_c+\mathrm{Mp}}\\ 0_{\mathrm{MpxM}}\\ 0_{\left(E^{\prime }-\lfloor E^{\prime }/M\rfloor M\right)\mathrm{xM}}\end{array}\right],& \left(15\right)\end{array}$ $\left(p,q\right)\in \left\{\left(p,q\right)\in \mathbb{N}:p\ge 0,q\ge 0,p+q=\lfloor \frac{E^{\prime }}{M}\rfloor -1\right\}.$

The testing system may utilize equation (15) to express the scrambling sequence initialization vector (c₀) as:

c₀=r′ϕ,   (16)

where:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\left(\Phi \right)}_i=\{\begin{array}{cc}{0}_{1\mathrm{xM}},& \mathrm{if}i\in 𝒩\backslash ℰ,\\ {\left(\Omega \right)}_{i-k},& \mathrm{if}i\in ℰ,\end{array}& \left(17\right)\end{array}$

with (ϕ)_i and (Ω)_i−k denoting the i-th and (i−k)-th rows of the matrices ϕ and Ω, respectively, and where ϕ=Ω. Substituting equation (11) into equation (14), the testing system may express the scrambling sequence initialization vector (c₀) as:

c₀=rDΩ,   (18)

Equivalently, substituting equation (7) into equation (16), the testing system may express the scrambling sequence initialization vector (c₀) as:

c₀=rDΩ.   (19)

Finally, the testing system may utilize equation (5) in equations (18) and (19) to obtain:

c₀=qGDΩ,   (20)

c₀=qGDΩ.   (21)

The equations (20) and (21) imply that given the uncoded DCI vector q, the testing system may calculate the scrambling sequence initialization vector c₀ by vector-matrix multiplication.

In a case of puncturing (i.e., ={N−E+1, N−E+2, . . . , N}), equations (20) and (21) may be further modified by the testing system. If the interleaving operations in the case of puncturing satisfy:

s=rD,   (22)

r=s(D₎^T,   (23)

then indexes of bits to be non-punctured before interleaving are also in the set . Since G is lower triangular, equation (23) may be expressed as r=qG. The testing system may rewrite equation (21) as:

c₀=qGDΩ.   (24)

If the uncoded DCI vector q is not known fully (e.g., only specific elements of the uncoded DCI vector q are given), the testing system may utilize a belief propagation (BP) model to recover the erased elements of the uncoded DCI vector q. For this purpose, the testing system may express the uncoded DCI vector q in terms of the scrambling sequence initialization vector c₀. The equation (12) may be substituted into equation (6) to obtain:

q=s(D^T)G.   (25)

The testing system may substitute equation (4) into equation (25) to obtain:

$\begin{array}{cc}q=c_0\underset{Z}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{C}^{N_c}& C^{N_c+M}& \dots & C_{ℳℒ}^{N_c+\lceil E^{\prime }/M\rceil M}\end{array}\right]{\left(D^T\right)}_{ℰ𝒩}G.}}& \left(26\right)\end{array}$

For the case of puncturing described above, the testing system may rewrite equation (26) as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{q}_{ℰ}=c_0\underset{Z}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{C}^{N_c}& C^{N_c+M}& \dots & C_{ℳℒ}^{N_c+\lceil E^{\prime }/M\rceil M}\end{array}\right]{\left(D_{ℰℰ}\right)}^T{G}_{ℰℰ}^{-1},}}& \left(27\right)\end{array}$

for which G⁻¹ exists since G is lower triangular with ones on a diagonal.

Equations (26) and (27) may be interpreted as an encoding operation for a linear block code with a generator matrix Z. The testing system may determine a parity check matrix H for the generator matrix Z, such that:

ZH=0_Mx(N−M).   (28)

If y is an output of a binary erasure channel (BEC) for the uncoded DCI vector q, where elements with indexes from the set ^c (i. e., q_c) are received without errors, and elements with indexes from the set , i. e., q, are marked as erased, the testing system may utilize the BP model to obtain estimates or () for q or q, respectively, by using y or y and H. Then, the testing system may calculate the scrambling sequence initialization vector c₀ based on equation (20), equation (21), or equation (24) depending on the rate-matching scheme and interleaver properties. For example, the testing system may utilize the BP model to obtain or () using y or y, respectively, and H satisfying ZH =0_Mx(N−M) for the corresponding Z in equation (26) or equation (27) depending on the rate-matching scheme and interleaver properties. The testing system may then calculate the scrambling sequence initialization vector c₀ by substituting q or q with or () in equation (20), equation (21), or equation (24), respectively, depending on the rate-matching scheme and interleaver properties

