Reduction of hair growth

Abstract

Mammalian hair growth can be reduced by topical application of an inhibitor of fatty acid metabolism.

Description

BACKGROUND

[0002] The invention relates to reducing hair growth in mammals, particularly for cosmetic purposes.

[0003] A main function of mammalian hair is to provide environmental protection. However, that function has largely been lost in humans, in whom hair is kept or removed from various parts of the body essentially for cosmetic reasons. For example, it is generally preferred to have hair on the scalp but not on the face.

[0004] Various procedures have been employed to remove unwanted hair, including shaving, electrolysis, depilatory creams or lotions, waxing, plucking, and therapeutic antiandrogens. These conventional procedures generally have drawbacks associated with them. Shaving, for instance, can cause nicks and cuts, and can leave a perception of an increase in the rate of hair regrowth. Shaving also can leave an undesirable stubble. Electrolysis, on the other hand, can keep a treated area free of hair for prolonged periods of time, but can be expensive, painful, and sometimes leaves scarring. Depilatory creams, though very effective, typically are not recommended for frequent use due to their high irritancy potential. Waxing and plucking can cause pain, discomfort, and poor removal of short hair. Finally, antiandrogens—which have been used to treat female hirsutism—can have unwanted side effects.

[0005] It has previously been disclosed that the rate and character of hair growth can be altered by applying to the skin inhibitors of certain enzymes. These inhibitors include inhibitors of 5-alpha reductase, ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and transglutaminase. See, for example, Breuer et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,289; Shander, U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,489; Ahluwalia, U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,007; Ahluwalia et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,911; and Shander et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,293.

[0006] Fatty acids can regulate biological functions by providing metabolic fuel and/or being a part of the structural components of cellular membranes. The extent of this regulation depends on the tissue. In mammalian cells fatty acid metabolism generally includes fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. The fatty acid synthesis occurs in cell cytosol and produces long-chain fatty acids for various cellular functions. The oxidation pathway occurs in the cellular compartment mitochondria and generates energy to support various cellular processes.

[0007] The fatty acid oxidation is a metabolic process under which ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation. In heart and skeletal muscle, fatty acid oxidation provides the major source of energy under a variety of conditions. For example, during prolonged fasting and starvation, fatty acid oxidation provides acetyl-CoA for the synthesis of “ketone bodies” that are used as an alternate fuel in some tissues, such as brain, when the supply of glucose is low.

[0008] Long-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid are major substrates for fatty acid oxidation. The pathway for the fatty acid oxidation is summarized in the Figure. In mammalian cells, free fatty acids are converted to CoA thioesters catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase. Because the inner mitochondrial membrane is a barrier to acyl-CoA, fatty acyl residues are carried across this membrane as carnitine esters. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), which is located at the outer mitochondrial membrane, transfers fatty acid acyl residues from CoA to L-carnitine. The resultant fatty acyl carnitines pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane via carnitine:acylcarnitine translocase. Once in the matrix, carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) catalyzes the transfer of fatty acyl residues back from carnitine to CoA-SH. Acyl-CoA, formed in the matrix, is the substrate for fatty acid oxidation cycle that yields acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2. The latter two compounds are oxidized by the mitochondrial electron transport chain and acetyl-CoA is oxidized to CO2 by tricarboxylic acid cycle. Hence, the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid can produce several ATP molecules, which are utilized for energy-requiring cellular processes. The enzymes catalyzing the repetitive reactions of the fatty acid oxidation cycle include acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. Long-chain fatty acids are not only metabolic fuel for certain tissues but are also structural components of cellular membranes. Most long-chain fatty acids are derived from either diet or de novo synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, which produces long-chain fatty acids from acetyl-CoA, is mainly carried out in liver and adipose tissue. The synthesized fatty acids are converted to triacylglycerols, phospholipids and sphingolipids. Most triacylglycerols are stored in adipose tissues as energy source for other tissues such as skeletal muscle. Phospholipids and sphingolipids end up as constituents of cellular membrane.

[0009] The majority of long-chain fatty acids synthesized in mammalian cell are saturated fatty acids (e.g. palmitic acid) and monounsaturated fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid). Two major steps carry out the biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids from acetyl-CoA. The first step is the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, a reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. It is a rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The second step is the conversion of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to long-chain fatty acids, catalyzed by fatty acid synthetase in the presence of NADPH. Mammalian fatty acid synthetase are multifunctional proteins typically consisting of two identical subunits. The reaction starts from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA and involves sequential reactions and acyl intermediates. Six more malonyl groups react successively at the carboxyl end of the growing fatty acid chain to form the end product palmitic acid.

[0010] Several inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase have been developed and used to inhibit fatty acid synthesis in various tissues. Among these, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA) and cerulenin have been commonly used to inhibit fatty acid synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. It has been shown that TOFA is converted to its CoA ester by isolated hepatocytes and the resulting compound 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoyl-CoA is an effective inhibitor of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Cerulenin can bind one of the functional domains of fatty acid synthetase and inhibit its activity.

