Patent Application
20230048905
The present application relates to compositions comprising difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), for use in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems. The compositions of the present invention are useful in methods for producing cooling and heating, and methods for replacing refrigerants and refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump apparatus.
Many current commercial refrigerants contribute to ozone depletion and/or global warming. The use of many such compounds has come under scrutiny by environmental regulators, with many refrigerant components (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons; CFCs) scheduled for eventual phaseout. Thus, there is a need for refrigerants that are characterized by no ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low impact on global warming. This application addresses this need and others.
The present application provides, inter alia, compositions comprising difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
The present application further provides processes for producing cooling, comprising condensing a composition provided herein and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.
The present application further provides processes for producing heating, comprising evaporating a composition provided herein and thereafter condensing said composition in the vicinity of a body to be heated.
The present application further provides methods of replacing a refrigerant (i.e., an incumbent refrigerant) selected from the group consisting of R-410A, R-22, and R-134a, in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system, comprising providing a composition provided herein as replacement for said R-410A, R-22, or R-134a.
The present application further provides air conditioning systems, heat pump systems, and refrigeration systems comprising a composition provided herein.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
The present disclosure provides compositions (e.g., heat transfer composition and/or refrigerant compositions) comprising difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The compositions provided herein may be useful, for example, in refrigerant and/or heat transfer applications formerly served by incumbent refrigerant compounds (e.g., CFCs, HFCs, and the like). In some embodiments, the composition provided herein is non-flammable.
In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of the difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) (e.g., difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), and one or more additional components as described herein, wherein the one or more additional components do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the composition). In some embodiments, the composition consists of difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
As used herein, the term “consisting essentially of” is used to define a composition, method that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed provided that these additional included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention, especially the mode of action to achieve the desired result of any of the processes of the present invention. The term “consists essentially of” or “consisting essentially of” occupies a middle ground between “comprising” and “consisting of”.
Also, use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.
As used herein, the term “about” is meant to account for variations due to experimental error (e.g., plus or minus approximately 10% of the indicated value). All measurements reported herein are understood to be modified by the term “about”, whether or not the term is explicitly used, unless explicitly stated otherwise.
When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range, preferred range or a list of upper preferable values and/or lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range.
Global warming potential (GWP) is an index for estimating relative global warming contribution due to atmospheric emission of a kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to emission of a kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time horizons showing the effect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. The GWP for the 100-year time horizon is commonly the value referenced.
As used herein the term “Ozone depletion potential” (ODP) is defined in “The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project,” section 1.4.4, pages 1.28 to 1.31 (see first paragraph of this section). ODP represents the extent of ozone depletion in the stratosphere expected from a compound on a mass-for-mass basis relative to fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11).
Refrigeration capacity (sometimes referred to as cooling capacity) is a term to define the change in enthalpy of a refrigerant or working fluid in an evaporator per unit mass of refrigerant or working fluid circulated. Volumetric cooling capacity refers to the amount of heat removed by the refrigerant or working fluid in the evaporator per unit volume of refrigerant vapor exiting the evaporator. The refrigeration capacity is a measure of the ability of a refrigerant, working fluid or heat transfer composition to produce cooling. Therefore, the higher the volumetric cooling capacity of the working fluid, the greater the cooling rate that can be produced at the evaporator with the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable with a given compressor. Cooling rate refers to the heat removed by the refrigerant in the evaporator per unit time.
Similarly, volumetric heating capacity is a term to define the amount of heat supplied by the refrigerant or working fluid in the condenser per unit volume of refrigerant or working fluid vapor entering the compressor. The higher the volumetric heating capacity of the refrigerant or working fluid, the greater the heating rate that is produced at the condenser with the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable with a given compressor.
Coefficient of performance (COP) is the amount of heat removed in the evaporator divided by the energy required to operate the compressor. The higher the COP, the higher the energy efficiency. COP is directly related to the energy efficiency ratio (EER), that is, the efficiency rating for refrigeration or air conditioning equipment at a specific set of internal and external temperatures.
As used herein, a heat transfer medium comprises a composition used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink. For example, heat from a body to be cooled to a chiller evaporator or from a chiller condenser to a cooling tower or other configuration where heat can be rejected to the ambient.
As used herein, a working fluid or refrigerant comprises a compound or mixture of compounds (e.g., a composition provided herein) that function to transfer heat in a cycle wherein the working fluid undergoes a phase change from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid in a repeating cycle.
Subcooling is the reduction of the temperature of a liquid below that liquid's saturation point for a given pressure. The saturation point is the temperature at which a vapor composition is completely condensed to a liquid (also referred to as the bubble point). But subcooling continues to cool the liquid to a lower temperature liquid at the given pressure. By cooling a liquid below the saturation temperature, the net refrigeration capacity can be increased. Subcooling thereby improves refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of a system. Subcool amount is the amount of cooling below the saturation temperature (in degrees) or how far below its saturation temperature a liquid composition is cooled.
The term “superheat” defines how far above the saturation vapor temperature of a vapor composition a vapor composition is heated. Saturation vapor temperature is the temperature at which, if a vapor composition is cooled, the first drop of liquid is formed, also referred to as the “dew point”.
