Patent Grant
7713615
1. Field of the Invention
This invention in one embodiment relates to a fiber cement article that is locally reinforced by a material to assist in the handleability, performance and durability of the article.
2. Description of the Related Art
The market for fiber cement siding for new home construction and home refurbishing markets in the United States is presently strong, due in large part to favorable economic conditions and the durability of fiber cement.
Siding materials have traditionally been either solid or thin resilient materials. Vinyl and aluminum are two common examples of thin resilient siding materials. Vinyl siding is a thin resilient material that is shaped into the desired profile in a plastic state after extrusion of a compounded hot melt. Vinyl siding is commonly about 0.040 to 0.080 inches thick. However, vinyl presents problems as a plank material because it has a high rate of thermal expansion, which is undesirable for a product exposed to a wide range of temperatures. Aluminum siding is another example of a thin shaped product and typically has a thickness of about 0.010 to 0.030 inches. The vinyl and aluminum profiles often have an installed shape similar to traditional solid wood siding, but often include an interlocking feature to assist with the ease of installation. The interlocking profiles are usually engaged in an upward motion against gravity.
It is aesthetically pleasing for siding materials in the form of horizontal planks or laps to have a strong “shadow line” or perceived thickness such that individual planks can be discerned from a distance. This is evident from the design trends of thin vinyl or aluminum siding panels, which can be molded or extruded to give the appearance of thick, individual wood planks.
There are a number of different solid siding materials that are used in the construction and refurbishing industry. Wood siding, hardboard and fiber cement siding are examples of commonly used solid siding materials. Wood tends to lack durability and is susceptible to burning and termite attack and is not sufficiently durable in moist environments, e.g., it rots upon prolonged exposure to water. The siding shapes of solid materials are usually formed by saw cutting, machining or routing from a starting rectangular shape. A thick shadow-line or thick bottom edge of a solid siding is usually attained by starting with a solid rectangular shape of at least the thickness of the finished bottom edge of the siding. The solid siding is then machined or cut into the desired structure
While panels and planks made from wood, wood composites, and fiber-reinforced cementitious materials are inherently solid and thick, further increases in thickness of the fiber cement are not practical for reasons of material cost, weight and handling characteristics of long siding planks. Rather, an assembly that allows the use of less material while maintaining perceived thickness when installed would be beneficial. Thus, what is needed is a more efficient design of siding with a thick bottom edge to create the traditional deep shadow line with a more efficient use of material.
In addition, what is needed is a way to form a vertically-installed stackable siding plank that secures the bottom edge from lateral forces and has hidden nailing for improved aesthetics under the lap of the siding planks. In addition, what is needed is a stackable siding as described above with the exterior durability of fiber cement that is more easily machined than traditional medium density fiber cement. Furthermore, what is needed is a siding that installs with ease, maintains a constant gauge of plank rows along the length of the siding and between rows of siding and preferably resists penetration of wind driven rain through the plane of the siding.
The handleability of a siding plank is a combination of the weight, stiffness, and elasticity of the plank. Although a siding plank should be self-supporting when balanced flat upon a support point, thin fiber cement siding planks manufactured by traditional methods can be brittle and break during manual transport. While thin fiber cement siding planks could be transported by handling the edges of the planks, this slows the installation process. Therefore, what is needed is a way to improve the handleability of thin fiber cement planks.
Resistance to the effects of water and biological attack, low density, and good dimensional stability make fiber cement useful in residential and commercial building applications. However, the tensile strength of fiber cement is low relative to other building materials such as steel, aluminum, wood, and some engineered plastics. The range of application for fiber cement products could be greatly extended if fiber cement articles could be reinforced in key areas where additional tensile or impact strength is required for a specific application. What is needed is a way to provide localized reinforcement to fiber cement articles.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, a reinforced article is provided that is comprised of a piece of fiber cement having a front surface and a back surface and a reinforcing fixture bonded along a length of at least one of the front surface and the back surface. Attaching the reinforcing fixture to the piece of fiber cement improves the strength of the fiber cement article and improves the durability and handleability of thin pieces of fiber cement. The reinforcing fixture can include, but is not limited to, a metal foil, woven metal mesh, polymer film, polymer fabric mesh, or a mesh nailing skirt. The reinforcing fixture preferably has a higher tensile strength than that of the fiber cement, and in one embodiment, is made of a less rigid material than that of the fiber cement. Preferably the reinforcing fixture is bonded to the fiber cement piece by a high shear adhesive. In one embodiment, wherein the fiber cement article is provided with a foil backing bonded to it using a durable high-shear adhesive, the foil backing functions as a heat reflecting fixture. In another embodiment, a multiple lap fiber cement article is provided that includes at least one fiber cement plank bonded in a overlapping fashion to another fiber cement plank using a durable, high-shear adhesive layer.
