Patent Grant
12038633
This disclosure generally relates to illumination from light modulation devices, and more specifically relates to reflective optical stacks for use in a display including a privacy display.
Privacy displays provide image visibility to a primary user that is typically in an on-axis position and reduced visibility of image content to a snooper, that is typically in an off-axis position. A privacy function may be provided by micro-louvre optical films that transmit a high luminance from a display in an on-axis direction with low luminance in off-axis positions, however such films are not switchable, and thus the display is limited to privacy only function.
Switchable privacy displays may be provided by control of the off-axis optical output.
Control may be provided by means of luminance reduction, for example by means of switchable backlights for a liquid crystal display (LCD) spatial light modulator (SLM). Display backlights in general employ waveguides and light sources arranged along at least one input edge of the waveguide. Certain imaging directional backlights have the additional capability of directing the illumination through a display panel into viewing windows. An imaging system may be formed between multiple sources and the respective window images. One example of an imaging directional backlight is an optical valve that may employ a folded optical system and hence may also be an example of a folded imaging directional backlight. Light may propagate substantially without loss in one direction through the optical valve while counter-propagating light may be extracted by reflection off tilted facets as described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,519,153, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Control of off-axis privacy may further be provided by means of contrast reduction, for example by adjusting the liquid crystal bias tilt in an In-Plane-Switching LCD.
According to a first aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a display device for use in ambient illumination comprising: a SLM arranged to output light; wherein the SLM comprises an output polariser arranged on the output side of the SLM, the output polariser being a linear polariser; an additional polariser arranged on the output side of the output polariser, the additional polariser being a linear polariser; a reflective polariser arranged between the output polariser and the additional polariser, the reflective polariser being a linear polariser; and at least one polar control retarder arranged between the reflective polariser and the additional polariser, wherein the at least one polar control retarder is capable of simultaneously introducing no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder and introducing a relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder.
The at least one polar control retarder may be arranged to introduce no phase shift to polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder and/or to introduce a phase shift to polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder.
Advantageously a directional display may be provided which provides high reflectivity and low luminance for off-axis viewing positions; and low reflectivity and high luminance for on-axis viewing positions. Such increased reflectivity and reduced luminance provides enhanced privacy performance including increased visual security level (VSL) for off-axis viewers of the display in an ambiently illuminated environment. A privacy display may be provided with low visibility of images for an off-axis snooper viewing the display in ambient conditions. The on-axis viewer may observe a substantially unmodified display. A low stray light display may be provided with low image visibility for some viewers and high image visibility for other viewers. The display may be used in an automotive vehicle to prevent visibility to passengers or drivers.
The at least one polar control retarder may comprise a switchable liquid crystal (LC) retarder comprising a layer of LC material, wherein the at least one polar control retarder may be arranged, in a switchable state of the switchable LC retarder, simultaneously to introduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder and to introduce a net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder.
Advantageously a display may be switched between a privacy or low stray mode with high reflectivity and low luminance to a snooper; and a wide viewing angle mode with increased luminance and reduced reflectivity for off-axis users achieving high contrast images for multiple display users. The primary user may observe the display with substantially the same high luminance and low reflectivity in both modes of operation.
The at least one polar control retarder may further comprise at least one passive retarder which may be arranged to introduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one passive retarder and to introduce a net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one passive retarder.
Advantageously the polar region over which high VSL may be achieved may be substantially increased in comparison to displays with a switchable LC polar control retarder and no passive polar control retarders.
Where the at least one polar control retarder comprises a switchable LC retarder, in one alternative the switchable LC retarder may comprise two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the LC material on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homeotropic alignment at the adjacent LC material. The layer of LC material of the switchable LC retarder may comprise a LC material with a negative dielectric anisotropy. The layer of LC material may have a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 1000 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 900 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 850 nm.
Where two surface alignment layers providing homeotropic alignment are provided, the at least one polar control retarder may further comprise a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder, the passive retarder having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −900 nm, preferably in a range from −450 nm to −800 nm and most preferably in a range from −500 nm to −725 nm.
Alternatively, where two surface alignment layers providing homeotropic alignment are provided, the at least one polar control retarder further comprises a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, each passive retarder of the pair of passive retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 500 nm to 700 nm and most preferably in a range from 550 nm to 675 nm. Advantageously, in this case high transmission and low reflectivity may be provided over a wide field of view with no voltage applied. Further a narrow field of view may be provided in a lateral direction in a privacy mode of operation, with low power consumption.
Where the at least one polar control retarder comprises a switchable LC retarder, in another alternative the switchable LC retarder may comprise two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer of LC material and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent LC material. Advantageously in comparison to homeotropic alignment on opposite sides of the LC, increased resilience to the visibility of flow of LC material during applied pressure may be achieved.
The layer of LC material of the switchable LC retarder may comprise a LC material with a positive dielectric anisotropy. The layer of LC material may have a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 900 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 850 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 800 nm.
Where two surface alignment layers providing homogeneous alignment are provided, the at least one polar control retarder may further comprise a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder, the passive retarder having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −700 nm, preferably in a range from −350 nm to −600 nm and most preferably in a range from −400 nm to −500 nm.
Alternatively, where the two surface alignment layers providing homogeneous alignment are provided, the at least one polar control retarder may further comprise a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, each passive retarder of the pair of passive retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 350 nm to 650 nm and most preferably in a range from 450 nm to 550 nm.
The field of view using a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed may have improved reduction of luminance and increase of reflectivity in privacy mode of operation.
Where the at least one polar control retarder comprises a switchable LC retarder, in another alternative the switchable LC retarder may comprise two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer of LC material and on opposite sides thereof, one of the surface alignment layers being arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent LC material and the other of the surface alignment layers being arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent LC material.
When the surface alignment layer arranged to provide homogeneous alignment is between the layer of LC material and the polar control retarder, the layer of LC material may have a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 700 nm to 2000 nm, preferably in a range from 1000 nm to 1500 nm and most preferably in a range from 1200 nm to 1500 nm.
When the surface alignment layer arranged to provide homogeneous alignment is between the layer of LC material and the polar control retarder, the at least one polar control retarder may further comprise a passive retarder having its optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder, the at least one passive retarder having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −400 nm to −1800 nm, preferably in a range from −700 nm to −1500 nm and most preferably in a range from −900 nm to −1300 nm.
When the surface alignment layer arranged to provide homogeneous alignment is between the layer of LC material and the polar control retarder, the at least one polar control retarder may further comprise a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, each retarder of the pair of retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 400 nm to 1800 nm, preferably in a range from 700 nm to 1500 nm and most preferably in a range from 900 nm to 1300 nm. Advantageously increased resilience to the visibility of flow of LC material during applied pressure may be achieved.
When the surface alignment layer arranged to provide homeotropic alignment is between the layer of LC material and the polar control retarder, the layer of LC material may have a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 1800 nm, preferably in a range from 700 nm to 1500 nm and most preferably in a range from 900 nm to 1350 nm.
When the surface alignment layer arranged to provide homeotropic alignment is between the layer of LC material and the polar control retarder, the at least one polar control retarder may further comprise a passive retarder having its optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder, the at least one passive retarder having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −1600 nm, preferably in a range from −500 nm to −1300 nm and most preferably in a range from −700 nm to −1150 nm.
When the surface alignment layer arranged to provide homeotropic alignment is between the layer of LC material and the polar control retarder, the at least one polar control retarder may further comprise a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, each retarder of the pair of retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 400 nm to 1600 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 1400 nm and most preferably in a range from 800 nm to 1300 nm. Advantageously in comparison to homeotropic alignment on opposite sides of the LC, increased resilience to the visibility of flow of LC material during applied pressure may be achieved.
Each alignment layer may have a pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of LC material that is parallel or anti-parallel or orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction of the reflective polariser. Advantageously high luminance may be achieved for head-on viewing positions.
Each alignment layer may have a pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of LC material that is parallel or anti-parallel or orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction of the reflective polariser.
Where the at least one polar control retarder comprises a switchable LC retarder, the at least one passive retarder may further comprise two passive retarders, the switchable LC retarder being provided between the two passive retarders. The display device may further comprise a transmissive electrode and LC surface alignment layer formed on a side of each of the two passive retarders adjacent the switchable LC retarder. The display device may further comprise first and second substrates between which the switchable LC retarder is provided, the first and second substrates each comprising one of the two passive retarders. The two passive retarders may each comprise a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder with a total retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −700 nm, preferably in a range from −350 nm to −600 nm and most preferably in a range from −400 nm to −500 nm. Each of the two passive retarders may have an optical axis in the plane of the passive retarder, wherein the optical axes are crossed, and each passive retarder of the pair of passive retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 150 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 200 nm to 700 nm and most preferably in a range from 250 nm to 600 nm. Advantageously thickness, cost and complexity may be reduced.
The switchable LC retarder may further comprise transmissive electrodes arranged to apply a voltage for controlling the layer of LC material. The transmissive electrodes may be on opposite sides of the layer of LC material. The display device may further comprise a control system arranged to control the voltage applied across the electrodes of the switchable LC retarder. Advantageously the display may be controlled to switch between privacy and public modes of operation.
The electrodes may be patterned to provide at least two pattern regions. Advantageously a camouflage pattern may be applied in privacy mode for luminance and reflectivity, and head-on luminance and reflectivity may be substantially unmodified.
The at least one polar control retarder may comprise at least one passive retarder which is arranged to introduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one passive retarder and to introduce a net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one passive retarder. Advantageously thickness and cost may be reduced and efficiency may be increased if no switchable LC polar control retarder is provided.
The at least one polar control retarder may comprise at least one passive retarder. The at least one passive retarder may comprise at least two passive retarders with at least two different orientations of optical axes. Advantageously a low cost privacy display and low stray light display may be provided.
In one alternative, the at least one passive retarder may comprise a retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder. Advantageously thickness may be reduced.
In another alternative, the at least one passive retarder may comprise a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed. Advantageously the cost of the passive retarder may be reduced and high uniformity stretched films used for the passive retarder.
The pair of retarders may have optical axes that extend at 45° and at 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser.
The display device may further comprise an additional pair of passive retarders disposed between the first-mentioned pair of passive retarders and which have optical axes in the plane of the passive retarders that are crossed. Advantageously a privacy display or low stray light display may be provided for both landscape and portrait orientations. In an automotive vehicle, reflections from windscreens and other glass surfaces can be reduced.
The additional pair of passive retarders may have optical axes that each extend at 0° and at 90°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the output polariser. Advantageously high VSL may be provided in polar regions with some rotational symmetry.
In another alternative, the at least one passive polar control retarder may comprise a retarder having an optical axis that is oriented with a component perpendicular to the plane of the retarder and a component in the plane of the retarder. The component in the plane of the passive retarder may extend at 0°, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel or perpendicular to the electric vector transmission of the output polariser. The at least one passive polar control retarder may further comprise a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the passive retarder or a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the passive retarders that are crossed.
Advantageously a privacy display may be provided that achieves reduction of luminance and increase of reflections in the lateral direction with low cost and complexity. A mobile display may be rotated about a horizontal axis while achieving comfortable image visibility for a primary user.
The display device may further comprise at least one further polar control retarder arranged between the output polariser and the reflective polariser. Advantageously further modification of the field-of-view profile may be provided for transmitted light. Luminance may be reduced to a snooper while the primary user may observe a substantially the same luminance.
The display device may further comprise a backlight arranged to output light, wherein the SLM is a transmissive SLM arranged to receive output light from the backlight wherein the backlight provides a luminance at polar angles to the normal to the SLM greater than 45 degrees that is at most 30% of the luminance along the normal to the SLM, preferably at most 20% of the luminance along the normal to the SLM, and most preferably at most 10% of the luminance along the normal to the SLM. Advantageously a high VSL may be provided with low thickness and low cost. Further the VSL may be high in environments with reduced ambient illuminance.
A further additional polariser may be arranged between the further polar control retarder and the reflective polariser. The display device may further comprise at least one further polar control retarder and a further additional polariser, wherein the at least one further polar control retarder is arranged between the first-mentioned additional polariser and the further additional polariser. Advantageously luminance may be reduced to a snooper.
The at least one further polar control retarder may comprise at least one further passive retarder. Advantageously the increase in thickness and cost may be small.
The first-mentioned at least one polar control retarder may comprise a first switchable LC retarder comprising a first layer of LC material, and the at least one further polar control retarder may comprise a second switchable LC retarder comprising a second layer of LC material. The further switchable LC retarder may comprise at least one surface alignment layer disposed adjacent the LC material having a pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of LC material that is aligned parallel or antiparallel or orthogonal to the reflective polariser.
Advantageously the field of view in the public mode of operation may be substantially unmodified while further modification of the field-of-view profile may be provided for transmitted light in the privacy mode of operation. Luminance may be reduced to a snooper while the primary user may observe a substantially the same luminance. The first and second LC retarders may have retardances that are different. Chromatic variations with viewing angle may be reduced.
The electric vector transmission direction of the reflective polariser may be parallel to the electric vector transmission direction of the additional polariser and/or parallel to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser.
The layers of LC material of each of the first and second switchable LC retarders may have a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 450 nm to 850 nm, preferably in a range from 500 nm to 750 nm and most preferably in a range from 550 nm to 650 nm. VSL at high polar viewing angles may be increased.
The first-mentioned at least one polar control retarder further comprises a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, wherein the first of the pair of passive retarders has an optical axis that extends at 45° and 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser, and the second of the pair of passive retarders has an optical axis that extends at 135° with respect to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser; and the at least one further polar control retarder comprises a further pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, wherein the first of the further pair of passive retarders has an optical axis that extends at 45° and 135°, respectively with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser; and the optical axes of the one of the first-mentioned pair of passive retarders and the one of the further pair of passive retarders that are closest to each other extend in the same direction.
Advantageously the colour appearance of reflected and transmitted light to an off-axis snooper may be symmetric for positive and negative lateral viewing angles. The minimum VSL may be increased.
