Patent Application
20240354043
Embodiments relate generally to data processing and more particularly to data processing via a general-purpose graphics processing unit.
Current parallel graphics data processing includes systems and methods developed to perform specific operations on graphics data such as, for example, linear interpolation, tessellation, rasterization, texture mapping, depth testing, etc. Traditionally, graphics processors used fixed function computational units to process graphics data; however, more recently, portions of graphics processors have been made programmable, enabling such processors to support a wider variety of operations for processing vertex and fragment data.
To further increase performance, graphics processors typically implement processing techniques such as pipelining that attempt to process, in parallel, as much graphics data as possible throughout the different parts of the graphics pipeline. Parallel graphics processors with single instruction, multiple thread (SIMT) architectures are designed to maximize the amount of parallel processing in the graphics pipeline. In an SIMT architecture, groups of parallel threads attempt to execute program instructions synchronously together as often as possible to increase processing efficiency.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present embodiments can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the embodiments, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope.
In some embodiments, a graphics processing unit (GPU) is communicatively coupled to host/processor cores to accelerate graphics operations, machine-learning operations, pattern analysis operations, and various general purpose GPU (GPGPU) functions. The GPU may be communicatively coupled to the host processor/cores over a bus or another interconnect (e.g., a high-speed interconnect such as PCIe or NVLink). In other embodiments, the GPU may be integrated on the same package or chip as the cores and communicatively coupled to the cores over an internal processor bus/interconnect (i.e., internal to the package or chip). Regardless of the manner in which the GPU is connected, the processor cores may allocate work to the GPU in the form of sequences of commands/instructions contained in a work descriptor. The GPU then uses dedicated circuitry/logic for efficiently processing these commands/instructions.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough understanding. However, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the embodiments described herein may be practiced without one or more of these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described to avoid obscuring the details of the present embodiments.
In one embodiment the processing subsystem 101 includes one or more parallel processor(s) 112 coupled to memory hub 105 via a bus or other communication link 113. The communication link 113 may be one of any number of standards based communication link technologies or protocols, such as, but not limited to PCI Express, or may be a vendor specific communications interface or communications fabric. In one embodiment the one or more parallel processor(s) 112 form a computationally focused parallel or vector processing system that an include a large number of processing cores and/or processing clusters, such as a many integrated core (MIC) processor. In one embodiment the one or more parallel processor(s) 112 form a graphics processing subsystem that can output pixels to one of the one or more display device(s) 110A coupled via the I/O Hub 107. The one or more parallel processor(s) 112 can also include a display controller and display interface (not shown) to enable a direct connection to one or more display device(s) 110B.
Within the I/O subsystem 111, a system storage unit 114 can connect to the I/O hub 107 to provide a storage mechanism for the computing system 100. An I/O switch 116 can be used to provide an interface mechanism to enable connections between the I/O hub 107 and other components, such as a network adapter 118 and/or wireless network adapter 119 that may be integrated into the platform, and various other devices that can be added via one or more add-in device(s) 120. The network adapter 118 can be an Ethernet adapter or another wired network adapter. The wireless network adapter 119 can include one or more of a Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), or other network device that includes one or more wireless radios.
The computing system 100 can include other components not explicitly shown, including USB or other port connections, optical storage drives, video capture devices, and the like, may also be connected to the I/O hub 107. Communication paths interconnecting the various components in
In one embodiment, the one or more parallel processor(s) 112 incorporate circuitry optimized for graphics and video processing, including, for example, video output circuitry, and constitutes a graphics processing unit (GPU). In another embodiment, the one or more parallel processor(s) 112 incorporate circuitry optimized for general purpose processing, while preserving the underlying computational architecture, described in greater detail herein. In yet another embodiment, components of the computing system 100 may be integrated with one or more other system elements on a single integrated circuit. For example, the one or more parallel processor(s), 112 memory hub 105, processor(s) 102, and I/O hub 107 can be integrated into a system on chip (SoC) integrated circuit. Alternatively, the components of the computing system 100 can be integrated into a single package to form a system in package (SIP) configuration. In one embodiment at least a portion of the components of the computing system 100 can be integrated into a multi-chip module (MCM), which can be interconnected with other multi-chip modules into a modular computing system.
It will be appreciated that the computing system 100 shown herein is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. The connection topology, including the number and arrangement of bridges, the number of processor(s) 102, and the number of parallel processor(s) 112, may be modified as desired. For instance, in some embodiments, system memory 104 is connected to the processor(s) 102 directly rather than through a bridge, while other devices communicate with system memory 104 via the memory hub 105 and the processor(s) 102. In other alternative topologies, the parallel processor(s) 112 are connected to the I/O hub 107 or directly to one of the one or more processor(s) 102, rather than to the memory hub 105. In other embodiments, the I/O hub 107 and memory hub 105 may be integrated into a single chip. Large embodiments may include two or more sets of processor(s) 102 attached via multiple sockets, which can couple with two or more instances of the parallel processor(s) 112. Some of the particular components shown herein are optional and may not be included in all implementations of the computing system 100. For example, any number of add-in cards or peripherals may be supported, or some components may be eliminated.
In one embodiment the parallel processor 200 includes a parallel processing unit 202. The parallel processing unit includes an I/O unit 204 that enables communication with other devices, including other instances of the parallel processing unit 202. The I/O unit 204 may be directly connected to other devices. In one embodiment the I/O unit 204 connects with other devices via the use of a hub or switch interface, such as memory hub 105. The connections between the memory hub 105 and the I/O unit 204 form a communication link 113. Within the parallel processing unit 202, the I/O unit 204 connects with a host interface 206 and a memory crossbar 216, where the host interface 206 receives commands directed to performing processing operations and the memory crossbar 216 receives commands directed to performing memory operations.
When the host interface 206 receives a command buffer via the I/O unit 204, the host interface 206 can direct work operations to perform those commands to a front end 208. In one embodiment the front end 208 couples with a scheduler 210, which is configured to distribute commands or other work items to a processing cluster array 212. In one embodiment the scheduler 210 ensures that the processing cluster array 212 is properly configured and in a valid state before tasks are distributed to the processing clusters of the processing cluster array 212.
The processing cluster array 212 can include up to “N” processing clusters (e.g., cluster 214A, cluster 214B, through cluster 214N). Each cluster 214A-214N of the processing cluster array 212 is capable of executing a large number (e.g., thousands) of concurrent threads, where each thread is an instance of a program.
In one embodiment, different clusters 214A-214N can be allocated for processing different types of programs or for performing different types of computations. The scheduler 210 can allocate work to the clusters 214A-214N of the processing cluster array 212 using various scheduling and/or work distribution algorithms, which may vary depending on the workload arising for each type of program or computation. The scheduling can be handled dynamically by the scheduler 210, or can be assisted in part by compiler logic during compilation of program logic configured for execution by the processing cluster array 212.
The processing cluster array 212 can be configured to perform various types of parallel processing operations. In one embodiment the processing cluster array 212 is configured to perform general-purpose parallel compute operations. For example, the processing cluster array 212 can include logic to execute processing tasks including but not limited to, linear and nonlinear data transforms, filtering of video and/or audio data, and/or modeling operations (e.g., applying laws of physics to determine position, velocity and other attributes of objects).
In one embodiment the processing cluster array 212 is configured to perform parallel graphics processing operations. In embodiments in which the parallel processor 200 is configured to perform graphics processing operations, the processing cluster array 212 can include additional logic to support the execution of such graphics processing operations, including, but not limited to texture sampling logic to perform texture operations, as well as tessellation logic and other vertex processing logic. Additionally, the processing cluster array 212 can be configured to execute graphics processing related shader programs such as, but not limited to vertex shaders, tessellation shaders, geometry shaders, and pixel shaders. The parallel processing unit 202 can transfer data from system memory via the I/O unit 204 for processing. During processing the transferred data can be stored to on-chip memory (e.g., parallel processor memory 222) during processing, then written back to system memory.
In one embodiment, when the parallel processing unit 202 is used to perform graphics processing, the scheduler 210 can be configured to divide the processing workload into approximately equal sized tasks, to better enable distribution of the graphics processing operations to multiple clusters 214A-214N of the processing cluster array 212. In some embodiments, portions of the processing cluster array 212 can be configured to perform different types of processing. For example a first portion may be configured to perform vertex shading and topology generation, a second portion may be configured to perform tessellation and geometry shading, and a third portion may be configured to perform pixel shading or other screen space operations, to produce a rendered image for display. Intermediate data produced by one or more of the clusters 214A-214N may be stored in buffers to allow the intermediate data to be transmitted between clusters 214A-214N for further processing.
During operation, the processing cluster array 212 can receive processing tasks to be executed via the scheduler 210, which receives commands defining processing tasks from front end 208. For graphics processing operations, processing tasks can include indices of data to be processed, e.g., surface (patch) data, primitive data, vertex data, and/or pixel data, as well as state parameters and commands defining how the data is to be processed (e.g., what program is to be executed). The scheduler 210 may be configured to fetch the indices corresponding to the tasks or may receive the indices from the front end 208. The front end 208 can be configured to ensure the processing cluster array 212 is configured to a valid state before the workload specified by incoming command buffers (e.g., batch-buffers, push buffers, etc.) is initiated.
Each of the one or more instances of the parallel processing unit 202 can couple with parallel processor memory 222. The parallel processor memory 222 can be accessed via the memory crossbar 216, which can receive memory requests from the processing cluster array 212 as well as the I/O unit 204. The memory crossbar 216 can access the parallel processor memory 222 via a memory interface 218. The memory interface 218 can include multiple partition units (e.g., partition unit 220A, partition unit 220B, through partition unit 220N) that are each directly coupled to a portion (e.g., memory unit) of parallel processor memory 222. The number of partition units 220A-220N generally equals the number of memory units, such that a first partition unit 220A has a corresponding first memory unit 224A, a second partition unit 220B has a corresponding memory unit 224B, and an Nth partition unit 220N has a corresponding Nth memory unit 224N. In other embodiments, the number of partition units 220A-220N may not equal the number of memory devices.
In various embodiments, the memory units 224A-224N can include various types of memory devices, including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or graphics random access memory, such as synchronous graphics random access memory (SGRAM), including graphics double data rate (GDDR) memory. In one embodiment, the memory units 224A-224N may also include 3D stacked memory, including but not limited to high bandwidth memory (HBM). Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the specific implementation of the memory units 224A-224N can vary, and can be selected from one of various conventional designs. Render targets, such as frame buffers or texture maps may be stored across the memory units 224A-224N, allowing partition units 220A-220N to write portions of each render target in parallel to efficiently use the available bandwidth of parallel processor memory 222. In some embodiments, a local instance of the parallel processor memory 222 may be excluded in favor of a unified memory design that utilizes system memory in conjunction with local cache memory.
In one embodiment, any one of the clusters 214A-214N of the processing cluster array 212 can process data to be written to any of the memory units 224A-224N within parallel processor memory 222. The memory crossbar 216 can be configured to route the output of each cluster 214A-214N to the input of any partition unit 220A-220N or to another cluster 214A-214N for further processing. Each cluster 214A-214N can communicate with the memory interface 218 through the memory crossbar 216 to read from or write to various external memory devices. In one embodiment the memory crossbar 216 has a connection to the memory interface 218 to communicate with the I/O unit 204, as well as a connection to a local instance of the parallel processor memory 222, enabling the processing units within the different processing clusters 214A-214N to communicate with system memory or other memory that is not local to the parallel processing unit 202. In one embodiment the memory crossbar 216 can use virtual channels to separate traffic streams between the clusters 214A-214N and the partition units 220A-220N.
While a single instance of the parallel processing unit 202 is illustrated within the parallel processor 200, any number of instances of the parallel processing unit 202 can be included. For example, multiple instances of the parallel processing unit 202 can be provided on a single add-in card, or multiple add-in cards can be interconnected. The different instances of the parallel processing unit 202 can be configured to inter-operate even if the different instances have different numbers of processing cores, different amounts of local parallel processor memory, and/or other configuration differences. For example and in one embodiment, some instances of the parallel processing unit 202 can include higher precision floating point units relative to other instances. Systems incorporating one or more instances of the parallel processing unit 202 or the parallel processor 200 can be implemented in a variety of configurations and form factors, including but not limited to desktop, laptop, or handheld personal computers, servers, workstations, game consoles, and/or embedded systems.