A further brief description of other embodiments that may be used in conjunction with the foregoing embodiments is presented below.
In one aspect, a fiber cement (FC) siding plank having an interlocking feature is provided that allows siding planks to be stacked in a manner that creates a uniform and deep shadow line and secures the planks against lateral forces by blind nailing instead of face nailing. Preferably, the interlocking feature also helps set the horizontal gauge of the exposed plank face and allows for leveling of the planks during installation.
In one embodiment, the interlocking feature of the FC siding plank comprises matching lock and key cutouts on opposite ends of the plank. Preferably, the lock and key use gravity to help mate two fiber cement siding planks tightly and uniformly so as to maintain consistent gauge and overlap and create a uniform shadow line without face nailing. The plank is secured from lateral forces by hidden nailing under the lap of the adjacent plank. Preferably, the FC siding plank is low-density and can be easily machined.
Furthermore, the siding plank may include a built-in fixing indicator that allows the installer to quickly determine the proper region to affix the nail. Preferably, the fixing indicator is formed on the FC siding plank using an extrusion process so that the fixing indicator is formed cost-effectively along with the FC siding plank. The fixing indicator ensures proper placement of the fixing device within a predetermined nailing region. The predetermined nailing region on the siding plank is preferably the overlap region with the adjacent plank so that the nail or other fastener can be hidden from view. Moreover, fixing voids or hollows can also be formed beneath the fixing indicator to relieve stress that can lead to break out and cracking of the product when nailed or fastened to wall framing.
In another embodiment, the interlocking feature of a FC siding plank comprises an oversized “V” style lock and a key tip. The lock can be separately attached to the FC plank or integrally formed as part of the plank. Preferably, the siding plank interlocks with an adjacent plank by locking the oversized “V” style lock into the key tip on an upper edge of the adjacent plank. The lock maintains a constant gauge and overlap between the planks so as to create a uniform and thick shadow line. The oversized “V” style lock design allows for non-uniform flatness of a framed wall and maintains a constant gauge of plank rows along the length of the siding and between rows of siding. The plank is secured from lateral forces by hidden nailing under the lap of the plank. Preferably, the lock also comprises compressible regions, which allows the planks to be easily interlocked during installation and provides lateral compensation for non-planar mounting surfaces. The compressible material can also act as a seal against wind and rain.
In another embodiment, the interlocking feature of a siding plank comprises a square lock system. Preferably, the square lock system comprises a square lock, a butt piece, and an overlap guide. It can be appreciated that the square lock system, as well as the other systems described herein, can be applied to a variety of siding planks, including but not limited to FC planks. Preferably, the square lock is configured to fit over an upper edge of an adjacent plank in a manner such that a small gap may be maintained between the lock and the upper edge of the adjacent plank to accommodate variable gauge height. The square lock helps level the planks during installation and allows for small variations in the siding installed gauge while reducing lateral movement of the planks. The square lock can be separately bonded to the siding plank or formed as an integral part of the FC siding plank. Preferably, the square lock has one or more dove tail grooves to enhance the bonding between the lock and the siding plank. The square lock design preferably resists penetration of wind driven rain through the plane of the siding.
Furthermore, the siding plank of one preferred embodiment may also include an apparatus for reducing capillary action between adjacent overlapping planks. Preferably, the apparatus comprises a capillary break formed by adding to or indenting the material of the interlocking device of the siding plank assembly. Preferably, the capillary break is placed between adjacent siding planks to stop the rise of water in the plank overlap region and thus provide additional moisture protection to the exterior barrier wall and siding interior without leaving a gap that is attractive to insects.
In another aspect, a lightweight, two-piece FC siding plank is provided that produces a uniform and thick shadow line when stacked with other planks. The two-piece FC siding plank generally comprises a main plank section and a FC butt piece that is bonded to the main plank section and extends partially over a back surface of the main plank section. The butt end piece reinforces the main plank section to increase the overall rigidity of the plank. The thickness of the butt piece also helps to create a deeper shadow line on adjacent planks. Preferably, the butt piece is separately bonded to the main plank section so that the enhanced shadow line is created without having to machine a single rectangular FC material to form the equivalent structure.
The adhesive used to bond the two pieces together can be polymeric, cementitious, organic or inorganic or a combination thereof such as polymer modified cement. The adhesive may also have fiber added to increase the toughness of the adhesive joint. In one embodiment, the main plank section is bonded to the butt piece using a fast setting, reactive hot-melt polyurethane adhesive. Preferably, the polymeric adhesive establishes a very quick bond which enables a machining operation to follow the bonding operation in a single manufacturing line rather than having to wait for the adhesive to set and then machine in a separate operation.
