This invention is directed generally to methods and systems for recovering metals from lithium-ion batteries, and specifically to methods and systems for recovering cobalt and nickel jointly in metallic form via electrowinning processes. The invention is additionally directed to methods and systems for preparing lithium-ion battery materials for use in metal recovery processes.
Many current processes for lithium-ion battery recycling target a “circular” flow of materials, whereby cobalt and nickel are recovered as cathode materials ready to be reused in the production of lithium-ion or other batteries. Such processes, known as “direct recycling” processes, require an intimate knowledge of the various cathode chemistries and structures of the batteries being recycled, but these chemistries and structures are generally closely guarded as secrets by battery manufacturers, making development of the recycling processes very challenging. Another type of battery recycling process uses hydrometallurgical techniques to separate and then selectively precipitate the metal ions of interest as salts; these processes allow for recovery of most battery components, but the recovered metals require additional processing to be returned to a metallic form. A third approach is to melt the entire contents of the battery and separate the metals of interest by exploiting differences in the density of the melted materials or other hydrometallurgical steps, but “pyrometallurgical” methods such as these have very large energy requirements and do not allow for the recovery of all battery components.
More recently, lithium-ion battery recycling processes have focused on the complete separation of cobalt and nickel. While this separation allows for a larger pool of end users due to the ability to control or select the relative amounts of cobalt and nickel in the final product, the chemical similarity between cobalt and nickel require complex, and often expensive and time-consuming, separation techniques.
There is thus a need in the art for methods and systems for recovering metals from lithium-ion batteries that do not involve reactant-driven hydrometallurgical techniques, do not require the processing or disposal of hazardous solvents or other hazardous materials, and are simpler and less costly than processes that involve the separation of cobalt and nickel.
In one aspect of the present invention, a method for recovering metals comprises (a) shredding at least one lithium-ion battery to form a shredded material; (b) roasting the shredded material to form a roasted material; (c) acid-leaching the roasted material to form a leach liquor comprising cobalt and nickel; and (d) electrowinning the leach liquor to form a recovered metal product comprising at least about 50% of the cobalt in the leach liquor and at least about 50% of the nickel in the leach liquor.
In embodiments, the leach liquor may further comprise copper, wherein at least most of the copper is recovered from the leach liquor by copper electrowinning. The copper electrowinning may, but need not, be carried out as part of step (d). The copper electrowinning may, but need not, be carried out as an electrowinning step separate from step (d).
In embodiments, a temperature of the lithium-ion battery may be no more than about 0° C. during step (a).
In embodiments, the method may further comprise, between steps (a) and (b), removing steel filings from the shredded material via magnetic separation.
In embodiments, step (b) may be carried out at a temperature of no more than about 450° C.
In embodiments, the method may further comprise, between steps (b) and (c), washing, with a fluid comprising water, and filtering the roasted material to remove fluorine compounds from the roasted material.
In embodiments, an acid used to perform the acid-leaching of step (c) may be selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and combinations and mixtures thereof.
In embodiments, the method may further comprise, between steps (c) and (d), filtering the leach liquor to remove graphite from the leach liquor.
In embodiments, the method may further comprise, between steps (c) and (d) or during step (d), adding a precipitating agent to the leach liquor to form at least one of an aluminum-containing precipitate, a copper-containing precipitate, an iron-containing precipitate, and a carbonate-containing precipitate. The precipitating agent may, but need not, comprise sodium carbonate.
In embodiments, cobalt and nickel may make up at least about 99.7 wt % of the recovered metal product.
In embodiments, copper may make up up no more than about 25 ppmw of the recovered metal product.
In embodiments, the recovered metal product may comprise at least about 80% of the nickel in the leach liquor.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing a material for use in a metal recovery process comprises: (a) cooling a lithium-ion battery to a temperature at least as low as 0° C.; (b) shredding the lithium-ion battery while maintaining the temperature of the lithium-ion battery at least as low as 0° C., thereby forming a shredded material; (c) washing the shredded material with a fluid comprising water to form a washed material; and (d) packing the washed material for transport.
In embodiments, the temperature in step (a) may be about −80° C. In embodiments, the temperature in step (b) may be about −40° C.
In embodiments, the fluid in step (c) may further comprise a pH buffer or pH control agent.