In some implementations, the testing system may perform the scrambling sequence generation in NR and vector-matrix multiplication form as follows. If q_NRε₂^N denotes a vector obtained from a scrambling sequence cε₂^E′, which is generated in accordance with NR specifications as described above in connection with equation (25), then equation (26) may be updated to express q_NR as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{q}_{\mathrm{NR}}=x_{1,0}\underset{Z_1}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{X}_1^{N_c}& X_1^{N_c+31}& \dots & X_{1,ℳℒ}^{N_c+\lceil E^{\prime }/31\rceil 31}\end{array}\right]{\left(D^T\right)}_{ℰ𝒩}G}}+c_0\underset{Z_2}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{X}_2^{N_c}& X_2^{N_c+31}& \dots & X_{2,ℳℒ}^{N_c+\lceil E^{\prime }/31\rceil 31}\end{array}\right]{\left(D^T\right)}_{ℰ𝒩}G,}}& \left(29\right)\end{array}$

where matrices X₁^Nc and X₂^Nc may be formed using the polynomials as described above and a vector x_1,0 may be formed in accordance with the initialization of x₁ described above.

In a process of PDCCH decoding after demodulation, where a descrambling operation is omitted, a vector zε₂^N may be expressed as:

z=u+q _NR=u+x_1,0Z₁+c₀Z₂.   (30)

Next, the testing system may generate a vector y′ε₂^N, such that:

y′=z+x _1,0Z₁=u+c₀Z₂.   (31)

A vector uε₂^N may include frozen bits, i.e., u_cε₂^(N-K), and a CRC-attached, RNTI masked, and interleaved DCI bit vector, i.e., uε₂^K. The frozen bits of the DCI vector may be set to zero, i.e., u_c=0, to generate:

y′_c=(c₀Z₂)_c.   (32)

For the case of puncturing described above, equation (29) may be rewritten as:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\left(q_{\mathrm{NR}}\right)}_{ℰ}=x_{1,0}\underset{Z_1}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{X}_1^{N_c}& X_1^{N_c+31}& \dots & X_{1,ℳℒ}^{N_c+\lceil E^{\prime }/31\rceil 31}\end{array}\right]{\left(D_{ℰℰ}\right)}^T{G}_{ℰℰ}^{-1}}}+c_0\underset{Z_2}{\underbrace{\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{X}_2^{N_c}& X_2^{N_c+31}& \dots & X_{2,ℳℒ}^{N_c+\lceil E^{\prime }/31\rceil 31}\end{array}\right]{\left(D_{ℰℰ}\right)}^T{G}_{ℰℰ}^{-1},}}& \left(33\right)\end{array}$

and equation (31) may be rewritten as:

(y′)=u+c₀Z₂.   (34)

Accordingly, the vector y may be generated by extracting the bits from y′_c. The extracted bits may be provided in y_c and y may be marked as erasure. Alternatively, y may be formed as a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) vector, where y_c is filled with LLR values corresponding to values of y′ with indexes from the set ^c. The remaining LLR values, y, may be set to zero. The testing system may utilize the BP model to obtain _NR or (_NR) using y or y, respectively, and H satisfying Z₂H=0_Mx(N−M) for the corresponding Z₂ in equation (29) or equation (33), depending on the rate-matching scheme and interleaver properties. The testing system may then calculate the scrambling sequence initialization vector co by substituting q or q with _NR or (_NR) in equation (20), equation (21), or equation (24), respectively, depending on the rate-matching scheme and interleaver properties.

As further shown in FIG. 1F, and by reference number 130, the testing system may perform one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector (c₀). For example, when performing the one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector (c₀), the testing system may decode the downlink signal based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector. The testing system may utilize the decoded downlink signal to perform additional testing of the downlink signal and/or the base station. In some implementations, when performing the one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector (c₀), the testing system may perform the one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector and without performing a descrambling operation.

In this way, the testing system recovers a scrambling sequence initialization vector from frozen bits of an uncoded DCI vector, without performing a descrambling operation. For example, the testing system may determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector from specific bits of an uncoded DCI vector without performing descrambling operation and without using exhaustive search. The testing system may be utilized with a high SNR, where bit values at specific bit locations of the uncoded DCI vector without descrambling are known. This, in turn, conserves computing resources, networking resources, and/or the like that would otherwise have been consumed in performing unnecessary and computationally intensive decoding operations, performing an unnecessary descrambling operation, performing an exhaustive search for a scrambling sequence initialization vector, and/or the like.