Each passive retarder of the first-mentioned pair of passive retarders, and each passive retarder of the further pair of passive retarders, has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 350 nm to 650 nm and most preferably in a range from 400 nm to 550 nm. VSL at high polar viewing angles may be increased.
The display device may further comprise: a backlight arranged to output light, wherein the SLM is a transmissive SLM arranged to receive output light from the backlight, and the SLM further comprises an input polariser arranged on the input side of the SLM, the input polariser being a linear polariser; and a further additional polariser arranged on the input side of the input polariser, the further additional polariser being a linear polariser; and at least one further polar control retarder arranged between the further additional polariser and the input polariser. Advantageously the thickness increase between the SLM and viewer is reduced. Increased image fidelity may be provided and diffusion may be increased to reduce the appearance of specular front surface reflections to the head-on user. The number of lamination steps may be reduced, and VSL may be increased. A public mode may be provided with wide viewing angle.
The display device may further comprise a control system arranged to control apply a common voltage across the first and second switchable LC retarders, and wherein the LC material of the first LC retarder is different from the LC material of the second LC retarder. Advantageously the cost of the control system may be reduced. Chromatic variations with viewing angle may be reduced.
The reflective polariser and the output polariser may have electric vector transmission directions that are parallel. The reflective polariser and the additional polariser may have electric vector transmission directions that are parallel. The reflective polariser and the additional polariser may have electric vector transmission directions that are not parallel, and the display device may further comprise a rotator retarder arranged between the reflective polariser and the additional polariser, the rotator retarder being arranged to rotate a polarisation direction of polarised light incident thereon between the electric vector transmission directions of the output polariser and the additional polariser. Advantageously high efficiency may be provided. The additional polariser may be aligned with an electric vector transmission direction to transmit light through polarised sunglasses for typical user orientations. SLMs with non-parallel output electric vector transmission directions such as TN-LCD may be used.
According to a second aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a view angle control optical element for application to the output side of a display device for use in ambient illumination comprising a SLM arranged to output light; wherein the SLM comprises an output polariser arranged on the output side of the SLM; the view angle control optical element comprising an additional polariser; a reflective polariser arranged between the output polariser and the additional polariser on application of the view angle control optical element to the display device; and at least one polar control retarder arranged between the reflective polariser and the additional polariser, wherein the at least one polar control retarder is capable of simultaneously introducing no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder and introducing a relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder.
Advantageously an after-market element may be attached to displays by display users. The element does not require complex alignment. Moiré beating between the element and the pixels of the display is not present and selection of the component with regards to pixel pitch is not required. Inventory cost is reduced. Alternatively, the view angle control optical element may be conveniently factory fitted into display modules.
The various features and alternatives set out above with respect to the first aspect of the present disclosure may similarly be applied to the second aspect of the present disclosure.
According to a third aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a display device comprising: a SLM; a output polariser arranged on at least one side of the SLM, the output polariser being a linear polariser; and a first additional polariser arranged on the same side of the SLM as one of the at least one output polarisers, the first additional polariser being a linear polariser; and first plural polar control retarders arranged between the first additional polariser and the one of the at least one output polarisers; a further additional polariser arranged on the same side of the SLM as said one of the at least one output polarisers, outside the first additional polariser, the further additional polariser being a linear polariser; and a further plural polar control retarders arranged between the further first additional polariser and the one of the at least one output polarisers further additional polariser; wherein the first-mentioned plural polar control retarders comprise a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, wherein the first of the pair of passive retarders has an optical axis that extends at 45° with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser, and the second of the pair of passive retarders has an optical axis that extends at 135° with respect to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser that is an output polariser and extend at 45° and 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser, and wherein the further plural polar control retarders comprise a further pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, wherein the first of the further pair of passive retarders has an optical axis that extends at 135° with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser, and the second of the further pair of passive retarders has an optical axis that extends at 45° with respect to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser that is the output polariser and extend at 45° and 135°, respectively with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser, and the optical axes of the one of the first pair of passive polar control retarders and the one of the further pair of passive polar control retarders that are closest to each other extend in the same direction.
Advantageously a switchable privacy display may be provided with high image visibility over a wide field of view in a public mode of operation. A wide angle backlight may be provided, with reduced cost and higher ruggedness in comparison to collimated backlights. In a privacy mode of operation, high VSLs may be achieved over a wide field of view in which an off-axis snooper may be positioned, with low display reflectivity. The retarders and additional polarisers may be arranged between the backlight and the SLM so that diffusers with surface roughness may be arranged on the front surface of the display to minimise the visibility of frontal reflections while achieving high pixel fidelity. Chromaticity and luminance roll-offs may be symmetric.
According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a transmissive SLM arranged to receive output light from the backlight; an input polariser arranged on the input side of the SLM and an output polariser arranged on the output side of the SLM, the input polariser and the output polariser being linear polarisers; a first additional polariser arranged on the output side of output polariser, the first additional polariser being a linear polariser; and first polar control retarders arranged between the first additional polariser and the output polariser; a further additional polariser arranged between the backlight and input polariser, the further additional polariser being a linear polariser; and further polar control retarders arranged between the first additional polariser and the input polariser; wherein the first polar control retarders comprise a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed and extend at 45° and 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser, the further polar control retarders comprise a further pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed and extend at 45° and 135°, respectively with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser, and the optical axes of the one of the first pair of passive polar control retarders and the one of the further pair of passive polar control retarders that are closest to each other extend in the same direction.
Advantageously a switchable privacy display may be provided with high image visibility over a wide field of view in a public mode of operation. A wide angle backlight may be provided, with reduced cost and higher ruggedness in comparison to collimated backlights. In a privacy mode of operation, high VSLs may be achieved over a wide field of view in which an off-axis snooper may be positioned, with low display reflectivity. Some of the retarders and additional polarisers may be arranged between the backlight and the SLM so that diffusers with surface roughness may be arranged on the front surface of the display to minimise the visibility of frontal reflections while achieving high pixel fidelity and high image contrast. Chromaticity and luminance roll-offs may be symmetric. Scatter from the SLM may not impact the light that transmits through one of the retarders and the additional polariser so that VSL may be increased.
Embodiments of the present disclosure may be used in a variety of optical systems. The embodiments may include or work with a variety of projectors, projection systems, optical components, displays, microdisplays, computer systems, processors, self-contained projector systems, visual and/or audio-visual systems and electrical and/or optical devices. Aspects of the present disclosure may be used with practically any apparatus related to optical and electrical devices, optical systems, presentation systems or any apparatus that may contain any type of optical system. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may be employed in optical systems, devices used in visual and/or optical presentations, visual peripherals and so on and in a number of computing environments.
Before proceeding to the disclosed embodiments in detail, it should be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application or creation to the details of the particular arrangements shown, because the disclosure is capable of other embodiments. Moreover, aspects of the disclosure may be set forth in different combinations and arrangements to define embodiments unique in their own right. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation.
These and other advantages and features of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading this disclosure in its entirety.
Embodiments are illustrated by way of example in the accompanying FIGURES, in which like reference numbers indicate similar parts, and in which:
Terms related to optical retarders for the purposes of the present disclosure will now be described.
In a layer comprising a uniaxial birefringent material there is a direction governing the optical anisotropy whereas all directions perpendicular to it (or at a given angle to it) have equivalent birefringence.
The optical axis of an optical retarder refers to the direction of propagation of a light ray in the uniaxial birefringent material in which no birefringence is experienced. This is different from the optical axis of an optical system which may for example be parallel to a line of symmetry or normal to a display surface along which a principal ray propagates.
For light propagating in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis, the optical axis is the slow axis when linearly polarized light with an electric vector direction parallel to the slow axis travels at the slowest speed. The slow axis direction is the direction with the highest refractive index at the design wavelength. Similarly the fast axis direction is the direction with the lowest refractive index at the design wavelength.
For positive dielectric anisotropy uniaxial birefringent materials the slow axis direction is the extraordinary axis of the birefringent material. For negative dielectric anisotropy uniaxial birefringent materials the fast axis direction is the extraordinary axis of the birefringent material.
The terms half a wavelength and quarter a wavelength refer to the operation of a retarder for a design wavelength λ0 that may typically be between 500 nm and 570 nm. In the present illustrative embodiments exemplary retardance values are provided for a wavelength of 550 nm unless otherwise specified.
The retarder provides a relative phase shift between two orthogonal polarization components of the light wave incident thereon and is characterized by the amount of relative phase, Γ, that it imparts on the two polarization components. In some contexts, the term “phase shift” is used without the word “relative” but still meaning relative phase shift. The relative phase shift is related to the birefringence Δn and the thickness d of the retarder by:
Γ=2·π·Δn·d/λ0 eqn. 1
In eqn. 1, Δn is defined as the difference between the extraordinary and the ordinary index of refraction, i.e.
Δn=ne−no eqn. 2
For a half-wave retarder, the relationship between d, Δn, and λ0 is chosen so that the phase shift between polarization components is Γ=π. For a quarter-wave retarder, the relationship between d, Δn, and λ0 is chosen so that the phase shift between polarization components is Γ=π/2.
The term half-wave retarder herein typically refers to light propagating normal to the retarder and normal to the spatial light modulator (SLM).
Some aspects of the propagation of light rays through a transparent retarder between a pair of polarisers will now be described.
The state of polarisation (SOP) of a light ray is described by the relative amplitude and phase shift between any two orthogonal polarization components. Transparent retarders do not alter the relative amplitudes of these orthogonal polarisation components but act only on their relative phase. Providing a net phase shift between the orthogonal polarisation components alters the SOP whereas maintaining net relative phase preserves the SOP.
A linear SOP has a polarisation component with a non-zero amplitude and an orthogonal polarisation component which has zero amplitude.
A linear polariser transmits a unique linear SOP that has a linear polarisation component parallel to the electric vector transmission direction of the linear polariser and attenuates light with a different SOP.
Absorbing polarisers are polarisers that absorb one polarisation component of incident light and transmit a second orthogonal polarisation component. Examples of absorbing linear polarisers are dichroic polarisers.
Reflective polarisers are polarisers that reflect one polarisation component of incident light and transmit a second orthogonal polarisation component. Examples of reflective polarisers that are linear polarisers are multilayer polymeric film stacks such as DBEF™ or APF™ from 3M Corporation, or wire grid polarisers such as ProFlux™ from Moxtek. Reflective linear polarisers may further comprise cholesteric reflective materials and a quarter waveplate arranged in series.
A retarder arranged between a linear polariser and a parallel linear analysing polariser that introduces no relative net phase shift provides full transmission of the light other than residual absorption within the linear polariser.
A retarder that provides a relative net phase shift between orthogonal polarisation components changes the SOP and provides attenuation at the analysing polariser.
In the present disclosure an ‘A-plate’ refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer of birefringent material with its optical axis parallel to the plane of the layer.
A ‘positive A-plate’ refers to positively birefringent A-plates, i.e. A-plates with a positive Δn.
In the present disclosure a ‘C-plate’ refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer of birefringent material with its optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the layer. A ‘positive C-plate’ refers to positively birefringent C-plate, i.e. a C-plate with a positive Δn. A ‘negative C-plate’ refers to a negatively birefringent C-plate, i.e. a C-plate with a negative Δn.
‘O-plate’ refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer of birefringent material with its optical axis having a component parallel to the plane of the layer and a component perpendicular to the plane of the layer. A ‘positive O-plate’ refers to positively birefringent O-plates, i.e. O-plates with a positive Δn.
Achromatic retarders may be provided wherein the material of the retarder is provided with a retardance Δn·d that varies with wavelength λ as
Δn·d/λ=κ eqn. 3
where κ is substantially a constant.
Examples of suitable materials include modified polycarbonates from Teijin Films. Achromatic retarders may be provided in the present embodiments to advantageously minimise color changes between polar angular viewing directions which have low luminance reduction and polar angular viewing directions which have increased luminance reductions as will be described below.
Various other terms used in the present disclosure related to retarders and to liquid crystals will now be described.
A liquid crystal cell has a retardance given by Δn·d where Δn is the birefringence of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal cell and d is the thickness of the liquid crystal cell, independent of the alignment of the liquid crystal material in the liquid crystal cell.
Homogeneous alignment refers to the alignment of liquid crystals in switchable LCDs where molecules align substantially parallel to a substrate. Homogeneous alignment is sometimes referred to as planar alignment. Homogeneous alignment may typically be provided with a small pre-tilt such as 2 degrees, so that the molecules at the surfaces of the alignment layers of the liquid crystal cell are slightly inclined as will be described below. Pretilt is arranged to minimise degeneracies in switching of cells.
In the present disclosure, homeotropic alignment is the state in which rod-like liquid crystalline molecules align substantially perpendicularly to the substrate. In discotic liquid crystals homeotropic alignment is defined as the state in which an axis of the column structure, which is formed by disc-like liquid crystalline molecules, aligns perpendicularly to a surface. In homeotropic alignment, pretilt is the tilt angle of the molecules that are close to the alignment layer and is typically close to 90 degrees and for example may be 88 degrees.
In a twisted liquid crystal layer a twisted configuration (also known as a helical structure or helix) of nematic liquid crystal molecules is provided. The twist may be achieved by means of a non-parallel alignment of alignment layers. Further, cholesteric dopants may be added to the liquid crystal material to break degeneracy of the twist direction (clockwise or anti-clockwise) and to further control the pitch of the twist in the relaxed (typically undriven) state. A supertwisted liquid crystal layer has a twist of greater than 180 degrees. A twisted nematic layer used in SLMs typically has a twist of 90 degrees.
Liquid crystal molecules with positive dielectric anisotropy are switched from a homogeneous alignment (such as an A-plate retarder orientation) to a homeotropic alignment (such as a C-plate or O-plate retarder orientation) by means of an applied electric field.
Liquid crystal molecules with negative dielectric anisotropy are switched from a homeotropic alignment (such as a C-plate or O-plate retarder orientation) to a homogeneous alignment (such as an A-plate retarder orientation) by means of an applied electric field.