[0011] Palmitoleic and oleic acids are major monounsaturated fatty acids in animal tissues. Palmitic and stearic acid serve as precursors to their synthesis. A cis double bond is introduced in the Δ9 position (between carbons 9 and 10) of these molecules by the stearoyl-CoA desaturase complex to form the respective monounsaturated fatty acid. The desaturase complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and consists of three proteins (i) cytochrome b5 reductase, (ii) cytochrome b5 and (iii) the desaturase. During desaturation, the electrons flow sequentially from NAD(P)H, through cytochrome b5 reductase, to cytochrome b5, to the stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and finally to active oxygen which is reduced to H2O.

[0012] There are two kinds of fatty acids—essential and non-essential. Non-essential fatty acids are synthesized as described above. Essential fatty acids are not synthesized by cells but instead are derived from dietary sources. Essential fatty acids include, for example, linoleic acid and linolenic acid.

[0013] Both essential and non-essential fatty acids are transported into cells across the cellular membranes (the outer membrane of the cells). The transport may be by passive diffusion or by involvement of fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) on the cellular membranes. The transport of fatty acids across cellular membranes also includes the uptake of fatty acids by tissues.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The FIGURE is a general summary of fatty acid metabolism.

SUMMARY

[0015] In one aspect, the invention provides a method (typically a cosmetic method) of reducing unwanted mammalian (preferably human) hair growth by applying to the skin a compound that inhibits fatty acid metabolism in an amount effective to reduce hair growth. The unwanted hair growth may be undesirable from a cosmetic standpoint or may result, for example, from a disease or an abnormal condition (e.g., hirsutism). The compound may be, for example, an inhibitor of an enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation or fatty acid synthesis.

[0016] In another aspect, the invention provides a method (typically a cosmetic method) of reducing unwanted mammalian (preferably human) hair growth by applying to the skin a compound that inhibits transport of a fatty acid across a cellular membrane in an amount effective to reduce hair growth. The unwanted hair growth may be undesirable from a cosmetic standpoint or may result, for example, from a disease or an abnormal condition (e.g., hirsutism). The compound may be, for example, a compound that inhibits activity of a fatty acid transport protein on the cellular membrane.

[0017] Typically, in practicing the aforementioned methods, the compound will be included in a topical composition along with a dermatologically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to topical compositions comprising a dermatologically or cosmetically acceptable vehicle and the compound in an amount effective to reduce hair growth.

[0018] In addition, the present invention relates to the use of a compound that inhibits fatty acid metabolism and/or a compound that inhibits transport of a fatty acid across a cellular membrane for the manufacture of a therapeutic topical composition for reducing hair growth.

[0019] In another aspect, the invention provides a method (typically a cosmetic method) of reducing unwanted mammalian (preferably human) hair growth by reducing the activity of a fatty acid transport protein on a cellular membrane in an amount effective to reduce hair growth. The unwanted hair growth may be undesirable from a cosmetic standpoint or may result, for example, from a disease or an abnormal condition (e.g., hirsutism).

[0020] Other features and advantages of the invention may be apparent from the description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] An example of a preferred composition includes at least one inhibitor of an enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation or fatty acid synthesis in a cosmetically and/or dermatologically acceptable vehicle. The composition may be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid. The composition may be, for example, a cosmetic and dermatologic product in the form of an, for example, ointment, lotion, foam, cream, gel, or solution. The composition may also be in the form of a shaving preparation or an aftershave.

[0022] Examples of inhibitors of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) include adriamycin; D,L-aminocarnitine; acylamino carnitines; decanoylcarnitine; amiodarone; 2-bromopalmitic acid; 2-bromopalmitoylcarnitine; 2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA; 2-bromomyristoylthiocarnitine; emeriamine; erucic acid; erucylcarnitine; etomoxir; etomoxiryl-CoA; glyburide; hemiacetylcarnitinium chloride; hemipalmitoylcanitinium chloride; 3-hydroxy-5-5-dimethylhexanoic acid (HDH); methyl palmoxirate (methyl-2-tetradecylglycidate); 2-tetradecylglycidic acid; oxfenicine; perhexiline; 2[5(4-chloropheyl) pentyl]-oxirane-2-carboxylic acid (POCA); 2-[3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-propyl]oxiran-2-carbonyl-CoA; 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)pentyl]-oxiran-2-carbonyl-CoA; 2-(5-phenylpentyl)oxiran-2-carbonyl-CoA; 2-tetradecyloxiran-2-carbonyl-CoA; 8,N,N-diethylamino-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8); tolbutamide; and trimetazidine.

[0023] Examples of inhibitors of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase include hypoglycin; 2-mercaptoacetic acid; 3-mercaptopropionic acid; methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA); methylenecyclopropylformic acid (C6MCPA); spiropentaneacetic acid; 3-methyleneoctanoyl-CoA; and 3-methyl-trans-2-octenoyl-CoA.