CFC: chlorofluorocarbon
HFC: hydrofluorocarbon
HCFC: hydrochlorofluorocarbon
HFO: hydrofluoroolefin
R-134a: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
R-22: chlorodifluoromethane
R-32: difluoromethane
R-410A: mixture of 50% difluoromethane (R-32) and 50% pentafluoroethane (R-125)
CAP: cooling (or heating) capacity
COP: coefficient of performance
GWP: global warming potential
ODP: ozone depletion potential
In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful as a replacement for R-410A in heat transfer systems (e.g., refrigerant systems) and methods as described herein.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 30 to about 50 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32), for example, about 30 to about 45, about 30 to about 40, about 40 to about 50, about 40 to about 45, or about 45 to about 50 weight percent difluoromethane.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 34 to about 46 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 36 to about 46 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 to about 44 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 34 to about 42 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 30 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, about 1 to about 5, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to about 25, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 15, about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 25, about 10 to about 20, about 10 to about 15, about 15 to about 30, about 15 to about 25, about 15 to about 20, about 20 to about 30, about 20 to about 25, or about 25 to about 30 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 29 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 29 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 9 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 4 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 to about 70 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), for example, about 25 to about 60, about 25 to about 50, about 25 to about 40, about 25 to about 30, about 30 to about 70, about 30 to about 60, about 30 to about 50, about 30 to about 40, about 40 to about 70, about 40 to about 60, about 40 to about 50, about 50 to about 70, about 50 to about 60, or about 60 to about 70 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 27 to about 65 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 27 to about 54 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 51 to about 60 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 57 to about 65 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
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In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP less than about 750, for example, less than about 700, less than about 600, less than about 500, less than about 400, less than about 300, less than about 250, less than about 200, less than about 100, less than about 50, or less than about 10. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 300. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 250.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 200 to about 750, for example, about 200 to about 700, about 200 to about 600, about 200 to about 500, about 200 to about 400, about 200 to about 350, about 200 to about 300, about 200 to about 250, about 250 to about 750, about 250 to about 700, about 250 to about 600, about 250 to about 500, about 250 to about 400, about 250 to about 350, about 250 to about 300, about 300 to about 750, about 300 to about 700, about 300 to about 600, about 300 to about 500, about 300 to about 400, about 300 to about 350, about 350 to about 750, about 350 to about 700, about 350 to about 600, about 350 to about 500, about 350 to about 400, about 400 to about 750, about 400 to about 700, about 400 to about 600, about 400 to about 500, about 500 to about 750, about 500 to about 700, about 500 to about 600, about 600 to about 750, about 600 to about 700, or about 650 to about 750.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 300 to about 375. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 300 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 300.
In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1A. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1A having a GWP from about 300 to about 360. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1A having a GWP from about 300 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1A having a GWP from about 300 to about 340. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1A having a GWP from about 300 to about 330. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1A having a GWP from about 300 to about 325.
In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1B. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1B having a GWP from about 244 to about 292. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1B having a GWP from about 244 to about 280. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1B having a GWP from about 244 to about 273. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1B having a GWP from about 244 to about 265. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 1B having a GWP from about 244 to about 259.
In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful as a replacement for R-22 in heat transfer systems (e.g., refrigerant systems) and methods as described herein.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 40 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32), for example, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 40, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 20, about 20 to about 40, about 20 to about 30, or about 30 to about 40 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 40 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 36 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 29 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 28 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 27 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 19 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 12 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 85 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), for example, about 1 to about 75, about 1 to about 65, about 1 to about 55, about 1 to about 45, about 1 to about 35, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 15, about 15 to about 85, about 15 to about 75, about 15 to about 65, about 15 to about 55, about 15 to about 45, about 15 to about 35, about 15 to about 25, about 25 to about 85, about 25 to about 75, about 25 to about 65, about 25 to about 55, about 25 to about 45, about 25 to about 35, about 35 to about 85, about 35 to about 75, about 35 to about 65, about 35 to about 55, about 35 to about 45, about 45 to about 85, about 45 to about 75, about 45 to about 65, about 45 to about 55, about 55 to about 85, about 55 to about 75, about 55 to about 65, about 65 to about 85, about 65 to about 75, or about 75 to about 85 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 82 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 36 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 9 to about 29 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 16 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 9 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 6 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 2 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 90 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), for example, for example, about 1 to about 80, about 1 to about 70, about 1 to about 60, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 40, about 1 to about 30, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 70, about 10 to about 60, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 40, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 20, about 20 to about 90, about 20 to about 80, about 20 to about 70, about 20 to about 60, about 20 to about 50, about 20 to about 40, about 20 to about 30, about 30 to about 90, about 30 to about 80, about 30 to about 70, about 30 to about 60, about 30 to about 50, about 30 to about 40, about 40 to about 90, about 40 to about 80, about 40 to about 70, about 40 to about 60, about 40 to about 50, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 50 to about 70, about 50 to about 60, about 60 to about 90, about 60 to about 80, about 60 to about 70, about 70 to about 90, about 70 to about 80, or about 80 to about 90 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 29 to about 69 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 59 to about 74 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 65 to about 90 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 72 to about 90 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 to about 90 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 87 to about 90 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
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In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP less than about 750, for example, less than about 700, less than about 600, less than about 500, less than about 400, less than about 300, less than about 250, less than about 200, less than about 100, less than about 50, or less than about 10. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 300. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 250. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 200. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 150. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 100.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 200 to about 750, for example, about 200 to about 700, about 200 to about 600, about 200 to about 500, about 200 to about 400, about 200 to about 350, about 200 to about 300, about 200 to about 250, about 250 to about 750, about 250 to about 700, about 250 to about 600, about 250 to about 500, about 250 to about 400, about 250 to about 350, about 250 to about 300, about 300 to about 750, about 300 to about 700, about 300 to about 600, about 300 to about 500, about 300 to about 400, about 300 to about 350, about 350 to about 750, about 350 to about 700, about 350 to about 600, about 350 to about 500, about 350 to about 400, about 400 to about 750, about 400 to about 700, about 400 to about 600, about 400 to about 500, about 500 to about 750, about 500 to about 700, about 500 to about 600, about 600 to about 750, about 600 to about 700, or about 650 to about 750.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 50 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 100 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 150 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 200 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 300 to about 375. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 300 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 300.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 100 to about 300. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 100 to about 250. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 100 to about 200. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 150 to about 200.