In graphics applications, the ROP 226 is a processing unit that performs raster operations, such as stencil, z test, blending, and the like, and outputs pixel data as processed graphics data for storage in graphics memory. In some embodiments, ROP 226 may be configured to compress z or color data that is written to memory and decompress z or color data that is read from memory. In some embodiments, the ROP 226 is included within each processing cluster (e.g., cluster 214A-214N of
The processed graphics data may be displayed on display device, such as one of the one or more display device(s) 110 of
Operation of the processing cluster 214 can be controlled via a pipeline manager 232 that distributes processing tasks to SIMT parallel processors. The pipeline manager 232 receives instructions from the scheduler 210 of
Each graphics multiprocessor 234 within the processing cluster 214 can include an identical set of functional execution logic (e.g., arithmetic logic units, load-store units, etc.), which may be pipelined, allowing a new instruction to be issued before a previous instruction has finished. Any combination of functional execution logic may be provided. In one embodiment, the functional logic supports a variety of operations including integer and floating point arithmetic (e.g., addition and multiplication), comparison operations, Boolean operations (AND, OR, XOR), bit-shifting, and computation of various algebraic functions (e.g., planar interpolation, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions, etc.); and the same functional-unit hardware can be leveraged to perform different operations.
The series of instructions transmitted to the processing cluster 214 constitutes a thread, as previously defined herein, and the collection of a certain number of concurrently executing threads across the parallel processing engines (not shown) within an graphics multiprocessor 234 is referred to herein as a thread group. As used herein, a thread group refers to a group of threads concurrently executing the same program on different input data, with one thread of the group being assigned to a different processing engine within a graphics multiprocessor 234. A thread group may include fewer threads than the number of processing engines within the graphics multiprocessor 234, in which case some processing engines will be idle during cycles when that thread group is being processed. A thread group may also include more threads than the number of processing engines within the graphics multiprocessor 234, in which case processing will take place over consecutive clock cycles. Each graphics multiprocessor 234 can support up to G thread groups concurrently. Additionally, a plurality of related thread groups may be active (in different phases of execution) at the same time within a graphics multiprocessor 234.
In one embodiment the graphics multiprocessor 234 includes an internal cache memory to perform load and store operations. In one embodiment, the graphics multiprocessor 234 can forego an internal cache and use a cache memory (e.g., L1 cache 308) within the processing cluster 214. Each graphics multiprocessor 234 also has access to L2 caches within the partition units (e.g., partition units 220A-220N of
Each processing cluster 214 may include an MMU 245 (memory management unit) that is configured to map virtual addresses into physical addresses. In other embodiments, one or more instances of the MMU 245 may reside within the memory interface 218 of
In graphics and computing applications, a processing cluster 214 may be configured such that each graphics multiprocessor 234 is coupled to a texture unit 236 for performing texture mapping operations, e.g., determining texture sample positions, reading texture data, and filtering the texture data. Texture data is read from an internal texture L1 cache (not shown) or in some embodiments from the L1 cache within graphics multiprocessor 234 and is fetched from an L2 cache, local parallel processor memory, or system memory, as needed. Each graphics multiprocessor 234 outputs processed tasks to the data crossbar 240 to provide the processed task to another processing cluster 214 for further processing or to store the processed task in an L2 cache, local parallel processor memory, or system memory via the memory crossbar 216. A preROP 242 (pre-raster operations unit) is configured to receive data from graphics multiprocessor 234, direct data to ROP units, which may be located with partition units as described herein (e.g., partition units 220A-220N of
It will be appreciated that the core architecture described herein is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. Any number of processing units, e.g., graphics multiprocessor 234, texture units 236, preROPs 242, etc., may be included within a processing cluster 214. Further, while only one processing cluster 214 is shown, a parallel processing unit as described herein may include any number of instances of the processing cluster 214. In one embodiment, each processing cluster 214 can be configured to operate independently of other processing clusters 214 using separate and distinct processing units, L1 caches, etc.
In one embodiment, the instruction cache 252 receives a stream of instructions to execute from the pipeline manager 232. The instructions are cached in the instruction cache 252 and dispatched for execution by the instruction unit 254. The instruction unit 254 can dispatch instructions as thread groups (e.g., warps), with each thread of the thread group assigned to a different execution unit within GPGPU core 262. An instruction can access any of a local, shared, or global address space by specifying an address within a unified address space. The address mapping unit 256 can be used to translate addresses in the unified address space into a distinct memory address that can be accessed by the load/store units 266.
The register file 258 provides a set of registers for the functional units of the graphics multiprocessor 324. The register file 258 provides temporary storage for operands connected to the data paths of the functional units (e.g., GPGPU cores 262, load/store units 266) of the graphics multiprocessor 324. In one embodiment, the register file 258 is divided between each of the functional units such that each functional unit is allocated a dedicated portion of the register file 258. In one embodiment, the register file 258 is divided between the different warps being executed by the graphics multiprocessor 324.
The GPGPU cores 262 can each include floating point units (FPUs) and/or integer arithmetic logic units (ALUs) that are used to execute instructions of the graphics multiprocessor 324. The GPGPU cores 262 can be similar in architecture or can differ in architecture, according to embodiments. For example and in one embodiment, a first portion of the GPGPU cores 262 include a single precision FPU and an integer ALU while a second portion of the GPGPU cores include a double precision FPU. In one embodiment the FPUs can implement the IEEE 754-2008 standard for floating point arithmetic or enable variable precision floating point arithmetic. The graphics multiprocessor 324 can additionally include one or more fixed function or special function units to perform specific functions such as copy rectangle or pixel blending operations. In one embodiment one or more of the GPGPU cores can also include fixed or special function logic,
The memory and cache interconnect 268 is an interconnect network that connects each of the functional units of the graphics multiprocessor 324 to the register file 258 and to the shared memory 270. In one embodiment, the memory and cache interconnect 268 is a crossbar interconnect that allows the load/store unit 266 to implement load and store operations between the shared memory 270 and the register file 258. In one embodiment the shared memory 270 can be used to enable communication between threads that execute on the functional units. The cache memory 272 can be used as a data cache for example, to cache texture data communicated between the functional units and the texture unit 236.
Persons skilled in the art will understand that the architecture described in
In some embodiments a parallel processor or GPGPU as described herein is communicatively coupled to host/processor cores to accelerate graphics operations, machine-learning operations, pattern analysis operations, and various general purpose GPU (GPGPU) functions. The GPU may be communicatively coupled to the host processor/cores over a bus or other interconnect (e.g., a high speed interconnect such as PCIe or NVLink). In other embodiments, the GPU may be integrated on the same package or chip as the cores and communicatively coupled to the cores over an internal processor bus/interconnect (i.e., internal to the package or chip). Regardless of the manner in which the GPU is connected, the processor cores may allocate work to the GPU in the form of sequences of commands/instructions contained in a work descriptor. The GPU then uses dedicated circuitry/logic for efficiently processing these commands/instructions.
In addition, in one embodiment, two or more of the GPUs 410-413 are interconnected over high-speed links 444-445, which may be implemented using the same or different protocols/links than those used for high-speed links 440-443. Similarly, two or more of the multi-core processors 405-406 may be connected over high speed link 433 which may be symmetric multi-processor (SMP) buses operating at 20 GB/s, 30 GB/s, 120 GB/s or higher. Alternatively, all communication between the various system components shown in
In one embodiment, each multi-core processor 405-406 is communicatively coupled to a processor memory 401-402, via memory interconnects 430-431, respectively, and each GPU 410-413 is communicatively coupled to GPU memory 420-423 over GPU memory interconnects 450-453, respectively. The memory interconnects 430-431 and 450-453 may utilize the same or different memory access technologies. By way of example, and not limitation, the processor memories 401-402 and GPU memories 420-423 may be volatile memories such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) (including stacked DRAMs), Graphics DDR SDRAM (GDDR) (e.g., GDDR5, GDDR6), or High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) and/or may be non-volatile memories such as 3D XPoint or Nano-Ram. In one embodiment, some portion of the memories may be volatile memory and another portion may be non-volatile memory (e.g., using a two-level memory (2 LM) hierarchy).
As described below, although the various processors 405-406 and GPUs 410-413 may be physically coupled to a particular memory 401-402, 420-423, respectively, a unified memory architecture may be implemented in which the same virtual system address space (also referred to as the “effective address” space) is distributed among all of the various physical memories. For example, processor memories 401-402 may each comprise 64 GB of the system memory address space and GPU memories 420-423 may each comprise 32 GB of the system memory address space (resulting in a total of 256 GB addressable memory in this example).
The illustrated processor 407 includes a plurality of cores 460A-460D, each with a translation lookaside buffer 461A-461D and one or more caches 462A-462D. The cores may include various other components for executing instructions and processing data which are not illustrated to avoid obscuring the underlying principles of the invention (e.g., instruction fetch units, branch prediction units, decoders, execution units, reorder buffers, etc.). The caches 462A-462D may comprise level 1 (L1) and level 2 (L2) caches. In addition, one or more shared caches 426 may be included in the caching hierarchy and shared by sets of the cores 460A-460D. For example, one embodiment of the processor 407 includes 24 cores, each with its own L1 cache, twelve shared L2 caches, and twelve shared L3 caches. In this embodiment, one of the L2 and L3 caches are shared by two adjacent cores. The processor 407 and the graphics accelerator integration module 446 connect with system memory 441, which may include processor memories 401-402
Coherency is maintained for data and instructions stored in the various caches 462A-462D, 456 and system memory 441 via inter-core communication over a coherence bus 464. For example, each cache may have cache coherency logic/circuitry associated therewith to communicate to over the coherence bus 464 in response to detected reads or writes to particular cache lines. In one implementation, a cache snooping protocol is implemented over the coherence bus 464 to snoop cache accesses. Cache snooping/coherency techniques are well understood by those of skill in the art and will not be described in detail here to avoid obscuring the underlying principles of the invention.
In one embodiment, a proxy circuit 425 communicatively couples the graphics acceleration module 446 to the coherence bus 464, allowing the graphics acceleration module 446 to participate in the cache coherence protocol as a peer of the cores. In particular, an interface 435 provides connectivity to the proxy circuit 425 over high-speed link 440 (e.g., a PCIe bus, NVLink, etc.) and an interface 437 connects the graphics acceleration module 446 to the link 440.
In one implementation, an accelerator integration circuit 436 provides cache management, memory access, context management, and interrupt management services on behalf of a plurality of graphics processing engines 431, 432, N of the graphics acceleration module 446. The graphics processing engines 431, 432, N may each comprise a separate graphics processing unit (GPU). Alternatively, the graphics processing engines 431, 432, N may comprise different types of graphics processing engines within a GPU such as graphics execution units, media processing engines (e.g., video encoders/decoders), samplers, and blit engines. In other words, the graphics acceleration module may be a GPU with a plurality of graphics processing engines 431-432, N or the graphics processing engines 431-432, N may be individual GPUs integrated on a common package, line card, or chip.
In one embodiment, the accelerator integration circuit 436 includes a memory management unit (MMU) 439 for performing various memory management functions such as virtual-to-physical memory translations (also referred to as effective-to-real memory translations) and memory access protocols for accessing system memory 441. The MMU 439 may also include a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) (not shown) for caching the virtual/effective to physical/real address translations. In one implementation, a cache 438 stores commands and data for efficient access by the graphics processing engines 431-432, N. In one embodiment, the data stored in cache 438 and graphics memories 433-434, N is kept coherent with the core caches 462A-462D, 456 and system memory 411. As mentioned, this may be accomplished via proxy circuit 425 which takes part in the cache coherency mechanism on behalf of cache 438 and memories 433-434, N (e.g., sending updates to the cache 438 related to modifications/accesses of cache lines on processor caches 462A-462D, 456 and receiving updates from the cache 438).
A set of registers 445 store context data for threads executed by the graphics processing engines 431-432, N and a context management circuit 448 manages the thread contexts. For example, the context management circuit 448 may perform save and restore operations to save and restore contexts of the various threads during contexts switches (e.g., where a first thread is saved and a second thread is stored so that the second thread can be execute by a graphics processing engine). For example, on a context switch, the context management circuit 448 may store current register values to a designated region in memory (e.g., identified by a context pointer). It may then restore the register values when returning to the context. In one embodiment, an interrupt management circuit 447 receives and processes interrupts received from system devices.