[0024] Examples of inhibitors of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase include 4-bromocrotonic acid; 2-bromooctanoic acid; 2-bromo-3-ketooctanoyl-CoA; 4-bromo-2-octenoic acid; 4-pentenoic acid; L-leucine, N-formyl-,(1S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-3-hexyl-4-oxo-2-oxetanyl]methyl]dodecyl ester (9CI) (also known as orlistate); 2-oxetanone, 4-[(1S,3E,5R,7S,8R,9R)-8-hydroxy-1,3,5,7,9-pentamethyl-6-oxo-3-undecenyl]-3-methyl-, (3S,4S) (9CI) (also known as ebelactone A); and oxetanone, 3-ethyl-4-[(1S,3E,5R,7S,8R,9R)-8-hydroxy-1,3,5,7,9-pentamethyl-6-oxo-3-undecenyl]-, (3S,4S) (9CI) (also known as ebelactone B).

[0025] Examples of inhibitors of acetyl-CoA carboxylase include 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA); sethoxydim (cyclohexanedione); medica 16 (β,β′-methyl-substituted hexadecanedioic acid); 2-n-pentadecyl-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate; and 2-methyl-2-(p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthyl)phenoxy)propionic acid (TPIA).

[0026] Examples of inhibitors of fatty acid synthethase include cerulenin; carbacerulenin; and 3-carboxy-4-alkyl-2-methylenebutyrolactone (C75).

[0027] An example of an inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase is sterculic acid.

[0028] The inhibitors just mentioned are known.

[0029] A chemical name for an inhibitor also includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the inhibitor.

[0030] An inhibitor of an enzyme inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme, for example, by acting on the enzyme itself (direct inhibition) or by acting on the substrate targeted by the enzyme (a form of direct inhibition).

[0031] The composition may include more than one inhibitor of an enzyme involved in fatty acid oxidation or fatty acid synthesis. In addition, the composition may include one or more other types of hair growth reducing agents, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,289; U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,489; U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,293; U.S. Pat. 5,096,911; U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,007; U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,925; U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,686; U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,090; U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,885; U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,991; U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,394; U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,476; U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,763; U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,608; U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,477; U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,736; U.S. Pat. 5,652,273; WO 94/27586; WO 94/27563; and WO 98/03149, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0032] The concentration of the inhibitor in the composition may be varied over a wide range up to a saturated solution, preferably from 0.1% to 30% by weight or even more; the reduction of hair growth increases as the amount of inhibitor applied increases per unit area of skin. The maximum amount effectively applied is limited only by the rate at which the inhibitor penetrates the skin. The effective amounts may range, for example, from 10 to 3000 micrograms or more per square centimeter of skin.

[0033] The vehicle can be inert or can possess cosmetic, physiological and/or pharmaceutical benefits of its own. Vehicles can be formulated with liquid or solid emollients, solvents, thickeners, humectants and/or powders. Emollients include stearyl alcohol, mink oil, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, isopropyl laurate, polyethylene glycol, petroleum jelly, and myristyl myristate. Solvents include ethyl alcohol, isopropanol, acetone, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethyl formamide.

[0034] The composition also can include components that enhance the penetration of the inhibitor into the skin and/or to the site of action. Examples of penetration enhancers include urea, polyoxyethylene ethers (e.g., Brij-30 and Laureth-4), 3-hydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene, terpenes, cis-fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid, palmitoleic acid), acetone, laurocapram, dimethylsulfoxide, 2-pyrrolidone, oleyl alcohol, glyceryl-3-stearate, propan-2-ol, myristic acid isopropyl ester, cholesterol, and propylene glycol. A penetration enhancer can be added, for example, at concentrations of 0.1% to 20% or 0.5% to 5% by weight.

[0035] The composition also can be formulated to provide a reservoir within or on the surface of the skin to provide for a continual slow release of the inhibitor. The composition also may be formulated to evaporate slowly from the skin, allowing the inhibitor extra time to penetrate the skin.

EXAMPLE 1

[0036] A composition prepared containing 10% by weight of palmitoyl DL carnitine in a vehicle containing 68% water, 16% ethanol, 5% propylene glycol, 5% dipropylene glycol, 4% benzyl alcohol and 2% propylene carbonate.

EXAMPLE 2

[0037] A composition prepared containing 10% by weight of amiodarone in a vehicle containing 68% water, 16% ethanol, 5% propylene glycol, 5% dipropylene glycol, 4% benzyl alcohol and 2% propylene carbonate.

EXAMPLE 3

[0038] A composition prepared containing 10% by weight of DL-decanoylcarnitine chloride in a vehicle containing 80% ethanol, 17.5% water, 2% propylene glycol dipelargonate (Emerest 2388), and 0.5% propylene glycol.

EXAMPLE 4

[0039] A composition prepared containing 2.5% by weight of perhexiline in a vehicle containing 80% ethanol, 17.5% water, 2% propylene glycol dipelargonate (Emerest 2388), and 0.5% propylene glycol.

EXAMPLE 5

[0040] A composition prepared containing 10% by weight of glynbenclamide in a vehicle containing 70% ethanol, 30% propylene glycol.