In another embodiment, the main plank is adhered to the butt piece using a cementitious adhesive that is compatible with fiber cement materials and thus can be bonded to the FC main plank while in a green state and co-cured with the FC material to form a durable bond. Preferably, a pressure roller system or a hand roller is used to bond the main siding plank to the butt piece. A hydraulic press can be used to bond the two pieces if the siding plank or butt piece has uneven surface. Additionally, in other embodiments, the two-piece FC siding plank can also be formed by extrusion in which a single piece of FC plank with an integrally formed butt piece is formed. Furthermore, the main plank section and the butt piece can have hollow centers to further reduce the weight of the siding plank.
In another embodiment, a two-piece FC siding plank includes an interlocking feature that mates two FC siding planks tightly and uniformly without requiring a visible nail or other fastener to fasten the overlapping region of the two planks. Preferably, the interlocking feature comprises a key formed on the main plank and a lock formed on the butt piece. The key fits into the lock and, with the help of gravity, interlocks adjacently mounted planks. The lock and key set the gauge of the exposed plank face without requiring frequent measuring.
In another aspect, an adhesive composition is provided that is used to bond cementitious materials, such as fiber cement planks. Preferably, the adhesive composition includes cement, silica, a thickener, and water, and may include organic or inorganic fibers. The adhesive composition can be used to bond flat sheet, plank or profiled cementitious bound building products. The adhesive can also be used to bond different density cementitious materials together to form a composite panel. In one embodiment, the adhesive is used to bond two fiber cement siding planks together. Preferably, the adhesive is applied to the fiber cement planks in a green state so that the FC and FC adhesive cure together. Preferably, the adhesive does not deteriorate under autoclave processing conditions and thus can be used to bond FC planks prior to autoclaving.
In another aspect, a siding plank having a spline is provided that increases the handling, strength and stiffness of the siding plank and produces a uniform and thick shadow line. The spline can be a shaped piece of one or more materials, and is preferably made of lightweight materials such as plastic, foamed plastic, metal or fiber reinforced plastic. The spline is preferably attached to the main body of the siding plank to add function and/or aesthetics to the plank. Preferably, the spline improves the handleability and toughness of the siding plank. With the spline, the thickness of a medium density FC plank can be reduced without sacrificing handleability. For instance, FC planks that are about ¼ to 3/16 inch thick can still be handleable without breaking at 16 ft length when the spline is attached to the plank. This provides a lightweight FC siding plank of increased length that is easier to handle and requires less material to manufacture.
In one embodiment, the spline comprises a butt and a lock and is designed for use in combination with a FC plank. Preferably, the butt is thick so that a deep shadow line can be produced when the planks are stacked together. Preferably, the lock is an angled lock that is configured to help secure the plank to adjacent planks in the stack. Preferably, the spline is bonded to the to the FC plank with an adhesive and the spline has one or more dovetail grooves in the adhesive surface area to strengthen the bond between the spline and the plank. In another embodiment, the spline has an overlap guide that helps set the gauge of the exposed plank face. However, it can be appreciated that the spline does not have to include a lock, an overlap guide or dovetail grooves.
It will be appreciated that the preferred embodiments of this invention are not limited to siding planks or interlocking features to mount one plank adjacent another. Thus, in one embodiment a fiber cement article, which may or may not be a siding lank, is provided having a reinforcing fixture adhered thereto. The reinforcing fixture provides localized reinforcement to areas of the article that requires additional strength and/or support.
These and other objects and advantages will become more fully apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Certain preferred embodiments of the invention generally relate to lightweight siding plank assemblies that are structured to secure the siding planks against lateral forces without face nailing and to create a uniform and deep shadow line. In some of these embodiments, the shape of the plank is achieved by adding a second material to a base plank to add function and/or aesthetics, such as a thick bottom edge and/or interlock. These and other features and functionality of the preferred embodiments are described in detail below.
Unlike other siding materials, fiber cement (“FC”) materials have preferred qualities of non-combustibility, strength, and durability. Low-density FC has additional advantages over higher density FC because the material is more easily machined, and its decreased weight facilitates handling and installation. Manufacture of siding planks made of low-density and medium-density FC material, as described in Australian Patent No. AU 515151 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,146, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference, having additional functional and aesthetic features could result in a more marketable siding plank.
One siding design, which uses a lock system, allows planks to be locked into one another without requiring extensive measurement to maintain gauge (the visible vertical distance between planks) and overlap (the vertical distance the plank overhangs the plank below) during installation. Although this lock design has many inherent advantages, this design affords little to no flexibility when being installed on a non-planar wall. Therefore, embodiments described below include a locking plank that allow the exterior siding to be installed on non-planar walls.