Rod-like molecules have a positive birefringence so that ne>no as described in equation 2. Discotic molecules have negative birefringence so that ne<no.
Positive retarders such as A-plates, positive O-plates and positive C-plates may typically be provided by stretched films or rod-like liquid crystal molecules. Negative retarders such as negative C-plates may be provided by stretched films or discotic like liquid crystal molecules.
Parallel liquid crystal cell alignment refers to the alignment direction of homogeneous alignment layers being parallel or more typically antiparallel. In the case of pre-tilted homeotropic alignment, the alignment layers may have components that are substantially parallel or antiparallel. Hybrid aligned liquid crystal cells may have one homogeneous alignment layer and one homeotropic alignment layer. Twisted liquid crystal cells may be provided by alignment layers that do not have parallel alignment, for example oriented at 90 degrees to each other.
Transmissive SLMs may further comprise retarders between the input display polariser and the output display polariser for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,237,876, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Such retarders (not shown) are in a different place to the passive retarders of the present embodiments. Such retarders compensate for contrast degradations for off-axis viewing locations, which is a different effect to the luminance reduction for off-axis viewing positions of the present embodiments.
A private mode of operation of a display is one in which an observer sees a low contrast sensitivity such that an image is not clearly visible. Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to discern between luminances of different levels in a static image. Inverse contrast sensitivity may be used as a measure of visual security, in that a high visual security level (VSL) corresponds to low image visibility.
For a privacy display providing an image to an observer, visual security may be given as:
VSL=(Y+R)/(Y−K) eqn. 4
where VSL is the visual security level, Y is the luminance of the white state of the display at a snooper viewing angle, K is the luminance of the black state of the display at the snooper viewing angle and R is the luminance of reflected light from the display.
Panel contrast ratio is given as:
C=Y/K eqn. 5
For high contrast optical LCD modes, the white state transmission remains substantially constant with viewing angle. In the contrast reducing liquid crystal modes of the present embodiments, white state transmission typically reduces as black state transmission increases such that
Y+K˜P·L eqn. 6
The visual security level may then be further given as:
where off-axis relative luminance, P is typically defined as the percentage of head-on luminance, L at the snooper angle and the display may have image contrast ratio C and the surface reflectivity is ρ.
The off-axis relative luminance, P is sometimes referred to as the privacy level. However, such privacy level P describes relative luminance of a display at a given polar angle compared to head-on luminance, and is not a measure of privacy appearance.
The display may be illuminated by Lambertian ambient illuminance I. Thus in a perfectly dark environment, a high contrast display has VSL of approximately 1.0. As ambient illuminance increases, the perceived image contrast degrades. VSL increases and a private image is perceived.
For typical liquid crystal displays the panel contrast C is above 100:1 for almost all viewing angles, allowing the visual security level to be approximated to:
VSL=1+I·ρ/(π·P·L) eqn. 8
In comparison to privacy displays, desirably wide angle displays are easily observed in standard ambient illuminance conditions. One measure of image visibility is given by the contrast sensitivity such as the Michelson contrast which is given by:
M=(Imax−Imin)/(Imax+Imin) eqn. 9
and so:
M=((Y+R)−(K+R))/((Y+R)+(K+R))=(Y−K)/(Y+K+2·R) eqn. 10
Thus the visual security level (VSL), is equivalent (but not identical to) 1/M. In the present discussion, for a given off-axis relative luminance, P the wide angle image visibility, W is approximated as
W=1/VSL=1/(1+I·ρ/(π·P·L)) eqn. 11
Switchable directional display apparatuses for use in privacy display for example and comprising plural retarders arranged between a display polariser and an additional polariser are described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,126,575 and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/131,419 titled “Optical stack for switchable directional display”, filed Sep. 14, 2018, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Directional display apparatuses further comprising reflective polarisers arranged between the display polariser and retarders are described in U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2018-0329245, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Directional display polarisers comprising passive retarders arranged between a display polariser and an additional polariser are described in U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2018-0321553, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The structure and operation of various switchable display devices will now be described. In this description, common elements have common reference numerals. It is noted that the disclosure relating to any element applies to each device in which the same or corresponding element is provided. Accordingly, for brevity such disclosure is not repeated.
A display device 100 for use in ambient illumination 604 comprises: a SLM 48 arranged to output light 400; wherein the SLM 48 comprises an output polariser 218 arranged on the output side of the SLM 48, the output polariser 218 being a linear polariser; an additional polariser 318 arranged on the output side of the output polariser 218, the additional polariser 318 being a linear polariser; and a reflective polariser 302 arranged between the output polariser 218 and the additional polariser 318, the reflective polariser 302 being a linear polariser. Typical polarisers 210, 218, 318 may be polarisers such as dichroic polarisers.
At least one polar control retarder 300 is arranged between the reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318. The electric vector transmission direction 303 of the reflective polariser 302 is parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polariser 318. The electric vector transmission direction 303 of the reflective polariser 302 is parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 219 of the output polariser 218.
Thus a display device for use in ambient illumination 604 comprises a SLM 48 arranged to output light 400. In the present disclosure, SLM 48 may comprise a liquid crystal display comprising input polariser 210, output polariser 218 with substrates 212, 216, liquid crystal layer 214 and red, green and blue pixels 220, 222, 224. Backlight 20 may be arranged to illuminate the SLM 48 and may comprise input light sources 15, waveguide 1, rear reflector 3 and optical stack 5 comprising diffusers, light turning films and other known optical backlight structures. Asymmetric diffusers, that may comprise asymmetric surface relief features for example, may be provided in the optical stack 5 with increased diffusion in the elevation direction in comparison to the lateral direction may be provided. Advantageously image uniformity may be increased.
The structure and operation of backlights 20 for use in privacy display are further described with reference to
The display may further comprise a reflective recirculation polariser 208 arranged between the backlight 20 and SLM 48. The reflective recirculation polariser 208 is different to the reflective polariser 302 of the present embodiments. Reflective recirculation polariser 208 provides reflection of polarised light from the backlight that has a polarisation that is orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction of the dichroic input polariser 210. Reflective recirculation polariser 208 does not reflect ambient light 604 to a snooper.
As illustrated in
Thus the SLM 48 comprises an output polariser 218 arranged on the output side of the SLM 48. The output polariser 218 may be arranged to provide high extinction ratio for light from the pixels 220, 222, 224 of the SLM 48 and to prevent back reflections from the reflective polariser 302 towards the pixels 220, 222, 224.
Polar control retarder 300 is arranged between the reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318. In the embodiment of
The at least one polar control retarder 300 is capable of simultaneously introducing no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder 300 and introducing a relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder 300. The polar control retarder 300 does not affect the luminance of light passing through the reflective polariser 302, the polar control retarder 300 and the additional polariser 318 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the polar control retarder 300 but the polar control retarder 300 does reduce the luminance of light passing therethrough along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the polar control retarder 300, at least in one of the switchable states of the switchable retarder 301. The principles leading to this effect are described in greater detail below with reference to
Polar control retarder 300 comprises a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material, and substrates 312, 316 arranged between the reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318. Thus at least one polar control retarder 300 comprises a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414, wherein the at least one polar control retarder 300 is arranged, in a switchable state of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301, simultaneously to introduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder 300 and to introduce a net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder.
As illustrated in
The substrates 312, 316 illustrated in
Polar control retarder 300 further comprises a passive polar control retarder 330 as will be described further below. The at least one polar control retarder 300 comprises at least one passive retarder 330 which is arranged to introduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one passive retarder and to introduce a net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one passive retarder.
Passive polar control retarder 330 may comprise retardation layer with a solid birefringent material 430, while switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 may comprise a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414, as will be described below.
The view angle control optical element 260 is for application to the output side of a display device for use in ambient illumination 604 comprising a SLM 48 arranged to output light; wherein the SLM 48 comprises an output polariser 218 arranged on the output side of the SLM 48; the view angle control optical element 260 comprising an additional polariser 318; a reflective polariser 302 arranged between the output polariser 218 and the additional polariser 318 on application of the view angle control optical element 260 to the display device; and at least one polar control retarder 300 arranged between the reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318; wherein the at least one polar control retarder 300 is capable of simultaneously introducing no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder 300 and introducing a relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by the reflective polariser 302 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the at least one polar control retarder.
In use, view angle control optical element 260 may be attached by a user or may be factory fitted to a polarised output SLM 48. View angle control optical element 260 may be provided as a flexible film for curved and bent displays. Alternatively the view angle control optical element 260 may be provided on a rigid substrate such as a glass substrate.
Advantageously, an after-market privacy control element and/or stray light control element may be provided that does not require matching to the panel pixel resolution to avoid Moiré artefacts. View angle control optical element 260 may be further provided for factory fitting to SLM 48.
By attaching the view angle control optical element 260 of
The arrangement and operation of the polar control retarder 300 comprising a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 will now be discussed.
In
The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 with a negative dielectric anisotropy. The passive polar control retarder 330 comprises a negative C-plate having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder 330, illustrated schematically by the orientation of the discotic material 430.
The liquid crystal retarder 301 further comprises transmissive electrodes 413, 415 arranged to control the liquid crystal material, the layer of liquid crystal material being switchable by means of adjusting the voltage being applied to the electrodes. The electrodes 413, 415 may be across the layer 314 and are arranged to apply a voltage for controlling the liquid crystal retarder 301. The transmissive electrodes are on opposite sides of the layer of liquid crystal material 414 and may for example by ITO electrodes.
Alignment layers may be formed between electrodes 413, 415 and the liquid crystal material 414 of the layer 314. The orientation of the liquid crystal molecules in the x-y plane is determined by the pretilt direction of the alignment layers so that each alignment layer has a pretilt wherein the pretilt of each alignment layer has a pretilt direction with a component 417a, 417b in the plane of the layer 314 that is parallel or anti-parallel or orthogonal to the electric vector transmission direction 303 of the reflective polariser 302.
Driver 350 provides a voltage V to electrodes 413, 415 across the layer 314 of switchable liquid crystal material 414 such that liquid crystal molecules are inclined at a tilt angle to the vertical, forming an O-plate. The plane of the tilt is determined by the pretilt direction of alignment layers formed on the inner surfaces of substrates 312, 316.
In typical use for switching between a public mode and a privacy mode, the layer of liquid crystal material is switchable between two states, the first state being a public mode so that the display may be used by multiple users, the second state being a privacy mode for use by a primary user with minimal visibility by snoopers. The switching may be by means of a voltage being applied across the electrodes.
In general such a display may be considered having a first wide angle state and a second reduced off-axis luminance state. Such a display may provide a privacy display. In another use or to provide controlled luminance to off-axis observers for example in an automotive environment when a passenger or driver may wish some visibility of the displayed image, without full obscuration, by means of intermediate voltage levels. Stray light may be reduced for night-time operation.
The propagation of polarised light from the output polariser 218 will now be considered for on-axis and off-axis directions.
Polarisation component 360 from the output polariser 218 is transmitted by reflective polariser 302 and incident on retarders 300. On-axis light has a polarisation component 362 that is unmodified from component 360 while off-axis light has a polarisation component 364 that is transformed by the polar control retarder 300. At a minimum, the polarisation component 361 is transformed to a linear polarisation component 364 and absorbed by additional polariser 318. More generally, the polarisation component 361 is transformed to an elliptical polarisation component, that is partially absorbed by additional polariser 318.
Thus in a polar representation of transmission by the polar control retarder 300 and additional polariser 318 in a privacy mode, regions of high transmission and regions of low transmission are provided as illustrated in
The polar distribution of light transmission illustrated in
Advantageously, a privacy display is provided that has low luminance to an off-axis snooper while maintaining high luminance for an on-axis observer.
The operation of the reflective polariser 302 for light from ambient light source 604 will now be described.
Ambient light source 604 illuminates the display 100 with unpolarised light. Additional polariser 318 transmits light ray 410 normal to the display surface with a first polarisation component 372 that is a linear polarisation component parallel to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polariser 318.
In both states of operation, the polarisation component 372 remains unmodified by the polar control retarder 300 and so transmitted polarisation component 382 is parallel to the transmission axis of the reflective polariser 302 and the output polariser 218, so ambient light is directed through the SLM 48 and lost.
By comparison, for ray 412, off-axis light is directed through the polar control retarder 300 such that polarisation component 374 incident on the reflective polariser 302 may be reflected. Such polarisation component is re-converted into component 376 after passing through retarders 300 and is transmitted through the additional polariser 318.
Thus when the layer 314 of liquid crystal material is in the second state of said two states, the reflective polariser 302 provides no reflected light for ambient light rays 410 passing through the additional polariser 318 and then the polar control retarder 300 along an axis perpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder 300, but provides reflected light rays 412 for ambient light passing through the additional polariser 318 and then the polar control retarder 300 at some polar angles which are at an acute angle to the perpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder 300; wherein the reflected light 412 passes back through the polar control retarder 300 and is then transmitted by the additional polariser 318.
The polar control retarder 300 thus provides no overall transformation of polarisation component 380 to ambient light rays 410 passing through the additional polariser 318 and then the polar control retarder 300 along an axis perpendicular to the plane of the switchable retarder, but provides an overall transformation of polarisation component 372 to ambient light rays 412 passing through the absorptive polariser 318 and then the polar control retarder 300 at some polar angles which are at an acute angle to the perpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder 300.
The polar distribution of light reflection illustrated in
Advantageously, a privacy display is provided that has high reflectivity to an off-axis snooper while maintaining low reflectivity for an on-axis observer. As is described above, such increased reflectivity provides increased visual security level for the display in an ambiently illuminated environment.
In another application such a display may provide a switchable mirror appearance. Such a display may improve the aesthetic appearance of displays that are not in operation. For example in applications to a television in a domestic environment, the display may be provided as a mirror for off-axis viewing, so hiding the ‘black hole’ that is typical of large area TVs, by reflecting ambient light, advantageously providing perceived expansion of the living space.
Measurements of reflectivity of the arrangement of
In comparison to
The operation of the privacy mode of the display of
The shape and distribution of the reflected image 606 is determined by the ambient light source 604 spatial distribution but may be further determined by diffusion layers, particularly at the output surface of the additional polariser 318.