In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2A. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2A having a GWP from about 750 to about 1000. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2A having a GWP from about 750 to about 800.
In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 500. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 400. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 375. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 360. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 340. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 330. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 325. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2B having a GWP from about 300 to about 320.
In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 290. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 275. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 250. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 225. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 200. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 175. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 150. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 125. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 2C having a GWP from about 76 to about 97.
In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful as a replacement for R-134a in heat transfer systems (e.g., refrigerant systems) and methods as described herein.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 10 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32), for example, about 1 to about 8, about 1 to about 6, about 1 to about 4, about 1 to about 2, about 2 to about 10, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 4, about 4 to about 10, about 4 to about 8, about 4 to about 6, about 6 to about 10, about 6 to about 8, about 8 to about 10 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 7 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 4 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 5 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 5 weight percent difluoromethane (R-32).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), for example, about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 75, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 75, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 75, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 75, about 75 to about 99, about 75 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 98 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 to about 51 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 25 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 20 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 13 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 9 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 6 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 99 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), for example, about 1 to about 90, about 1 to about 75, about 1 to about 50, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 10, about 10 to about 99, about 10 to about 90, about 10 to about 75, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 99, about 25 to about 90, about 25 to about 75, about 25 to about 50, about 50 to about 99, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 75, about 75 to about 99, about 75 to about 90, or about 90 to about 99 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 98 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 47 to about 73 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 72 to about 78 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 77 to about 98 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 84 to about 98 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 88 to about 98 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 91 to about 98 weight percent trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I).
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In some embodiments, the composition comprises:
In some embodiments, the composition comprises:
In some embodiments, the composition comprises:
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP less than about 750, for example, less than about 700, less than about 600, less than about 500, less than about 400, less than about 300, less than about 250, less than about 200, less than about 100, less than about 50, or less than about 10. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 300. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 250. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 200. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 150. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of less than about 100.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 200 to about 750, for example, about 200 to about 700, about 200 to about 600, about 200 to about 500, about 200 to about 400, about 200 to about 350, about 200 to about 300, about 200 to about 250, about 250 to about 750, about 250 to about 700, about 250 to about 600, about 250 to about 500, about 250 to about 400, about 250 to about 350, about 250 to about 300, about 300 to about 750, about 300 to about 700, about 300 to about 600, about 300 to about 500, about 300 to about 400, about 300 to about 350, about 350 to about 750, about 350 to about 700, about 350 to about 600, about 350 to about 500, about 350 to about 400, about 400 to about 750, about 400 to about 700, about 400 to about 600, about 400 to about 500, about 500 to about 750, about 500 to about 700, about 500 to about 600, about 600 to about 750, about 600 to about 700, or about 650 to about 750.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 100 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 150 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 175 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 200 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 750. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 300 to about 375. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 300 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 250 to about 300.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 100 to about 300. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 100 to about 250. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 100 to about 200. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a GWP of from about 150 to about 200.
In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3A. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3A having a GWP from about 750 to about 1000. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3A having a GWP from about 750 to about 800.
In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 500. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 400. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 375. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 360. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 350. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 340. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 330. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 325. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3B having a GWP from about 300 to about 320.
In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 265. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 250. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 221. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 200. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 171. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 150. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 121. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 100. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 71. In some embodiments, the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Table 3C having a GWP from about 22 to about 50.
The compositions provided herein can act as a working fluid used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink. Such heat transfer compositions may also be useful as a refrigerant in a cycle wherein the fluid undergoes a phase change; that is, from a liquid to a gas and back, or vice versa. Examples of heat transfer systems include but are not limited to air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water chillers, flooded evaporator chillers, direct expansion chillers, walk-in coolers, high temperature heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, immersion cooling systems, data-center cooling systems, and combinations thereof. Accordingly, the present application provides a heat transfer system (e.g., a heat transfer apparatus) as described herein, comprising a composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein is useful as a working fluid (e.g., a working fluid for refrigeration or heating applications) in the heat transfer apparatus. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a high temperature heat pump. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a centrifugal compressor. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a chiller apparatus. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a centrifugal chiller apparatus. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in a centrifugal high temperature heat pump.
Mechanical vapor-compression refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems include an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. A refrigeration cycle re-uses refrigerant in multiple steps producing a cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in a different step. The cycle can be described as follows: Liquid refrigerant enters an evaporator through an expansion device, and the liquid refrigerant boils in the evaporator, by withdrawing heat from the environment, at a low temperature to form a gas and produce cooling. Often air or a heat transfer fluid flows over or around the evaporator to transfer the cooling effect caused by the evaporation of the refrigerant in the evaporator to a body to be cooled. The low-pressure gas enters a compressor where the gas is compressed to raise its pressure and temperature. The higher-pressure (compressed) gaseous refrigerant then enters the condenser in which the refrigerant condenses and discharges its heat to the environment. The refrigerant returns to the expansion device through which the liquid expands from the higher-pressure level in the condenser to the low-pressure level in the evaporator, thus repeating the cycle.