Moreover, certain lock designs do not function satisfactorily for small variations in gauge that are sometimes desired by installers, especially when trying to level-out inaccuracies in framing and installation around window and door openings. As a result of poorly fitted V-type lock and key siding, the plank may subsequently experience lateral movement (flapping) when subjected to wind. Rather, a lock design that allows for small variations in gauge while preventing lateral movement (flapping) when subjected to wind would be beneficial.
Furthermore, functional performance enhancements made to existing FC siding planks will bring great value to the siding plank market. For example, an alignment feature or fixing indicator, described below, adds value to FC siding planks by facilitating the installation process. Also, the appearance of nailable extruded products on the market has brought with it the need to provide nailing positions on the product to ensure proper and speedy installation. Accordingly, there is a sound business motivation to find a cost efficient way to add features such as affixing indicators to FC siding planks. Moreover, what is needed is also a way to form a stackable siding plank that secures the bottom edge from lateral forces and allows for hidden nailing under the lap of the siding planks, as described below.
Although the preferred embodiments of the present invention describe the use of fiber cement planks, it will be appreciated that other materials may be used as well. It will also be appreciated that the invention is not limited only to siding planks, but may have use in other applications as well.
I. Low-Density Siding Plank with Locking Features and Method of Installing the Same
At least one embodiment relates to a low density plank with locking features and methods of installing the same. In one embodiment, the siding plank is manufactured using a process, which includes but is not limited to the Hatschek process as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,146, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference, to make low-density FC materials. Low density fiber cement typically has a density ranging from about 0.7 to 1.2 g/cm3, whereas medium density typically has a density of about 1.3 to 1.5 g/cm3. This embodiment includes locking features to allow siding planks to be interlocked when installed on a mounting surface (e.g., an exterior wall) as siding.
A commercially available spindle molder (not shown) is used in one embodiment to machine key 1130 and lock 1140 into siding plank 1100. A spindle molder is similar to woodcutting equipment; however, it is equipped with polycrystalline diamond (PCD) blades for improved performance in cutting FC products. Conventional machining methods for shaping FC material are used to cut the siding plank. The use of low density fiber cement is especially advantageous because it enables easy machining of the material and greater tool life. End surface 1115 is rectangular prior to machining.
Mounting first siding plank 1610: First siding plank 1510 is placed against mounting surface 1560 as shown in
Aligning lock and key features 1620: Second siding plank 1520 is placed against mounting surface 1560 above first siding plank 1510 such that lock 1140 of second siding plank 1520 is aligned with key 1130 of first siding plank 1510, as shown in
Lowering second siding plank 1630: Second siding plank 1520 is lowered onto first siding plank 1510. As second siding plank 1520 is lowered (with the help of gravity) onto first siding plank 1510, key 1130 of first siding plank 1510 automatically engages and aligns lock 1140 of second siding plank 1520 into a locked position. In this locked position, key 1130 of first siding plank 1510 prevents second siding plank 1520 from moving under the influence of wind forces, and therefore prevents wind-induced damage. Further, the locked position fixes the gauge and overlap, and creates a uniform shadow line, as shown in
Mounting second siding plank 1640: Second nail 1550 is driven into second siding plank 1520 near its upper edge to rigidly attach it to mounting surface 1560. The method is then repeated to cover the mounting surface to form a larger siding system.
The embodiment described above has several advantages over the prior art. For instance, it avoids face nailing. Because nails are often used to achieve a tight and uniform fit between two siding planks, it is aesthetically preferable to avoid face nailing because the nail head cannot be hidden when finished. Advantageously, the siding plank assembly of this embodiment provides a way to mate two FC siding planks tightly and creates a uniform shadow line without requiring a face nail to fasten the two siding planks.
In addition, another advantage is that the embodiment uses gravity during installation to obtain a secure fit between the siding planks. Conventional siding planks such as vinyl offer interlocking features that require an upward motion against the force of gravity to interlock two adjacent siding planks into place. A more natural downward motion, taking advantage of the force of gravity, facilitates installation. Advantageously, the assembly of this embodiment uses gravity to help interlock the planks.
A further advantage of this embodiment is that it allows the nail or fastener to penetrate directly through the fiber cement plank, in contrast to conventional fiber cement siding planks that are adhered indirectly to a mounting surface. Direct fastening of the fiber cement plank can occur with the fastener penetrating through the plank to attach the plank to the mounting surface.
Moreover, siding planks in the prior art are often subjected to wind forces that may separate the siding planks from their mounting surface. The embodiment described above reduces the likelihood of damage caused by wind forces.
The “shadow line” is created by the thickness of a siding plank's bottom edge, which casts a shadow on the siding plank directly below it. A uniform shadow line is aesthetically desirable, and is usually achieved by face nailing the siding planks. The embodiment described above produces a uniform shadow line between two siding planks without requiring a face nail to fasten the siding planks.