EXAMPLE 6

[0041] A composition prepared containing 10% by weight of 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid in a vehicle containing 64% ethanol, 20% dimethyl sulfoxide 14% water, 1.6% propylene glycol dipelargonate (Emerest 2388), and 0.4% propylene glycol.

EXAMPLE 7

[0042] A composition prepared containing 10% by weight of 4-pentenoic acid in a vehicle containing 68% water, 16% ethanol, 5% propylene glycol, 5% dipropylene glycol, 4% benzyl alcohol and 2% propylene carbonate.

EXAMPLE 8

[0043] A composition prepared containing 2% by weight of methyl palmoxirate in a vehicle containing 80% ethanol, 17.5% water, 2% propylene glycol dipelargonate (Emerest 2388), and 0.5% propylene glycol.

EXAMPLE 9

[0044] A composition prepared containing 3% by weight of 4-bromocrotonic acid in a vehicle containing 80% ethanol, 17.5% water, 2% propylene glycol dipelargonate (Emerest 2388), and 0.5% propylene glycol.

EXAMPLE 10

[0045] A composition containing an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I at a dose of 1-10% by weight in a cream based vehicle containing water 80.84%, glyceryl stearate 4.24%, polyethylene glycol 100-stearate 4.09%, cetearyl alcohol 3.05%, ceteareth-20 2.5%, mineral oil 2.22%, stearyl alcohol 1.67%, dimethicone 0.56%.

EXAMPLE 11

[0046] Any one or more of the previous examples in combination with one or more of the penetration enhancers selected from urea, propan-2-ol, polyoxyethylene ethers, terpenes, cis-fatty acids (oleic acid, palmitoleic acid), acetone, laurocapram, dimethylsulfoxide, 2-pyrrolidone, oleyl alcohol, glyceryl-3-stearate, cholesterol, myristic acid isopropyl ester, propylene glycol.

[0047] The composition should be topically applied to a selected area of the body from which it is described to reduce hair growth. For example, the composition can be applied to the face, particularly to the beard area of the face, i.e., the cheek, neck, upper lip, and chin. The composition also may be used as an adjunct to other methods of hair removal including shaving, waxing, mechanical epilation, chemical depilation, electrolysis and laser-assisted hair removal.

[0048] The composition can also be applied to the legs, arms, torso or armpits. The composition is particularly suitable for reducing the growth of unwanted hair in women having hirsutism or other conditions. In humans, the composition should be applied once or twice a day, or even more frequently, to achieve a perceived reduction in hair growth. Perception of reduced hair growth could occur as early as 24 hours or 48 hours (for instance, between normal shaving intervals) following use or could take up to, for example, three months. Reduction in hair growth is demonstrated when, for example, the rate of hair growth is slowed, the need for removal is reduced, the subject perceives less hair on the treated site, or quantitatively, when the weight of hair removed (i.e., hair mass) is reduced.

[0049] Golden Syrian Hamster Assay

[0050] Male intact Golden Syrian hamsters are considered acceptable models for human beard hair growth in that they display oval shaped flank organs, one on each side, each about 8 mm. in major diameter. These organs produce fine light colored hair typical of the animal pelage found on the body. In response to androgens the flank organs produce dark coarse hair similar to male human beard hair. To evaluate the effectiveness of a composition in reducing hair growth, the flank organs of each of a group of hamsters are depilated by applying a thioglycolate based chemical depilatory (Surgex) and/or shaved. To one organ of each animal 10 μl. of vehicle alone once a day is applied, while to the other organ of each animal an equal amount of vehicle containing the compound under evaluation is applied. After three weeks of topical applications (one application per day for five days a week), the flank organs are shaved and the amount of recovered hair (hair mass) from each is weighed. Percent-reduction of hair growth is calculated by subtracting the hair mass (mg) value of the test compound treated side from the hair mass value of the vehicle treated side; the delta value obtained is then divided by the hair mass value of the vehicle treated side, and the resultant number is multiplied by 100.

[0051] The above-described assay will be referred to herein as the “Golden Syrian hamster” assay or “hair mass” assay. Preferred compositions provide a reduction in hair growth of at least about 15% and more preferably at least about 35%, when tested in the Golden Syrian hamster assay.

[0052] Human Hair Follicle Growth Assay

[0053] Tissue source—Human skin was obtained from a plastic surgeon as a by-product of face-lift procedures. Immediately after removal, the skin was placed in Williams E medium containing antibiotics and refrigerated. The Williams E medium is a commercially obtained medium which has been formulated with essential nutrients for maintaining viability of tissues or cells such as of hair follicle in an in-vitro environment.

[0054] Hair Follicle Isolation and Culture—Human hair follicles in growth phase (anagen) were isolated from face-lift tissue under a dissecting scope using a scalpel and watchmakers forceps. The skin was sliced into thin strips exposing 2-3 rows of follicles that could readily be dissected. Follicles were placed into 0.5 ml Williams E medium supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 μg/ml insulin, 100 ng/ml hydrocortisone, 100 units penicillin, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin and 0.25 μg/ml amphotericin B. The follicles were incubated in 24 well plates (1 follicle/well) at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. Hair follicles were video recorded in the 24-well plates under the dissecting scope under a power of 10×. Typically, hair follicle lengths were measured on day 0 (day follicles were placed in culture) and again on day 7. When testing compounds, the compound was included in the culture medium from time 0 and remained in the medium throughout the course of the experiment. The length of hair follicles was assessed using an image analysis software system (Jasc Image Robot).