Thus upper viewing quadrant views 530, 532, lower viewing quadrant views 534, 536 and lateral viewing position views 526, 528 provide both reduced luminance and increased reflections 606, 605 of ambient light source 604, whereas up/down central viewing region views 522, 524 and head-on view 520 provides much higher luminance and low reflectivity region 605, with substantially no visibility of reflection from reflective polariser 302.
In comparison to the present embodiments, omission of the reflective polariser 302 provides for visual security level, V that is less than 4.0 for typical ambient illuminance. Such visual security levels do not achieve desirable privacy to snooper 27. The present embodiments achieve high visual security levels above 4.0 for a lux/nit ratio of 20% or less. For example, desirable visual security may be achieved for a head-on user 26 observing a 200 nit image in an environment with 40 nit ambient illuminance. As ambient illuminance increases, the visual security level increases.
By way of comparison with the present disclosure, single retarders that provide high reflectivity over a narrow angular range (such as ‘bulls-eye’ patterns typical of single retarder layers, and described for example with reference to
The present plural retarders of the present embodiments provide high reflectivity over a wide angular range and achieve desirable privacy to an off-axis snooper. Further the present retarders may be switched to provide low reflectivity and high image visibility in a public mode of operation. Advantageously the plural retarders achieve significantly increased polar region 692 and significantly reduced polar region 694 while achieving comfortable image visibility to the primary user in polar region 690.
It may be desirable to provide controllable display illumination in an automotive vehicle.
The displays 100 of
The operation of the display device 100 in public mode representing a first state will now be described and further details of the polar control retarder 300 illustrated.
The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surface alignment layers disposed on electrodes 413, 415 and adjacent to the layer of liquid crystal material 414 and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414. The layer of liquid crystal material 414 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a liquid crystal material with a negative dielectric anisotropy. The liquid crystal molecules 414 may be provided with a pretilt, for example 88 degrees from the horizontal to remove degeneracy in switching.
In the present embodiments, desirable ranges for retardations and voltages have been established by means of simulation of retarder stacks and experiment with display optical stacks. Ranges for retardances will now be described that provide design configurations for various optical layers.
The layer 314 of liquid crystal material has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 1000 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 900 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 850 nm; and the retarder 330 further comprises a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder, the passive retarder having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −900 nm, preferably in a range from −450 nm to −800 nm and most preferably in a range from −500 nm to −725 nm.
Alternatively, the passive polar control retarder 330 may comprise an O-plate retarder having an optical axis that is oriented with a component perpendicular to the plane of the retarder and a component in the plane of the retarder. Such a retarder may provide further compensation for residual tilts of the liquid crystal material 414.
Thus when the liquid crystal retarder 301 is in a first state of said two states, the polar control retarder 300 provides no overall transformation of polarisation component 360, 361 to output light passing therethrough perpendicular to the plane of the switchable retarder 301 or at an acute angle to the perpendicular to the plane of the switchable retarder 301. That is polarisation component 362 is substantially the same as polarisation component 360 and polarisation component 364 is substantially the same as polarisation component 361. Thus the angular transmission profile of
Thus when the liquid crystal retarder 301 is in the first state of said two states, the polar control retarder 300 provides no overall transformation of polarisation component 372 to ambient light rays 412 passing through the additional polariser 318 and then the polar control retarder 300, that is perpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder 300 or at an acute angle to the perpendicular to the plane of the polar control retarder 300.
In operation in the public mode, input light ray 412 has polarisation state 372 after transmission through the additional polariser 318. For both head-on and off-axis directions no polarisation transformation occurs and thus the reflectivity for light rays 402 from the reflective polariser 302 is low. Light ray 412 is transmitted by reflective polariser 302 and lost in the display polarisers 218, 210 or the backlight of
Advantageously in a public mode of operation, high luminance and low reflectivity is provided across a wide field of view. Such a display can be conveniently viewed with high contrast by multiple observers.
The appearance of the display of
Thus the desirable off-axis viewing position for user 49 has high display luminance and substantially without reflections from the reflective polariser 302. A high image visibility value can be achieved and display information conveniently resolved by multiple users. Fresnel reflection 605 are still present as in conventional displays, and are at a customary low level. A high performance public mode is provided.
Further arrangements of retarders will now be described.
The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surface alignment layers 419a, 419b disposed adjacent to the layer of liquid crystal material 421 and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 421. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material 421 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a liquid crystal material 421 with a positive dielectric anisotropy. The layer of liquid crystal material 421 has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 900 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 850 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 800 nm. The retarder 330 further comprises a pair of passive retarders 330A, 330B which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, each passive retarder of the pair of passive retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 350 nm to 650 nm and most preferably in a range from 450 nm to 550 nm.
In comparison to the embodiments of TABLE 2, the passive polar control retarder 330 is provided by a pair of A-plates 330A, 330B that have crossed axes. In the present embodiments, ‘crossed’ refers to an angle of substantially 90° between the optical axes of the two retarders in the plane of the retarders. To reduce cost of retarder materials, it is desirable to provide materials with some variation of retarder orientation due to stretching errors during film manufacture for example. Variations in retarder orientation away from preferable directions can reduce the head-on luminance and increase the minimum transmission. Preferably the angle 310A is at least 35° and at most 55°, more preferably at least 40° and at most 50° and most preferably at least 42.5° and at most 47.5°. Preferably the angle 310B is at least 125° and at most 145°, more preferably at least 130° and at most 135° and most preferably at least 132.5° and at most 137.5°.
In comparison to the embodiments of TABLE 2, the liquid crystal retarder alignment is provided by a homogeneous rather than homeotropic alignment. Homogeneous alignment advantageously provides reduced recovery time during mechanical distortion, such as when touching the display.
The passive retarders may be provided using stretched films to advantageously achieve low cost and high uniformity. Further field of view for liquid crystal retarders with homogeneous alignment is increased while providing resilience to the visibility of flow of liquid crystal material during applied pressure.
It may be desirable to provide the additional polariser 318 with a different electric vector transmission direction to the electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser 218 and reflective polariser 302.
The reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318 have electric vector transmission directions 303, 319 that are not parallel, and the display device 100 further comprises a rotator retarder 406 arranged between the reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318, the rotator retarder 406 being arrange to rotate a polarisation direction of polarised light incident thereon between the electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser 218 and electric vector transmission direction of the additional polariser 318.
The output polariser 218 and reflective polariser 302 may be provided with electric vector transmission directions 219, 303 that may be for example at an angle 317 of 45 degrees in the case of a twisted nematic LCD display. The additional polariser 318 may be arranged to provide vertically polarised light to a user who may be wearing polarising sunglasses that typically transmit vertically polarised light.
The passive rotation retarder 460 is different to the polar control retarder 330 of the present embodiments and its operation will now be described. Passive rotation retarder 460 may comprise a birefringent material 462 and be a half waveplate, with retardance at a wavelength of 550 nm of 275 nm for example. Passive rotation retarder 460 has a fast axis orientation 464 that is inclined at an angle 466 that may be 22.5 degrees to the electric vector transmission direction 319 of the additional polariser 318. The passive rotation retarder 460 thus rotates the polarisation from the output polariser 218 such that the polarisation direction of the light that is incident onto the polar control retarder 330B is parallel to the direction 319.
In operation the passive rotation retarder 460 modifies the on-axis polarisation state, by providing an angular rotation of the polarisation component from the output polariser 218. In comparison to the polar control retarders 330A, 330B together do not modify the on-axis polarisation state. Further, the passive rotation retarder 460 provides a rotation of polarisation that provides only a small variation of output luminance with viewing angle for off-axis directions. In comparison the polar control retarders 330A, 330B provide substantial modifications of output luminance with viewing angle.
Advantageously a display may be provided with an output polarisation direction 319 that is different from the display polariser polarisation direction 219, for example to provide viewing with polarising sunglasses.
In an alternative embodiment the passive rotation retarder 460 may be omitted and the retardance of the retarder 330B of
In other embodiments, the passive rotation retarder 460 may be provided between the display output polariser 218 and the reflective polariser 302 such that the electric vector transmission directions 303, 319 of the reflective polariser 302 and additional polariser 318 are parallel.
In comparison to the arrangement of
The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer of liquid crystal material and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a liquid crystal material 414 with a positive dielectric anisotropy. The layer of liquid crystal material 414 has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 900 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 850 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 800 nm. The retarder 330 further comprises a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder, the passive retarder having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −700 nm, preferably in a range from −350 nm to −600 nm and most preferably −400 nm to −500 nm.
In comparison to
A structure omitting passive polar control retarder 330 will now be described.
An illustrative embodiment of the arrangement of
The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer of liquid crystal material and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414. The layer of liquid crystal material of the switchable liquid crystal retarder comprises a liquid crystal material with a positive dielectric anisotropy. The liquid crystal retarder 301 may have a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 1500 nm, preferably in a range from 700 nm to 1200 nm and most preferably in a range from 800 nm to 1000 nm.
The embodiments of
Further arrangements of switchable retarders 300 will now be described.
Thus the passive polar control retarder 330 comprises a pair of retarders 330A, 330B which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed. The pair of retarders 330A, 330B have optical axes that each extend at +/−45° with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser. The pair of retarders 330A, 330B each comprise a single A-plate. An illustrative embodiment is described in TABLE 5.
The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surface alignment layers disposed on electrodes 413, 415 and adjacent to the layer of liquid crystal material 414 and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414. The layer of liquid crystal material 414 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises a liquid crystal material with a negative dielectric anisotropy. The layer 314 of liquid crystal material has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 1000 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 900 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 850 nm. The retarder 301 further comprises a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, each passive retarder of the pair of passive retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 500 nm to 700 nm and most preferably in a range from 550 nm to 675 nm.
Advantageously high reflectivity may be provided over a wide field of view in privacy mode. A-plates may be more conveniently manufactured at lower cost than for the C-plate retarders.
Hybrid aligned liquid crystal retarders 301 will now be described.
An embodiment of the arrangement of hybrid alignment comprising both homeotropic and homogeneous alignment layers in combination with a passive retarder, are illustrated in TABLE 6.
The switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprises two surface alignment layers 419a, 419b disposed adjacent to the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 and on opposite sides thereof, one of the surface alignment layers 419a being arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414 and the other of the surface alignment layers 419b being arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414.
In comparison to embodiments with two homeotropic or two homogeneous alignment layers, the design of passive polar control retarder 330 may be different if placed on the side of the homeotropic alignment layer 419a or placed on the side of the homogeneous alignment layer 419b.
When the surface alignment layer 419b arranged to provide homogeneous alignment is between the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 and the polar control retarder 330, the liquid crystal retarder 301 has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 700 nm to 2000 nm, preferably in a range from 1000 nm to 1500 nm and most preferably in a range from 1200 nm to 1500 nm. The polar control retarder 300 may further comprise a passive polar control retarder 330 having its optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder, the passive polar control retarder 330 having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −400 nm to −1800 nm, preferably in a range from −700 nm to −1500 nm and most preferably in a range from −900 nm to −1300 nm.
The C-plate of
When the surface alignment layer 419a arranged to provide homeotropic alignment is between the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 and the polar control retarder 330, the liquid crystal retarder 301 has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 1800 nm, preferably in a range from 700 nm to 1500 nm and most preferably in a range from 900 nm to 1350 nm. The polar control retarder 300 may further comprise a passive polar control retarder 330 having its optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder 330, the passive polar control retarder 330 having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from −300 nm to −1600 nm, preferably in a range from −500 nm to −1300 nm and most preferably in a range from −700 nm to −1150 nm; or the retarder 330 may further comprise a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed, each retarder of the pair of retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 400 nm to 1600 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 1400 nm and most preferably in a range from 800 nm to 1300 nm.
Advantageously, hybrid alignment of
Further display structures will now be described, comprising multiple optical stacks to achieve control of field of view of a privacy or low stray light display apparatus.
Advantageously the field of view of the display is modified by the further additional polariser 318B to reduce off-axis luminance from the SLM 48. Stray light is reduced and visual security level to a snooper is increased. The additional polariser 318B may be a reflective polariser. This is different to reflective polariser 302. Additional reflective polariser 318B provides light recirculation in the backlight 20, and does not increase front reflection in privacy mode. Advantageously efficiency is increased.
In operation, light from the display output polariser 218 has a field-of-view modification from the passive polar control retarder 300B and further additional polariser 318B. Advantageously, the field of view from the emissive display is reduced. The reflective polariser 302, plural polar control retarders 300A and an additional polariser 318A provide switching between a public mode that is determined by the SLM 48, retarder 300B and further additional polariser 318B and a privacy mode with high off-axis reflectivity and reduced off-axis luminance in comparison to that achieved by the display 100 of
In comparison to the display of
It would be desirable to provide a public mode with high image visibility for off-axis viewing and a privacy mode with high visual security level. Embodiments of switchable privacy displays comprising further plural retarders and further additional polarisers will now be described.
By way of comparison, the backlight 20 may be provided by a wide angle backlight 20, as described elsewhere rather than a directional backlight. The SLM 48 is a transmissive SLM arranged to receive output light 400 from the backlight 20, and the SLM 48 further comprises an input polariser 210 arranged on the input side of the SLM 48, the input polariser 210 being a linear polariser. A further additional polariser 318B is arranged on the input side of the input polariser 210, the further additional polariser 318B being a linear polariser. At least one further polar control retarder 300B is arranged between the further additional polariser 318B and the input polariser 210.
The first-mentioned at least one polar control retarder 300A comprises a first switchable liquid crystal retarder 301A comprising a first layer 314A of liquid crystal material, and the at least one further polar control retarder 300B comprises a second switchable liquid crystal retarder 301B comprising a second layer 314B of liquid crystal material.