Installers of exterior siding planks balance the desire to install the siding planks quickly against the need to carefully measure the gauge and overlap for consistency. Gauge is the visible vertical distance between siding planks, and the overlap is the vertical distance that an upper siding plank overhangs a lower siding plank. The key and lock features described above make installation of the siding planks progress more quickly, because the design of the siding planks maintain a consistent gauge and overlap without the need for these properties to be measured.
It will be appreciated that the lock and key of the siding plank assembly described above is not limited to planks formed of a single piece of material. Thus, as described in further embodiments below, multiple piece siding systems may be used to form the desired aesthetic and functional aspects of the assembly.
II. Siding Planks Having an Extruded Fixing Indicator
In another embodiment, a plank is provided that has a fixing indicator and a fixing void or hollow beneath the fixing indicator. Described herein is a fiber cement product having a fixing indicator and a fixing void or hollow beneath the fixing indicator, and an apparatus for extruding an FC product having a fixing indicator. The result is an FC product that is easy to install and insures proper placement of the fixing device within a predetermined nailing region.
die outlet upper surface 10220 forms plank outer surface 10110;
fixing indicator dimple 10230 forms fixing indicator 10120;
die outlet first edge 10240 forms plank first edge 10130;
die outlet lower surface 10250 forms plank inner surface 10140;
overlap region form 10260 forms overlap region 10150; and
die outlet second edge 10270 forms plank second edge 10160.
Fixing indicator dimple 10230 has a depth “d,” a width “w,” and is a distance “a” from die outlet first edge 10240. Preferably, the fixing indicator will comprise an embossed feature between 0.015 and 0.080 inches deep and more preferably between 0.035 and 0.055 inches deep. The indicator can be in the form of a regular or irregular geometric form or a symbol or letter that covers an area of approximately 0.0015 square inches to approximately 0.25 square inches, more preferably between 0.015 square inches and 0.0625 square inches.
It can be seen in
Another embodiment, not shown, is an FC product having a plurality of fixing indicators 10120 in various locations on the outer surface of plank 10100.
Another embodiment, not shown, is an FC product having a groove on the inner surface of plank 10100 formed by extrusion similar to fixing indicator 10120 and used for gluing plank 10100 to wall 10310 of
In yet another embodiment, the fixing indicator could be formed using a post-extrusion marking technique, such as using a manual embossing in combination with a conventional Hatschek manufacturing process. Likewise, a manual embossing roller could be used in combination with a conventional extrusion process positioned in proximity to die outlet 10210 of extrusion die 10200 of a preferred embodiment.
As seen in
Advantageously, the siding plank assembly of this embodiment provides an inexpensive affixing indicator on siding planks which reduces damage to the planks at installation due to improper affixing. Furthermore, the installation time of an extruded FC product is also reduced. Additionally, the siding plank assembly provides an aesthetic appearance as it conceals the affixing by limiting the affixing region to the overlap area between adjacently stacked planks.
It will be appreciated that the fixing indicator could be formed using post-extrusion marking techniques such as, manual embossing, machining, ink jet or other printing, stamping, pressing, and painting techniques, which are all time-consuming and costly.
It will further be appreciated that the fixing indicator can be employed in several, if not all, of the siding plank assemblies described herein. For example, like the embodiment of
III. Two-Piece FC Plank and Method of Making the Same
In further embodiments, a two-piece FC plank and a method of making the same are provided. These two-piece planks can be used to form the various shapes described throughout this specification in order to provide a lock and key, hidden nailing, a deep shadow line, and other features described herein. Two methods for forming a two-piece FC plank are described below.
It will be appreciated that several manufacturing processes for bonding two pieces of FC material together to form a product use standard industry adhesives. However, due to the composition of the FC material and adhesive, the time it takes for the two pieces of FC material to adhere (“adhesion time”) is lengthy and the bonding strength of the two FC pieces is weakened. Thus, bonding processes that use standard industry adhesives decrease the durability of installed siding panels and delay the post-processing of the product, which increase the manufacturing cycle time of the product. Advantageously, the bonding process of the below-described embodiments provide a quick process for bonding two FC pieces together to form a durable bond.
A. First Roller Method
Butt piece 2130 is preferably made from a medium-density FC material, and is typically about 5/16 inch thick, but may be as thin as about ¼ inch or less, or as thick as about ⅝ inch or more. The width of butt piece 2130 is typically about 1½ inch, but may be as wide as about 2 inches or more, or as narrow as about ⅝ inch or less, depending on the application. The length is typically the same as main plank section 2140 (about 12 to 16 feet), depending on the application. Butt piece 230 has a lower surface 2130L, also considered the front surface. The function of butt piece 2130 is to reinforce main plank section 2140, thereby increasing the overall rigidity of plank 2100. A second function of butt piece 2130 is to provide thickness for an improved shadow line, a desired aesthetic quality.