A body to be cooled or heated may be defined as any space, location, object or body for which it is desirable to provide cooling or heating. Examples include spaces (open or enclosed) requiring air conditioning, cooling, or heating, such as a room, an apartment, or building, such as an apartment building, university dormitory, townhouse, or other attached house or single-family home, hospitals, office buildings, supermarkets, college or university classrooms or administration buildings and automobile or truck passenger compartments. Additionally, a body to be cooled may include electronic devices, such as computer equipment, central processing units (cpu), data-centers, server banks, and personal computers among others.
By “in the vicinity of” is meant that the evaporator of the system containing the refrigerant is located either within or adjacent to the body to be cooled, such that air moving over the evaporator would move into or around the body to be cooled. In the process for producing heating, “in the vicinity of” means that the condenser of the system containing the refrigerant is located either within or adjacent to the body to be heated, such that the air moving over the evaporator would move into or around the body to be heated. In some embodiments, for heat transfer, “in the vicinity of” may mean that the body to be cooled is immersed directly in the heat transfer composition or tubes containing heat transfer compositions run into around internally, and out of electronic equipment, for instance.
Exemplary refrigeration systems include, but are not limited to, equipment including commercial, industrial or residential refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-contained coolers and freezers, vending machines, flooded evaporator chillers, direct expansion chillers, water chiller, centrifugal chillers, walk-in and reach-in coolers and freezers, and combination systems. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be used in supermarket refrigeration systems. Additionally, stationary applications may utilize a secondary loop system that uses a primary refrigerant to produce cooling in one location that is transferred to a remote location via a secondary heat transfer fluid.
In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in mobile heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or apparatus. In some embodiments, the compositions are useful in stationary heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or apparatus.
As used herein, mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems refers to any refrigeration, air conditioner, or heat pump apparatus incorporated into a transportation unit for the road, rail, sea or air. Mobile air conditioning or heat pumps systems may be used in automobiles, trucks, railcars or other transportation systems. Mobile refrigeration may include transport refrigeration in trucks, airplanes, or rail cars. In addition, apparatus which are meant to provide refrigeration for a system independent of any moving carrier, known as “intermodal” systems, are including in the present inventions. Such intermodal systems include “containers” (combined sea/land transport) as well as “swap bodies” (combined road and rail transport).
As used herein, stationary air conditioning or heat pump systems are systems that are fixed in place during operation. A stationary air conditioning or heat pump system may be associated within or attached to buildings of any variety. These stationary applications may be stationary air conditioning and heat pumps, including but not limited to chillers, heat pumps, including residential and high temperature heat pumps, residential, commercial or industrial air conditioning systems, and including window, ductless, ducted, packaged terminal, and those exterior but connected to the building such as rooftop systems.
Stationary heat transfer may refer to systems for cooling electronic devices, such as immersion cooling systems, submersion cooling systems, phase change cooling systems, data-center cooling systems or simply liquid cooling systems.
In some embodiments, a method is provided for using the present compositions as a heat transfer fluid. The method comprises transporting said composition from a heat source to a heat sink.
In some embodiments, a method is provided for producing cooling comprising evaporating any of the present compounds or compositions in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, and thereafter condensing said composition.
In some embodiments, a method is provided for producing heating comprising condensing any of the present compositions in the vicinity of a body to be heated, and thereafter evaporating said compositions.
In some embodiments, the composition is for use in heat transfer, wherein the working fluid is a heat transfer component.
In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use in refrigeration or air conditioning.
In some embodiments, compositions of the present invention may be useful for reducing or eliminating the flammability of flammable refrigerants provided herein. In some embodiments, the present application provided herein is a method for reducing the flammability of a flammable refrigerant comprising adding a composition comprising a composition as disclosed herein to a flammable refrigerant.
The compositions provided herein may be useful as a replacement for a currently used (“incumbent”) refrigerant. As used herein, the term “incumbent refrigerant” shall be understood to mean the refrigerant for which the heat transfer system was designed to operate, or the refrigerant that is resident in the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is selected from the group consisting of R-410A, R-22, and R-134a. In some embodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-410A. In some embodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-22. In some embodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-134a.
Often replacement refrigerants are most useful if capable of being used in the original refrigeration equipment designed for a different refrigerant, e.g., with minimal to no system modifications. In many applications, some embodiments of the disclosed compositions are useful as refrigerants and provide at least comparable cooling performance (meaning cooling capacity) as the refrigerant for which a replacement is being sought.
In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein (i.e., a composition provided herein) exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±1% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of the R-410A, R-22, or R-134a. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±20% of the cooling capacity of the R-410A, R-22, or R-134a. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of the R-410A, R-22, or R-134a. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±10% of the cooling capacity of the R-410A, R-22, or R-134a. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±5% of the cooling capacity of the R-410A, R-22, or R-134a. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% of the cooling capacity of the R-410A, R-22, or R-134a.
In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein (i.e., a composition provided herein) exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-410A and has a GWP less than about 750. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-410A and has a GWP less than about 400. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-410A and has a GWP less than about 250. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-410A and has a GWP less than about 150. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±5% of the cooling capacity of R-410A and has a GWP less than about 150.
In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein (i.e., a composition provided herein) exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-22 and has a GWP less than about 750. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-22 and has a GWP less than about 400. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-22 and has a GWP less than about 250. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-22 and has a GWP less than about 150. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±5% of the cooling capacity of R-22 and has a GWP less than about 150.