In embodiments, the shredding of step (b) may produce a vapor and step (b) may comprise the sub-step of remediating the vapor.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method for preparing a material for use in a metal recovery process according to the second aspect is used in combination or conjunction with a method for recovering metals according to the first aspect. In other words, a material may first be prepared according to one or more preparation methods as described herein, and then subjected to metal recovery according to metal recovery methods as described herein.
The advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the disclosure contained herein.
As used herein, “at least one,” “one or more,” and “and/or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B, and C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” and “A, B, and/or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone,
A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together.
It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein. It is also to be noted that the terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” can be used interchangeably.
The embodiments and configurations described herein are neither complete nor exhaustive. As will be appreciated, other embodiments of the invention are possible utilizing, alone or in combination, one or more of the features set forth above or described in detail below.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. All patents, applications, published applications, and other publications to which reference is made herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that there is a plurality of definitions for a term herein, the definition provided in the Summary of the Invention prevails unless otherwise stated.
The present invention allows for the recovery of cobalt and nickel jointly in metallic form from lithium-ion batteries via an electrowinning process. This approach is commercially attractive at least because (1) no reactant-driven hydrometallurgical techniques are involved, which eliminates the costs associated with processing and disposal of chemically hazardous solutions; (2) the final product is a cobalt/nickel metallic alloy, eliminating or greatly reducing the need for challenging and costly processing to separate cobalt and nickel; and (3) the cobalt/nickel product can be used as an alloying feedstock to metallurgical operations in the stainless steel and superalloy industries. Although the cobalt/nickel ratio of the product of the methods and systems of the present invention may vary according to the chemistry of the batteries being processed, the battery chemistry has little or no effect on the electrolytic processes of the invention, adding robustness and flexibility to the methods and systems of the invention. Furthermore, this variability can be easily addressed by end users of the cobalt/nickel metallic alloy product, who can adjust the metallurgical loads of their processing steps according to their needs.
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To maximize the effectiveness of the acid leaching steps of the methods of the present invention, it is preferable to separate, to the greatest extent feasible, any aluminum, copper, and iron present in the roasted material prior to the acid leaching. Copper and iron can generally be effectively separated by a combination of magnetic, mechanical screening and/or shaking, and eddy current methods, but separation of aluminum can be challenging because the aluminum collector is generally firmly attached to the cathode metallic oxides. The present inventors overcome this issue by employing either or both of (1) roasting at low temperatures and/or for short times to “burn” the binder material, e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVFD), without oxidizing the aluminum collector, followed by separation of the cathode metallic oxides from the aluminum foil collector, and (2) using ultrasound to delaminate the oxides from the aluminum collector.
The end product of the methods and systems of the present invention is a cobalt/nickel metallic alloy in the form of a thin, generally cylindrical sheet. As many end users will desire this alloy in a powdered form, the methods and systems of the invention may suitably comprise an additional processing step comprising conventional size reduction (e.g. grinding) before the alloy is delivered to the end user. Many such size reduction or similar processing methods are well-known, and those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select an appropriate size reduction or similar processing method, and the appropriate conditions and parameters therefor, based on the needs of any particular application.
Because cobalt is a “conflict resource” (i.e. a resource that is extracted in an area of ongoing armed conflict and sold to perpetuate that conflict), the present inventors anticipate that cobalt will, in the coming years, become more difficult and/or expensive to obtain, and that battery manufacturers will likely redesign the chemistries of their batteries to reduce or eliminate the need for cobalt. If and when this occurs, the advantages of the methods and systems of the present invention will become even more significant, as such methods and systems will produce a very high-purity nickel product, without the need to further separate cobalt or modify a cobalt/nickel ratio.
A first non-limiting example of applications for the metallic alloys produced by the present invention is in the manufacture of high-performance alloys or “superalloys,” i.e. alloys that maintain their mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep, surface stability, and resistance to corrosion and oxidation even at temperatures representing a significant fraction of the alloys' melting point. The present inventors estimate that the superalloy industry requires approximately 110 kilotons of nickel each year, and that this nickel must be of an extremely high purity, i.e. less than about 20 ppmw of impurities. The present invention is suitable for meeting these needs.
A second non-limiting example of applications for the metallic alloys produced by the present invention is in the manufacture of stainless steels. The present inventors estimate that the stainless steel industry requires approximately 1,470 kilotons of nickel each year, and that this nickel must contain less than about 170 ppmw of impurities. The present invention is suitable for meeting these needs.