Adhesive 2110, located between upper surface 2140U of main plank section 2140 and lower surface 2130L of butt piece 2130, in one embodiment is a fast setting, reactive hot-melt polyurethane with a viscosity of about 10,000 to 100,000 CPS at application temperatures. Other embodiments for the adhesive 2110 are described below. The application temperature for adhesive 2110 ranges from about 200° to 325° F. The adhesion time ranges from about 3 to 5 seconds. The adhesion time is the time taken for the bond strength to develop after the adhesive is applied and nip pressing is performed.
In operation, adhesive 2110 is applied in beads on upper surface 2140U of main plank section 2140 along its length. This may be accomplished by using a Nordson hot-melt extrusion system. The adhesive beads are preferably spaced apart by a small distance, such as about 1″ or ½″. The preferred amount of adhesive is about 1 gram/foot/bead, though the amount may be as small as about 0.5 grams/foot/bead or as large as about 2 grams/foot/bead. Immediately upon applying adhesive 2110 (e.g., within about 3 seconds), lower surface 2130L of butt piece 2130 is interfaced with upper surface 2140U of main plank section 2140 such that first end 2120 of butt piece 2130 faces the center of main plank section 2140 as shown in
As shown in
First roller 2210 and second roller 2220 are preferably opposing 7-inch diameter steel rollers and are arranged parallel to and adjacent one another with a gap in between. In operation, plank 2100 is fed through the gap between first roller 2210 and second roller 2220. The gap between roller 2210 and 2220 is sized to engage plank 2100 with an interference fit. Thus, first roller 2210 is in direct contact with upper surface 2100U of butt piece 2130, and second roller 2220 is in direct contact with lower surface 2100L of plank 2140. Plank 2100 is transported through roller system 2200 at approximately 50 feet/minute. As plank 2100 transverses through roller system 2200, first roller 2210 and second roller 2220 compress plank 2100 at a pressure of approximately 750 lb/inch of roller width for approximately 3 to 5 seconds.
Melting adhesive 2410: Fast-setting, reactive hot-melt polyurethane is melted in a hot-melt application system. One such system is commercially available from Nordson Corporation. Application temperatures range from about 200° to 325° F.
Are the plank and butt piece flat? 2420: The plank 2140 and butt piece 2130 are viewed for flatness. If plank 2140 and butt piece 2130 are determined to be flat, the process is continued to step 2430. If plank 2140 and butt piece 2130 are determined to be wavy or uneven, refer to method 2500, as shown in
Applying adhesive 2430: Typically about 1 gram/foot/bead, but may be as small as about 0.5 g or as large as about 2 g, of hot-melt adhesive is applied in beads spaced about ½″ to 1″ apart on upper surface 2140U of main plank section 2140 (see
Placing butt-piece on adhesive 2440: Buff-piece 2130 is placed onto adhesive 2110, shown in
Maintaining pieces under pressure 2450: Immediately (preferably within 3 seconds) upon completion of step 2440, plank 2100 is passed through roller system 2200, which maintains the plank under pressure (about 750 lb/inch of roller width) preferably for a minimum of 3 seconds to allow adhesive 2110 time to cool and bond with main plank section 2140 and butt piece 2130. The squeezing of main plank section 2140 and butt end 2130 causes the beads of adhesive 2110 to spread out in a thin layer.
The method, shown in
Melting adhesive 2510: Fast-setting, reactive hot-melt polyurethane is melted in a hot-melt application system. One such system is commercially available from Nordson Corporation. Application temperature of typically about 250°, but may range from about 200° to 325° F.
Are the plank and butt piece flat? 2520: The plank 2140 and butt piece 2130 are viewed for flatness. If plank 2140 and butt piece 2130 are determined to be flat, refer to method 2400, shown in
Applying adhesive 2530: Typically about 1 gram/foot/bead, but may be as small as about 0.5 g or as large as about 2 g, of hot-melt adhesive is applied in beads spaced about ½″ to 1″ apart (a minimum of 2 beads are preferably applied) on upper surface 2140U of main plank section 2140 (see
Placing butt-piece on adhesive 2540: Butt-piece 2130 is placed onto adhesive 2110, shown in
Maintaining pieces under pressure 2550: Immediately (preferably within about 9 to 12 seconds) upon completion of step 2540, plank 2100 is placed in a conventional hydraulic plate press or continuous press (not shown), which maintains the plank 2100 under pressure (about 750 psi) for a minimum of about 4 seconds to allow adhesive 2110 time to cool and bond with main plank section 2140 and butt piece 2130. The squeezing of main plank section 2140 and butt end 2130 causes the beads of adhesive 2110 to spread out in a thin layer.