In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein (i.e., a composition provided herein) exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-134a and has a GWP less than about 750. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-134a and has a GWP less than about 400. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-134a and has a GWP less than about 250. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-134a and has a GWP less than about 150. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±5% of the cooling capacity of R-134a and has a GWP less than about 150.
In some embodiments, the method comprises replacing an incumbent refrigerant selected from the group consisting of R-410A, R-22, and R-134a in a high temperature heat pump with a replacement refrigerant composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump is a centrifugal high temperature heat pump. In some embodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-410A. In some embodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-22. In some embodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-134a.
In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser operating at a temperature greater than about 50° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser operating at a temperature greater than about 100° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser operating at a temperature greater than about 120° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser operating at a temperature greater than about 150° C.
In some embodiments, the present application provides a method for improving energy efficiency of a heat transfer system or apparatus comprising an incumbent refrigerant, comprising substantially replacing the incumbent refrigerant with a replacement refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system is a chiller system or chiller apparatus provided herein.
In some embodiments is provided a method for operating a heat transfer system or for transferring heat that is designed to operate with an incumbent refrigerant by charging an empty system with a composition of the present invention, or by substantially replacing said incumbent refrigerant with a composition of the present invention.
As used herein, the term “substantially replacing” shall be understood to mean allowing the incumbent refrigerant to drain from the system, or pumping the incumbent refrigerant from the system, and then charging the system with a composition of the present invention. The system may be flushed with one or more quantities of the replacement refrigerant before being charged. It shall be understood that in some embodiments, some small quantity of the incumbent refrigerant may be present in the system after the system has been charged with the composition of the present invention.
In another embodiment is provided a method for recharging a heat transfer system that contains an incumbent refrigerant and a lubricant, said method comprising substantially removing the incumbent refrigerant from the heat transfer system while retaining a substantial portion of the lubricant in said system and introducing one of the present compositions to the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the lubricant in the system is partially replaced.
In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be used to top-off a refrigerant charge in a chiller. For example, if a chiller using R-410A, R-22, or R-134a has diminished performance due to leakage of refrigerant, the compositions as disclosed herein may be added to bring performance back up to specification.
In some embodiments, a heat exchange system containing any the presently disclosed compositions is provided, wherein said system is selected from the group consisting of air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water chillers, flooded evaporator chillers, direct expansion chillers, walk-in coolers, heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, and systems having combinations thereof. Additionally, the compositions provided herein may be useful in secondary loop systems wherein these compositions serve as the primary refrigerant thus providing cooling to a secondary heat transfer fluid that thereby cools a remote location.
The compositions of the present invention may have some temperature glide in the heat exchangers. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 15° C. or less, for example, about 10° C. or less, about 7° C. or less, about 5° C. or less, about 4° C. or less, about 3° C. or less, about 2° C. or less, or about 1° C. or less. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a temperature glide of about 10° C. or less. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a temperature glide of about 7° C. or less. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a temperature glide of about 5° C. or less. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a temperature glide of about 2° C. or less. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a temperature glide of about 1° C. or less.
In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.1° C. to about 15° C. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.5° C. to about 15° C. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.5° C. to about 10° C. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.5° C. to about 8° C. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.5° C. to about 7° C. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.5° C. to about 5° C. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.5° C. to about 3° C. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.5° C. to about 2° C. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein exhibits a temperature glide of about 0.5° C. to about 1° C.
Thus, the systems may operate more efficiently if the heat exchangers are operated in counter-current mode or cross-current mode with counter-current tendency. Counter-current tendency means that the closer the heat exchanger can get to counter-current mode the more efficient the heat transfer. Thus, air conditioning heat exchangers, in particular evaporators, are designed to provide some aspect of counter-current tendency.
Therefore, provided herein is an air conditioning or heat pump system wherein said system includes one or more heat exchangers (either evaporators, condensers or both) that operate in counter-current mode or cross-current mode with counter-current tendency.
In some embodiments, provided herein is a refrigeration system wherein said system includes one or more heat exchangers (either evaporators, condensers or both) that operate in counter-current mode or cross-current mode with counter-current tendency.
In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump system is a stationary refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump system. In some embodiments the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump system.
Additionally, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions may function as primary refrigerants in secondary loop systems that provide cooling to remote locations by use of a secondary heat transfer fluid, which may comprise water, an aqueous salt solution (e.g., calcium chloride), a glycol, carbon dioxide, or a fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid (meaning an HFC, HCFC, hydrofluoroolefin (“HFO”), hydrochlorofluoroolefin (“HCFO”), chlorofluoroolefin (“CFO”), or perfluorocarbon (“PFC”). In this case, the secondary heat transfer fluid is the body to be cooled as it is adjacent to the evaporator and is cooled before moving to a second remote body to be cooled. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions may function as the secondary heat transfer fluid, thus transferring or providing cooling (or heating) to the remote location.
In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein further comprise one or more non-refrigerant components (also referred to herein as additives) selected from the group consisting of lubricants, dyes (including UV dyes), solubilizing agents, compatibilizers, stabilizers, tracers, perfluoropolyethers, anti-wear agents, extreme pressure agents, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, polymerization inhibitors, metal surface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foam control agents, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity adjusters, and mixtures thereof. Indeed, many of these optional non-refrigerant components fit into one or more of these categories and may have qualities that lend themselves to achieve one or more performance characteristic.