A third non-limiting example of applications for the metallic alloys produced by the present invention is in the manufacture of specialty steels, such as high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels. The present inventors estimate that the specialty steel industry requires approximately 37 kilotons of nickel each year, and that this nickel must contain less than about 200 ppmw of impurities. The present invention is suitable for meeting these needs.
The invention is further characterized by the following non-limiting Examples.
64 Tesla 2170-type NCA cells were cooled to −20° C. and shredded in a custom single-shaft shredder, the grinding wheel assembly of which is illustrated in
The total mass of the dry shredded material was not recorded, but the total mass of the wet shreds used in the roasting experiment of Example 2 below was recorded as 3,690 grams. The magnetic separation also recovered 200 grams of a dry powder, which was measured as containing 32 wt % nickel and 1.6 wt % cobalt; this dry powder was then fed directly into the acid leaching process of Example 3 below.
The present inventors made several valuable observations in the course of the feedstock preparation and battery shredding process of this Example. First, it was observed that some fine particles of material were lost during shredding in an open environment; shredding in a closed environment may allow these fine particles to be captured, if desired. Second, as discussed above, larger particles exiting the shredder, if not further size-reduced, tend to increase the likelihood of a thermal event, largely due to output size from the shredder; more rapid and/or finer shredding of the batteries appears to be effective for reducing the potential for thermal events. Third, as the batteries have a tendency to crush rather than shred in the single-shaft grinding wheel mechanism of this shredder, an alternative shredding mechanism may be preferred to improve the shred efficiency and crush resistance of the batteries. Fourth, the dry black powder material recovered during the magnetic separation tends to be carried on and/or adhere to the steel casings during magnetic separation; the overall metal oxide recovery is likely to be improved if this powder is further separated from the steel casings downstream.
Referring now to
A roasting temperature of 450° C. was selected for roasting the shredded material produced in Example 1, and the process was conducted under oxidizing conditions including 20% oxygen gas; the flow of gases is from right to left in
Following roasting, the roasted material was screened through a ¼″ mesh to eliminate larger pieces of aluminum and steel remaining in the roasted material. As a result, the roasted material ultimately sent on to the acid leaching process of Example 3 had a very low iron content. This final material sent for acid leaching consisted mainly of a gray powder with scattered larger pieces, as illustrated in
The total weight of the final roasted material sent for acid leaching was 2,064 grams. The elemental content of this material was analyzed, and the results of this analysis are given in Table 1 (totals do not add to 100% because most aluminum, cobalt, copper, and nickel are present as oxides and oxygen content was not determined).
The significant quantity of carbon present is particularly noteworthy. The primary source of this carbon is the anodes of the NCA batteries used in this Example, which consist principally of graphite; this can be confirmed by observing that the substantial majority of the carbon is not soluble in the acid used in the acid leaching of Example 3, indicating a low carbonate content.
The theoretical maximum mass of metal that can be recovered from 64 Tesla 2170-type NCA cells was calculated as 857 grams of nickel and 108 grams of cobalt. The 2,064 grams of roasted material obtained by the process of this Example contained 536 grams of nickel and 27.7 grams of cobalt, and the 200 grams of metallic powder obtained from the shredding process of Example 1 contained 64 grams of nickel and 3.2 grams of cobalt. Thus, in total, 70% of the nickel, 29% of the cobalt, and 65% of the total combined mass of nickel and cobalt was retained after the shredding and roasting processes of Examples 1 and 2.
The present inventors made several valuable observations in the course of the roasting process of this Example. First, it is likely preferable to decrease the temperature and/or time of the roasting process relative to this Example. In this exemplary run, substantially all of the copper and aluminum collector foils were oxidized, but it is desirable to keep these metals in metallic form to make it easier to separate them prior to the acid leaching step; lower temperatures and/or shorter roast times would allow for the breakdown of binder materials, e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVFD), and liberation of the cathode powder, but would prevent the metallic aluminum and copper from oxidizing. Second, in this Example, the separation of iron was performed via post-roast screening to eliminate steel pieces that remained in the “jelly rolls” of the shredded material; a similar step may be necessary in larger-scale processes depending on the viability of post-shredding separation of iron. Third, it was observed that acids generated during roasting will likely need to be scrubbed in industrial-scale processes.