In one implementation, virtual/effective addresses from a graphics processing engine 431 are translated to real/physical addresses in system memory 411 by the MMU 439. One embodiment of the accelerator integration circuit 436 supports multiple (e.g., 4, 8, 16) graphics accelerator modules 446 and/or other accelerator devices. The graphics accelerator module 446 may be dedicated to a single application executed on the processor 407 or may be shared between multiple applications. In one embodiment, a virtualized graphics execution environment is presented in which the resources of the graphics processing engines 431-432, N are shared with multiple applications or virtual machines (VMs). The resources may be subdivided into “slices” which are allocated to different VMs and/or applications based on the processing requirements and priorities associated with the VMs and/or applications.
Thus, the accelerator integration circuit acts as a bridge to the system for the graphics acceleration module 446 and provides address translation and system memory cache services. In addition, the accelerator integration circuit 436 may provide virtualization facilities for the host processor to manage virtualization of the graphics processing engines, interrupts, and memory management.
Because hardware resources of the graphics processing engines 431-432, N are mapped explicitly to the real address space seen by the host processor 407, any host processor can address these resources directly using an effective address value. One function of the accelerator integration circuit 436, in one embodiment, is the physical separation of the graphics processing engines 431-432, N so that they appear to the system as independent units.
As mentioned, in the illustrated embodiment, one or more graphics memories 433-434, M are coupled to each of the graphics processing engines 431-432, N, respectively. The graphics memories 433-434, M store instructions and data being processed by each of the graphics processing engines 431-432, N. The graphics memories 433-434, M may be volatile memories such as DRAMs (including stacked DRAMs), GDDR memory (e.g., GDDR5, GDDR6), or HBM, and/or may be non-volatile memories such as 3D XPoint or Nano-Ram.
In one embodiment, to reduce data traffic over link 440, biasing techniques are used to ensure that the data stored in graphics memories 433-434, M is data which will be used most frequently by the graphics processing engines 431-432, N and preferably not used by the cores 460A-460D (at least not frequently). Similarly, the biasing mechanism attempts to keep data needed by the cores (and preferably not the graphics processing engines 431-432, N) within the caches 462A-462D, 456 of the cores and system memory 411.
One embodiment supports different programming models including a dedicated-process programming model (no graphics acceleration module virtualization) and shared programming models (with virtualization). The latter may include programming models which are controlled by the accelerator integration circuit 436 and programming models which are controlled by the graphics acceleration module 446.
In one embodiment of the dedicated process model, graphics processing engines 431-432, N are dedicated to a single application or process under a single operating system. The single application can funnel other application requests to the graphics engines 431-432, N, providing virtualization within a VM/partition.
In the dedicated-process programming models, the graphics processing engines 431-432, N, may be shared by multiple VM/application partitions. The shared models require a system hypervisor to virtualize the graphics processing engines 431-432, N to allow access by each operating system. For single-partition systems without a hypervisor, the graphics processing engines 431-432, N are owned by the operating system. In both cases, the operating system can virtualize the graphics processing engines 431-432, N to provide access to each process or application.
For the shared programming model, the graphics acceleration module 446 or an individual graphics processing engine 431-432, N selects a process element using a process handle. In one embodiment, process elements are stored in system memory 411 and are addressable using the effective address to real address translation techniques described herein. The process handle may be an implementation-specific value provided to the host process when registering its context with the graphics processing engine 431-432, N (that is, calling system software to add the process element to the process element linked list). The lower 16-bits of the process handle may be the offset of the process element within the process element linked list.
The graphics acceleration module 446 and/or the individual graphics processing engines 431-432, N can be shared by all or a subset of the processes in the system. Embodiments of the invention include an infrastructure for setting up the process state and sending a WD 484 to a graphics acceleration module 446 to start a job in a virtualized environment.
In one implementation, the dedicated-process programming model is implementation-specific. In this model, a single process owns the graphics acceleration module 446 or an individual graphics processing engine 431. Because the graphics acceleration module 446 is owned by a single process, the hypervisor initializes the accelerator integration circuit 436 for the owning partition and the operating system initializes the accelerator integration circuit 436 for the owning process at the time when the graphics acceleration module 446 is assigned.
In operation, a WD fetch unit 491 in the accelerator integration slice 490 fetches the next WD 484 which includes an indication of the work to be done by one of the graphics processing engines of the graphics acceleration module 446. Data from the WD 484 may be stored in registers 445 and used by the MMU 439, interrupt management circuit 447 and/or context management circuit 446 as illustrated. For example, one embodiment of the MMU 439 includes segment/page walk circuitry for accessing segment/page tables 486 within the OS virtual address space 485. The interrupt management circuit 447 may process interrupt events 492 received from the graphics acceleration module 446. When performing graphics operations, an effective address 493 generated by a graphics processing engine 431-432, N is translated to a real address by the MMU 439.
In one embodiment, the same set of registers 445 are duplicated for each graphics processing engine 431-432, N and/or graphics acceleration module 446 and may be initialized by the hypervisor or operating system. Each of these duplicated registers may be included in an accelerator integration slice 490. Exemplary registers that may be initialized by the hypervisor are shown in Table 1.
Exemplary registers that may be initialized by the operating system are shown in Table 2.
In one embodiment, each WD 484 is specific to a particular graphics acceleration module 446 and/or graphics processing engine 431-432, N. It contains all the information a graphics processing engine 431-432, N requires to do its work or it can be a pointer to a memory location where the application has set up a command queue of work to be completed.
The shared programming models allow for all or a subset of processes from all or a subset of partitions in the system to use a graphics acceleration module 446. There are two programming models where the graphics acceleration module 446 is shared by multiple processes and partitions: time-sliced shared and graphics directed shared.
In this model, the system hypervisor 496 owns the graphics acceleration module 446 and makes its function available to all operating systems 495. For a graphics acceleration module 446 to support virtualization by the system hypervisor 496, the graphics acceleration module 446 may adhere to the following requirements: 1) An application's job request must be autonomous (that is, the state does not need to be maintained between jobs), or the graphics acceleration module 446 must provide a context save and restore mechanism. 2) An application's job request is guaranteed by the graphics acceleration module 446 to complete in a specified amount of time, including any translation faults, or the graphics acceleration module 446 provides the ability to preempt the processing of the job. 3) The graphics acceleration module 446 must be guaranteed fairness between processes when operating in the directed shared programming model.
In one embodiment, for the shared model, the application 480 is required to make an operating system 495 system call with a graphics acceleration module 446 type, a work descriptor (WD), an authority mask register (AMR) value, and a context save/restore area pointer (CSRP). The graphics acceleration module 446 type describes the targeted acceleration function for the system call. The graphics acceleration module 446 type may be a system-specific value. The WD is formatted specifically for the graphics acceleration module 446 and can be in the form of a graphics acceleration module 446 command, an effective address pointer to a user-defined structure, an effective address pointer to a queue of commands, or any other data structure to describe the work to be done by the graphics acceleration module 446. In one embodiment, the AMR value is the AMR state to use for the current process. The value passed to the operating system is similar to an application setting the AMR. If the accelerator integration circuit 436 and graphics acceleration module 446 implementations do not support a User Authority Mask Override Register (UAMOR), the operating system may apply the current UAMOR value to the AMR value before passing the AMR in the hypervisor call. The hypervisor 496 may optionally apply the current Authority Mask Override Register (AMOR) value before placing the AMR into the process element 483. In one embodiment, the CSRP is one of the registers 445 containing the effective address of an area in the application's address space 482 for the graphics acceleration module 446 to save and restore the context state. This pointer is optional if no state is required to be saved between jobs or when a job is preempted. The context save/restore area may be pinned system memory.
Upon receiving the system call, the operating system 495 may verify that the application 480 has registered and been given the authority to use the graphics acceleration module 446. The operating system 495 then calls the hypervisor 496 with the information shown in Table 3.
Upon receiving the hypervisor call, the hypervisor 496 verifies that the operating system 495 has registered and been given the authority to use the graphics acceleration module 446. The hypervisor 496 then puts the process element 483 into the process element linked list for the corresponding graphics acceleration module 446 type. The process element may include the information shown in Table 4.
In one embodiment, the hypervisor initializes a plurality of accelerator integration slice 490 registers 445.
As illustrated in
In one embodiment, bias/coherence management circuitry 494A-494E within one or more of the MMUs 439A-439E ensures cache coherence between the caches of the host processors (e.g., 405) and the GPUs 410-413 and also implements biasing techniques indicating the physical memories in which certain types of data should be stored. While multiple instances of bias/coherence management circuitry 494A-494E are illustrated in
One embodiment allows GPU-attached memory 420-423 to be mapped as part of system memory, and accessed using shared virtual memory (SVM) technology, but without suffering the typical performance drawbacks associated with full system cache coherence. The ability to GPU-attached memory 420-423 to be accessed as system memory without onerous cache coherence overhead provides a beneficial operating environment for GPU offload. This arrangement allows the host processor 405 software to setup operands and access computation results, without the overhead of tradition I/O DMA data copies. Such traditional copies involve driver calls, interrupts and memory mapped I/O (MMIO) accesses that are all inefficient relative to simple memory accesses. At the same time, the ability to access GPU attached memory 420-423 without cache coherence overheads can be critical to the execution time of an offloaded computation. In cases with substantial streaming write memory traffic, for example, cache coherence overhead can significantly reduce the effective write bandwidth seen by a GPU 410-413. The efficiency of operand setup, the efficiency of results access, and the efficiency of GPU computation all play a role in determining the effectiveness of GPU offload.
In one implementation, the selection of between GPU bias and host processor bias is driven by a bias tracker data structure. A bias table may be used, for example, which may be a page-granular structure (i.e., controlled at the granularity of a memory page) that includes 1 or 2 bits per GPU-attached memory page. The bias table may be implemented in a stolen memory range of one or more GPU-attached memories 420-423, with or without a bias cache in the GPU 410-413 (e.g., to cache frequently/recently used entries of the bias table). Alternatively, the entire bias table may be maintained within the GPU.
In one implementation, the bias table entry associated with each access to the GPU-attached memory 420-423 is accessed prior the actual access to the GPU memory, causing the following operations. First, local requests from the GPU 410-413 that find their page in GPU bias are forwarded directly to a corresponding GPU memory 420-423. Local requests from the GPU that find their page in host bias are forwarded to the processor 405 (e.g., over a high speed link as discussed above). In one embodiment, requests from the processor 405 that find the requested page in host processor bias complete the request like a normal memory read. Alternatively, requests directed to a GPU-biased page may be forwarded to the GPU 410-413. The GPU may then transition the page to a host processor bias if it is not currently using the page.
The bias state of a page can be changed either by a software-based mechanism, a hardware-assisted software-based mechanism, or, for a limited set of cases, a purely hardware-based mechanism.
One mechanism for changing the bias state employs an API call (e.g. OpenCL), which, in turn, calls the GPU's device driver which, in turn, sends a message (or enqueues a command descriptor) to the GPU directing it to change the bias state and, for some transitions, perform a cache flushing operation in the host. The cache flushing operation is required for a transition from host processor 405 bias to GPU bias, but is not required for the opposite transition.
In one embodiment, cache coherency is maintained by temporarily rendering GPU-biased pages uncacheable by the host processor 405. In order to access these pages, the processor 405 may request access from the GPU 410 which may or may not grant access right away, depending on the implementation. Thus, to reduce communication between the processor 405 and GPU 410 it is beneficial to ensure that GPU-biased pages are those which are required by the GPU but not the host processor 405 and vice versa.
This relates generally to rendering for computer displays. Rendering is the process of generating a computer displayed image from two or three dimensional models. Typically, the rate of rendering is uniform across the entire display. The rendering rate determines resolution of the resulting display. Graphics processors are generally responsible for rendering a computer generated image for display on a computer display.
Often times a user will focus on one or more areas of the display. Despite the fact that the user's focus is in one particular area, rendering is generally uniform across the display. In some cases, this results in unnecessary power consumption and reduced performance.
Traditionally, one core of a multi-core processor handles the rendering of the entirety of a screen display. Using more than one core of a multi-core processor typically involves spreading the workload evenly across identical cores and the cores are identical.
In one embodiment the data assembler 502 is a processing unit that collects vertex data for high-order surfaces, primitives, etc., and outputs the vertex data, including the vertex attributes, to the vertex processing unit 504. The vertex processing unit 504 is a programmable execution unit that is configured to execute vertex shader programs, lighting and transforming vertex data as specified by the vertex shader programs. For example, vertex processing unit 504 may be programmed to transform the vertex data from an object-based coordinate representation (object space) to an alternatively based coordinate system such as world space or normalized device coordinates (NDC) space. Vertex processing unit 504 may read data that is stored in cache, local or system memory for use in processing the vertex data.