[0055] Assay of Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase-I (CPT-I)

[0056] Two different enzyme assays were used to quantify the activity of CPT-I in hair follicles:

[0057] Method-I

[0058] Hair follicle rich fraction from hamster flank organs are homogenized in Buffer A (200 mM mannitol, 10 mM sucrose, 5 mM MOPS pH 7.4). The homogenate is centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant is removed and centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 30 minutes. The pellet is resuspended in Buffer B (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4), 400 mM sucrose, 80 mM KCl, 2 mM EDTA, 2.6 mg/ml fatty acid free BSA). 30 μl of the resuspended pellet is added to 35 μl of DMSO or one of the inhibitors diluted in DMSO so that the final concentration is 5 mM. After a 15 min preincubation, the following are added; 35 μl of 1.7 mM palmitoyl Co-A (34% water and 66% Buffer B), 10 μl of 5 mM L-carnitine (in buffer B with 0.5 μCi 3H-carnitine). The reaction is then placed in a 37° C. water bath for 30 minutes. At the end of 30 minutes the reaction is stopped by the addition of 150 μl cold 1N HCl. This is followed by the addition of 250μl water to each sample. Butanol (500 μl) is then added to each sample and the samples are centrifuged for 2 minutes at 10,000×g. 300 μl of the butanol layer is transferred to a new centrifuge tube and 250 μl of water is added. 200 μl of the organic phase is added to a scintillation vial containing 12 ml of scintillation cocktail. The radioactivity is determined using a scintillation counter.

[0059] Method II

[0060] The enzyme activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) was also determined in the isolated mitochondrial fraction. Isolation of mitochondria from the hair follicle rich fraction of flank organs was accomplished by conventional differential centriftigation in 0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 and 1 mM EDTA after tissues were homogenized by polytron homogenizer and Dounce tissue grinder. The pellet obtained at 7000 g was washed two times and finally suspended at 40-80 mg/ml. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase was measured as the rate of conversion of palmitoyl-CoA and [3H]CH3-L-carnitine into palmitoyl-[3H]CH3-1-carnitine. The incubation mixture initially contained 12.5 μmol of Tris-HCl (pH 7.2), 15 μmol of KCl, 3.1 μmol of KCN, 6.2 μmol of glutathione, 15 nmol of CoA, 2 mmol of MgSO4, 2 μmol of ATP (pH 6.8) in volume of 0.425 ml. To this mixture 50 μl of mitochondria were added, followed by preincubation at 37° C. for 10 minutes in the presence or absence of the enzyme inhibitor methyl palmoxirate (dissolved in DMSO). After preincubation, the enzyme reaction was initiated by the addition of 25 μl of 2 mM palmitoyl-CoA and 25 μl of 4 mM [3H]CH3-L-carnitine. The reaction was stopped after 30 minutes with 1 ml 1N HCl and palmitoyl-[3H]CH3-L-carnitine was extracted into n-butanol. The radioactivity was determined using scintillation spectrometry.

[0061] Assay of 3-Ketoacyl-CoA Thiolase:

[0062] Mitochondria were isolated as described in previous section (D) and preincubated with 100 μM 4-bromocrotonic acid for 5 min. Aliquots of the mitochondrial suspension (50 μl) were rapidly frozen in dry ice and stored at −80° C. until enzyme activities were assayed as described below. To insure the complete disruption of mitochondria, Triton X-100 (0.06%) was added to all assay mixtures. The activity of thiolase was determined by spectrophotometrically following the disappearance of the Mg2+-enolate complex at 303 nm. The enzyme assay was performed at 25° C. The reaction mixture contained 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.2), 25 mM MgCl2, 30 mM KCl, 0.06% Triton X-100, bovine serum albumin (0.13 mg/ml), 70 μM CoA and 33 μM acetoacetyl-CoA. Molar extinction coefficient of 21,400 cm−1mM−1 was used to calculate the rates determined with acetoacetyl-CoA.

[0063] Assay of Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase

[0064] Mitochondria were isolated as described previously and preincubated with 1 mM methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA) for 5 min. Mitochondria were diluted to 1 mg/ml in 0.1% cholic acid and 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity was determined in a reaction medium containing 34 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.2), 0.15 mM cytochrome c, 3.75 μM rotenone, 200 μM octanoyl-CoA and 3 mM phenazine ethosulfate. The assay was carried out at 37° C. in a final volume of 0.5 ml. Octanoyl-CoA was used as a substrate and converted to 2-enol-CoA by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The electron generated from the reaction was transferred to cytochrome c. The absorbance of reduced cytochrome c was monitored at 550 nm. Molar extinction coefficient of 19 cm−1mM−1 was used to calculate the rate of reduced cytochrome c formation.