Advantageously, the two-pieces of FC material can be bonded quickly so that post-bonding processes can be initiated immediately. Furthermore, bonding two FC material members together is more cost-effective than machining a single rectangular FC section to form the equivalent structure. The siding plank assembly creates an enhanced shadow line by virtue of the first end of the butt end extending partially over the upper surface of the main plank section and provides a traditional cedar look with a thick butt edge. The butt end piece also results in increased rigidity of the FC panel product so that it can be easily handled and installed.
It will be appreciated that although the shapes described herein are formed from two pieces of fiber cement, an equivalent shape can be formed by machining a solid rectangular section. However, this method may be more costly and produce a high amount of waste material. It will also be appreciated that additional shapes can be produced, such as described below, by abutting the two pieces together.
B. Second Roller Method
In another embodiment, a cementitious adhesive mixture, described below, is located between upper surface 2140U of plank 2140 and lower surface 2130L of butt piece 2130, as shown in
As an alternative to the roller system described above,
Applying adhesive 3310: Adhesive 3110 is applied to upper surface 3140U of plank 3140, shown in
Interfacing butt piece with plank 3320: Lower surface 3130L of butt-piece 3130 is interfaced with upper surface 3140U of plank 3140, shown in
Applying pressure to butt piece 3330: Hand roller 3210 is rolled over the length of surface 3130U of plank assembly 3100 in a direction normal to the upper 3130U and lower 3140L surfaces, shown in
Pre-curing adhesive 3340: Plank assembly is air dried typically for about 12 hours, but may be as long as about 24 hours or more, or as short as about 8 hours or less.
Autoclaving plank assembly 3350: Plank assembly is autoclaved at a temperature between about 350° to 400° F. at about 120 to 145 psi for a period of approximately 8 hours.
Trimming plank assembly 3360: Overflow of cementitious adhesive 3110 is trimmed from cured and autoclaved plank assembly.
The use of a cementitious adhesive as described below to adhere the two pieces of fiber cement together has all of the advantages described above for the polymeric adhesive. Another advantage is that a cementitious adhesive is compatible with fiber cement materials, is economical and can be co-cured with the fiber cement pieces to form a durable bond.
C. Cementitious Adhesive Composition
The embodiments described above for adhering two pieces of fiber cement plank together in one preferred embodiment utilize a novel cementitious adhesive composition. Thus, one aspect of the present invention provides a composition of matter for, and method of making a cementitious adhesive for bonding materials, preferably FC materials, and more preferably medium density FC materials. The adhesive ingredients preferably include cement, silica, thickener, and water, and may include organic fibers or inorganic fibers. The adhesive formulation can be used to bond FC materials prior to autoclaving.
It will be appreciated that a preferred adhesive is able to withstand autoclave temperatures and is compatible with FC materials. Most conventional polymeric adhesives and polymer-modified adhesives melt, burn, or degrade when exposed to temperatures in excess of approximately 375 degrees F. During the manufacturing process, FC materials are dried in an autoclave that can reach approximately 400 degrees F. Therefore, conventional polymeric adhesives cannot be used to bond FC materials prior to autoclaving.
Moreover, a preferred adhesive selected for use on FC materials should be compatible and as similar in composition as possible to the materials being bonded. This ensures that the system as a whole will respond to environmental factors in a similar manner within each component (environmental factors include temperature fluctuations, acid rain impacts, humidity, and wet-dry cycles). The adhesive and the FC materials will age similarly and thus will not weaken the system.
Advantageously, the adhesive composition of this embodiment can withstand curing temperatures in an autoclave and is compatible with the FC material to be bonded. Furthermore, the adhesive composition is less costly, more readily available, and more environmentally friendly compared with polymeric or polymer-modified adhesives. Unlike other adhesives, the adhesive composition also does not degrade under alkaline or moist conditions.
The cement, silica, and thickener are all added to the adhesive mix in powdered form, where the particle size for each ingredient may measure up to about 200 microns. The cement may be present in the formulation in an amount between about 10 and 90 wt %, the silica may be present in the formulation in an amount up to about 90 wt %, and the thickener may be present in the formulation in an amount up to about 2 wt %. Water may be present in the formulation in an amount up to about 90 wt %. (All references to weight in this document are provided on a dry material weight basis, unless otherwise indicated.)
The organic fiber in the formulation may be in the form of cellulose fiber (where the fiber may be bleached pulp), and may be present in the formulation in an amount up to about 5 wt %. The inorganic fiber in the formulation may be in the form of Wollastonite, and may be present in the formulation in an amount up to about 30 wt %. Both forms of fiber (organic and inorganic) may measure up to about 3 mm in length.