In some embodiments, one or more non-refrigerant components are present in small amounts relative to the overall composition. In some embodiments, the amount of additive(s) concentration in the disclosed compositions is from less than about 0.1 weight percent to as much as about 5 weight percent of the total composition. In some embodiments of the present invention, the additives are present in the disclosed compositions in an amount between about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent of the total composition or in an amount between about 0.1 weight percent to about 3.5 weight percent. The additive component(s) selected for the disclosed composition is selected on the basis of the utility and/or individual equipment components or the system requirements.
In one embodiment, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, perfluoropolyethers, silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes, polyalpha-olefins, and combinations thereof.
The lubricants as disclosed herein may be commercially available lubricants. For instance, the lubricant may be paraffinic mineral oil, sold by BVA Oils as BVM 100 N, naphthenic mineral oils sold by Crompton Co. under the trademarks Suniso® 1GS, Suniso® 3GS and Suniso® 5GS, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil under the trademark Sontex® 372LT, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Calumet Lubricants under the trademark Calumet® RO-30, linear alkylbenzenes sold by Shrieve Chemicals under the trademarks Zerol® 75, Zerol® 150 and Zerol® 500 and branched alkylbenzene sold by Nippon Oil as HAB 22, polyol esters (POEs) sold under the trademark Castrol® 100 by Castrol, United Kingdom, polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) such as RL-488A from Dow (Dow Chemical, Midland, Mich.), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the lubricants disclosed in this paragraph.
Notwithstanding the above weight ratios for compositions disclosed herein, it is understood that in some heat transfer systems, while the composition is being used, it may acquire additional lubricant from one or more equipment components of such heat transfer system. For example, in some refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems, lubricants may be charged in the compressor and/or the compressor lubricant sump. Such lubricant would be in addition to any lubricant additive present in the refrigerant in such a system. In use, the refrigerant when in the compressor may pick up an amount of the equipment lubricant to change the refrigerant-lubricant composition from the starting ratio.
The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the present invention may include at least one dye. The dye may be at least one ultra-violet (UV) dye. As used herein, “ultra-violet” dye is defined as a UV fluorescent or phosphorescent composition that absorbs light in the ultra-violet or “near” ultra-violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The fluorescence produced by the UV fluorescent dye under illumination by a UV light that emits at least some radiation with a wavelength in the range of from 10 nanometers to about 775 nanometers may be detected.
UV dye is a useful component for detecting leaks of the composition by permitting one to observe the fluorescence of the dye at or in the vicinity of a leak point in an apparatus (e.g., refrigeration unit, air-conditioner or heat pump). The UV emission, e.g., fluorescence from the dye may be observed under an ultra-violet light. Therefore, if a composition containing such a UV dye is leaking from a given point in an apparatus, the fluorescence can be detected at the leak point, or in the vicinity of the leak point.
In some embodiments, the UV dye may be a fluorescent dye. In some embodiments, the fluorescent dye is selected from the group consisting of naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes, phenanthracenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives of said dye, and combinations thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the foregoing dyes or their derivatives disclosed in this paragraph.
Another non-refrigerant component which may be used with the compositions of the present invention may include at least one solubilizing agent selected to improve the solubility of one or more dye in the disclosed compositions. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of dye to solubilizing agent ranges from about 99:1 to about 1:1. The solubilizing agents include at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (such as dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the solubilizing agents disclosed in this paragraph.
In some embodiments, the non-refrigerant component comprises at least one compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of one or more lubricants with the disclosed compositions. The compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (such as dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the compatibilizers disclosed in this paragraph.
The solubilizing agent and/or compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon ethers consisting of the ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether (DME) and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the hydrocarbon ethers disclosed in this paragraph.
The compatibilizer may be linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon compatibilizer containing from 3 to 15 carbon atoms. The compatibilizer may be at least one hydrocarbon, which may be selected from the group consisting of at least propanes, including propylene and propane, butanes, including n-butane and isobutene, pentanes, including n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane and cyclopentane, hexanes, octanes, nonane, and decanes, among others. Commercially available hydrocarbon compatibilizers include but are not limited to those from Exxon Chemical (USA) sold under the trademarks Isopar® H, a mixture of undecane (C11) and dodecane (C12) (a high purity C11 to C12 iso-paraffinic), Aromatic 150 (a C9 to C11 aromatic) (Aromatic 200 (a C9 to C15 aromatic) and Naptha 140 (a mixture of C5 to C11 paraffins, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons) and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the hydrocarbons disclosed in this paragraph.
The compatibilizer may alternatively be at least one polymeric compatibilizer. The polymeric compatibilizer may be a random copolymer of fluorinated and non-fluorinated acrylates, wherein the polymer comprises repeating units of at least one monomer represented by the formulae CH2═C(R1)CO2R2, CH2═C(R3)C6H4R4, and CH2═C(R5)C6H4XR6, wherein X is oxygen or sulfur; R1, R3, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4 alkyl radicals; and R2, R4, and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon-chain-based radicals containing C, and F, and may further contain H, Cl, ether oxygen, or sulfur in the form of thioether, sulfoxide, or sulfone groups and mixtures thereof. Examples of such polymeric compatibilizers include those commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, (Wilmington, Del., 19898, USA) under the trademark Zonyl® PHS. Zonyl® PHS is a random copolymer made by polymerizing 40 weight percent CH2═C(CH3)CO2CH2CH2(CF2CF2)mF (also referred to as Zonyl® fluoromethacrylate or ZFM) wherein m is from 1 to 12, primarily 2 to 8, and 60 weight percent lauryl methacrylate (CH2═C(CH3)CO2(CH2)11CH3, also referred to as LMA).