[0065] Results:

[0066] The hair growth inhibitory efficacy of inhibitors of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation was evaluated in the Golden Syrian Hamster assay. Inhibitors of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase were evaluated in this assay. The data indicate that inhibition of fatty acid oxidation causes reduction of hair growth (Table I). A representative inhibitor for each enzyme also was evaluated in human hair follicle growth assay. The data show human hair growth inhibition by these compounds in this in-vitro model (Table II). In addition, cellular mitochondrial fraction of hamster flank organs hair follicles was isolated, and the enzyme activities of CPT I, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and 3-ketoacyl-thiolase were measured in the presence and absence of select inhibitors. The results (Tables III, IV, V and VI) indicate that the activity of each enzyme can be detected in the mitochodrial fraction of hamster flank organ, and that the inhibitors reduce the activity of each enzyme. Taken together, the data indicate that the inhibition of enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation results in a reduction of hair growth.

[0067] Inhibitors of two major fatty acid synthesis pathways, saturated fatty acid synthesis and monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis, also were tested in human hair follicle growth assay and/or the hamster hair mass assay. The data from these studies indicate that cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthetase, can inhibit human hair follicle growth in vitro with marked efficacy (Table VII). The data also indicate that methyl sterculate, an inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, can reduce hair growth both in vivo and in vitro as shown (Table VIII and IX).

TABLE I
Inhibition of hamster hair mass by inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation
	Dose		Treated	Control
Compound	(%)	Vehicle	(mg)	(mg)	% Inhibition
palmitoyl DL carnitine	10.0	A*	0.29 ± 0.1	1.29 ± 0.17	73 ± 15
DL-decanoylcarnitine	10.0	B*	0.94 ± 0.12	2.27 ± 0.21	58 ± 5
chloride
amiodarone	7.5	A*	1.62 ± 0.9	2.98 ± 0.62	44 ± 28
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid	10.0	C*	1.10 ± 0.12	2.14 ± 0.14	46 ± 8
glynbenclamide	10.0	D*	1.40 ± 0.32	1.96 ± 0.31	32 ± 8
perhexiline	2.5	B*	2.28 ± 0.77	3.06 ± 0.87	23 ± 25
4-pentenoic acid	10.0	A*	1.10 ± 0.12	2.14 ± 0.14	46 ± 8
methyl palmoxirate	2.0	B*	0.56 ± 0.12	1.70 ± 0.32	66 ± 4
4-bromocrotonic acid	3.0	B*	1.25 ± 0.37	1.86 ± 0.31	37 ± 14
2-propylpentanoic acid	20.0	A*	2.68 ± 0.20	0.87 ± 0.08	67 ± 3
methylenecyclopropyl-acetic	5.0	B*	2.3 ± 0.26	2.76 ± 0.2	16 ± 7
acid (MCPA)
*Vehicles:
A - 68% water, 16% ethanol, 5% propylene glycol, 5% dipropylene glycol, 4% benzyl alcohol and 2% propylene carbonate.
B - 80% ethanol, 17.5% water, 2% propylene glycol dipelargonate (Emerest 2388), and 0.5% propylene glycol.
C - 64% ethanol, 20% dimethyl sulfoxide 14% water, 1.6% propylene glycol dipelargonate (Emerest 2388), and 0.4% propylene glycol.
D - 70% ethanol, 30% propylene glycol.

[0068]

TABLE II
Inhibition on human hair follicle growth by inhibitors
of fatty acid oxidation
		Hair follicle length	%
Inhibitor	Dose (mM)	increase (mm)	Inhibition
control (for methyl	—	1.26 ± 0.65	0.00
palmoxirate)
methyl palmoxirate	0.1	0.54 ± 0.3	57 ± 24
control (for MCPA)	—	1.80 ± 0.50	0.00
methylenecyclopropyl-	0.5	1.21 ± 0.26	33 ± 14
acetic acid (MCPA)	—	1.13 ± 0.15	0.00
control (for 4-	0.03	0.06 ± 0.06	95 ± 5
bromocrotonic acid)
4-bromocrotonic acid

[0069]

TABLE III
Inhibition of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I)*
Inhibitor	pmol product /mg protein	% inhibition
control	0.75	0
glybenclamide (5 mM)	0.00	100
malonyl CoA (5 mM)	0.59	22
tolbutamide (5 mM)	0.07	90
2-bromopalmitic acid (5 mM)	0.07	91
perhexiline (5 mM)	0.10	86
*The CPT-I assay method-I was used for these analyses.

[0070]

TABLE IV
Inhibition of Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I)
	pmol product/
Inhibitor	mg protein	% inhibition
control (oxfenicine)	1.15	0
oxfenicine (1 mM)	0.64	44
control (for methyl palmoxirate)	0.6	0
methyl palmoxirate (50 mM)	0.146	92.3
The CPT-I assay method-II was used for these analyses.