As indicated above, FIGS. 1A-1F are provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to FIGS. 1A-1F. The number and arrangement of devices shown in FIGS. 1A-IF are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional devices, fewer devices, different devices, or differently arranged devices than those shown in FIGS. 1A-1F. Furthermore, two or more devices shown in FIGS. 1A-1F may be implemented within a single device, or a single device shown in FIGS. 1A-1F may be implemented as multiple, distributed devices. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of devices (e.g., one or more devices) shown in FIGS. 1A-1F may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of devices shown in FIGS. 1A-1F.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example environment 200 in which systems and/or methods described herein may be implemented. As shown in FIG. 2, the environment 200 may include a base station 210, a testing system 220, and/or a network 230. Devices and/or elements of the environment 200 may interconnect via wired connections and/or wireless connections.

The base station 210 may support, for example, a cellular radio access technology (RAT). The base station 210 may include one or more base stations (e.g., base transceiver stations, radio base stations, node Bs, eNodeBs (eNBs), gNodeBs (gNBs), base station subsystems, cellular sites, cellular towers, access points, transmit receive points (TRPs), radio access nodes, macrocell base stations, microcell base stations, picocell base stations, femtocell base stations, or similar types of devices) and other network entities that can support wireless communication for a user equipment (UE). The base station 210 may transfer traffic between a UE (e.g., using a cellular RAT), one or more base stations (e.g., using a wireless interface or a backhaul interface, such as a wired backhaul interface), and/or a core network. The base station 210 may provide one or more cells that cover geographic areas.

In some implementations, the base station 210 may perform scheduling and/or resource management for a UE covered by the base station 210 (e.g., a UE covered by a cell provided by the base station 210). In some implementations, the base station 210 may be controlled or coordinated by a network controller, which may perform load balancing, network-level configuration, and/or other operations. The network controller may communicate with the base station 210 via a wireless or wireline backhaul. In some implementations, the base station 210 may include a network controller, a self-organizing network (SON) module or component, or a similar module or component. In other words, the base station 210 may perform network control, scheduling, and/or network management functions (e.g., for uplink, downlink, and/or sidelink communications of a UE covered by the base station 210).

The testing system 220 may include one or more devices capable of receiving, generating, storing, processing, and/or providing information, as described elsewhere herein. The testing system 220 may include a communication device and/or a computing device. For example, the testing system 220 may be utilized for functional testing, system integration testing, capacity testing, and stress testing of multiple cells (e.g., provided by the base stations 210), and may emulate thousands of UEs. In some implementations, the testing system 220 may emulate wireless communication devices, mobile phones, laptop computers, tablet computers, desktop computers, gaming consoles, set-top boxes, wearable communication devices (e.g., smart wristwatches, smart eyeglasses, head mounted displays, or virtual reality headsets), or similar types of devices.

The network 230 may include one or more wired and/or wireless networks. For example, the network 230 may include a cellular network (e.g., a fifth generation (5G) network, a fourth generation (4G) network, a long-term evolution (LTE) network, a third generation (3G) network, a code division multiple access (CDMA) network, etc.), a public land mobile network (PLMN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a telephone network (e.g., the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)), a private network, an ad hoc network, an intranet, the Internet, a fiber optic-based network, and/or a combination of these or other types of networks. The network 230 enables communication among the devices of environment 200.

The number and arrangement of devices and networks shown in FIG. 2 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional devices and/or networks, fewer devices and/or networks, different devices and/or networks, or differently arranged devices and/or networks than those shown in FIG. 2. Furthermore, two or more devices shown in FIG. 2 may be implemented within a single device, or a single device shown in FIG. 2 may be implemented as multiple, distributed devices. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of devices (e.g., one or more devices) of the environment 200 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of devices of the environment 200.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of example components of a device 300, which may correspond to the base station 210 and/or the testing system 220. In some implementations, the base station 210 and/or the testing system 220 may include one or more devices 300 and/or one or more components of the device 300. As shown in FIG. 3, the device 300 may include a bus 310, a processor 320, a memory 330, an input component 340, an output component 350, and a communication interface 360.