Before the roasted material of Example 2 was acid-leached, it was washed with water to dissolve and remove any fluorine compounds remaining in the shredded material, as fluorine is known to degrade electrode materials in downstream processing steps, e.g. the electrowinning processes of Examples 4 and 5. The fluid left over from the water washing step will generally include various soluble lithium compounds, e.g. lithium fluoride and/or lithium hydroxide; though not carried out in this Example, it may be possible for the wash fluid to be subjected to a downstream lithium recovery process, e.g. by ion exchange and precipitation.
After the water wash, the remaining solids were filtered and then dissolved in a combination of sulfuric acid and nitric acid; the present inventors have observed that the addition of nitric acid improves the kinetics of acid leaching. The inventors further observed, but did not vary, the process parameters of the acid leaching, e.g. solid/liquid ratio, acid concentration, leaching time, leaching temperature, etc. These parameters can, and preferably will, be optimized in industrial-scale processes to maximize the effectiveness of subsequent electrowinning steps.
After acid leaching, the leach liquor was filtered using a vacuum press and a 1 μm filter. It was observed that this filtration step proceeded extremely slowly because the filter repeatedly became clogged with graphite particles. After filtration, the final filtered leach liquor contained nickel and cobalt at a concentration of 72 grams per liter and was deemed suitable for the copper electrowinning step of Example 4.
The present inventors made several valuable observations in the course of the leaching process of this Example. First, although nitric acid was used to accelerate the kinetics of acid leaching, it may be possible, instead of or in addition to nitric acid, to supply oxygen gas for use as an oxidant in the acid leaching (the inventors consider hydrogen peroxide to be likely unsuitable as an oxidant, both because of its cost and because it is highly exothermic and can therefore cause difficulties in process control). Second, it is highly preferable to separate graphite from the leach liquor before final filtration to prevent clogging or saturation of the filter; froth flotation is likely to be a suitable process. Third, the exothermic dilution of the acids used for the leaching process can be harnessed to accelerate the kinetics of the leaching without requiring additional energy inputs from an extrinsic source (e.g. heating).
The inventors have observed that the most crucial specification to achieve in the final cobalt/nickel metallic alloy product of the methods and systems of the present invention is a low copper content, especially when the metallic alloy product is to be used in high-performance alloys or “superalloys.” While copper contents of up to about 50 ppmw may be acceptable for some high-performance alloys, prime stock quality can only be achieved with copper contents of no more than about 10 ppmw. Thus, it is desirable in many embodiments to remove copper from the leach liquor separately from the recovery of cobalt and nickel. Because copper has a high standard reduction potential, it is more favorably reduced from the leach liquor via electrowinning than cobalt or nickel; thus, an additional electrowinning step to specifically remove copper prior to the cobalt/nickel electrowinning can be effective, especially for relatively copper-rich leach liquors.
It is to be understood that copper electrowinning is not a crucial or necessary step in the practice of the present invention, and in some embodiments it may be preferable to omit copper electrowinning altogether. Particularly, if a large proportion of the copper has been removed from the shredded or roasted battery material by an upstream processing step (e.g. by physical separation following shredding), it may be possible to omit the electrowinning step. Although the electrolytic process of copper electrowinning is not energy-intensive, it can be time-consuming to reduce the copper content of the leach liquor to saleable levels by electrowinning alone; thus, a greater degree of copper removal upstream can eliminate the need for, or reduce the time of, a copper electrowinning step and decrease the quantity of acid required for acid leaching.
In this exemplary run, the copper content of the leach liquor was reduced to 7,000 ppmw by electrowinning, although the present inventors hypothesize that levels at least as low as 1,000 ppmw are achievable. The electrowinning equipment is illustrated in
The present inventors made several valuable observations in the course of the copper electrowinning process of this Example. First, a very high-purity copper product can be obtained via electrowinning; the copper product obtained in this Example was 99.99 wt % copper, with the major impurity being 29 ppmw of iron. Second, a copper electrowinning process can remove a significant proportion of the copper from the leach liquor; in this exemplary run 70% of the copper was recovered via this separate electrowinning step, but even higher recoveries are possible. Third, reducing the content of aluminum, copper, and iron in the leach liquor by upstream processing steps will reduce the time required for the electrowinning step (or even eliminate the need for such a step entirely) and the amounts of aluminum, copper, and iron that must be precipitated, with corresponding reductions in the amounts of acid and precipitating agent required. Fourth, the copper recovery rate was relatively insensitive to the copper concentration in the liquor, suggesting that copper concentrations at least as low as 1,000 ppmw (i.e. about 1 gram per liter) can be achieved even before precipitation. Fifth, where the copper concentration of the leach liquor after the leaching process is about 3 grams per liter or less, it may be less desirable or unnecessary to conduct a separate copper electrowinning step.