Polar control retarder 300A comprises passive polar control retarder 330A and switchable liquid crystal retarder 301A. Further polar control retarder 300B comprises passive polar control retarder 330B and switchable liquid crystal retarder 301B. The polar control retarder 300B provides a modification of output transmission polar luminance profile and the polar control retarder 300A provides a modification of output transmission polar luminance and reflectivity profiles as described elsewhere herein.
In comparison to
Advantageously the reflective recirculation polariser with operation as described with reference to
The arrangement of
An arrangement similar to
In comparison to the embodiment of
Further the embodiments include polar control retarder 300A, additional polariser 318A, further polar control retarder 300B and further additional polariser 318B. The transmission profiles of such arrangements are multiplicative. Thus, very low luminance may be achieved at design polar angles, such as at a lateral angle of +/−45 degrees and elevation of 0 degrees. However, the high luminance from the backlight or emissive SLM at higher angles than the design polar angle provides increased light levels and reduced reflectivity. Visual security level may be reduced for high angle snoopers. The at least one further polar control retarder 300B comprises at least one further passive retarder, in the embodiment of
It may be desirable to provide designs that are tuned for minima that are at lateral angles greater than 45 degrees, for example between 50 degrees and 65 degrees. In arrangements with further polar control retarder 300B, the layers 314A, 314B of liquid crystal material 414 of the switchable liquid crystal retarders 301A, 301B may each have a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 450 nm to 850 nm, preferably in a range from 500 nm to 750 nm and most preferably in a range from 550 nm to 650 nm.
The first-mentioned plural retarders and the further plural retarders may each comprise a pair of passive retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed wherein each passive retarder of the first-mentioned pair of passive retarders 330A, 330B has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 300 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 350 nm to 650 nm and most preferably in a range from 400 nm to 550 nm.
Advantageously the luminance and reflectivity at high angles may be reduced and the visual security level may be increased for snoopers at a high viewing angle. The reduction of colour asymmetry in switchable privacy display will now be discussed.
Returning to
The at least one further polar control retarder 300B comprises a further pair of passive retarders 330BA, 330BB which have optical axes 331BA, 331BB in the plane of the retarders 330BA, 330BB that are crossed, wherein the first of the further pair of passive retarders 330BA has an optical axis 331BA that extends at 135° with respect to an electric vector transmission direction 219 of the output polariser 218, and the second of the further pair of passive retarders 330BB has an optical axis 331BB that extends at 45° with respect to an electric vector transmission direction 219 of the output polariser 218. The second retarder 330AB, 330BB of each pair of passive retarders is arranged to receive light from the first retarder 330AA, 330BA of the respective pair of passive polar control retarder 330A, 330B. Thus, the passive retarder 330 AA of the first pair and the passive retarder 330BB of the further pair that are closest to each other have respective optical axes 331AA and 331AB that extend in the same direction.
For the present disclosure the rotation direction of the passive retarder optical axes may be clockwise or anti-clockwise, such that either one of the optical axis within each pair of passive retarders extend at 45° and 135°, respectively. In the illustrative example the rotation direction is clockwise.
Returning to
Optionally, in the example of
Another arrangement of polar control retarder 300A, and further polar control retarder 300B will now be given.
An illustrative embodiment is provided in TABLE 8B.
In comparison to the arrangement of
The embodiment of
Embodiments of luminance controlling displays with symmetric colour and luminance output will now be described.
A display device thus comprises: a SLM 48; a output polariser arranged on at least one side of the SLM, the output polariser being a linear polariser; a first additional polariser 318A arranged on the same side of the SLM 48 as one of the at least one output polarisers, the first additional polariser 318A being a linear polariser; and first polar control retarders 300A arranged between the first additional polariser 318A and the one of the at least one output polarisers; a further additional polariser 318B arranged on the same side of the SLM as said one of the at least one output polarisers, outside the first additional polariser 318A, the further additional polariser 318B being a linear polariser; and further polar control retarders 300B arranged between the first additional polariser 318A and the further additional polariser 318B, wherein the first polar control retarders comprise a pair of passive retarders 330AA, 330AB which have optical axes 331AA, 331AB in the plane of the retarders that are crossed and extend at 45° and 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser 218, the further polar control retarders comprise a further pair of passive retarders 330BA, 330BB which have optical axes 331BA, 331BB in the plane of the retarders that are crossed and extend at 45° and 135°, respectively with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser 218, and the optical axes 331BB, 331AA of the one of the first pair of passive polar control retarders and the one of the further pair of passive polar control retarders that are closest to each other extend in the same direction.
The first polar control retarders 300A and further polar control retarders 300B each further comprise a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301A, 301B comprising a layer 314A, 314B of liquid crystal material 414A, 414B, the first polar control retarders 300A and the further polar control retarders 300B each being arranged, in a switchable state of the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301A, 301B, simultaneously to introduce no net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by said one of the at least one output polarisers along an axis along a normal to the plane of the polar control retarders and to introduce a net relative phase shift to orthogonal polarisation components of light passed by said one of the at least one output polarisers along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the polar control retarders.
The example of
The example of
A display device comprises: a backlight 20 arranged to output light a transmissive SLM 48 arranged to receive output light from the backlight 20; an input polariser 210 arranged on the input side of the SLM 48 and an output polariser 218 arranged on the output side of the SLM 48, the input polariser 210 and the output polariser 218 being linear polarisers; a first additional polariser 318A arranged on the output side of output polariser 218, the first additional polariser 318A being a linear polariser; and first polar control retarders 300A arranged between the first additional polariser 318A and the output polariser 218; a further additional polariser 318B arranged between the backlight 20 and input polariser 210, the further additional polariser 318B being a linear polariser; and further polar control retarders 300B arranged between the input polariser 210 and the further additional polariser 318B; wherein the first polar control retarders 300A comprise a pair of passive retarders 330AA, 330AB which have optical axes 331AA, 331AB in the plane of the retarders that are crossed and extend at 45° and 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser 218, the further polar control retarders 300B comprise a further pair of passive retarders 330BA, 330BB which have optical axes 331BA, 331BB in the plane of the retarders that are crossed and extend at 45° and 135°, respectively with respect to an electric vector transmission direction of the output polariser 218, and the optical axes 331BB, 331AA of the one of the first pair of passive polar control retarders and the one of the further pair of passive polar control retarders that are closest to each other extend in the same direction.
The example of
The first-mentioned polar control retarder 300B comprises a first switchable liquid crystal retarder 301B comprising a first layer of liquid crystal material 414B, and the further polar control retarder 300A comprises a second switchable liquid crystal retarder 301A comprising a second layer of liquid crystal material 414A. The further switchable liquid crystal retarder 301A comprises a surface alignment layer 307A disposed adjacent the liquid crystal material 414A having a pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is aligned parallel or antiparallel or orthogonal to the reflective polariser.
The pretilt directions 307A, 331A of the alignment layers of the further switchable liquid crystal retarder 301A may have a component in the plane of the liquid crystal layer 314A that is aligned parallel or antiparallel or orthogonal to the pretilt directions of the alignment layers 307B, 331B of the first switchable liquid crystal retarder 301B. In a public mode of operation, both switchable liquid crystal layers 301B, 301A are driven to provide a wide viewing angle. In a privacy mode of operation, switchable liquid crystal retarders 301A, 301B may cooperate to advantageously achieve increased luminance reduction and thus improved privacy in a single axis.
The first and second liquid crystal retarders 301A, 301B may have retardances that are different. The retardation provided by the first liquid crystal retarder 301B and further liquid crystal layer 314A may be different. The control system 352 may be arranged to control apply a common voltage across the first and second switchable liquid crystal retarders 301A, 301B. The liquid crystal material 414B of the first liquid crystal retarder 301B may be different from the liquid crystal material 414A of the second liquid crystal layer 301A. Chromatic variation of the polar luminance profiles illustrated elsewhere herein may be reduced, so that advantageously off-axis colour appearance is improved.
Alternatively, switchable liquid crystal retarders 301A, 301B may have orthogonal alignments so that reduced luminance is achieved in both horizontal and vertical directions, to advantageously achieve landscape and portrait privacy operation.
The retardance control layer 300A may comprise a passive polar control retarder 330A arranged between the output polariser 218 and the reflective polariser 302. More generally, the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301A may be omitted and a fixed luminance reduction may be provided by passive retarders 330A. For example, luminance reduction in viewing quadrants may be provided by means of layer 330A alone. Advantageously polar region for luminance reduction may be achieved.
It may be desirable to provide both entertainment and night-time modes of operation in an automotive vehicle.
Displays 100 comprising polar control retarders 300 that are passive retarders 272 and comprising reflective polariser 302 and additional polariser 318 will now be further described.
The operation of such a display is described below with reference to
The embodiments of
The passive polar control retarder 300B thus comprises a passive retarder 272A that is a negative O-plate which has an optical axis with a component in the plane of the passive retarder 272A and a component perpendicular to the plane of the passive retarder 272A. Further the component in the plane of the passive retarder extends at 90°, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission 219 of the output polariser 218. The passive retarder 272B comprises a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the passive retarder.
Advantageously luminance may be reduced for lateral viewing directions. A mobile display may be comfortably rotated about a horizontal axis while achieving privacy for off-axis snoopers in a lateral direction.
The passive polar control retarder 300B thus comprises passive retarders 272A, 272B that are crossed A-plates and retarder 272C which has an optical axis with a component in the plane of the passive retarder 272C and a component perpendicular to the plane of the passive retarder 272C. The component in the plane of the passive retarder extends at 90°, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission 219 of the output polariser 218. Advantageously luminance may be reduced for lateral viewing directions. A mobile display may be comfortably rotated about a horizontal axis while achieving privacy for off-axis snoopers in a lateral direction.
It may be desirable to provide reduction of luminance in both lateral and elevation directions.
The retarder thus comprises a pair of passive retarders 272A, 272D which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed. The pair of retarders each comprise plural A-plates having respective optical axes aligned at different angles from each other. The pair of passive retarders 272B, 272C have optical axes that each extend at 90° and 0°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission 211 of the input polariser 210.
The pair of passive retarders 272A, 272D have optical axes that extend at 45° and at 135°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction 211 that is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the output polariser 218 respectively.
The display further comprises an additional pair of passive retarders 272B, 272C disposed between the first-mentioned pair of passive retarders 272A, 272D and which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed. The additional pair of passive retarders 272B, 272C have optical axes that each extend at 0° and at 90°, respectively, with respect to an electric vector transmission direction 211, 317 that is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the input polariser 210, 316.
The retardance of each A-plate for light of a wavelength of 550 nm may be in a range from 600 nm to 850 nm, preferably in a range from 650 nm to 730 nm, and most preferably in a range from 670 nm to 710 nm. The colour change of absorbed light from a central viewing location to an off-axis viewing location may be advantageously reduced.
In further illustrative embodiments, preferably the angle 273A is at least 40° and at most 50°, more preferably at least 42.5° and at most 47.5° and most preferably at least 44° and at most 46°. Preferably the angle 273D is at least 130° and at most 140°, more preferably at least 132.5° and at most 137.5° and most preferably at least 134° and at most 136°.
In further illustrative embodiments, the inner retarder pair 272B, 272C may have looser tolerances than the outer retarder pair 272A, 272D. Preferably the angle 273B is at least −10° and at most 10°, most preferably at least −5° and at most 5° and most preferably at least −2° and at most 2°. Preferably the angle 273C is at least 80° and at most 100°, more preferably at least 85° and at most 95° and most preferably at least 88° and at most 92°.
The present embodiment provides a transmission profile that has some rotational symmetry. Advantageously a privacy display may be provided with reduced visibility of image from a wide field of view for lateral or elevated viewing positions of a snooper. Further, such an arrangement may be used to achieve enhanced privacy operation for landscape and portrait operation of a mobile display. Such an arrangement may be provided in a vehicle to reduce stray light to off-axis passengers, and also to reduce light falling on windscreen and other glass surfaces in the vehicle.
The retarder 330 may be provided between the switchable liquid crystal layer 314 and SLM 48 as illustrated in
The passive polar control retarder 330 comprises first and second C-plates 330A, 330B; and the switchable liquid crystal layer 314 is provided between the first and second C-plates 330A, 330B. The switchable liquid crystal retarder comprises two surface alignment layers 419a, 419b disposed adjacent to the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414. The layer of liquid crystal material 414 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder comprises a liquid crystal material 414 with a negative positive dielectric anisotropy.
The layer of liquid crystal material 314 has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 1000 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 900 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 850 nm. The two passive retarders each comprises a passive retarder having an optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder with a total retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range −300 nm to −700 nm, preferably in a range from −350 nm to −600 nm and most preferably −400 nm to −500 nm.
The polar control retarder 300 comprises two passive retarders 330A, 330B, and a switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 comprising a layer 314 of liquid crystal material provided between the two passive retarders 330A, 330B. The display device 100 further comprises a transmissive electrodes 413, 415 and liquid crystal surface alignment layers 409, 411 formed on a side of each of the two passive retarders 330A, 330B adjacent the layer 314 of liquid crystal material. The display device 100 further comprises first and second substrates between which the layer 314 of liquid crystal material is provided, the first and second substrates each comprising one of the two passive retarders 330A, 330B.
Thus the first C-plate 330A has a transparent electrode layer 415 and liquid crystal alignment layer 411 formed on one side and the second C-plate 330B has a transparent electrode layer 413 and liquid crystal alignment layer 409 formed on one side.
The liquid crystal layer 314 is provided between first and second substrates 312, 316, and the first and second substrates 312, 316 each comprises one of the first and second C-plates 330A, 330B. The C-plates may be provided in double stretched COP films that are ITO coated to provide electrodes 413, 415 and have liquid crystal alignment layers 409, 411 formed thereon.
Advantageously, the number of layers may be reduced in comparison to the arrangement of
It would be desirable to provide a liquid crystal layer 314 between first and second A-plate substrates.
The switchable liquid crystal retarder comprises two surface alignment layers 419a, 419b disposed adjacent to the layer 314 of liquid crystal material 414 and on opposite sides thereof and each arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material 414. The layer of liquid crystal material 414 of the switchable liquid crystal retarder comprises a liquid crystal material 414 with a negative positive dielectric anisotropy.