[0071]

TABLE V
Inhibition of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase by
methylenecyclopropylacetic acid
Inhibitor	nmol product/mg protein	% inhibition
control	1.62	0
methylenecyclopropyl-	0.497	69.3
acetic acid (MCPA) (1 mM)

[0072]

TABLE VI
Inhibition of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase by 4-bromocrotonic acid
Inhibitor	nmol product/mg protein	% inhibition
control	0.87	0
4-bromocrotonic acid (0.5 mM)	0.128	85.2

[0073]

TABLE VII
Inhibition of human hair follicle growth by an inhibitor
of fatty acid synthetase
			Hair follicle length	%
	Inhibitor	Dose (μM)	increase (mm)	Inhibition
	control	—	1.04 ± 0.22	0
	cerulenin	10	0.06 ± 0.05	93.7 ± 5.6

[0074]

TABLE VIII
Inhibition of hamster hair mass by an inhibitor
of stearoyl-CoA desaturase
			Treated	Control
Compound	Dose (%)	Vehicle	(mg)	(mg)	% Inhibition
methyl	2.5	E*	1.4 ± 0.2	2.65 ± 0.3	45.1 ± 6.8
sterculate
*Vehicles: E - 90% ethanol, 10% polyethylene glycol.

[0075]

TABLE IX
Inhibition of human hair follicle
growth by an inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase
		Hair follicle length
Inhibitor	Dose	(increase mm)	% Inhibition
control	—	1.45 ± 0.52	0
methyl sterculate	1 mM	0.59 ± 0.29	59.3 ± 0.2

[0076] Other embodiments are within the claims.

Claims

1. A method of reducing mammalian hair growth which comprises selecting an area of skin from which reduced hair growth is desired; and applying to said area of skin a dermatologically acceptable composition comprising a compound other than adriamycin, 2-mercaptoproprionic acid, and 3-mercaptoproprionic acid that inhibits fatty acid metabolism.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound is an inhibitor of an enzyme involved in fatty acid metabolism.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said compound inhibits fatty acid oxidation.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said compound is an inhibitor of an enzyme involved in transporting fatty acid carnitines through a mitocondrial membrane.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said enzyme is carnitine palmitoyltransferase I.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is D,L-aminocarnitine.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is decanoylcarnitine.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is amiodarone.

9. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-bromopalmitic acid.

10. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-bromopalmitoylcarnitine.

11. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA.

12. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-bromomyristoylthiocarnitine.

13. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is emeriamine.

14. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is erucic acid.

15. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is erucylcarnitine.

16. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is etomoxir.

17. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is etomoxiryl-CoA.

18. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is glyburide.

19. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is hemiacetylcarnitinium chloride.

20. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is hemipalmitoylcarnitinium chloride.

21. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 3-hydroxy-5-5-dimethylhexanoic acid.

22. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is methyl palmoxirate.

23. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-tetradecylglycidic acid.

24. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is oxfenicine.

25. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is perhexiline.

26. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2[5(4-chlorophenyl) pentyl]-oxirane-2-carboxylic acid.

27. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-[3-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-propyl]oxiran-2-carbonyl-CoA.

28. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)pentyl]-oxiran-2-carbonyl-CoA.

29. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-(5-phenylpentyl)oxiran-2-carbonyl-CoA.

30. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 2-tetradecyloxiran-2-carbonyl-CoA.

31. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is 8,N,N-diethylamino-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate.

32. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is tolbutamide.

33. The method of claim 5, wherein said inhibitor is trimetazidine.

34. A method of reducing mammalian hair growth which comprises selecting an area of skin from which reduced hair growth is desired; and applying to said area of skin a dermatologically acceptable composition comprising a compound that inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase II.

35. A method of reducing mammalian hair growth which comprises selecting an area of skin from which reduced hair growth is desired; and applying to said area of skin a dermatologically acceptable composition comprising a compound other than 2-mercaptoproprionic acid and 3-mercaptoproprionic acid that inhibits a fatty acid oxidation cycle enzyme.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein said enzyme is acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

37. The method of claim 36, wherein said inhibitor is hypoglycin.

38. The method of claim 36, wherein said inhibitor is 2-mercaptoacetic acid.

39. The method of claim 36, wherein the inhibitor does not include a mercapto group.

40. The method of claim 36, wherein said inhibitor is methylenecyclopropylacetic acid.

41. The method of claim 36, wherein said inhibitor is methylenecyclopropylformic acid.

42. The method of claim 36, wherein said inhibitor is spiropentaneacetic acid.

43. The method of claim 36, wherein said inhibitor is 3-methyleneoctanoyl-CoA.

44. The method of claim 36, wherein said inhibitor is 3-methyl-trans-2-octenoyl-CoA.

45. The method of claim 35, wherein said enzyme is enoyl-CoA hydratase.

46. The method of claim 35, wherein said enzyme is L-3-hydroxyl-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

47. The method of claim 35, wherein said enzyme is 3-ketyoacyl-CoA thiolase.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein said inhibitor is 4-bromocrotonic acid.