The final electrowinning step to remove cobalt and nickel from the leach liquor is generally analogous to the copper electrowinning step described in Example 4 above. After reduction of the copper via electrowinning and precipitation as described in Example 4, 356 grams of metal carbonates were redissolved in 2 liters of 1.8M sulfuric acid and then adjusted to a pH of 3 using sodium carbonate and boric acid. The plated cobalt and nickel, illustrated in
The present inventors made several valuable observations in the course of the cobalt and nickel electrowinning process of this Example. First, the purity of the cobalt/nickel metallic alloy product can be still further improved with refinements to the process setup, and a copper content of less than about 25 ppmw can be achieved so long as contamination of the cathode tubes with copper is avoided. Second, the overall efficiency of the metal recovery process was 84%, proving that the methods and systems of the invention are effective for recovering significant proportions of the cobalt and nickel from lithium-ion batteries. Third, the total recovery of nickel, from the whole lithium-ion batteries (prior to Example 1) through to the final cobalt/nickel electrowinning product, was 83%, which can be expected to increase to at least about 87% after reprocessing of intermediate precipitates from the purification processes.
In total, the processing of lithium-ion batteries according to the bench-scale processes and methods described in Examples 1 through 5 yields several notable findings. First, the majority of the metallic losses were realized early in the method of the invention, during the initial shredding and roasting steps, and more precise control of process conditions can enable significant reductions in these metallic losses and therefore greater recoveries of metals downstream. Second, effective and rapid size reduction of the lithium-ion batteries by shredding avoids the possibility of thermal events caused by larger particles of shredded battery material and is thus essential for process safety. Third, acid gases are generated via oxidation during roasting; these gases will generally need to be captured and scrubbed in industrial-scale processes. Fourth, the initial acid leach is the most expensive step in the process due to the cost of the reactants required, and process optimization should be focused on reducing the costs of the acid leach to the extent possible. Fifth, a lithium removal step before the leaching process begins is highly desirable, both to improve the effectiveness of downstream processing steps and to obtain an additional valuable product (i.e. lithium compounds). Sixth, a graphite removal step before the leaching process beings is highly desirable, both to prevent clogging/saturation of downstream filtration steps and to obtain an additional valuable product (i.e. graphite). Seventh, the most significant cost modeling parameters are likely to be the kinetics of acid leaching/digestion, acid consumption rates in the leaching process, and the energy demands of the leaching and electrowinning processes; these parameters should likewise be a focus of process optimization. Eighth, a copper electrowinning step followed by copper precipitation is likely to be generally sufficient to reduce the copper content in the final cobalt/nickel alloy to level suitable for use in superalloys. Ninth, the end cobalt/nickel alloy product will be useful not only in the manufacture of superalloys, but also in the manufacture of stainless steels and high-performance steels as well.
The invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element which is not specifically disclosed herein. It is apparent to those skilled in the art, however, that many changes, variations, modifications, other uses, and applications of the invention are possible, and also changes, variations, modifications, other uses, and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention, which is limited only by the claims which follow.
The foregoing discussion of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. The foregoing is not intended to limit the invention to the form or forms disclosed herein. In the foregoing Detailed Description of the Invention, for example, various features of the invention are grouped together in one or more embodiments for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure. The features of the embodiments of the invention may be combined in alternate embodiments other than those discussed above. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed invention requires more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive aspects lie in less than all features of a single foregoing disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into this Detailed Description of the Invention, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the invention.
Moreover, though the description of the invention has included description of one or more embodiments and certain variations and modifications, other variations, combinations, and modifications are within the scope of the invention, e.g. as may be within the skill and knowledge of those in the art, after understanding the present disclosure. It is intended to obtain rights which include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted, including alternate, interchangeable, and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges, or steps to those claimed, whether or not such alternate, interchangeable, and/or equivalent structures, functions, ranges, or steps are disclosed herein, and without intending to publicly dedicate any patentable subject matter.
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/120,192, filed 1 Dec. 2020, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US21/61200 | 11/30/2021 | WO |
Number | Date | Country | |
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63120192 | Dec 2020 | US |