The layer of liquid crystal material 314 has a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 500 nm to 1000 nm, preferably in a range from 600 nm to 900 nm and most preferably in a range from 700 nm to 850 nm. Each of the two passive retarders has an optical axis in the plane of the passive retarder, wherein the optical axes are crossed, and each passive retarder of the pair of passive retarders having a retardance for light of a wavelength of 550 nm in a range from 150 nm to 800 nm, preferably in a range from 200 nm to 700 nm and most preferably in a range from 250 nm to 600 nm.
In comparison to the arrangement of
It would be desirable to provide improved image appearance by means of adding camouflage to the private image seen by the snooper 47 in privacy mode of operation.
Thus the switchable liquid crystal retarder 301 arranged between the reflective polariser 302 and the additional polariser 318 is controlled by means of addressing electrodes 415a, 415b, 415c and uniform electrode 413. The addressing electrodes may be patterned to provide at least two pattern regions comprising electrode 415a and gap 417.
Thus in white background regions 603, a camouflage structure may be provided that has mixed luminance of the white region 603. The pattern regions of the electrodes 415a, 415b, 415c are thus camouflage patterns. At least one of the pattern regions is individually addressable and is arranged to operate in a privacy mode of operation.
The pattern regions may be arranged to provide camouflage for multiple spatial frequencies by means of control of which patterns are provided during privacy mode of operation. In an illustrative example, a presentation may be provided with 20 mm high text. A camouflage pattern with similar pattern size may be provided with a first control of an electrode pattern. In a second example a photo may be provided with large area content that is most visible to a snooper 47. The spatial frequency of the camouflage pattern may be reduced to hide the larger area structures, by combining first and second electrode regions to provide the voltage and achieve a resultant lower spatial frequency pattern.
Advantageously a controllable camouflage structure may be provided by means of adjustment of the voltages Va, Vb, Vc across the layer 892. Substantially no visibility of the camouflage structure may be seen for head-on operation. Further the camouflage image may be removed by providing Va, Vb and Vc to be the same.
Further to providing camouflage from luminance modulation of the private image, the present embodiments provide camouflaged reflection from ambient illumination 604, advantageously achieving further hiding of private images to the snooper 47 while achieving non-camouflaged reflection to the primary user 45.
The performance of retarders between parallel polarisers when arranged in series will now be described. First, the field of view of a homogeneously aligned liquid crystal retarder 301 will now be described for two different drive voltages.
Unexpectedly, the optimum conditions for maximum field-of-view operation is provided by equal and opposite net retardation of the polar control retarder 330 in comparison to the switchable liquid crystal retarder layer 301 in its undriven state. An ideal polar control retarder 330 and switchable liquid crystal retarder layer 301 may achieve (i) no modification of the public mode performance from the input light and (ii) optimal reduction of lateral viewing angle for off-axis positions for all elevations when arranged to provide a narrow angle state. This teaching may be applied to all the display devices disclosed herein.
It would be desirable to provide further reduction of off-axis luminance by means of directional illumination from the SLM 48. Directional illumination of the SLM 48 by directional backlights 20 will now be described.
A Lambertian backlight has a luminance profile 846 that is independent of viewing angle. In the present embodiments, the backlight 20 may be arranged to provide an angular light distribution that has reduced luminance for off-axis viewing positions in comparison to head-on luminance.
A typical wide angle backlight has a roll-off at higher angles such that the full width half maximum of relative luminance may be preferably greater than 40°, more preferably greater than 60° and most preferably greater than 80°. A typical wide angle backlight has a roll-off at higher angles such that the full width half maximum 866 of relative luminance may be greater than 40°, preferably greater than 60° and most preferably greater than 80°. Further the relative luminance 864 at +/−45°, is preferably greater than 7.5%, more preferably greater than 10% and most preferably greater than 20%. Advantageously a display that achieves a roll-off similar to the wide angle backlight may provide high image visibility to off-axis users.
Displays comprising wide angle backlights 20 and only one additional polariser 318 and polar control retarder 330 (not comprising further polar control retarders 300B and further additional polariser 318B) do not typically achieve desirable visual security level to off-axis users in privacy mode of operation. Desirably such displays may be provided with a directional backlight 20 as will now be described.
The backlight 20 may be a directional backlight that provides a luminance at polar angles to the normal to the SLM greater than 45 degrees in at least one azimuthal direction that is at most 30% of the luminance along the normal to the SLM, preferably at most 20% of the luminance along the normal to the SLM, and more preferably at most 10% of the luminance along the normal to the SLM. The directional backlight 20 may have a roll-off at higher angles such that the full width half maximum 862 of relative luminance may be less than 60°, preferably less than 40° and most preferably less than 20°. In an illustrative example the luminance 868 at 45 degrees may be 18% of the head-on luminance from the backlight 20.
Such luminance profiles may be provided by the directional backlights 20 described below or may also be provided by wide angle backlights in combination with further additional polariser 318B and polar control retarders 300B as described elsewhere herein.
One type of a switchable backlight 20 will now be described.
The imaging waveguides 1 is of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,519,153, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The waveguide 1 has an input end 2 extending in a lateral direction along the waveguide 1. An array of light sources 15 are disposed along the input end 2 and input light into the waveguide 1.
The waveguide 1 also has opposed first and second guide surfaces 6, 8 extending across the waveguide 1 from the input end 2 to a reflective end 4 for guiding light input at the input end 2 forwards and back along the waveguide 1. The second guide surface 8 has a plurality of light extraction features 12 facing the reflective end 4 and arranged to deflect at least some of the light guided back through the waveguide 1 from the reflective end 4 from different input positions across the input end 2 in different directions through the first guide surface 6 that are dependent on the input position.
In operation, light rays are directed from light source array 15 through an input end and are guided between first and second guiding surfaces 6, 8 without loss to a reflective end 4. Reflected rays are incident onto facets 12 and output by reflection as light rays 230 or transmitted as light rays 232. Transmitted light rays 232 are directed back through the waveguide 1 by facets 803, 805 of rear reflector 800. Operation of rear reflectors are described further in U.S. Pat. No. 10,054,732, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
As illustrated in
Thus for off-axis viewing positions observed by snoopers 47 may have reduced luminance, for example between 1% and 3% of the central peak luminance at an elevation of 0 degrees and lateral angle of +/−45 degrees. Further reduction of off-axis luminance is achieved by the plural retarders 301, 330 of the present embodiments.
Backlight 20 may thus further comprise a switchable backlight arranged to switch the output angular luminance profile in order to provide reduced off-axis luminance in a privacy mode of operation and higher off-axis luminance in a public mode of operation.
Another type of directional backlight with low off-axis luminance will now be described.
The waveguide 901 has an input end 902 extending in a lateral direction along the waveguide 901. An array of light sources 915 are disposed along the input end 902 and input light into the waveguide 1. The waveguide 901 also has opposed first and second guide surfaces 906, 908 extending across the waveguide 1 from the input end 2 to a reflective end 4 for guiding light input at the input end 2 forwards and back along the waveguide 1. In operation, light is guided between the first and second guiding surface 906, 908.
The first guiding surface 906 may be provided with a lenticular structure 904 comprising a plurality of elongate lenticular elements 905 and the second guiding surface 908 may be provided with prismatic structures 912 which are inclined and act as light extraction features. The plurality of elongate lenticular elements 905 of the lenticular structure 904 and the plurality of inclined light extraction features deflect input light guided through the waveguide 901 to exit through the first guide surface 906.
A rear reflector 903 that may be a planar reflector is provided to direct light that is transmitted through the surface 908 back through the waveguide 901.
Output light rays that are incident on both the prismatic structures 912 and lenticular elements 905 of the lenticular structure 904 are output at angles close to grazing incidence to the surface 906. A prismatic turning film 926 comprising facets 927 is arranged to redirect output light rays 234 by total internal reflection through the SLM 48 and compensated switchable liquid crystal polar control retarder 300.
Advantageously in regions in which snoopers may be located with lateral angles of 45 degrees or greater for example, the luminance of output from the display is small, typically less than 2%. It would be desirable to achieve further reduction of output luminance. Such further reduction is provided by the compensated switchable liquid crystal polar control retarder 300 and additional polariser 318 as illustrated in
Directional backlights such as the types described in
The operation of polar control retarder layers between parallel polarisers for off-axis illumination will now be described further. In the various devices described above, at least one polar control retarder is arranged between the reflective polariser 318 and the additional polariser 218 in various different configurations. In each case, the at least one polar control retarder is configured so that it does not affect the luminance of light passing through the reflective polariser 318, the at least one polar control retarder, and the additional polariser 218 along an axis along a normal to the plane of the polar control retarder(s) but it does reduce the luminance of light passing through the reflective polariser 318, the at least one polar control retarder, and the additional polariser 218 along an axis inclined to a normal to the plane of the polar control retarder(s), at least in one of the switchable states of the compensated switchable polar control polar control retarder 300. There will now be given a description of this effect in more detail, the principles of which may be applied in general to all of the devices described above.
Normal light rays 636 propagate so that the path length in the material is the same as the thickness 631. Light rays 637 are in the y-z plane have an increased path length; however the birefringence of the material is substantially the same as the rays 636. By way of comparison light rays 638 that are in the x-z plane have an increased path length in the birefringent material and further the birefringence is different to the normal ray 636.
The retardance of the polar control retarder 630 is thus dependent on the angle of incidence of the respective ray, and also the plane of incidence, that is rays 638 in the x-z will have a retardance different from the normal rays 636 and the rays 637 in the y-z plane.
The interaction of polarized light with the polar control retarder 630 will now be described. To distinguish from the first and second polarization components during operation in a directional backlight 101, the following explanation will refer to third and fourth polarization components.
At the design wavelength and for light propagating normally along ray 636 then the output polarization may be rotated by 90 degrees to a linear polarization state 640 at −45 degrees. Light propagating along ray 637 may see a phase difference that is similar but not identical to the phase difference along ray 637 due to the change in thickness, and thus an elliptical polarization state 639 may be output which may have a major axis similar to the linear polarization axis of the output light for ray 636.
By way of contrast, the phase difference for the incident linear polarization state along ray 638 may be significantly different, in particular a lower phase difference may be provided. Such phase difference may provide an output polarization state 644 that is substantially circular at a given inclination angle 642. Thus, the polar control retarder 630 introduces a phase shift to polarisation components of light passed by the polariser on the input side of the polar control retarder 630 along an axis corresponding to ray 638 that is inclined to a normal to the plane of the polar control retarder 630. Although
To illustrate the off-axis behaviour of polar control retarder stacks, the angular luminance control of C-plates 330A, 330B between an additional polariser 318 and output polariser 218 will now be described for various off-axis illumination arrangements with reference to the operation of a C-plate between the parallel polarisers 500, 210 will now be described.
To illustrate the off-axis behaviour of polar control retarder stacks, the angular luminance control of crossed A-plates 330A, 330B between an additional polariser 318 and output polariser 218 will now be described for various off-axis illumination arrangements.
The output polarisation component is aligned to the electric vector transmission direction of the additional polariser 318, and thus is transmitted efficiently. Advantageously substantially no losses are provided for light rays that have zero lateral angle angular component so that full transmission efficiency is achieved.
Thus the polar control retarder comprises a pair of retarders 330A, 330B which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders 330A, 330B that are crossed, that is the x-y plane in the present embodiments. The pair of retarders 330A, 330B have optical axes 331A, 331B that each extend at 45° with respect to an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission of the polariser 318.
Advantageously substantially no losses are provided for light rays that have zero elevation angular component so that full transmission efficiency is achieved.
Thus luminance is reduced for light rays that have non-zero lateral angle and non-zero elevation components. Advantageously display privacy can be increased for snoopers that are arranged in viewing quadrants while luminous efficiency for primary display users is not substantially reduced.
As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provide an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted tolerance ranges from zero percent to ten percent and corresponds to, but is not limited to, component values, angles, et cetera. Such relativity between items ranges between approximately zero percent to ten percent.
While various embodiments in accordance with the principles disclosed herein have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with any claims and their equivalents issuing from this disclosure. Furthermore, the above advantages and features are provided in described embodiments, but shall not limit the application of such issued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all of the above advantages.