A first instance of a primitive assembler 506 receives vertex attributes from the vertex processing unit 504, reading stored vertex attributes as needed, and constructs graphics primitives for processing by tessellation control processing unit 508, where the graphics primitives include triangles, line segments, points, patches, and so forth, as supported by various graphics processing application programming interfaces (APIs).
The tessellation control processing unit 508 treats the input vertices as control points for a geometric patch and transforms these control points from the patch's input representation, often called the patch's basis, into a representation suitable for efficient surface evaluation by the tessellation evaluation processing unit 512. The tessellation control processing unit 508 also computes tessellation factors for edges of geometric patches. A tessellation factor applies to a single edge and quantifies a view-dependent level of detail associated with the edge. A tessellation unit 510 is configured to receive the tessellation factors for edges of a patch and to tessellate the patch into multiple geometric primitives such as line, triangle, or quadrilateral primitives, which are transmitted to a tessellation evaluation processing unit 512. The tessellation evaluation processing unit 512 operates on parameterized coordinates of the subdivided patch to generate a surface representation and vertex attributes for each vertex associated with the geometric primitives.
A second instance of a primitive assembler 514 receives vertex attributes from the tessellation evaluation processing unit 512, reading stored vertex attributes as needed, and constructs graphics primitives for processing by the geometry processing unit 516. The geometry processing unit 516 is a programmable execution unit that is configured to execute geometry shader programs, transforming graphics primitives received from primitive assembler 514 as specified by the geometry shader programs. For example, the geometry processing unit 516 may be programmed to subdivide the graphics primitives into one or more new graphics primitives and calculate parameters, such as plane equation coefficients, that are used to rasterize the new graphics primitives.
In some embodiments the geometry processing unit 516 may also add or delete elements in the geometry stream. Geometry processing unit 516 outputs the parameters and vertices specifying new graphics primitives to primitive assembler 518, which receives the parameters and vertices from the geometry processing unit 516, reading stored vertex attributes, as needed, and constructs graphics primitives for processing by a viewport scale, cull, and clip unit 520. The geometry processing unit 516 may read data that is stored in parallel processor memory or system memory for use in processing the geometry data. The viewport scale, cull, and clip unit 520 performs clipping, culling, and viewport scaling and outputs processed graphics primitives to a rasterizer 522.
The rasterizer 522 scan converts the new graphics primitives and outputs fragment and coverage data to the fragment/pixel processing unit 524. Additionally, the rasterizer 522 may be configured to perform z culling and other z-based optimizations.
The fragment/pixel processing unit 524 is a programmable execution unit that is configured to execute fragment shader programs or pixel shader programs. The fragment/pixel processing unit 524 transforming fragments or pixels received from rasterizer 522, as specified by the fragment or pixel shader programs. For example, the fragment/pixel processing unit 524 may be programmed to perform operations such as perspective correction, texture mapping, shading, blending, and the like, to produce shaded fragments or pixels that are output to raster operations unit 526. The fragment/pixel processing unit 524 may read data that is stored in parallel processor memory or system memory for use in processing the fragment data. Fragment or pixel shader programs may be configured to shade at the sample, pixel, tile, or other granularity, depending on the programmed sampling rate.
The raster operations unit 526 is a processing unit that performs raster operations, such as stencil, z test, blending, and the like, and outputs pixel data as processed graphics data for storage in graphics memory. The processed graphics data may be stored in graphics memory, e.g., parallel processor memory 222 as in
In accordance with some embodiments, the render rate is varied across and/or up and down the display screen. This may be done based on where the user is focused on in order to reduce power consumption and/or increase performance. Specifically the screen display is separated into regions, such as quadrants. Each of these regions is rendered at a rate determined by at least one of what the user is currently focused on, what the user has focused on at in the past and/or what it is predicted that the user will focus on next. Areas of less focus may be rendered at a lower rate, reducing power consumption in some embodiments. An area of focus may be identified by eye gaze detection, detecting a touch screen contact, or mouse selection, as examples.
Thus referring to
As used herein, the term “region” is used broadly to refer to an area of less than all of the viewable display screen. However, in some cases, there may be from two to five regions that are separately analyzed.
Based on the eye gaze detection, a computer 14 may determine which regions the user is viewing at any particular time and may maintain a historical record of how much time has been spent viewing each region in the past. This information may be used to develop a computer model of which regions a user is likely to view next. Heuristics may be applied to determine what the viewer will view next.
As one example, if a user is reading text on the screen, the user may look from left to right, slowly moving down the screen. This pattern of viewing over time can be used to predict where the user is likely to be looking at the next instant in time.
As one example, if a user is reading text on the screen, the user may look from left to right, slowly moving down the screen. This pattern of viewing over time can be used to predict where the user is likely to be looking at the next instant in time.
Thus in accordance with one embodiment, shown in
In some embodiments, only two render rates may be used, one for the most likely viewed region and the other rate for other regions. In other embodiments, the quadrant of current focus may be rendered at the highest rate and other quadrants that were recently viewed may be rendered at the next highest quadrant and then a rate that is infrequently viewed over a recent time interval may be given the lowest render rate.
The same techniques may be applied to the regionalized screen shown in
In accordance with still another embodiment, the center region 46 is curved as shown in
Referring to
The sequence 50 begins by detecting where the user is looking as indicated in block 52. A check at diamond 54 determines whether the user has been looking at the particular screen region for a time period in excess of a threshold. If so, the rendering for that region is increased as indicated in block 56. Otherwise the flow continues to monitor where on the screen the user is looking.
If the render rate for a particular region is adjusted in block 56, then the gaze time for that region is stored, as indicated in block 58. In this way, a historical record may be developed which keeps track of which quadrant the user has been looking at for how much time.
This historical record may be periodically updated. For example, the regions that the user has viewed for a past predetermined time period may be stored and may be used to predict where the user will look in the future. However is some embodiments only a past period of predetermined time may be maintained so that the oldest time records are discarded in favor of the latest information.
Thus a cumulative gaze time may be developed for each of the regions as indicated in block 60.
Then the render rate for each of the regions may be adjusted based on the gaze time as indicated in block 62. This means that the currently viewed or most likely to be viewed or the most often viewed region may be rendered at the highest rate and other regions may be rendered at a lower rate. The rate of rendering these other regions may be based on the record of what the user has looked at over a given time period historically. The historical record may be a window in time or a number of frames as two examples.
In some embodiments the render rate may be adjusted by adjusting a number of multi-sampled anti-aliased samples. Then a temporal anti-aliasing may be used outside the area of focus. In temporal anti-aliasing, less than all the samples per pixel may be used in every frame for the region outside the area of focus.
For example, if four samples per pixel are desired, two of those four samples could be used in the first frame and the other two of the four samples may be used in the second frame, alternating over and over in that fashion. In an example with four samples per pixel, in the area of focus, four samples would always be used. In the area outside the area of focus only two samples per pixel would be used in each frame, namely a different two samples are used in every successive frame. Because of the way that the human eye works, the two sets of two samples from successive frames each tend to blend so that the eye may substantially perceive a higher number of samples per pixel, namely four samples in this example.
As another example, instead of using all three color planes such as red, green and blue, in the regions outside the area of focus, only the luminosity plane might be depicted. For example in the red, green, blue color space, the green color is picked up by the eye preferentially because it has more luminous information. Therefore in the regions outside the area of focus only the green color may be rendered while all three color planes are rendered within the area of focus.
Referring to
The sequence 64 may begin by accumulating viewing time by region. Then a viewing pattern may be detected as indicated in block 68. Based on viewing time and viewing pattern, a prediction is made of the next region that the user will look at as indicated in block 70.
A viewing pattern may be determined by analyzing historical records of viewing sequences of regions and may be supplemented by information about how areas of the screen display will be changed in the future.
Then the rendering rate may be increased for the predicted region as indicated in block 72. Also, the rendering rate in other regions may be reduced as indicated in block 74 based on what the user is currently looking at, how much time the user has spent viewing each region in the past and/or predictions about which regions the user is most likely to view next.
The regions may be associated with pixel addresses to enable separate rendering of screen regions as if they were effectively different displays in one embodiment.
While an embodiment using gaze detection on a display screen has been described, in some embodiments virtual reality goggles may benefit from features described here. In some cases, user head orientation changes are detected by the virtual reality goggles. This information may also be used to identify what a user is looking at or will be looking at next.
In accordance with some embodiments, cores of different precisions are provided. Then the most important regions of a display are rendered by the higher precision cores and less important regions of the display are rendered by lower precision cores. In general more cores of lower precision are provided than the number of cores with higher precision.
As used herein “precision” relates to accuracy of core calculations and/or with respect to their ability to render a screen depiction with a given level of resolution. A higher precision core is capable of higher accuracy. For example, floating pont precision may be different.
The areas of importance in the display may be determined by gaze detection, motion detection and/or color detection (e.g., face color) in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the higher precision core is always used for the central region of the display.
In some embodiments only two cores with different precisions are used but in other embodiments more cores and more precisions are contemplated.
Thus as shown in
The computer system 80 may include a processor 82 including higher precision cores 84a and 84b and lower precision cores 86a, 86b, 86c, and 86d. They may be coupled to a chip set 88 in turn coupled to the display 10 and the camera 12. The storage 16 may be coupled to the chipset 58. The storage 16 may include gaze detection software/firmware 90.
The cores may be a part of a central processing unit or more likely a graphics processing unit. In some embodiments, cores from both the central and graphics processing units of different precision may be used. For example, the higher precision cores are from one processing unit and the lower precision cores are from a different processing unit. As used herein, a core may be a graphics processing unit, a central processing unit, an accelerator or an executing unit of a processor.
Referring to
The sequence begins by detecting an area of interest or focus of the user as indicated in block 94. This may be done using eye gaze detection in one embodiment. In another embodiment it may be determined by analyzing motion on the screen and identifying regions of higher motion. In still another embodiment, pixel colors may be analyzed, for example, to locate colors associated with a human face. Other embodiments are also contemplated.
Once the area of user focus is identified, then a higher precision core may be assigned to render that region (block 96) while a lower precision core is assigned for other region (block 98).
In some embodiments, higher resolution may be achieved in areas of most significance and power consumption may be reduced by permitting lower precision in other regions.
In some embodiments, historical gaze patterns may be supplemented with information about expected extents of motion in different screen regions. In some embodiments, moving objects that are in a region of interest may be tracked from frame to frame to predict expected viewing patterns.
In accordance with some embodiments, an area of focus can be defined. Then in response to the definition of the area in focus, resolution or rendering rate may be increased in the area of focus. To compensate for the increased processing for the area of focus, for example to achieve a given performance or power consumption goal, the rate of processing in another region may be reduced in order to compensate for the extra time or power consumed in rendering the area of focus at a higher render rate or greater resolution. Thus in some embodiments, a relatively comparable savings in power consumption or improvement in performance may be achieved by increasing resolution in one area and in one embodiment, decreasing resolution or render rate in a correspondingly sized area. The correspondingly sized area may be identified as, for example, the one which is least recently used or focused upon. Thus the system may keep track of where the user focuses as well as how long it has been since the user is focused on given areas. In some embodiments, the given area may be of a common size such as a given number of tiles, pixel quads or pixels in two dimensions.
In accordance with one embodiment, a sequence 100, shown in
The sequence 100 shown in
Then the rendering rate in the corresponding region or regions of focus may be increased. For example if the region of focus corresponds to one or more areas of a given size, the resolution or rendering rate in those areas may be increased as indicated in block 104. For example in one embodiment the screen space may be broken into regions of a given number of tiles, quads or pixels. Then the area of focus may be identified in terms of a number of those regions.
Then turning to block 106, the time of the focus is identified. This is useful in determining when was the last time that that particular region was focused upon.
Next an area with the oldest focus time is identified in block 108. For example, the least recently accessed, selected or gazed upon area is identified for purposes of deciding whether or not to reduce resolution or rendering for that area. The area that is selected may be made up of the same number of regions as the area of focus. For example if four regions have been identified as an area of focus, then the four least recently used regions are identified. In some embodiments, these least recently used regions need not be contiguous.
Then in block 110, the rendering rate in these oldest regions may be reduced as indicated in block 110 to compensate for the performance loss or power consumption cost incurred by increasing the rendering rate or resolution in the area of focus.
A check at diamond 112 determines whether the area of focus has been maintained. If so, the flow iterates. Otherwise the flow reduces the rendering rate in the focus area and increases the render rate in the oldest focus area as indicated in block 114 and then the flow iterates.