49. The method of claim 47, wherein said inhibitor is 2-bromooctanoic acid.

50. The method of claim 47, wherein said inhibitor is 2-bromo-3-ketooctanoyl-CoA.

51. The method of claim 47, wherein said inhibitor is 4-bromo-2-octenoic acid.

52. The method of claim 47, wherein said inhibitor is 4-pentenoic acid.

53. A method of reducing mammalian hair growth which comprises selecting an area of skin from which reduced hair growth is desired; and applying to said area of skin a dermatologically acceptable composition comprising a compound that inhibits fatty acid synthesis.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein said compound is an inhibitor of an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein said enzyme is acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein said inhibitor is 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid.

57. The method of claim 55, wherein said inhibitor is sethoxydim.

58. The method of claim 55, wherein said inhibitor is β,β′-tetramethyl substituted hexadecanedioic acid.

59. The method of claim 55, wherein said inhibitor is 2-n-pentadecyl-benzimidazole-5-carboxylate.

60. The method of claim 55, wherein said inhibitor is 2-methyl-2-(p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthyl)phenoxy)propionic acid.

61. The method of claim 54, wherein said enzyme is fatty acid synthetase.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein said inhibitor is cerulenin.

63. The method of claim 61, wherein said inhibitor is carbacerulenin.

64. The method of claim 61, wherein said inhibitor is 3-carboxy-4-alkyl-2-methylenebutyrolactone.

65. The method of claim 54, wherein said enzyme is stearoyl-CoA desaturase.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein said inhibitor is sterculic acid.

67. The method of claims 1, 34, 35, or 53, wherein the concentration of said compound in said composition is between 0.1% and 30%.

68. The method of claims 1, 34, 35, or 53, wherein the composition provides a reduction in hair growth of at least 15% when tested in the Golden Syrian Hamster assay.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein the composition provides a reduction in hair growth of at least 35% when tested in the Golden Syrian Hamster assay.

70. The method of claims 1, 34, 35, or 53, wherein the compound is applied to the skin in an amount of from 10 to 3000 micrograms of said compound per square centimeter of skin.

71. The method of claims 1, 34, 35, or 53, wherein said mammal is a human.

72. The method of claim 71, wherein said area of skin is on the face of a human.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the composition is applied to the area of skin in conjunction with shaving.

74. The method of claim 71, wherein said area of skin is on a leg of the human.

75. The method of claim 71, wherein said area of skin is on an arm of the human.

76. The method of claim 71, wherein said area of skin is in an armpit of the human.

77. The method of claim 71, wherein said area of skin is on the torso of the human.

78. The method of claims 1, 34, 35, or 53, wherein the composition is applied to an area of skin of a woman with hirsutism.

79. The method of claims 1, 34, 35, or 53, wherein said hair growth comprises androgen stimulated hair growth.

80. The method of claims 1, 34, 35, or 53, wherein the composition further includes a second compound that also causes a reduction in hair growth.

81. A method of reducing mammalian hair growth which comprises selecting an area of skin from which reduced hair growth is desired; and applying to said area of skin a dermatologically acceptable composition comprising a compound that inhibits acylcarnitine translucase.

82. The method of claim 3, wherein said compound is 2-propylpentanoic acid.

83. The method of claims 2, 4, 34, 35, 53, or 81, wherein the compound is a direct inhibitor of the enzyme.

84. The method of claims 2, 4, 34, 35, 53, or 81, wherein the compound is an indirect inhibitor of the enzyme.

85. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a compound other than adriamycin or an analog of adriamycin that inhibits fatty acid metabolism.

86. A method of reducing mammalian hair growth which comprises selecting an area of skin from which reduced hair growth is desired; and applying to said area of skin a dermatologically acceptable composition comprising a compound that inhibits transport of a fatty acid across a cellular membrane.

87. The method of claim 86, wherein the compound inhibits the activity of a fatty acid transport protein on the cellular membrane.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the fatty acid transport protein is selected from the group consisting of FATP1, FATP2, FATP3, FATP4, FATP5, FATP6, FAT/CD36, FABPpm, and caveolin.

89. A method of reducing hair growth from the skin of a human, comprising reducing the activity of a fatty acid transport protein on a cellular membrane.

90. The method of claim 89, wherein the reducing activity of the fatty acid transport protein comprises changing the structure or expression of the protein.

91. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound does not include a mercapto group.

92. The method of claim 42, wherein said inhibitor is L-leucine, N-formyl-,(1S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-3-hexyl-4-oxo-2-oxetanyl]methyl]dodecyl ester (9CI).

93. The method of claim 42, wherein said inhibitor is 2-oxetanone, 4-[(1S,3E,5R,7S,8R,9R)-8-hydroxy-1,3,5,7,9-pentamethyl-6-oxo-3-undecenyl]-3-methyl-, (3S,4S) (9CI).

94. The method of claim 42, wherein said inhibitor is oxetanone, 3-ethyl-4-[(1S,3E,5R,7S,8R,9R)-8-hydroxy-1,3,5,7,9-pentamethyl-6-oxo-3-undecenyl]-, (3S,4S) (9CI).