Additionally, the section headings herein are provided for consistency with the suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or otherwise to provide organizational cues. These headings shall not limit or characterize the embodiment(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. Specifically and by way of example, although the headings refer to a “Technical Field,” the claims should not be limited by the language chosen under this heading to describe the so-called field. Further, a description of a technology in the “Background” is not to be construed as an admission that certain technology is prior art to any embodiment(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to be considered as a characterization of the embodiment(s) set forth in issued claims. Furthermore, any reference in this disclosure to “invention” in the singular should not be used to argue that there is only a single point of novelty in this disclosure. Multiple embodiments may be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claims issuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define the embodiment(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby. In all instances, the scope of such claims shall be considered on their own merits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by the headings set forth herein.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3914022 | Kashnow | Oct 1975 | A |
| 4059916 | Tachihara et al. | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4586790 | Umeda et al. | May 1986 | A |
| 4621898 | Cohen | Nov 1986 | A |
| 4974941 | Gibbons et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5005108 | Pristash et al. | Apr 1991 | A |
| 5035491 | Kawagishi et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5126882 | Oe et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5579139 | Abileah et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5608550 | Epstein et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5658490 | Sharp et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5671994 | Tai et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5715028 | Abileah et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5726729 | Takei | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5779337 | Saito et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5791757 | O'Neil et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5808784 | Ando et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5835166 | Hall et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5852509 | Coleman | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5854872 | Tai | Dec 1998 | A |
| 5894361 | Yamazaki et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5914760 | Daiku | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5997148 | Ohkawa | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6055103 | Woodgate et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6099758 | Verrall et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6144433 | Tillin et al. | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6169589 | Kaneko | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6204904 | Tillin et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
| 6222672 | Towler et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6280043 | Ohkawa | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6364497 | Park et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6379016 | Boyd et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6392727 | Larson et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6437915 | Moseley et al. | Aug 2002 | B2 |
| 6731355 | Miyashita | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6752505 | Parker et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
| 6987550 | Takato et al. | Jan 2006 | B2 |
| 7067985 | Adachi | Jun 2006 | B2 |
| 7072096 | Holman et al. | Jul 2006 | B2 |
| 7163319 | Kuo et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7227602 | Jeon et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| 7366392 | Honma et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7524542 | Kim et al. | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7528893 | Schultz et al. | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7528913 | Kobayashi | May 2009 | B2 |
| 7633586 | Winlow et al. | Dec 2009 | B2 |
| 7660047 | Travis et al. | Feb 2010 | B1 |
| 7766534 | Iwasaki | Aug 2010 | B2 |
| 7834834 | Takatani et al. | Nov 2010 | B2 |
| 7970246 | Travis et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7991257 | Coleman | Aug 2011 | B1 |
| 8070346 | Maeda et al. | Dec 2011 | B2 |
| 8098350 | Sakai et al. | Jan 2012 | B2 |
| 8154686 | Mather et al. | Apr 2012 | B2 |
| 8228476 | Shibazaki | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8237876 | Tan et al. | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8249408 | Coleman | Aug 2012 | B2 |
| 8262271 | Tillin et al. | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8469575 | Weber et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8646931 | Choi et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
| 8801260 | Urano et al. | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8848132 | O'Neill et al. | Sep 2014 | B2 |
| 8939595 | Choi et al. | Jan 2015 | B2 |
| 8973149 | Buck | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9195087 | Terashima | Nov 2015 | B2 |
| 9274260 | Urano et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9304241 | Wang et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9324234 | Ricci et al. | Apr 2016 | B2 |
| 9448355 | Urano et al. | Sep 2016 | B2 |
| 9501036 | Kang et al. | Nov 2016 | B2 |
| 9519153 | Robinson et al. | Dec 2016 | B2 |
| 9541698 | Wheatley et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9798169 | Su et al. | Oct 2017 | B2 |
| 9939675 | Peng et al. | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 10054732 | Robinson et al. | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10067726 | Wakamoto et al. | Sep 2018 | B2 |
| 10126575 | Robinson et al. | Nov 2018 | B1 |
| 10146093 | Sakai et al. | Dec 2018 | B2 |
| 10216018 | Fang et al. | Feb 2019 | B2 |
| 10288914 | Chung et al. | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10303030 | Robinson et al. | May 2019 | B2 |
| 10401638 | Robinson et al. | Sep 2019 | B2 |
| 10424232 | Schubert et al. | Sep 2019 | B2 |
| 10488705 | Xu et al. | Nov 2019 | B2 |
| 10527775 | Yang et al. | Jan 2020 | B2 |
| 10627670 | Robinson et al. | Apr 2020 | B2 |
| 10649248 | Jiang et al. | May 2020 | B1 |
| 10649259 | Lee et al. | May 2020 | B2 |
| 10712608 | Robinson et al. | Jul 2020 | B2 |
| 10802356 | Harrold et al. | Oct 2020 | B2 |
| 10935714 | Woodgate et al. | Mar 2021 | B2 |
| 10948648 | Ihas et al. | Mar 2021 | B2 |
| 10976578 | Robinson et al. | Apr 2021 | B2 |
| 11016341 | Robinson et al. | May 2021 | B2 |
| 11070791 | Woodgate et al. | Jul 2021 | B2 |
| 11079645 | Harrold et al. | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11079646 | Robinson et al. | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11092851 | Robinson et al. | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11092852 | Robinson et al. | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11099433 | Robinson et al. | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11099447 | Woodgate et al. | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11099448 | Woodgate et al. | Aug 2021 | B2 |
| 11237417 | Woodgate et al. | Feb 2022 | B2 |
| 11327358 | Robinson et al. | May 2022 | B2 |
| 11340482 | Robinson et al. | May 2022 | B2 |
| 11366358 | Wu et al. | Jun 2022 | B2 |
| 11442316 | Woodgate et al. | Sep 2022 | B2 |
| 11573437 | Woodgate et al. | Feb 2023 | B2 |
| 11892717 | Harrold et al. | Feb 2024 | B2 |
| 20010024561 | Cornelissen et al. | Sep 2001 | A1 |
| 20020015300 | Katsu et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020024529 | Miller et al. | Feb 2002 | A1 |
| 20020171793 | Sharp et al. | Nov 2002 | A1 |
| 20030030764 | Lee | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| 20030058381 | Shinohara et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030089956 | Allen et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20030107686 | Sato et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030117792 | Kunimochi et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030169499 | Bourdelais et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030214615 | Colgan et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030222857 | Abileah | Dec 2003 | A1 |
| 20040015729 | Elms et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040100598 | Adachi et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
| 20040125430 | Kasajima et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040141107 | Jones | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040145703 | O'Connor et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040223094 | Hamada et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
| 20040240777 | Woodgate et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040264910 | Suzuki et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050002174 | Min et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050014913 | Kim et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050111100 | Mather et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050117186 | Li et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050135116 | Epstein et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050157225 | Toyooka et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050190326 | Jeon et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050190329 | Okumura | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050206814 | Histake | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050213348 | Parikka et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050219693 | Hartkop et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050243265 | Winlow et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050259193 | Sumiyoshi et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050259205 | Sharp et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20050270798 | Lee et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060066785 | Moriya | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060082702 | Jacobs et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060092512 | Shioya | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060098296 | Woodgate et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060146405 | MacMaster | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060203162 | Ito et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060215244 | Yosha et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060244884 | Jeon et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060262255 | Wang et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060262258 | Wang et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060262376 | Mather et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060262558 | Cornelissen | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060268207 | Tan et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060285040 | Kobayashi | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070008471 | Wang et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
| 20070024970 | Lub et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070030240 | Sumiyoshi et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070035964 | Olczak | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070047254 | Schardt et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070064163 | Tan et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070076406 | Kodama et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070139772 | Wang | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070223251 | Liao | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070268427 | Uehara | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070285775 | Lesage et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080008434 | Lee et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080068329 | Shestak et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080068862 | Shimura | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080106689 | Inoue et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
| 20080129899 | Sharp | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080158491 | Zhu et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080158912 | Chang et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080205066 | Ohta et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080285310 | Aylward et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080316198 | Fukushima | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090009894 | Chuang | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090021657 | Yang et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090040426 | Mather et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090085894 | Gandhi et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090086509 | Omori et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090109381 | Haruyama | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090109703 | Chen et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090128735 | Larson et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090128746 | Kean et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090135623 | Kunimochi | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090174843 | Sakai et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090213147 | Sagardoyburu et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090213298 | Mimura et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090213305 | Ohmuro et al. | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090244415 | Ide | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20100002296 | Choi et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100014313 | Tillin et al. | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100066960 | Smith et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100128200 | Morishita | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100149459 | Yabuta et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100177113 | Gay et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100187704 | Hsu et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100205667 | Anderson et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100214324 | Broughton et al. | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100238376 | Sakai et al. | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100283930 | Park et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100289989 | Adachi | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100295755 | Broughton et al. | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100328438 | Ohyama et al. | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110018860 | Parry-Jones et al. | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110032483 | Hruska et al. | Feb 2011 | A1 |
| 20110176089 | Ishikawa et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
| 20110241573 | Tsai et al. | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110241983 | Chang | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110255304 | Kinoshita | Oct 2011 | A1 |
| 20110286222 | Coleman | Nov 2011 | A1 |
| 20110321143 | Angaluri et al. | Dec 2011 | A1 |
| 20120002121 | Pirs et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120020078 | Chang | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120086875 | Yokota | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120086893 | Ou et al. | Apr 2012 | A1 |
| 20120120351 | Kawata | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120127573 | Robinson et al. | May 2012 | A1 |
| 20120147026 | Gass et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120147280 | Osterman et al. | Jun 2012 | A1 |
| 20120170315 | Fan et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120188792 | Matsumoto et al. | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120212414 | Osterhout et al. | Aug 2012 | A1 |
| 20120235891 | Nishitani et al. | Sep 2012 | A1 |
| 20120294037 | Holman et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120299913 | Robinson et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120314145 | Robinson | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120320311 | Gotou et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20120327101 | Blixt et al. | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130039062 | Vinther et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130050610 | Parry-Jones et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130057807 | Goto et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130100097 | Martin | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130107174 | Yun et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130120817 | Yoon et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130128165 | Lee et al. | May 2013 | A1 |
| 20130242231 | Kurata et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130242612 | Lee et al. | Sep 2013 | A1 |
| 20130278544 | Cok | Oct 2013 | A1 |
| 20130293793 | Lu | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130300985 | Bulda | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130307831 | Robinson et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130308185 | Robinson et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130308339 | Woodgate et al. | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20130321340 | Seo et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20130328866 | Woodgate et al. | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140009508 | Woodgate et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140022619 | Woodgate et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140071382 | Scardato | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140098418 | Lin | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140098558 | Vasylyev | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140104147 | Nakahara et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140111760 | Guo et al. | Apr 2014 | A1 |
| 20140132887 | Kurata | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140133181 | Ishida et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140140091 | Vasylyev | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140140095 | Yuki et al. | May 2014 | A1 |
| 20140176873 | Shinohara et al. | Jun 2014 | A1 |
| 20140185322 | Liao | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140201844 | Buck | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140211125 | Kurata | Jul 2014 | A1 |
| 20140232836 | Woodgate et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140232960 | Schwartz et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140240344 | Tomono et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140240828 | Robinson et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140240839 | Yang et al. | Aug 2014 | A1 |
| 20140268358 | Kusaka et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140286043 | Sykora et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140286044 | Johnson et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140289835 | Varshavsky et al. | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20140313464 | Li et al. | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140340728 | Taheri | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140361990 | Leister | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20140367873 | Yang et al. | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150035872 | Shima et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150055366 | Chang et al. | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150088284 | Hendricks et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150116212 | Freed et al. | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150177447 | Woodgate et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150177563 | Cho et al. | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150185398 | Chang et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150205157 | Sakai et al. | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150268479 | Woodgate et al. | Sep 2015 | A1 |