The flows depicted in
More particularly,
In one embodiment, an inductor (coupled between a downstream phase and a respective upstream phase) may be positioned outside of a semiconductor package 916 that includes the load 914. Another inductor (not shown) may be positioned inside of the package 916, e.g., to reduce parasitic capacitance. In one embodiment, the inductor inside the package 916 may be a planar air-core inductor that is coupled to the logic circuitry 914 via one or more switching logic which include planar Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs).
Furthermore, one or more of the components discussed herein (e.g., with reference to
In some embodiments, one or more of ALU(s) 1006 and/or TEX unit(s) 1012 may be low energy or high capacity, e.g., such as discussed with reference to items 1020 and 1022. For example, the system may map 100% of the register addresses for threads 0-30 to the low energy portion and 100% of the register addresses for threads 31-127 to the high capacity portion. As another example, the system may map 20% of each thread's registers to the low energy portion and to map 80% of each thread's registers to the high capacity portion. Moreover, the system may determine the number of entries allocated per thread based on runtime information.
As illustrated in
In some embodiments, the system may include a number of physical registers which can be shared by the simultaneously running threads on the system. This allows the system to use a single namespace to implement a flexible register mapping scheme. A compiler may then allocate register live ranges to register addresses, and the compiler may use a register allocation mechanism to minimize or reduce the number of registers used per thread. Multiple live ranges can be allocated to the same register address as long as the live ranges do not overlap in an embodiment. This allows for determination, e.g., at runtime and after instructions have been compiled, of how many entries per thread will be allocated in the low energy portion versus the high capacity portion. For example, the system may map 100% of the register addresses for threads 0-30 to the low energy portion and 100% of the register addresses for threads 31-127 to the high capacity portion. As another example, the system may map 20% of each thread's registers to the low energy portion and to map 80% of each thread's registers to the high capacity portion. The system may determine the number of entries allocated per thread based on runtime information, e.g., regarding the number of thread groups executing and the marginal benefit from launching more thread groups or allocating a smaller number of thread groups more space in the low energy portion.
Referring to
Further, in some embodiments, one or more of PPUs in parallel processing subsystem 1102 are graphics processors with rendering pipelines that may be configured to perform various tasks such as those discussed herein with respect to other figures. The graphics information/data may be communicated via memory bridge 1108 with other components of a computing system (including components of system 1100). The data may be communicated via a shared bus and/or one or more interconnect(s) 1110 (including, for example, one or more direct or point-to-point links). PPU-0804 may access its local parallel processing memory 1114 (which may be used as graphics memory including, e.g., a frame buffer) to store and update pixel data, delivering pixel data to a display device (such as those discussed herein), etc. In some embodiments, the parallel processing subsystem 1102 may include one or more PPUs that operate as graphics processors and one or more other PPUs that operate to perform general-purpose computations. The PPUs may be identical or different, and each PPU may have access to its own dedicated parallel processing memory device(s), no dedicated parallel processing memory device(s), or a shared memory device or cache.
In an embodiment, operations performed by PPUs may be controlled by another processor (or one of the PPUs) generally referred to as a master processor or processor core. In one embodiment, the master processor/core may write a stream of commands for each PPU to a push buffer in various locations such as a main system memory, a cache, or other memory such as those discussed herein with reference to other figures. The written commands may then be read by each PPU and executed asynchronously relative to the operation of master processor/core.
Furthermore, as shown in
As shown in
Additionally, processing tasks that are assigned by the work scheduling unit 1122 may include indices of data to be processed, such surface/patch data, primitive data, vertex data, pixel data, and/or state parameters and commands defining how the data is to be processed (e.g., what program is to be executed). The work scheduling unit 1122 may be configured to fetch the indices corresponding to the tasks, or may receive the indices from front end 1120. Front end 1120 may also ensure that GPCs are configured to a valid state before the processing specified by the push buffers is initiated.
In one embodiment, the communication path 1112 is a Peripheral Component Interface (PCI) express (or PCI-e) link, in which dedicated lanes may be allocated to each PPU. Other communication paths may also be used. For example, commands related to processing tasks may be directed to the host interface 1118, while commands related to memory operations (e.g., reading from or writing to parallel processing memory 1114) may be directed to a memory crossbar unit 1132.
In some embodiments, parallel processing subsystem 1102 may be implemented as an add-in card that is inserted into an expansion slot of computer system or server (such as a blade server). In other embodiments, a PPU may be integrated on a single chip with a bus bridge, such as memory bridge 1108, an I/O bridge, etc. In still other embodiments, some or all components of PPU may be integrated on a single integrated circuit chip with one or more other processor cores, memory devices, caches, etc.
Referring to
Furthermore, any one of GPCs may process data to be written to any of the partition units within the parallel processing memory. Crossbar unit 1132 may be implemented as an interconnect that is configured to route the output of each GPC to the input of any partition unit or to another GPC for further processing. Hence, GPCs 1126 to 1130 may communicate with memory interface 1114 through crossbar unit 1132 to read from or write to various other (or external) memory devices. As shown, crossbar unit 1132 may directly communicate with the front end 1120, as well as having a coupling (direct or indirect) to local memory 1106, to allow the processing cores within the different GPCs to communicate with system memory and/or other memory that is not local to PPU. Furthermore, the crossbar unit 1132 may utilize virtual channels to organize traffic streams between the GPCs and partition units.
The processing system including a graphics processing unit may be an integrated circuit. An integrated circuit means a single integrated silicon die. The die contains the graphics processing unit and parallel interconnected geometry processing fixed-function units.
An embodiment of system 1400 can include, or be incorporated within a server-based gaming platform, a game console, including a game and media console, a mobile gaming console, a handheld game console, or an online game console. In some embodiments system 1400 is a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet computing device or mobile Internet device. Data processing system 1400 can also include, couple with, or be integrated within a wearable device, such as a smart watch wearable device, smart eyewear device, augmented reality device, or virtual reality device. In some embodiments, data processing system 1400 is a television or set top box device having one or more processors 1402 and a graphical interface generated by one or more graphics processors 1408.
In some embodiments, the one or more processors 1402 each include one or more processor cores 1407 to process instructions which, when executed, perform operations for system and user software. In some embodiments, each of the one or more processor cores 1407 is configured to process a specific instruction set 1409. In some embodiments, instruction set 1409 may facilitate Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC), Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), or computing via a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW). Multiple processor cores 1407 may each process a different instruction set 1409, which may include instructions to facilitate the emulation of other instruction sets. Processor core 1407 may also include other processing devices, such a Digital Signal Processor (DSP).
In some embodiments, the processor 1402 includes cache memory 1404. Depending on the architecture, the processor 1402 can have a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache. In some embodiments, the cache memory is shared among various components of the processor 1402. In some embodiments, the processor 1402 also uses an external cache (e.g., a Level-3 (L3) cache or Last Level Cache (LLC)) (not shown), which may be shared among processor cores 1407 using known cache coherency techniques. A register file 1406 is additionally included in processor 1402 which may include different types of registers for storing different types of data (e.g., integer registers, floating point registers, status registers, and an instruction pointer register). Some registers may be general-purpose registers, while other registers may be specific to the design of the processor 1402.
In some embodiments, processor 1402 is coupled with a processor bus 1410 to transmit communication signals such as address, data, or control signals between processor 1402 and other components in system 1400. In one embodiment the system 1400 uses an exemplary ‘hub’ system architecture, including a memory controller hub 1416 and an Input Output (I/O) controller hub 1430. A memory controller hub 1416 facilitates communication between a memory device and other components of system 1400, while an I/O Controller Hub (ICH) 1430 provides connections to I/O devices via a local I/O bus. In one embodiment, the logic of the memory controller hub 1416 is integrated within the processor.
Memory device 1420 can be a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, a static random access memory (SRAM) device, flash memory device, phase-change memory device, or some other memory device having suitable performance to serve as process memory. In one embodiment the memory device 1420 can operate as system memory for the system 1400, to store data 1422 and instructions 1421 for use when the one or more processors 1402 executes an application or process. Memory controller hub 1416 also couples with an optional external graphics processor 1412, which may communicate with the one or more graphics processors 1408 in processors 1402 to perform graphics and media operations.
In some embodiments, ICH 1430 enables peripherals to connect to memory device 1420 and processor 1402 via a high-speed I/O bus. The I/O peripherals include, but are not limited to, an audio controller 1446, a firmware interface 1428, a wireless transceiver 1426 (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth), a data storage device 1624 (e.g., hard disk drive, flash memory, etc.), and a legacy I/O controller 1440 for coupling legacy (e.g., Personal System 2 (PS/2)) devices to the system. One or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) controllers 1442 connect input devices, such as keyboard and mouse 1444 combinations. A network controller 1434 may also couple with ICH 1430. In some embodiments, a high-performance network controller (not shown) couples with processor bus 1410. It will be appreciated that the system 1400 shown is exemplary and not limiting, as other types of data processing systems that are differently configured may also be used. For example, the I/O controller hub 1430 may be integrated within the one or more processor 1402, or the memory controller hub 1416 and I/O controller hub 1430 may be integrated into a discreet external graphics processor, such as the external graphics processor 1412.
The internal cache units 1504A-1504N and shared cache units 1506 represent a cache memory hierarchy within the processor 1500. The cache memory hierarchy may include at least one level of instruction and data cache within each processor core and one or more levels of shared mid-level cache, such as a Level 2 (L2), Level 3 (L3), Level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, where the highest level of cache before external memory is classified as the LLC. In some embodiments, cache coherency logic maintains coherency between the various cache units 1506 and 1504A-1504N.
In some embodiments, processor 1500 may also include a set of one or more bus controller units 1516 and a system agent core 1510. The one or more bus controller units 1516 manage a set of peripheral buses, such as one or more Peripheral Component Interconnect buses (e.g., PCI, PCI Express). System agent core 1510 provides management functionality for the various processor components. In some embodiments, system agent core 1510 includes one or more integrated memory controllers 1514 to manage access to various external memory devices (not shown).
In some embodiments, one or more of the processor cores 1502A-1502N include support for simultaneous multi-threading. In such embodiment, the system agent core 1510 includes components for coordinating and operating cores 1502A-1502N during multi-threaded processing. System agent core 1510 may additionally include a power control unit (PCU), which includes logic and components to regulate the power state of processor cores 1502A-1502N and graphics processor 1508.
In some embodiments, processor 1500 additionally includes graphics processor 1508 to execute graphics processing operations. In some embodiments, the graphics processor 1508 couples with the set of shared cache units 1506, and the system agent core 1510, including the one or more integrated memory controllers 1514. In some embodiments, a display controller 1511 is coupled with the graphics processor 1508 to drive graphics processor output to one or more coupled displays. In some embodiments, display controller 1511 may be a separate module coupled with the graphics processor via at least one interconnect, or may be integrated within the graphics processor 1508 or system agent core 1510.
In some embodiments, a ring based interconnect unit 1512 is used to couple the internal components of the processor 1500. However, an alternative interconnect unit may be used, such as a point-to-point interconnect, a switched interconnect, or other techniques, including techniques well known in the art. In some embodiments, graphics processor 1508 couples with the ring interconnect 1512 via an I/O link 1513.
The exemplary I/O link 1513 represents at least one of multiple varieties of I/O interconnects, including an on package I/O interconnect which facilitates communication between various processor components and a high-performance embedded memory module 1518, such as an eDRAM module. In some embodiments, each of the processor cores 1502A-1502N and graphics processor 1508 use embedded memory modules 1518 as a shared Last Level Cache.
In some embodiments, processor cores 1502A-1502N are homogenous cores executing the same instruction set architecture. In another embodiment, processor cores 1502A-5102N are heterogeneous in terms of instruction set architecture (ISA), where one or more of processor cores 1502A-1502N execute a first instruction set, while at least one of the other cores executes a subset of the first instruction set or a different instruction set. In one embodiment processor cores 1502A-1502N are heterogeneous in terms of microarchitecture, where one or more cores having a relatively higher power consumption couple with one or more power cores having a lower power consumption. Additionally, processor 1500 can be implemented on one or more chips or as an SoC integrated circuit having the illustrated components, in addition to other components.