In some embodiments, the compatibilizer component contains from about 0.01 to 30 weight percent (based on total amount of compatibilizer) of an additive which reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel, or other metals and metal alloys thereof found in heat exchangers in a way that reduces the adhesion of lubricants to the metal. Examples of metal surface energy reducing additives include those commercially available from DuPont under the trademarks Zonyl® FSA, Zonyl® FSP, and Zonyl® FSJ.
Another non-refrigerant component which may be used with the compositions of the present invention may be a metal surface deactivator. The metal surface deactivator is selected from the group consisting of areoxalyl bis (benzylidene) hydrazide (CAS reg no. 6629-10-3), N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine (CAS reg no. 32687-78-8), 2,2,′-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate (CAS reg no. 70331-94-1), N,N′-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-diaminopropane (CAS reg no. 94-91-7) and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (CAS reg no. 60-00-4) and its salts, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the metal surface deactivators disclosed in this paragraph.
The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, organo phosphates, or phosphites, aryl alkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones, such as acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, ionic liquids, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the stabilizers disclosed in this paragraph. Terpene or terpenoid stabilizers may include farnesene. Phosphite stabilizers may include diphenyl phosphite.
The stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of tocopherol; hydroquinone; t-butyl hydroquinone; monothiophosphates; and dithiophosphates, commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland, hereinafter “Ciba”, under the trademark Irgalube® 63; dialkylthiophosphate esters, commercially available from Ciba under the trademarks Irgalube® 353 and Irgalube® 350, respectively; butylated triphenylphosphorothionates, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgalube® 232; amine phosphates, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgalube® 349 (Ciba); hindered phosphites, commercially available from Ciba as Irgafos® 168 and Tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgafos® OPH; (Di-n-octyl phosphite); and iso-decyl diphenyl phosphite, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irgafos® DDPP; trialkyl phosphates, such as trimethyl phosphate, triethylphosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate; triaryl phosphates including triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and trixylenyl phosphate; and mixed alkyl-aryl phosphates including isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP), and bis(t-butylphenyl)phenyl phosphate (TBPP); butylated triphenyl phosphates, such as those commercially available under the trademark Syn-O-Ad® including Syn-O-Ad® 8784; tert-butylated triphenyl phosphates such as those commercially available under the trademark Durad®620; isopropylated triphenyl phosphates such as those commercially available under the trademarks Durad® 220 and Durad®110; anisole; 1,4-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethoxybenzene; 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene; myrcene, alloocimene, limonene (in particular, d-limonene); retinal; pinene (□ or □); menthol; geraniol; farnesol; phytol; Vitamin A; terpinene; delta-3-carene; terpinolene; phellandrene; fenchene; dipentene; caratenoids, such as lycopene, beta carotene, and xanthophylls, such as zeaxanthin; retinoids, such as hepaxanthin and isotretinoin; bornane; 1,2-propylene oxide; 1,2-butylene oxide; n-butyl glycidyl ether; trifluoromethyloxirane; 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxetane, such as OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-211 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-212 (Toagosei Co., Ltd); ascorbic acid; methanethiol (methyl mercaptan); ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan); Coenzyme A; dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA); grapefruit mercaptan ((R)-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl)propane-2-thiol)); cysteine ((R)-2-amino-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid); lipoamide (1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide); 5,7-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-[2,3(or 3,4)-dimethylphenyl]-2(3H)-benzofuranone, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irganox® HP-136; benzyl phenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; diisopropylamine; dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irganox® PS 802 (Ciba); didodecyl 3,3′-thiopropionate, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irganox® PS 800; di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Tinuvin® 770; poly-(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate, commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Tinuvin® 622LD (Ciba); methyl bis tallow amine; bis tallow amine; phenol-alpha-naphthylamine; bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS); tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS); vinyltriethoxysilane; vinyltrimethoxysilane; 2,5-difluorobenzophenone; 2′,5′-dihydroxyacetophenone; 2-aminobenzophenone; 2-chlorobenzophenone; benzyl phenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; dibenzyl sulfide; ionic liquids; and mixtures and combinations thereof.
The additive used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be an ionic liquid stabilizer. The ionic liquid stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of organic salts that are liquid at room temperature (approximately 25° C.), those salts containing cations selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium and triazolium and mixtures thereof; and anions selected from the group consisting of [BE4]−, [PF6]−, [SbF6]−, [CF3SO3]−, [HCF2CF2SO3]−, [CF3HFCCF2SO3]−, [HCClFCF2SO3]−, [(CF3SO2)2N]−, [(CF3CF2SO2)2N]−, [(CF3SO2)3C]−, [CF3CO2]−, and F−, and mixtures thereof.
In some embodiments, ionic liquid stabilizers are selected from the group consisting of emim BF4 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate); bmim BF4 (1-butyl methylimidazolium tetraborate); emim PF6 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate); and bmim PF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), all of which are available from Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich).