| 20150286061 | Seo et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150286817 | Haddad et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150293273 | Chen et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150293289 | Shinohara et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150293409 | Usukura et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150301400 | Kimura et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150338564 | Zhang et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150346417 | Powell | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150346532 | Do et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150355490 | Kao et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150378085 | Robinson et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160054508 | Hirayama et al. | Feb 2016 | A1 |
| 20160103264 | Lee et al. | Apr 2016 | A1 |
| 20160132721 | Bostick et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160147074 | Kobayashi et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160154259 | Kim et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160154458 | Liu et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160216420 | Gaides et al. | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160216540 | Cho et al. | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160224106 | Liu | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160238869 | Osterman et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160259115 | Kitano et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160291358 | Kikuchi et al. | Oct 2016 | A1 |
| 20160334898 | Kwak et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160349444 | Robinson et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
| 20160356943 | Choi et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
| 20160357046 | Choi et al. | Dec 2016 | A1 |
| 20170003436 | Inoue et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170031206 | Smith et al. | Feb 2017 | A1 |
| 20170085869 | Choi et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170090103 | Holman | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170090237 | Kim et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170092187 | Bergquist | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170092229 | Greenebaum et al. | Mar 2017 | A1 |
| 20170115485 | Saito et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170123241 | Su et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170139110 | Woodgate et al. | May 2017 | A1 |
| 20170168633 | Kwak et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170205558 | Hirayama et al. | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170236494 | Sommerlade et al. | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170269283 | Wang et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170269285 | Hirayama et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170276960 | Osterman et al. | Sep 2017 | A1 |
| 20170315423 | Serati et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170329399 | Azam et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170336661 | Harrold et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170339398 | Woodgate et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170343715 | Fang et al. | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170363798 | Hirayama et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20170363913 | Yi | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20180011173 | Newman | Jan 2018 | A1 |
| 20180014007 | Brown | Jan 2018 | A1 |
| 20180052346 | Sakai | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180082068 | Lancioni et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180095581 | Hwang et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180113334 | Fang et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180188576 | Xu et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180188603 | Fang et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180196275 | Robinson et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180210243 | Fang et al. | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180210253 | Kashima | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180231811 | Wu | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180252949 | Klippstein et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180259799 | Kroon | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180259812 | Goda et al. | Sep 2018 | A1 |
| 20180284341 | Woodgate et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180321523 | Robinson et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180321553 | Robinson et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180329245 | Robinson et al. | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180364526 | Finnemeyer et al. | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20190086706 | Robinson et al. | Mar 2019 | A1 |
| 20190121173 | Robinson et al. | Apr 2019 | A1 |
| 20190154896 | Yanai | May 2019 | A1 |
| 20190196235 | Robinson et al. | Jun 2019 | A1 |
| 20190196236 | Chen | Jun 2019 | A1 |
| 20190197928 | Schubert et al. | Jun 2019 | A1 |
| 20190215509 | Woodgate et al. | Jul 2019 | A1 |
| 20190227366 | Harrold et al. | Jul 2019 | A1 |
| 20190235304 | Tamada et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
| 20190250458 | Robinson et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
| 20190278010 | Sakai et al. | Sep 2019 | A1 |
| 20190293858 | Woodgate et al. | Sep 2019 | A1 |
| 20190293983 | Robinson et al. | Sep 2019 | A1 |
| 20190331944 | Fang et al. | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190339433 | Benoit et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20190353944 | Acreman et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20190361165 | Chang et al. | Nov 2019 | A1 |
| 20200019006 | Robinson et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200026114 | Harrold et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200026125 | Robinson et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200041839 | Robinson et al. | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200110301 | Harrold et al. | Apr 2020 | A1 |
| 20200132904 | Smith et al. | Apr 2020 | A1 |
| 20200159055 | Robinson et al. | May 2020 | A1 |
| 20200185590 | Malhotra et al. | Jun 2020 | A1 |
| 20200218101 | Ihas et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20200225402 | Ihas et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20200233142 | Liao et al. | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20210033898 | Woodgate et al. | Feb 2021 | A1 |
| 20210116627 | Tsuji | Apr 2021 | A1 |
| 20210149233 | Robinson et al. | May 2021 | A1 |
| 20210149234 | Woodgate et al. | May 2021 | A1 |
| 20210271121 | Woodgate et al. | Sep 2021 | A1 |
| 20210341769 | Woodgate et al. | Nov 2021 | A1 |
| 20210373382 | Sakai et al. | Dec 2021 | A1 |
| 20220404540 | Robinson et al. | Dec 2022 | A1 |
| 20220413338 | Matsushima et al. | Dec 2022 | A1 |
| 20230254457 | Robinson et al. | Aug 2023 | A1 |
| 20230375863 | Woodgate et al. | Nov 2023 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2222313 | Jun 1998 | CA |
| 1125943 | Oct 2003 | CN |
| 1690800 | Nov 2005 | CN |
| 1776484 | May 2006 | CN |
| 101042449 | Sep 2007 | CN |
| 101256251 | Sep 2008 | CN |
| 101435952 | May 2009 | CN |
| 101454712 | Jun 2009 | CN |
| 101518095 | Aug 2009 | CN |
| 101681061 | Mar 2010 | CN |
| 102540544 | Jul 2012 | CN |
| 103109226 | May 2013 | CN |
| 103473494 | Dec 2013 | CN |
| 103688211 | Mar 2014 | CN |
| 103988121 | Aug 2014 | CN |
| 104133292 | Nov 2014 | CN |
| 104303085 | Jan 2015 | CN |
| 104321686 | Jan 2015 | CN |
| 104380177 | Feb 2015 | CN |
| 104597661 | May 2015 | CN |
| 204740413 | Nov 2015 | CN |
| 105842909 | Aug 2016 | CN |
| 105960609 | Sep 2016 | CN |
| 106104372 | Nov 2016 | CN |
| 106415342 | Feb 2017 | CN |
| 107102460 | Aug 2017 | CN |
| 209171779 | Jul 2019 | CN |
| 1956423 | Aug 2008 | EP |
| 2037318 | Mar 2009 | EP |
| 2405542 | Mar 2005 | GB |
| 2415850 | Jan 2006 | GB |
| 2418518 | Mar 2006 | GB |
| 2428100 | Jan 2007 | GB |
| 2428345 | Jan 2007 | GB |
| 2482065 | Jan 2012 | GB |
| 2486935 | Sep 2013 | GB |
| S58143305 | Aug 1983 | JP |
| H01130783 | Sep 1989 | JP |
| H09197405 | Jul 1997 | JP |
| H10268251 | Oct 1998 | JP |
| H11174489 | Jul 1999 | JP |
| 2005316470 | Nov 2005 | JP |
| 2005345799 | Dec 2005 | JP |
| 2006139160 | Jun 2006 | JP |
| 2006201326 | Aug 2006 | JP |
| 2006330164 | Dec 2006 | JP |
| 2007501966 | Feb 2007 | JP |
| 2007148279 | Jun 2007 | JP |
| 2007273288 | Oct 2007 | JP |
| 2008310271 | Dec 2008 | JP |
| 2009020293 | Jan 2009 | JP |
| 2011095719 | May 2011 | JP |
| 2011103241 | May 2011 | JP |
| 2013160818 | Aug 2013 | JP |
| 2014032953 | Feb 2014 | JP |
| 2014099363 | May 2014 | JP |
| 20090106062 | Oct 2009 | KR |
| 20120011228 | Feb 2012 | KR |
| 20130046116 | May 2013 | KR |
| 1020150021937 | Mar 2015 | KR |
| 1020170013915 | Feb 2017 | KR |
| 1020170019006 | Feb 2017 | KR |
| 1020170040565 | Apr 2017 | KR |
| 101990286 | Jun 2019 | KR |
| M537663 | Mar 2017 | TW |
| I612360 | Jan 2018 | TW |
| 2005071449 | Aug 2005 | WO |
| 2005071474 | Aug 2005 | WO |
| 2006030702 | Mar 2006 | WO |
| 2008001896 | Jan 2008 | WO |
| 2008078764 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2008093445 | Aug 2008 | WO |
| 2009008406 | Jan 2009 | WO |
| 2009011199 | Jan 2009 | WO |
| 2010021926 | Feb 2010 | WO |
| 2010101141 | Sep 2010 | WO |
| 2010143705 | Dec 2010 | WO |
| 2014011328 | Jan 2014 | WO |
| 2014130860 | Aug 2014 | WO |
| 2015040776 | Mar 2015 | WO |
| 2015057625 | Apr 2015 | WO |
| 2015143227 | Sep 2015 | WO |
| 2015157184 | Oct 2015 | WO |
| 2015190311 | Dec 2015 | WO |
| 2015200814 | Dec 2015 | WO |
| 2016195786 | Dec 2016 | WO |
| 2017050631 | Mar 2017 | WO |
| 2017065745 | Apr 2017 | WO |
| 2017117570 | Jul 2017 | WO |
| 2018003380 | Jan 2018 | WO |
| 2018035492 | Feb 2018 | WO |
| 2018178790 | Oct 2018 | WO |
| 2018208618 | Nov 2018 | WO |
| 2018221413 | Dec 2018 | WO |
| 2019055755 | Mar 2019 | WO |
| 2019067846 | Apr 2019 | WO |
| 2019090252 | May 2019 | WO |
| 2019147762 | Aug 2019 | WO |
| 2021003383 | Jan 2021 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| EP-20851155.0 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Aug. 2, 2023. |
| PCT/US2023/017639 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jul. 6, 2023. |
| PCT/US2020/053863 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Mar. 12, 2021. |
| PCT/US2020/060155 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Feb. 5, 2021. |
| PCT/US2020/060191 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Feb. 8, 2021. |
| PCT/US2020/063638 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Mar. 2, 2021. |
| PCT/US2020/064633 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Mar. 15, 2021. |
| PCT/US2021/029937 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Aug. 6, 2021. |
| PCT/US2021/029944 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Aug. 3, 2021. |
| PCT/US2021/029947 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Aug. 10, 2021. |
| PCT/US2021/029954 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Aug. 10, 2021. |
| PCT/US2021/029958 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Aug. 10, 2021. |
| PCT/US2021/043435 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Nov. 1, 2021. |
| PCT/US2021/043444 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Nov. 1, 2021. |
| PCT/US2022/045030 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jan. 3, 2023. |
| Robson, et al. “Spatial and temporal contrast-sensitivity functions of the visual system”, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 56, pp. 1141-1142 (1966). |
| Simonyan et al., “Very Deep Convolutional Networks For Large-Scale Image Recognition”, ICLR 2015. |
| TW107132221 First Office Action dated Apr. 28, 2022. |
| Weindorf et al., “Active Circular Polarizer OLED E-Mirror”, Proceedings of the Society for Information Display 25th Annual Symposium of Vehicle Displays, Livonia, MI, pp. 225-237, Sep. 25-26, 2018. |
| Adachi, et al. “P-228L: Late-News Poster: Controllable Viewing-Angle Displays using a Hybrid Aligned Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell”, ISSN, SID 2006 Digest, pp. 705-708. |
| Brudy et al., “Is Anyone Looking? Mitigating Shoulder Surfing on Public Displays through Awareness and Protection”, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Persuasive Displays (Jun. 3, 2014), pp. 1-6. |
| Cheng, et al., “Fast-Response Liquid Crystal Variable Optical Retarder and Multilevel Attenuator,” Optical Engineering 52 (10), 107105 (Oct. 16, 2013). (Year: 2013). |
| CN201680061632.6 Notification of the First Office Action dated Sep. 14, 2021. |
| CN201780030715.3 Notification of the First Office Action dated Jan. 21, 2020. |
| CN201880042320.X Notification of the First Office Action dated May 25, 2021. |
| CN-201880042320.X Notification of the Third Office Action from the Chinese Patent Office dated Dec. 30, 2022. |
| CN201880073578.6 Notification of the First Office Action dated Aug. 27, 2021. |
| CN-201980020303.0—Notification of the First Office Action dated Dec. 16, 2021. |
| CN201980030279.9 Notification of the First Office Action dated Mar. 29, 2022. |
| CN-201980082757.0 Notification of the 1st Office Action of the Chinese Patent Office mailed Dec. 5, 2022. |
| EP-16860628.3 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Apr. 26, 2019. |
| EP-17799963.8 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Oct. 9, 2019. |
| EP-18855604.7 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Jun. 1, 2021. |
| EP-18857077.4 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Jun. 16, 2021. |
| EP-19743619.9 Extended European Search of European Patent Office dated Nov. 23, 2021. |
| EP-19743701.5 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Nov. 24, 2021. |
| EP19771688.9 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Dec. 2, 2021. |
| EP-19825448.4 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Mar. 10, 2022. |
| EP-19881483.2 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Aug. 5, 2022. |
| EP-20754927.0 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Sep. 19, 2022. |
| Gass, et al. “Privacy LCD Technology for Cellular Phones”, Sharp Laboratories of Europe Ltd, Mobile LCD Group, Feb. 2007, pp. 45-49. |
| Ishikawa, T., “New Design for a Highly Collimating Turning Film”, SID 06 Digest, pp. 514-517. |
| JP2019-561773 Non-Final Notice of Reasons for Rejection dated Mar. 22, 2022. |
| JP2020-509511 Non-Final Notice of Reasons for Rejection dated Jul. 19, 2022. |
| JP2020-540724 Non-Final Notice of Reasons for Rejection dated Jan. 4, 2023. |
| JP-2020-540797 Non-Final Notice of Reasons for Rejection from the Japan Patent Office mailed Dec. 6, 2022. |
| Kalantar, et al. “Backlight Unit With Double Surface Light Emission,” J. Soc. Inf. Display, vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 379-387 (Dec. 2004). |
| Nelkon et al., “Advanced Level Physics”, Third edition with SI units, Heinemann Educational Books LTD, London, 1970. |
| PCT/US2016/058695 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Feb. 28, 2017. |
| PCT/US2017/032734 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jul. 27, 2017. |
| PCT/US2018/031206 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jul. 20, 2018. |
| PCT/US2018/031218 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jul. 19, 2018. |
| PCT/US2018/051021 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Nov. 21, 2018. |
| PCT/US2018/051027 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Nov. 30, 2018. |
| PCT/US2018/053328 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Nov. 30, 2018. |
| PCT/US2018/059249 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jan. 3, 2019. |
| PCT/US2018/059256 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jan. 3, 2019. |
| PCT/US2019/014889 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed May 24, 2019. |
| PCT/US2019/014902 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jun. 25, 2019. |
| PCT/US2019/023659 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jun. 10, 2019. |
| PCT/US2019/038409 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Sep. 19, 2019. |
| PCT/US2019/038466 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Nov. 5, 2019. |
| PCT/US2019/042027 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Oct. 15, 2019. |
| PCT/US2019/054291 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Jan. 6, 2020. |
| PCT/US2019/059990 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Feb. 28, 2020. |
| PCT/US2019/066208 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Feb. 27, 2020. |
| PCT/US2020/017537 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Apr. 29, 2020. |
| PCT/US2020/040686 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Nov. 20, 2020. |
| PCT/US2020/044574 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Oct. 21, 2020. |
| Chiu, et al, “Advanced Hyoer-Viewing Angle Controllable LCD”, 39-1 / M.-H. Chiu Invited Paper; AUO Technology Center, AU Optronics Corp., Hsinchu, Taiwan, SID 2021 Digest, ISSN 0097-996X/21/5202-0543, pp. 543-545. |
| EP19771688.9 Notification of the First Office Action dated Mar. 6, 2023. |
| EP-20835231.0 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated May 15, 2023. |
| JP2020-550747 Non-Final Notice of Reasons for Rejection dated Mar. 29, 2023. |
| KR10-2020-7010753 Notice of Preliminary Rejection mailed Feb. 17, 2023. |
| PCT/US2023/012240 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed Apr. 27, 2023. |
| PCT/US2023/012243 International search report and written opinion of the international searching authority mailed May 10, 2023. |
| CN201980056000.4 Notification of the First Office Action dated Nov. 1, 2023. |
| CN201980056022.0 Notification of the First Office Action dated Oct. 23, 2023. |
| CN202080020818.3 Notification of the First Office Action dated Oct. 23, 2023. |
| CN202080059812.7 Notification of the First Office Action dated Oct. 19, 2023. |
| EP-20872625.7 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Sep. 20, 2023. |
| EP-20887527.8 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Nov. 20, 2023. |
| JP2021-518864 Non-Final Notice of Reasons for Rejection dated Oct. 24, 2023. |
| KR10-2020-7024293 Notice of Preliminary Rejection mailed Dec. 7, 2023. |
| EP-20887756.3 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Jan. 2, 2024. |
| EP-20898295.9 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Jan. 22, 2024. |
| IN202017035853 Hearing Notice dated Jan. 3, 2024. |
| TW108140291 First Office Action dated Nov. 9, 2023. |
| CN202080089170.5 Notification of the First Office Action dated Apr. 7, 2024. |
| EP23218625.4 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Feb. 23, 2024. |
| JP2022-506340 Non-Final Notice of Reasons for Rejection dated Mar. 19, 2024. |
| EP21795524.4 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Apr. 26, 2024. |
| EP21796016.0 Extended European Search Report of European Patent Office dated Apr. 29, 2024. |
| JP2022-526302 Non-Final Notice of Reasons for Rejection dated Apr. 30, 2024. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20230408855 A1 | Dec 2023 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62699906 | Jul 2018 | US | |
| 62699914 | Jul 2018 | US | |
| 62673576 | May 2018 | US | |
| 62673359 | May 2018 | US | |
| 62641657 | Mar 2018 | US | |
| 62634168 | Feb 2018 | US | |
| 62622001 | Jan 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 17194381 | Mar 2021 | US |
| Child | 18126732 | US | |
| Parent | 16256120 | Jan 2019 | US |
| Child | 17194381 | US |