In some embodiments, graphics processor 1600 also includes a display controller 1602 to drive display output data to a display device 1620. Display controller 1602 includes hardware for one or more overlay planes for the display and composition of multiple layers of video or user interface elements. In some embodiments, graphics processor 1600 includes a video codec engine 1606 to encode, decode, or transcode media to, from, or between one or more media encoding formats, including, but not limited to Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) formats such as MPEG-2, Advanced Video Coding (AVC) formats such as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, as well as the Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers (SMPTE) 421M/VC-1, and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) formats such as JPEG, and Motion JPEG (MJPEG) formats.
In some embodiments, graphics processor 1800 includes a block image transfer (BLIT) engine 1604 to perform two-dimensional (2D) rasterizer operations including, for example, bit-boundary block transfers. However, in one embodiment, 2D graphics operations are performed using one or more components of graphics processing engine (GPE) 1610. In some embodiments, GPE 1610 is a compute engine for performing graphics operations, including three-dimensional (3D) graphics operations and media operations.
In some embodiments, GPE 1610 includes a 3D pipeline 1612 for performing 3D operations, such as rendering three-dimensional images and scenes using processing functions that act upon 3D primitive shapes (e.g., rectangle, triangle, etc.). The 3D pipeline 1612 includes programmable and fixed function elements that perform various tasks within the element and/or spawn execution threads to a 3D/Media sub-system 1615. While 3D pipeline 1612 can be used to perform media operations, an embodiment of GPE 1610 also includes a media pipeline 1616 that is specifically used to perform media operations, such as video post-processing and image enhancement.
In some embodiments, media pipeline 1616 includes fixed function or programmable logic units to perform one or more specialized media operations, such as video decode acceleration, video de-interlacing, and video encode acceleration in place of, or on behalf of video codec engine 1606. In some embodiments, media pipeline 1616 additionally includes a thread spawning unit to spawn threads for execution on 3D/Media sub-system 1615. The spawned threads perform computations for the media operations on one or more graphics execution units included in 3D/Media sub-system 1615.
In some embodiments, 3D/Media subsystem 1615 includes logic for executing threads spawned by 3D pipeline 1612 and media pipeline 1616. In one embodiment, the pipelines send thread execution requests to 3D/Media subsystem 1615, which includes thread dispatch logic for arbitrating and dispatching the various requests to available thread execution resources. The execution resources include an array of graphics execution units to process the 3D and media threads. In some embodiments, 3D/Media subsystem 1615 includes one or more internal caches for thread instructions and data. In some embodiments, the subsystem also includes shared memory, including registers and addressable memory, to share data between threads and to store output data.
In some embodiments, GPE 1710 couples with or includes a command streamer 1703, which provides a command stream to the 3D pipeline 1612 and/or media pipelines 1616. In some embodiments, command streamer 1703 is coupled with memory, which can be system memory, or one or more of internal cache memory and shared cache memory. In some embodiments, command streamer 1703 receives commands from the memory and sends the commands to 3D pipeline 1612 and/or media pipeline 1616. The commands are directives fetched from a ring buffer, which stores commands for the 3D pipeline 1612 and media pipeline 1616. In one embodiment, the ring buffer can additionally include batch command buffers storing batches of multiple commands. The commands for the 3D pipeline 1612 can also include references to data stored in memory, such as but not limited to vertex and geometry data for the 3D pipeline 1612 and/or image data and memory objects for the media pipeline 1616. The 3D pipeline 1612 and media pipeline 1616 process the commands and data by performing operations via logic within the respective pipelines or by dispatching one or more execution threads to a graphics core array 1714.
In various embodiments the 3D pipeline 1612 can execute one or more shader programs, such as vertex shaders, geometry shaders, pixel shaders, fragment shaders, compute shaders, or other shader programs, by processing the instructions and dispatching execution threads to the graphics core array 1714. The graphics core array 1714 provides a unified block of execution resources. Multi-purpose execution logic (e.g., execution units) within the graphic core array 1714 includes support for various 3D API shader languages and can execute multiple simultaneous execution threads associated with multiple shaders.
In some embodiments the graphics core array 1714 also includes execution logic to perform media functions, such as video and/or image processing. In one embodiment, the execution units additionally include general-purpose logic that is programmable to perform parallel general purpose computational operations, in addition to graphics processing operations. The general purpose logic can perform processing operations in parallel or in conjunction with general purpose logic within the processor core(s) 1407 of
Output data generated by threads executing on the graphics core array 1714 can output data to memory in a unified return buffer (URB) 1718. The URB 1718 can store data for multiple threads. In some embodiments the URB 1718 may be used to send data between different threads executing on the graphics core array 1714. In some embodiments the URB 1718 may additionally be used for synchronization between threads on the graphics core array and fixed function logic within the shared function logic 1720.
In some embodiments, graphics core array 1714 is scalable, such that the array includes a variable number of graphics cores, each having a variable number of execution units based on the target power and performance level of GPE 1710. In one embodiment the execution resources are dynamically scalable, such that execution resources may be enabled or disabled as needed.
The graphics core array 1714 couples with shared function logic 1720 that includes multiple resources that are shared between the graphics cores in the graphics core array. The shared functions within the shared function logic 1720 are hardware logic units that provide specialized supplemental functionality to the graphics core array 1714. In various embodiments, shared function logic 1720 includes but is not limited to sampler 1721, math 1722, and inter-thread communication (ITC) 1723 logic. Additionally, some embodiments implement one or more cache(s) 1725 within the shared function logic 1720. A shared function is implemented where the demand for a given specialized function is insufficient for inclusion within the graphics core array 1714. Instead a single instantiation of that specialized function is implemented as a stand-alone entity in the shared function logic 1720 and shared among the execution resources within the graphics core array 1714. The precise set of functions that are shared between the graphics core array 1714 and included within the graphics core array 1714 varies between embodiments.
In some embodiments, graphics processor 1800 includes a ring interconnect 1802, a pipeline front-end 1804, a media engine 1837, and graphics cores 1880A-1880N. In some embodiments, ring interconnect 1802 couples the graphics processor to other processing units, including other graphics processors or one or more general-purpose processor cores. In some embodiments, the graphics processor is one of many processors integrated within a multi-core processing system.
In some embodiments, graphics processor 1800 receives batches of commands via ring interconnect 1802. The incoming commands are interpreted by a command streamer 1803 in the pipeline front-end 1804. In some embodiments, graphics processor 1800 includes scalable execution logic to perform 3D geometry processing and media processing via the graphics core(s) 1880A-1880N. For 3D geometry processing commands, command streamer 1803 supplies commands to geometry pipeline 1836. For at least some media processing commands, command streamer 1803 supplies the commands to a video front end 1834, which couples with a media engine 1837. In some embodiments, media engine 1837 includes a Video Quality Engine (VQE) 2030 for video and image post-processing and a multi-format encode/decode (MFX) 1833 engine to provide hardware-accelerated media data encode and decode. In some embodiments, geometry pipeline 1836 and media engine 1837 each generate execution threads for the thread execution resources provided by at least one graphics core 1880A.
In some embodiments, graphics processor 1800 includes scalable thread execution resources featuring modular cores 1880A-1880N (sometimes referred to as core slices), each having multiple sub-cores 1850A-1850N, 1860A-1860N (sometimes referred to as core sub-slices). In some embodiments, graphics processor 1800 can have any number of graphics cores 1880A through 1880N. In some embodiments, graphics processor 1800 includes a graphics core 1880A having at least a first sub-core 1850A and a second sub-core 1860A. In other embodiments, the graphics processor is a low power processor with a single sub-core (e.g., 1850A). In some embodiments, graphics processor 1800 includes multiple graphics cores 1880A-1880N, each including a set of first sub-cores 1850A-1850N and a set of second sub-cores 1860A-1860N. Each sub-core in the set of first sub-cores 1850A-1850N includes at least a first set of execution units 1852A-1852N and media/texture samplers 1854A-1854N. Each sub-core in the set of second sub-cores 1860A-1860N includes at least a second set of execution units 1862A-1862N and samplers 1864A-1864N. In some embodiments, each sub-core 1850A-1850N, 1860A-1860N shares a set of shared resources 1870A-1870N. In some embodiments, the shared resources include shared cache memory and pixel operation logic. Other shared resources may also be included in the various embodiments of the graphics processor.
In some embodiments, thread execution logic 1900 includes a shader processor 1902, a thread dispatcher 1904, instruction cache 1906, a scalable execution unit array including a plurality of execution units 1908A-1908N, a sampler 1910, a data cache 1912, and a data port 1914. In one embodiment the scalable execution unit array can dynamically scale by enabling or disabling one or more execution units (e.g., any of execution unit 1908A, 1908B, 1908C, 1908D, through 1908N-1 and 1908N) based on the computational requirements of a workload. In one embodiment the included components are interconnected via an interconnect fabric that links to each of the components. In some embodiments, thread execution logic 1900 includes one or more connections to memory, such as system memory or cache memory, through one or more of instruction cache 1906, data port 1914, sampler 1910, and execution units 1908A-1908N. In some embodiments, each execution unit (e.g. 1908A) is a stand-alone programmable general purpose computational unit that is capable of executing multiple simultaneous hardware threads while processing multiple data elements in parallel for each thread. In various embodiments, the array of execution units 1908A-1908N is scalable to include any number individual execution units.
In some embodiments, the execution units 1908A-1908N are primarily used to execute shader programs. A shader processor 1902 can process the various shader programs and dispatch execution threads associated with the shader programs via a thread dispatcher 1904. In one embodiment the thread dispatcher includes logic to arbitrate thread initiation requests from the graphics and media pipelines and instantiate the requested threads on one or more execution unit in the execution units 1908A-1908N. For example, the geometry pipeline (e.g., 1836 of
In some embodiments, the execution units 1908A-1908N support an instruction set that includes native support for many standard 3D graphics shader instructions, such that shader programs from graphics libraries (e.g., Direct 3D and OpenGL) are executed with a minimal translation. The execution units support vertex and geometry processing (e.g., vertex programs, geometry programs, vertex shaders), pixel processing (e.g., pixel shaders, fragment shaders) and general-purpose processing (e.g., compute and media shaders). Each of the execution units 1908A-1908N is capable of multi-issue single instruction multiple data (SIMD) execution and multi-threaded operation enables an efficient execution environment in the face of higher latency memory accesses. Each hardware thread within each execution unit has a dedicated high-bandwidth register file and associated independent thread-state. Execution is multi-issue per clock to pipelines capable of integer, single and double precision floating point operations, SIMD branch capability, logical operations, transcendental operations, and other miscellaneous operations. While waiting for data from memory or one of the shared functions, dependency logic within the execution units 1908A-1908N causes a waiting thread to sleep until the requested data has been returned. While the waiting thread is sleeping, hardware resources may be devoted to processing other threads. For example, during a delay associated with a vertex shader operation, an execution unit can perform operations for a pixel shader, fragment shader, or another type of shader program, including a different vertex shader.
Each execution unit in execution units 1908A-1908N operates on arrays of data elements. The number of data elements is the “execution size,” or the number of channels for the instruction. An execution channel is a logical unit of execution for data element access, masking, and flow control within instructions. The number of channels may be independent of the number of physical Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) or Floating Point Units (FPUs) for a particular graphics processor. In some embodiments, execution units 608A-608N support integer and floating-point data types.
The execution unit instruction set includes SIMD instructions. The various data elements can be stored as a packed data type in a register and the execution unit will process the various elements based on the data size of the elements. For example, when operating on a 256-bit wide vector, the 256 bits of the vector are stored in a register and the execution unit operates on the vector as four separate 64-bit packed data elements (Quad-Word (QW) size data elements), eight separate 32-bit packed data elements (Double Word (DW) size data elements), sixteen separate 16-bit packed data elements (Word (W) size data elements), or thirty-two separate 8-bit data elements (byte (B) size data elements). However, different vector widths and register sizes are possible.
One or more internal instruction caches (e.g., 1906) are included in the thread execution logic 1900 to cache thread instructions for the execution units. In some embodiments, one or more data caches (e.g., 1912) are included to cache thread data during thread execution. In some embodiments, a sampler 1910 is included to provide texture sampling for 3D operations and media sampling for media operations. In some embodiments, sampler 1910 includes specialized texture or media sampling functionality to process texture or media data during the sampling process before providing the sampled data to an execution unit.