The bus 310 includes one or more components that enable wired and/or wireless communication among the components of the device 300. The bus 310 may couple together two or more components of FIG. 3, such as via operative coupling, communicative coupling, electronic coupling, and/or electric coupling. The processor 320 includes a central processing unit, a graphics processing unit, a microprocessor, a controller, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor, a field-programmable gate array, an application-specific integrated circuit, and/or another type of processing component. The processor 320 is implemented in hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. In some implementations, the processor 320 includes one or more processors capable of being programmed to perform one or more operations or processes described elsewhere herein.

The memory 330 includes volatile and/or nonvolatile memory. For example, the memory 330 may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), a hard disk drive, and/or another type of memory (e.g., a flash memory, a magnetic memory, and/or an optical memory). The memory 330 may include internal memory (e.g., RAM, ROM, or a hard disk drive) and/or removable memory (e.g., removable via a universal serial bus connection). The memory 330 may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The memory 330 stores information, instructions, and/or software (e.g., one or more software applications) related to the operation of the device 300. In some implementations, the memory 330 includes one or more memories that are coupled to one or more processors (e.g., the processor 320), such as via the bus 310.

The input component 340 enables the device 300 to receive input, such as user input and/or sensed input. For example, the input component 340 may include a touch screen, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a button, a microphone, a switch, a sensor, a global positioning system sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, and/or an actuator. The output component 350 enables the device 300 to provide output, such as via a display, a speaker, and/or a light-emitting diode. The communication interface 360 enables the device 300 to communicate with other devices via a wired connection and/or a wireless connection. For example, the communication interface 360 may include a receiver, a transmitter, a transceiver, a modem, a network interface card, and/or an antenna.

The device 300 may perform one or more operations or processes described herein. For example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., the memory 330) may store a set of instructions (e.g., one or more instructions or code) for execution by the processor 320. The processor 320 may execute the set of instructions to perform one or more operations or processes described herein. In some implementations, execution of the set of instructions, by one or more processors 320, causes the one or more processors 320 and/or the device 300 to perform one or more operations or processes described herein. In some implementations, hardwired circuitry may be used instead of or in combination with the instructions to perform one or more operations or processes described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 320 may be configured to perform one or more operations or processes described herein. Thus, implementations described herein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitry and software.

The number and arrangement of components shown in FIG. 3 are provided as an example. The device 300 may include additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in FIG. 3. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of components (e.g., one or more components) of the device 300 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components of the device 300.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an example process 400 for recovering a scrambling sequence initialization vector from frozen bits of an uncoded DCI vector. In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 4 may be performed by a device (e.g., the testing system 220). In some implementations, one or more process blocks of FIG. 4 may be performed by another device or a group of devices separate from or including the device. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more process blocks of FIG. 4 may be performed by one or more components of the device 300, such as the processor 320, the memory 330, the input component 340, the output component 350, and/or the communication interface 360.

As shown in FIG. 4, process 400 may include receiving a downlink signal from a base station (block 410). For example, the device may receive a downlink signal from a base station, as described above. In some implementations, the downlink signal includes one of a physical broadcast channel signal, or a physical downlink control channel signal. In some implementations, the downlink signal includes downlink control information. In some implementations, the downlink signal is a New Radio downlink control signal.

As further shown in FIG. 4, process 400 may include determining an input-output relation of polar encoding based on a vector of the downlink signal (block 420). For example, the device may determine an input-output relation of polar encoding based on a vector of the downlink signal, as described above. In some implementations, the vector of the downlink signal is an uncoded downlink control information vector. In some implementations, determining the input-output relation of polar encoding based on the vector of the downlink signal includes multiplying the vector and a generator matrix to determine the input-output relation.

As further shown in FIG. 4, process 400 may include performing an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector (block 430). For example, the device may perform an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector, as described above. In some implementations, performing the interleaving operation with the matrix and the input-output relation to obtain the interleaved vector includes multiplying the matrix and the input-output relation to obtain the interleaved vector.

As further shown in FIG. 4, process 400 may include utilizing rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal (block 440). For example, the device may utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal, as described above. In some implementations, utilizing rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine the scrambling sequence of the downlink signal includes determining the scrambling sequence of the downlink signal based on the interleaved vector and a variable that depends on a rate matching scheme.

As further shown in FIG. 4, process 400 may include utilizing a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence (block 450). For example, the device may utilize a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence, as described above. In some implementations, utilizing the reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence includes multiplying the scrambling sequence and a parity check matrix to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector.

