The present invention generally relates to reference symbol distribution, and more particularly relates distributing reference symbols dedicated to particular communication devices outside the resource blocks allocated to those communication devices.
In a wireless packet-switched data network employing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), modulated symbols are constructed from a data packet and inserted into a resource block enclosed by a rectangular area in the time-frequency domain. The resource block is allocated to the user of the data packet and transmitted to the user over the air. The resource block includes consecutive sub-carriers in the frequency domain and consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain. For example, in LTE (long-term evolution), a resource block includes 12 consecutive sub-carriers in the frequency domain and 14 consecutive OFDM symbols in the time domain (7 symbols per slot). Each element of the resource block represents a basic unit in which a complex-valued symbol can be transmitted.
The user must estimate the channel over which the resource block is transmitted in order to coherently demodulate the symbols included in the resource block. Known reference symbols, commonly referred to as pilot symbols, are also transmitted in the resource block to enable channel estimation at the user. The known reference symbols are dedicated to the user for certain transmission modes meaning only that user can process the reference symbols. When dedicated reference symbols are used, the same transmission methods used for the data symbols are also used for the known reference symbols. For example, when preceding is used with multiple transmit antennas in combination with dedicated reference symbols, the precoding applied to the data symbols is also applied to the known reference symbols. Various cases that use dedicated reference symbols for a particular user include scenarios where pre-coding or beam directing and/or beam forming is used in MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) systems. The user allocated the resource block uses the reference symbols included in the resource block to estimate the response o f the channel and demodulates the data symbols included in the resource block based on the channel estimate.
The response of the wireless channel in an OFDM system is a slow-varying, two-dimensional function of time and frequency. To accurately estimate this function, the density and placement of the known reference symbols must be properly designed. In conventional OFDM systems, a resource block is a self-contained unit where both data and reference symbols are confined to the same resource block. The resource block is dedicated to the user for which the data packet is intended. As such, a user conventionally processes symbols extracted only from resource blocks allocated to that user, including reference symbols for channel estimation.
Better channel estimation performance can be achieved when the reference symbols are placed along the boundary (e.g., at the corners) of the resource block. This way, the entire part of the channel response can be interpolated from the observations at the boundary reference symbol locations instead of being extrapolated from only observations at interior reference symbol locations. However, many practical considerations limit the amount of reference symbol boundary allocations that can be made within a particular resource block. For example, reference signal sequences are commonly used to carry device identities such as cell identities. Restricting the reference symbols to border locations along or near the periphery of the resource block can severely limit the number of unique patterns available to identify multiple devices. In addition, MIMO advanced antenna systems employ spatial multiplexing so that different streams of data can be transmitted using the same resource block. However, the corner locations of the resource block can only be assigned to one of the antennas. Otherwise, severe interference can occur. The remaining antennas thus experience performance loss because the channel response is estimated by extrapolation from observations at interior reference symbol locations instead of interpolation from border observations.
According to the methods and apparatus disclosed herein, not all reference symbols dedicated to a particular communication device are transmitted in resource blocks allocated to that communication device. Instead, at least some of the reference symbols are transmitted in resource blocks allocated to other devices. This way, reference symbol assignments are not unduly restricted by other constraints placed on the boundary elements of a resource block. As a result, part of a conventional resource block may be occupied by reference symbols associated with a data packet carried in a different resource block and intended for a different communication device. At least some of the communication device's reference symbols can be distributed outside the device's resource block in a way that still encompasses the block, e.g., in the time-frequency domain for OFDM systems. This way, channel conditions can be estimated by interpolation without having to use the boundary elements of the resource block for reference symbol assignments. Some of the data symbols dedicated to the communication device can also be transmitted in resource blocks allocated to other communication devices.
According to an embodiment, data and reference signals are transmitted by transmitting a resource block allocated to a first communication device. The resource block includes a plurality of resource elements, each resource element corresponding to a modulation symbol. A reference symbol associated with the resource block and dedicated to the first communication device is transmitted in a resource block allocated to a second communication device. On the receive side, the communication device can perform channel estimation based on reference symbols dedicated to the device that are transmitted in resource blocks allocated to the device and in resource block(s) allocated to other communication device(s).
Of course, the present invention is not limited to the above features and advantages. Those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description, and upon viewing the accompanying drawings.