During execution, the graphics and media pipelines send thread initiation requests to thread execution logic 1900 via thread spawning and dispatch logic. Once a group of geometric objects has been processed and rasterized into pixel data, pixel processor logic (e.g., pixel shader logic, fragment shader logic, etc.) within the shader processor 1902 is invoked to further compute output information and cause results to be written to output surfaces (e.g., color buffers, depth buffers, stencil buffers, etc.). In some embodiments, a pixel shader or fragment shader calculates the values of the various vertex attributes that are to be interpolated across the rasterized object. In some embodiments, pixel processor logic within the shader processor 1902 then executes an application programming interface (API)-supplied pixel or fragment shader program. To execute the shader program, the shader processor 1902 dispatches threads to an execution unit (e.g., 1908A) via thread dispatcher 1904. In some embodiments, pixel shader 1902 uses texture sampling logic in the sampler 1910 to access texture data in texture maps stored in memory. Arithmetic operations on the texture data and the input geometry data compute pixel color data for each geometric fragment, or discards one or more pixels from further processing.
In some embodiments, the data port 1914 provides a memory access mechanism for the thread execution logic 1900 output processed data to memory for processing on a graphics processor output pipeline. In some embodiments, the data port 1914 includes or couples to one or more cache memories (e.g., data cache 1912) to cache data for memory access via the data port.
In some embodiments, the graphics processor execution units natively support instructions in a 128-bit instruction format 2010. A 64-bit compacted instruction format 2030 is available for some instructions based on the selected instruction, instruction options, and number of operands. The native 128-bit instruction format 2010 provides access to all instruction options, while some options and operations are restricted in the 64-bit instruction format 2030. The native instructions available in the 64-bit instruction format 2030 vary by embodiment. In some embodiments, the instruction is compacted in part using a set of index values in an index field 2013. The execution unit hardware references a set of compaction tables based on the index values and uses the compaction table outputs to reconstruct a native instruction in the 128-bit instruction format 2010.
For each format, instruction opcode 2012 defines the operation that the execution unit is to perform. The execution units execute each instruction in parallel across the multiple data elements of each operand. For example, in response to an add instruction the execution unit performs a simultaneous add operation across each color channel representing a texture element or picture element. By default, the execution unit performs each instruction across all data channels of the operands. In some embodiments, instruction control field 2014 enables control over certain execution options, such as channels selection (e.g., predication) and data channel order (e.g., swizzle). For instructions in the 128-bit instruction format 2010 an exec-size field 2016 limits the number of data channels that will be executed in parallel. In some embodiments, exec-size field 2016 is not available for use in the 64-bit compact instruction format 2030.
Some execution unit instructions have up to three operands including two source operands, src02020, src12022, and one destination 2018. In some embodiments, the execution units support dual destination instructions, where one of the destinations is implied. Data manipulation instructions can have a third source operand (e.g., SRC22024), where the instruction opcode 2012 determines the number of source operands. An instruction's last source operand can be an immediate (e.g., hard-coded) value passed with the instruction.
In some embodiments, the 128-bit instruction format 2010 includes an access/address mode field 2026 specifying, for example, whether direct register addressing mode or indirect register addressing mode is used. When direct register addressing mode is used, the register address of one or more operands is directly provided by bits in the instruction.
In some embodiments, the 128-bit instruction format 2010 includes an access/address mode field 2026, which specifies an address mode and/or an access mode for the instruction. In one embodiment the access mode is used to define a data access alignment for the instruction. Some embodiments support access modes including a 16-byte aligned access mode and a 1-byte aligned access mode, where the byte alignment of the access mode determines the access alignment of the instruction operands. For example, when in a first mode, the instruction may use byte-aligned addressing for source and destination operands and when in a second mode, the instruction may use 16-byte-aligned addressing for all source and destination operands.
In one embodiment, the address mode portion of the access/address mode field 2026 determines whether the instruction is to use direct or indirect addressing. When direct register addressing mode is used bits in the instruction directly provide the register address of one or more operands. When indirect register addressing mode is used, the register address of one or more operands may be computed based on an address register value and an address immediate field in the instruction.
In some embodiments instructions are grouped based on opcode 2012 bit-fields to simplify Opcode decode 2040. For an 8-bit opcode, bits 4, 5, and 6 allow the execution unit to determine the type of opcode. The precise opcode grouping shown is merely an example. In some embodiments, a move and logic opcode group 2042 includes data movement and logic instructions (e.g., move (mov), compare (cmp)). In some embodiments, move and logic group 2042 shares the five most significant bits (MSB), where move (mov) instructions are in the form of 0000xxxxb and logic instructions are in the form of 0001xxxxb. A flow control instruction group 2044 (e.g., call, jump (jmp)) includes instructions in the form of 0010xxxxb (e.g., 0x20). A miscellaneous instruction group 2046 includes a mix of instructions, including synchronization instructions (e.g., wait, send) in the form of 0011xxxxb (e.g., 0x30). A parallel math instruction group 2048 includes component-wise arithmetic instructions (e.g., add, multiply (mul)) in the form of 0100xxxxb (e.g., 0x40). The parallel math group 2048 performs the arithmetic operations in parallel across data channels. The vector math group 2050 includes arithmetic instructions (e.g., dp4) in the form of 0101xxxxb (e.g., 0x50). The vector math group performs arithmetic such as dot product calculations on vector operands.
In some embodiments, graphics processor 2100 includes a graphics pipeline 2120, a media pipeline 2130, a display engine 2140, thread execution logic 2150, and a render output pipeline 2170. In some embodiments, graphics processor 2100 is a graphics processor within a multi-core processing system that includes one or more general purpose processing cores. The graphics processor is controlled by register writes to one or more control registers (not shown) or via commands issued to graphics processor 2100 via a ring interconnect 2102. In some embodiments, ring interconnect 2102 couples graphics processor 2100 to other processing components, such as other graphics processors or general-purpose processors. Commands from ring interconnect 2102 are interpreted by a command streamer 2103, which supplies instructions to individual components of graphics pipeline 2120 or media pipeline 2130.
In some embodiments, command streamer 2103 directs the operation of a vertex fetcher 2105 that reads vertex data from memory and executes vertex-processing commands provided by command streamer 2103. In some embodiments, vertex fetcher 2105 provides vertex data to a vertex shader 2107, which performs coordinate space transformation and lighting operations to each vertex. In some embodiments, vertex fetcher 2105 and vertex shader 2107 execute vertex-processing instructions by dispatching execution threads to execution units 2152A-2152B via a thread dispatcher 2131.
In some embodiments, execution units 2152A-2152B are an array of vector processors having an instruction set for performing graphics and media operations. In some embodiments, execution units 2152A-2152B have an attached L1 cache 2151 that is specific for each array or shared between the arrays. The cache can be configured as a data cache, an instruction cache, or a single cache that is partitioned to contain data and instructions in different partitions.
In some embodiments, graphics pipeline 2120 includes tessellation components to perform hardware-accelerated tessellation of 3D objects. In some embodiments, a programmable hull shader 2111 configures the tessellation operations. A programmable domain shader 2117 provides back-end evaluation of tessellation output. A tessellator 2113 operates at the direction of hull shader 2111 and contains special purpose logic to generate a set of detailed geometric objects based on a coarse geometric model that is provided as input to graphics pipeline 2120. In some embodiments, if tessellation is not used, tessellation components (e.g., hull shader 2311, tessellator 2113, and domain shader 2117) can be bypassed.
In some embodiments, complete geometric objects can be processed by a geometry shader 2119 via one or more threads dispatched to execution units 2152A-2152B, or can proceed directly to the clipper 2129. In some embodiments, the geometry shader operates on entire geometric objects, rather than vertices or patches of vertices as in previous stages of the graphics pipeline. If the tessellation is disabled the geometry shader 2119 receives input from the vertex shader 2107. In some embodiments, geometry shader 2119 is programmable by a geometry shader program to perform geometry tessellation if the tessellation units are disabled.
Before rasterization, a clipper 2129 processes vertex data. The clipper 2129 may be a fixed function clipper or a programmable clipper having clipping and geometry shader functions. In some embodiments, a rasterizer and depth test component 2173 in the render output pipeline 2170 dispatches pixel shaders to convert the geometric objects into their per pixel representations. In some embodiments, pixel shader logic is included in thread execution logic 2150. In some embodiments, an application can bypass the rasterizer and depth test component 2173 and access un-rasterized vertex data via a stream out unit 2123.
The graphics processor 2100 has an interconnect bus, interconnect fabric, or some other interconnect mechanism that allows data and message passing amongst the major components of the processor. In some embodiments, execution units 2152A-2152B and associated cache(s) 2151, texture and media sampler 2154, and texture/sampler cache 2158 interconnect via a data port 2156 to perform memory access and communicate with render output pipeline components of the processor. In some embodiments, sampler 2154, caches 2151, 2158 and execution units 2152A-2152B each have separate memory access paths.
In some embodiments, render output pipeline 2170 contains a rasterizer and depth test component 2173 that converts vertex-based objects into an associated pixel-based representation. In some embodiments, the rasterizer logic includes a windower/masker unit to perform fixed function triangle and line rasterization. An associated render cache 2178 and depth cache 2179 are also available in some embodiments. A pixel operations component 2177 performs pixel-based operations on the data, though in some instances, pixel operations associated with 2D operations (e.g. bit block image transfers with blending) are performed by the 2D engine 2141, or substituted at display time by the display controller 2143 using overlay display planes. In some embodiments, a shared L3 cache 2175 is available to all graphics components, allowing the sharing of data without the use of main system memory.
In some embodiments, graphics processor media pipeline 2130 includes a media engine 2137 and a video front end 2134. In some embodiments, video front end 2134 receives pipeline commands from the command streamer 2103. In some embodiments, media pipeline 2130 includes a separate command streamer. In some embodiments, video front-end 2134 processes media commands before sending the command to the media engine 2137. In some embodiments, media engine 2137 includes thread spawning functionality to spawn threads for dispatch to thread execution logic 2150 via thread dispatcher 2131.
In some embodiments, graphics processor 2100 includes a display engine 2140. In some embodiments, display engine 2140 is external to processor 2100 and couples with the graphics processor via the ring interconnect 2102, or some other interconnect bus or fabric. In some embodiments, display engine 2140 includes a 2D engine 2141 and a display controller 2143. In some embodiments, display engine 2140 contains special purpose logic capable of operating independently of the 3D pipeline. In some embodiments, display controller 2143 couples with a display device (not shown), which may be a system integrated display device, as in a laptop computer, or an external display device attached via a display device connector.
In some embodiments, graphics pipeline 2120 and media pipeline 2130 are configurable to perform operations based on multiple graphics and media programming interfaces and are not specific to any one application programming interface (API). In some embodiments, driver software for the graphics processor translates API calls that are specific to a particular graphics or media library into commands that can be processed by the graphics processor. In some embodiments, support is provided for the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL), Open Computing Language (OpenCL), and/or Vulkan graphics and compute API, all from the Khronos Group. In some embodiments, support may also be provided for the Direct3D library from the Microsoft Corporation. In some embodiments, a combination of these libraries may be supported. Support may also be provided for the Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV). A future API with a compatible 3D pipeline would also be supported if a mapping can be made from the pipeline of the future API to the pipeline of the graphics processor.
In some embodiments, client 2202 specifies the client unit of the graphics device that processes the command data. In some embodiments, a graphics processor command parser examines the client field of each command to condition the further processing of the command and route the command data to the appropriate client unit. In some embodiments, the graphics processor client units include a memory interface unit, a render unit, a 2D unit, a 3D unit, and a media unit. Each client unit has a corresponding processing pipeline that processes the commands. Once the command is received by the client unit, the client unit reads the opcode 2204 and, if present, sub-opcode 2205 to determine the operation to perform. The client unit performs the command using information in data field 2206. For some commands an explicit command size 2208 is expected to specify the size of the command. In some embodiments, the command parser automatically determines the size of at least some of the commands based on the command opcode. In some embodiments commands are aligned via multiples of a double word.
The flow diagram in
In some embodiments, the graphics processor command sequence 2210 may begin with a pipeline flush command 2212 to cause any active graphics pipeline to complete the currently pending commands for the pipeline. In some embodiments, the 3D pipeline 2222 and the media pipeline 2224 do not operate concurrently. The pipeline flush is performed to cause the active graphics pipeline to complete any pending commands. In response to a pipeline flush, the command parser for the graphics processor will pause command processing until the active drawing engines complete pending operations and the relevant read caches are invalidated. Optionally, any data in the render cache that is marked ‘dirty’ can be flushed to memory. In some embodiments, pipeline flush command 2212 can be used for pipeline synchronization or before placing the graphics processor into a low power state.