In some implementations, utilizing the reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence includes determining the scrambling sequence initialization vector based on the uncoded downlink control information vector of the downlink signal. In some implementations, utilizing the reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence includes processing specific bits of the uncoded downlink control information vector and a parity check matrix, with a belief propagation model, to determine results, and multiplying an inverse matrix and the results to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence.

As further shown in FIG. 4, process 400 may include performing one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector (block 460). For example, the device may perform one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector, as described above. In some implementations, performing the one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector includes decoding the downlink signal based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector. In some implementations, performing the one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector includes performing the one or more actions based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector and without performing a descrambling operation.

Although FIG. 4 shows example blocks of process 400, in some implementations, process 400 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 4. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 400 may be performed in parallel.

The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to the precise form disclosed. Modifications may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the implementations.

As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems and/or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware, firmware, and/or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and/or methods is not limiting of the implementations. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and/or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code—it being understood that software and hardware can be used to implement the systems and/or methods based on the description herein.

As used herein, satisfying a threshold may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, and/or the like, depending on the context.

Although particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of various implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.

No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination of related and unrelated items, and/or the like), and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and/or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of”).

In the preceding specification, various example embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense.

Claims

1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a device, a downlink signal from a base station;determining, by the device, an input-output relation of polar encoding based on a vector of the downlink signal;performing, by the device, an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector;utilizing, by the device, rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal;utilizing, by the device, a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence; anddecoding, by the device, the downlink signal based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector and without performing a descrambling operation.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the downlink signal includes one of: a physical broadcast channel signal, ora physical downlink control channel signal.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the vector of the downlink signal is an uncoded downlink control information vector.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the input-output relation of polar encoding based on the vector of the downlink signal comprises: multiplying the vector and a generator matrix to determine the input-output relation.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein performing the interleaving operation with the matrix and the input-output relation to obtain the interleaved vector comprises: multiplying the matrix and the input-output relation to obtain the interleaved vector.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein utilizing rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine the scrambling sequence of the downlink signal comprises: determining the scrambling sequence of the downlink signal based on the interleaved vector and a variable that depends on a rate matching scheme.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein utilizing the reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence comprises: multiplying the scrambling sequence and a parity check matrix to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector.

8. A device, comprising: one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to: receive a downlink signal from a base station;determine an input-output relation of polar encoding based on an uncoded downlink control information vector of the downlink signal;perform an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector;utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal;utilize a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence; anddecode the downlink signal based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector and without performing a descrambling operation.

9. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors, to utilize the reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence, are configured to: determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector based on the uncoded downlink control information vector of the downlink signal.

10. The device of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors, to utilize the reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence, are configured to: process specific bits of the uncoded downlink control information vector and a parity check matrix, with a belief propagation model, to determine results; andmultiply an inverse matrix and the results to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence.

11. (canceled)

12. (canceled)

13. The device of claim 8, wherein the downlink signal includes downlink control information.

14. The device of claim 8, wherein the downlink signal is a New Radio downlink control signal.

15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions, the set of instructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to:receive a downlink signal from a base station, wherein the downlink signal includes one of: a physical broadcast channel signal, ora physical downlink control channel signal;determine an input-output relation of polar encoding based on a vector of the downlink signal;perform an interleaving operation with a matrix and the input-output relation to obtain an interleaved vector;utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine a scrambling sequence of the downlink signal;utilize a reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine a scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence; anddecode the downlink signal based on the scrambling sequence initialization vector and without performing a descrambling operation.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the device to determine the input-output relation of polar encoding based on the vector of the downlink signal, cause the device to: multiply the vector and a generator matrix to determine the input-output relation.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the device to perform the interleaving operation with the matrix and the input-output relation to obtain the interleaved vector, cause the device to: multiply the matrix and the input-output relation to obtain the interleaved vector.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the device to utilize rate matching with the interleaved vector to determine the scrambling sequence of the downlink signal, cause the device to: determine the scrambling sequence of the downlink signal based on the interleaved vector and a variable that depends on a rate matching scheme.

19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the device to utilize the reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence, cause the device to: multiply the scrambling sequence and a parity check matrix to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector.

20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the device to utilize the reverse sequence generator with the scrambling sequence to determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector for the scrambling sequence, cause the device to: determine the scrambling sequence initialization vector based on the vector of the downlink signal.

21. The method of claim 1, wherein the downlink signal includes a signal on a physical channel that carries downlink control information.

22. The device of claim 8, wherein the downlink signal includes a signal on a physical channel that carries downlink control information.