Data symbols transmitted to the communication device 110 are constructed from a data packet and inserted into one or more resource blocks allocated to the device 110. In one embodiment, the wireless communication network 100 is a packet-switched data network employing OFDM. According to this embodiment, the modulated symbols are inserted into one or more resource blocks enclosed by a generally rectangular area in the time-frequency domain. In another embodiment, the wireless network 100 is a WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) network which uses SOFDMA (scalable orthogonal frequency-division multiple access) as the underlying access technology. In still another embodiment, the wireless network 100 may be an EDGE network that employs TDMA (time division multiple access) as the underlying access technology. Still other types of access technologies may be used by the wireless network 100 such as MIMO, CDMA (code division multiple access), HC-SDMA (high capacity spatial division multiple access), etc. For ease of illustration and explanation only, embodiments are described next in more detail based on the OFDM access technology unless expressly stated otherwise. However, one of average skill in the art can readily extend the embodiments described herein to any access technology that allocates wireless resources as resource blocks in time, frequency and/or space, and thus the following embodiments and description should be considered exemplary and non-limiting.
In more detail, the base station 120 is coupled to an antenna system 140 and includes transmit and receive circuitry 122 and a baseband processor 124. The communication device 110 similarly includes transmit and receive 112 circuitry and a baseband processor 114. When a data packet is ready for transmission to the communication device 110, the base station baseband processor 124 allocates one or more resource blocks to the device 110, e.g., as illustrated by Step 200 of
The base station baseband processor 124 also dedicates several known reference symbols to the communication device 110 that are associated with the resource block(s), e.g., as illustrated by Step 210 of
The resource elements 318 of the centermost resource block 300 also include reference symbols as well as data symbols. Some of the reference and/or data symbols included in the centermost resource block 300 may be dedicated to the user 110 of the block 300. Other reference and/or data symbols of included in the centermost resource block 300 may be dedicated to other communication devices 150 as indicated by the resource elements 318 having vertical stripes. Accordingly, fewer restrictions are placed on the distribution and transmission of reference and/or data symbols. Distributing reference symbols this way at least partly frees the boundary elements 318 of the resource blocks 300-316 for uses other than reference symbol transmission. As shown in
The base station 120 makes each communication device 110, 150 aware of how to receive and process reference symbols dedicated to the device 110, 150 that are transmitted in resource blocks allocated to other devices. In one embodiment, the desired reference symbol distribution scheme is predetermined and programmed into the base station 120 and the communication devices 110, 150 and automatically used each time communication occurs between the base station 120 and the devices 110, 150. Alternatively, the base station 120 indicates to the communication devices 110, 150 how each device should receive reference symbols transmitted in resource blocks allocated to other devices. This embodiment provides flexibility, but consumes additional bandwidth. According to one embodiment, the base station 120 transmits an index value to the communication devices 110, 150 that corresponds to a predetermined transmission scheme used to transmit reference symbols. Each communication device 110, 150 uses the index value to identify the corresponding reference symbol transmission scheme, e.g. by using the index value as a search parameter in a lookup table. In yet another embodiment, the base station 120 signals the reference symbol transmission scheme to the communication devices 110, 150, e.g. over a control signaling channel. This embodiment provides more flexibility, but consumes even greater bandwidth. In each embodiment, a communication device 110 receives and processes reference symbols dedicated to the device 110 that are transmitted in resource blocks allocated to other devices 150 based on the reference symbol distribution scheme employed at the base station 120.
In more detail, the receive circuitry 112 of the communication device 110 receives data symbols transmitted to the device 110 in a resource block(s) allocated to the device 110, e.g., as illustrated by Step 800 of
According to an embodiment, the communication device baseband processor 114 computes channel estimates based at least in part on a plurality of OFDM reference symbols dedicated to the communication device 110 and transmitted in a plurality of resource blocks allocated to other communication devices 150. The OFDM reference symbols encompass the resource block allocated to the communication device 110 in the time-frequency domain, e.g. as shown in
Spatially relative terms such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”, “upper”, and the like, are used for ease of description to explain the positioning of one element relative to a second element. These terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to different orientations than those depicted in the figures. Further, terms such as “first”, “second”, and the like, are also used to describe various elements, regions, sections, etc and are also not intended to be limiting. Like terms refer to like elements throughout the description.
As used herein, the terms “having”, “containing”, “including”, “comprising” and the like are open ended terms that indicate the presence of stated elements or features, but do not preclude additional elements or features. The articles “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural as well as the singular, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
With the above range of variations and applications in mind, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited by the foregoing description, nor is it limited by the accompanying drawings. Instead, the present invention is limited only by the following claims, and their legal equivalents.