In some embodiments, the stabilizer may be a hindered phenol, which is any substituted phenol compound, including phenols comprising one or more substituted or cyclic, straight chain, or branched aliphatic substituent group, such as, alkylated monophenols including 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertbutylphenol; tocopherol; and the like, hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinones including t-butyl hydroquinone, other derivatives of hydroquinone; and the like, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, including 4,4′-thio-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4′-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tertbutylphenol); 2,2′-thiobis(4methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); and the like, alkylidene-bisphenols including; 4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4′-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2′- or 4,4-biphenoldiols; 2,2′-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tertbutylphenol); 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tertbutylphenol); 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2′-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol; 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol, 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiols including 2,2′-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), bisphenols comprising heteroatoms including 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol, 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol); and the like; acylaminophenols; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N′-dimethylaminomethylphenol); sulfides including; bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the phenols disclosed in this paragraph.
The non-refrigerant component which is used with compositions of the present invention may alternatively be a tracer. The tracer may be two or more tracer compounds from the same class of compounds or from different classes of compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer is present in the compositions at a total concentration of about 50 parts per million by weight (ppm) to about 1000 ppm, based on the weight of the total composition. In some embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. Alternatively, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm.
The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, nitrous oxide and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the tracer may be selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ca), 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236cb), 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254cb), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254eb), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 2,2-difluoropropane (HFC-272ca), 2-fluoropropane (HFC-281ea), 1-fluoropropane (HFC-281fa), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4-nonafluorobutane (HFC-329p), 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropane (HFC-329mmz), 1,1,1,2,2,4,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338mf), 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338pcc), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluorobutane (HFC-347s), hexafluoroethane (perfluoroethane, PFC-116), perfluoro-cyclopropane (PFC-C216), perfluoropropane (PFC-218), perfluoro-cyclobutane (PFC-C318), perfluorobutane (PFC-31-10mc), perfluoro-2-methylpropane (CF3CF(CF3)2), perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mycm), trans-perfluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, trans), cis-perfluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, cis), perfluoromethylcyclopentane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (ortho, meta, or para), perfluoroethylcyclohexane, perfluoroindan, perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane and isomers thereof, perfluoroisopropylcyclohexane, cis-perfluorodecalin, trans-perfluorodecalin, cis- or trans-perfluoromethyldecalinand mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tracer is a blend containing two or more hydrofluorocarbons, or one hydrofluorocarbon in combination with one or more perfluorocarbons.
The tracer may be added to the compositions of the present invention in predetermined quantities to allow detection of any dilution, contamination or other alteration of the composition.
The additive which may be used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be a perfluoropolyether as described in detail in US 2007-0284555, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
It will be recognized that certain of the additives referenced above as suitable for the non-refrigerant component have been identified as potential refrigerants. However, in accordance with this invention, when these additives are used, they are not present at an amount that would affect the novel and basic characteristics of the refrigerant mixtures of this invention.
In some embodiments, the refrigerant compositions disclosed herein may be prepared by any convenient method to combine the desired amounts of the individual components as is standard in the art. A preferred method is to weigh the desired component amounts and thereafter combine the components in an appropriate vessel. Agitation may be used, if desired.
The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially the same results.
The cooling performance for mixtures containing difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), including: suction pressure, discharge pressure, compressor discharge temperature, and average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser. Relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity (CAP) for compositions of the present invention relative to R-410A were also determined. The following parameters were used to calculate the data shown in Tables 1A-1B: Tcondenser midpoint=46.1° C. (115° F.); Tevaporator midpoint=10.0° C. (50° F.); Amount of Subcooling=8.3° C. (15° F.); Amount of Superheat=11.1° C. (20° F.); Compressor Efficiency=70%. Amounts of R-32, R-134a, CF3I are shown as weight fraction of the composition. Exemplary contour plots of compositions containing R-32/R-134a/CF3I that may be useful as R-410A replacement refrigerants are shown in
The cooling performance for mixtures containing difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), including: suction pressure, discharge pressure, compressor discharge temperature, and average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser. Relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity (CAP) for compositions of the present invention relative to R-22 were also determined. The following parameters were used to calculate the data shown in Tables 2A-2C: Tcondenser midpoint=46.1° C. (115° F.); Tevaporator midpoint=10.0° C. (50° F.); Amount of Subcooling=8.3° C. (15° F.); Amount of Superheat=11.1° C. (20° F.); Compressor Efficiency=70%. Amounts of R-32, R-134a, and CF3I are shown as weight fraction of the composition. Exemplary contour plots of compositions containing R-32/R-134a/CF3I that may be useful as R-22 replacement refrigerants are shown in
The cooling performance for mixtures containing difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), including: suction pressure, discharge pressure, compressor discharge temperature, and average temperature glide for the evaporator and condenser. Relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity (CAP) for compositions of the present invention relative to R-134a were also determined. The following parameters were used to calculate the data shown in Tables 3A-3C: Tcondenser midpoint=46.1° C. (115° F.); Tevaporator midpoint=10.0° C. (50° F.); Amount of Subcooling=8.3° C. (15° F.); Amount of Superheat=11.1° C. (20° F.); Compressor Efficiency=70%. Amounts of R-32, R-134a, and CF3I are shown as weight fraction of the composition. Exemplary contour plots of compositions containing R-32/R-134a/CF3I that may be useful as R-134a replacement refrigerants are shown in
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. It should be appreciated by those persons having ordinary skill in the art(s) to which the present invention relates that any of the features described herein in respect of any particular aspect and/or embodiment of the present invention can be combined with one or more of any of the other features of any other aspects and/or embodiments of the present invention described herein, with modifications as appropriate to ensure compatibility of the combinations. Such combinations are considered to be part of the present invention contemplated by this disclosure.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2020/064411 | 12/11/2020 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62947296 | Dec 2019 | US |