In some embodiments, a pipeline select command 2213 is used when a command sequence requires the graphics processor to explicitly switch between pipelines. In some embodiments, a pipeline select command 2213 is required only once within an execution context before issuing pipeline commands unless the context is to issue commands for both pipelines. In some embodiments, a pipeline flush command 2212 is required immediately before a pipeline switch via the pipeline select command 2213.
In some embodiments, a pipeline control command 2214 configures a graphics pipeline for operation and is used to program the 3D pipeline 2222 and the media pipeline 2224. In some embodiments, pipeline control command 2214 configures the pipeline state for the active pipeline. In one embodiment, the pipeline control command 2214 is used for pipeline synchronization and to clear data from one or more cache memories within the active pipeline before processing a batch of commands.
In some embodiments, commands for the return buffer state 2216 are used to configure a set of return buffers for the respective pipelines to write data. Some pipeline operations require the allocation, selection, or configuration of one or more return buffers into which the operations write intermediate data during processing. In some embodiments, the graphics processor also uses one or more return buffers to store output data and to perform cross thread communication. In some embodiments, configuring the return buffer state 2216 includes selecting the size and number of return buffers to use for a set of pipeline operations.
The remaining commands in the command sequence differ based on the active pipeline for operations. Based on a pipeline determination 2220, the command sequence is tailored to the 3D pipeline 2222 beginning with the 3D pipeline state 2230 or the media pipeline 2224 beginning at the media pipeline state 2240.
The commands to configure the 3D pipeline state 2230 include 3D state setting commands for vertex buffer state, vertex element state, constant color state, depth buffer state, and other state variables that are to be configured before 3D primitive commands are processed. The values of these commands are determined at least in part based on the particular 3D API in use. In some embodiments, 3D pipeline state 2230 commands are also able to selectively disable or bypass certain pipeline elements if those elements will not be used.
In some embodiments, 3D primitive 2232 command is used to submit 3D primitives to be processed by the 3D pipeline. Commands and associated parameters that are passed to the graphics processor via the 3D primitive 2232 command are forwarded to the vertex fetch function in the graphics pipeline. The vertex fetch function uses the 3D primitive 2232 command data to generate vertex data structures. The vertex data structures are stored in one or more return buffers. In some embodiments, 3D primitive 2232 command is used to perform vertex operations on 3D primitives via vertex shaders. To process vertex shaders, 3D pipeline 2222 dispatches shader execution threads to graphics processor execution units.
In some embodiments, 3D pipeline 2222 is triggered via an execute 2234 command or event. In some embodiments, a register write triggers command execution. In some embodiments execution is triggered via a ‘go’ or ‘kick’ command in the command sequence. In one embodiment, command execution is triggered using a pipeline synchronization command to flush the command sequence through the graphics pipeline. The 3D pipeline will perform geometry processing for the 3D primitives. Once operations are complete, the resulting geometric objects are rasterized and the pixel engine colors the resulting pixels. Additional commands to control pixel shading and pixel back end operations may also be included for those operations.
In some embodiments, the graphics processor command sequence 910 follows the media pipeline 2240 path when performing media operations. In general, the specific use and manner of programming for the media pipeline 2240 depends on the media or compute operations to be performed. Specific media decode operations may be offloaded to the media pipeline during media decode. In some embodiments, the media pipeline can also be bypassed and media decode can be performed in whole or in part using resources provided by one or more general purpose processing cores. In one embodiment, the media pipeline also includes elements for general-purpose graphics processor unit (GPGPU) operations, where the graphics processor is used to perform SIMD vector operations using computational shader programs that are not explicitly related to the rendering of graphics primitives.
In some embodiments, media pipeline 2240 is configured in a similar manner as the 3D pipeline 2222. A set of commands to configure the media pipeline state 2240 are dispatched or placed into a command queue before the media object commands 2242. In some embodiments, commands for the media pipeline state 2240 include data to configure the media pipeline elements that will be used to process the media objects. This includes data to configure the video decode and video encode logic within the media pipeline, such as encode or decode format. In some embodiments, commands for the media pipeline state 940 also support the use of one or more pointers to “indirect” state elements that contain a batch of state settings.
In some embodiments, media object commands 2242 supply pointers to media objects for processing by the media pipeline. The media objects include memory buffers containing video data to be processed. In some embodiments, all media pipeline states must be valid before issuing a media object command 2242. Once the pipeline state is configured and media object commands 2242 are queued, the media pipeline 2224 is triggered via an execute command 2244 or an equivalent execute event (e.g., register write). Output from media pipeline 2224 may then be post processed by operations provided by the 3D pipeline 2222 or the media pipeline 2224. In some embodiments, GPGPU operations are configured and executed in a similar manner as media operations.
In some embodiments, 3D graphics application 2310 contains one or more shader programs including shader instructions 2312. The shader language instructions may be in a high-level shader language, such as the High Level Shader Language (HLSL) or the OpenGL Shader Language (GLSL). The application also includes executable instructions 2314 in a machine language suitable for execution by the general-purpose processor core 2334. The application also includes graphics objects 2316 defined by vertex data.
In some embodiments, operating system 2320 is a Microsoft® Windows® operating system from the Microsoft Corporation, a proprietary UNIX-like operating system, or an open source UNIX-like operating system using a variant of the Linux kernel. The operating system 2320 can support a graphics API 2322 such as the Direct3D API, the OpenGL API, or the Vulkan API. When the Direct3D API is in use, the operating system 2320 uses a front-end shader compiler 2324 to compile any shader instructions 2312 in HLSL into a lower-level shader language. The compilation may be a just-in-time (JIT) compilation or the application can perform shader pre-compilation. In some embodiments, high-level shaders are compiled into low-level shaders during the compilation of the 3D graphics application 2310. In some embodiments, the shader instructions 2312 are provided in an intermediate form, such as a version of the Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR) used by the Vulkan API.
In some embodiments, user mode graphics driver 2326 contains a back-end shader compiler 2327 to convert the shader instructions 2312 into a hardware specific representation. When the OpenGL API is in use, shader instructions 2312 in the GLSL high-level language are passed to a user mode graphics driver 2326 for compilation. In some embodiments, user mode graphics driver 2326 uses operating system kernel mode functions 2328 to communicate with a kernel mode graphics driver 2329. In some embodiments, kernel mode graphics driver 2329 communicates with graphics processor 2332 to dispatch commands and instructions.
One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative code stored on a machine-readable medium which represents and/or defines logic within an integrated circuit such as a processor. For example, the machine-readable medium may include instructions which represent various logic within the processor. When read by a machine, the instructions may cause the machine to fabricate the logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores,” are reusable units of logic for an integrated circuit that may be stored on a tangible, machine-readable medium as a hardware model that describes the structure of the integrated circuit. The hardware model may be supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities, which load the hardware model on fabrication machines that manufacture the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit may be fabricated such that the circuit performs operations described in association with any of the embodiments described herein.
The RTL design 2415 or equivalent may be further synthesized by the design facility into a hardware model 2420, which may be in a hardware description language (HDL), or some other representation of physical design data. The HDL may be further simulated or tested to verify the IP core design. The IP core design can be stored for delivery to a 3rd party fabrication facility 2465 using non-volatile memory 2440 (e.g., hard disk, flash memory, or any non-volatile storage medium). Alternatively, the IP core design may be transmitted (e.g., via the Internet) over a wired connection 2450 or wireless connection 2460. The fabrication facility 2465 may then fabricate an integrated circuit that is based at least in part on the IP core design. The fabricated integrated circuit can be configured to perform operations in accordance with at least one embodiment described herein.
Graphics processor 2610 additionally includes one or more memory management units (MMUs) 2620A-2620B, cache(s) 2625A-2625B, and circuit interconnect(s) 2630A-2630B. The one or more MMU(s) 2620A-2620B provide for virtual to physical address mapping for graphics processor 2610, including for the vertex processor 2605 and/or fragment processor(s) 2615A-2615N, which may reference vertex or image/texture data stored in memory, in addition to vertex or image/texture data stored in the one or more cache(s) 2625A-2625B. In one embodiment the one or more MMU(s) 2620A-2620B may be synchronized with other MMUs within the system, including one or more MMUs associated with the one or more application processor(s) 2505, image processor 2515, and/or video processor 2520 of
Graphics processor 2710 includes one or more shader core(s) 2715A-2715N (e.g., 2715A, 2715B, 2715C, 2715D, 2715E, 2715F, through 2715N-1, and 2715N), which provides for a unified shader core architecture in which a single core or type or core can execute all types of programmable shader code, including shader program code to implement vertex shaders, fragment shaders, and/or compute shaders. The exact number of shader cores present can vary among embodiments and implementations. Additionally, graphics processor 2710 includes an inter-core task manager 2705, which acts as a thread dispatcher to dispatch execution threads to one or more shader core(s) 2715A-2715N and a tiling unit 2718 to accelerate tiling operations for tile-based rendering, in which rendering operations for a scene are subdivided in image space, for example to exploit local spatial coherence within a scene or to optimize use of internal caches.
The following clauses and/or examples pertain to further embodiments:
In another example embodiment may be one or more non-transitory computer readable media storing instructions to perform a sequence comprising identifying two different screen regions of one screen display, and rendering the two regions of the one screen display at different rendering rates. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including identifying a screen region the user is currently looking at. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including predicting a screen region that a user will look at next. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including predicting based on a historical viewing pattern. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including predicting based on what will be displayed in the future. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including detecting a user's viewing pattern and using that detected pattern to predict a region that will be viewed in the future. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including defining more than two screen regions. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including implementing more than two render rates on the same display. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including rendering a region the user is not currently focused on with temporal anti-aliasing and rendering another region using a different anti-aliasing technique. The media may further include rendering less than all the color planes in a region the user is not currently focused on. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including tracking a moving screen object to predict which region will be viewed by the user in the future. The media may further include selecting assigning cores of different precision to each of at least two distinct screen regions, and rendering each of said region with a core of different precision. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence wherein said cores are part of a common processing unit. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence wherein said cores are part of a graphics processing unit. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence wherein a core of higher precision is assigned to render a screen region of higher significance. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence wherein said region of higher significance is identified by eye gaze detection. The media may further include storing instructions to perform a sequence including providing more cores of lower precision than cores of higher precision.
Another example embodiment may be an apparatus comprising a processor to identify two different screen regions of one screen display, and render the two regions of the one screen display at different rendering rates, and a memory coupled to said processor. The apparatus may include said processor to identify a screen region the user is currently looking at. The apparatus may include said processor to predict a screen region that a user will look at next. The apparatus may include said processor to predict based on a historical viewing pattern. The apparatus may include said processor to predict based on what will be displayed in the future. The apparatus may include said processor to detect a user's viewing pattern and using that detected pattern to predict a region that will be viewed in the future. The apparatus may include said processor to define more than two screen regions. The apparatus may include said processor to implement more than two render rates on the same display. The apparatus may include said processor to render a region the user is not currently looking at with temporal anti-aliasing and rendering another region with multi-sampled anti-aliasing. The apparatus may include said processor to track a moving screen object to predict which region will be viewed by the user in the future. The apparatus may include said processor to select assigning cores of different precision to each of at least two distinct screen regions, and render each of said region with a core of different precision. The apparatus may include said processor wherein said cores are part of a common processing unit. The apparatus may include said processor wherein said cores are part of a graphics processing unit. The apparatus may include said processor wherein a core of higher precision is assigned to render a screen region of higher significance. The apparatus may include said processor wherein said region of higher significance is identified by eye gaze detection. The apparatus may include said processor more cores of lower precision than cores of higher precision. The apparatus may include said processor to reduce a rendering rate in a least recently focused upon region to compensate for an increased rendering rate in a focused upon region.
The foregoing description and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. Persons skilled in the art will understand that various modifications and changes may be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/474,361, filed Sep. 26, 2023, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/959,374, filed Oct. 4, 2022, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,816,384, granted Nov. 14, 2023, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/399,103, filed Aug. 11, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,531,510, issued Dec. 20, 2022, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/881,262, filed May 22, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,099,800, granted Aug. 24, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/488,758, filed Apr. 17, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,691,392, granted Jun. 23, 2020, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 18474361 | Sep 2023 | US |
| Child | 18648737 | US | |
| Parent | 17959374 | Oct 2022 | US |
| Child | 18474361 | US | |
| Parent | 17399103 | Aug 2021 | US |
| Child | 17959374 | US | |
| Parent | 16881262 | May 2020 | US |
| Child | 17399103 | US | |
| Parent | 15488758 | Apr 2017 | US |
| Child | 16881262 | US |