Table 2 shows three exemplifying formulations of cementitious adhesive. Each formulation contains cement to form the body of the bond, and fine-ground silica to react and bind with cement when autoclaved. The silica also acts as a filler/aggregate that lowers the cost of the matrix, without significantly reducing performance. Thickener slows the water being drawn from the slurry (adhesive) into the fiber cement. The presence of thickener ensures that the cementitious adhesive remains “tacky” during the bonding process of the fiber cement surfaces, ensures that the adhesive fills the gap between the pieces to be bonded, and “wets out” the second surface, which is necessary to develop a good cementitious bond. The thickener also slows/reduces settling in the slurry and prolongs “open time” to add viscosity to the wet adhesive.
Formulation 1 and Formulation 3 additionally contain fiber to increase the bond strength. Both organic and inorganic fibers perform similarly in the formulation; however, organic fiber requires preparation for use, and inorganic fiber tends to be more costly to purchase than organic fiber. Although fiber adds strength to the adhesive formulation, it can also clog some applicators during use. To address this issue, Formulation 2 contains no fiber. Water is added as a necessary reactant for the cement in forming the hydrated cementitious bond. Water also provides the mixture “viscosity” necessary to mix the adhesive, to disperse fibers and solids through the mixture, and to apply the adhesive.
Step 4110: Does adhesive formula contain fiber? In this step, method 4100 proceeds to step 4112 if the formulation being made contains fibers. Otherwise, method 4100 proceeds to step 4115.
Step 4112: Does adhesive formula contain organic fiber? In this step, method 4100 proceeds to step 4130 if the formulation being made contains organic fibers. Otherwise, the formulation is presumed to contain inorganic fibers and method 4100 proceeds to step 4120.
Step 4115: Mixing silica, cement and water. In this step, method 4100 adds the powdered silica to water to produce a 50 wt % silica slurry, and then transfers the silica slurry to a mixer (such as a Hobart mixer). Method 4100 adds powdered cement and water to bring the percent by weight of solids to approximately about 68% to 70% (approximately about 430 to 470 milliliters total water per kilogram of solids), and then mixes the adhesive formulation for about five minutes to attain homogeneity in the mixture. An example of a Hobart mixer is shown in
Step 4120: Mixing silica, inorganic fiber, cement, and water. In this step, method 4100 adds the powdered silica to water to produce a 50 wt % silica slurry, and then transfers the silica slurry to a mixer (such as a Hobart mixer, shown in
Step 4130: Dispersing organic fiber in water. In this step, method 4100 adds the organic fiber, such as unbleached or bleached pulp. The pulp is previously hydropulped, refined, and diluted with water to about 0.4% by weight. Method 4100 mixes and disperses the organic fiber for approximately five minutes.
Step 4132: Mixing silica and cement. In this step, method 4100 adds the silica and then the cement to the organic fiber, and mixes the mixture. The preferable approach is to mix the ingredients of silica, cement, and fiber, then to blend the ingredients for five minutes in a mixer (such as a Hobart mixer, shown in
Step 4134: Dewatering mix (optional). Following step 4132, a dewatering apparatus 4300, shown in
Dewatering apparatus 4300 is designed to hold a perforated metal plate 4316, a coarse mesh screen 4314 and a fine mesh screen 4312. Views A, B, and C in
In operation, the adhesive formulation is poured into dewatering apparatus 4300. A set of mesh screens and a metal plate (not shown) identical to 4312, 4314, and 4316 are stacked in reverse order on top of the set inside 4300 so that the screens and plates are parallel to each other, and the adhesive formulation is contained between the two sets. Downward pressure applied to the screens and plates dewaters the adhesive formulation. Water either exits through the bottom of dewatering apparatus 4300 or a vacuum apparatus (not shown) may optionally be used to remove pooled liquid from the top of the screens and plates.
Step 4140: Transferring to high shear mixer. In this step, the adhesive formulation 4240 is added to a high shear mixer, as shown in
Step 4142: adding thickener. In this step, method 4100 adds thickener to high shear mixer 4400 as required to achieve a thick paint consistency. Thickeners may be made of commercially available cellulose derivatives, polyurethane and polyacrylate, such as “Bermocell” (cellulose ether), “Ethocel” (ethyl cellulose polymer), “Cellosize” (hydroxy ethyl cellulose), or “Natrosol” (hydroxyl ethyl cellulose and derivatives). One preferred thickener is “Natrosol Plus D430”, a cellulosic derivative (hydrophobically modified hydroxy ethyl cellulose). The amount of thickener in one embodiment is nominally 0.5 wt %; however, more may be added to achieve the desired viscosity. A visual determination is sufficient to ascertain desired viscosity of the adhesive formulation.
It will be appreciated that other adhesives may be used to bond the FC materials. These include polymers or polymer-modified adhesives (called “thin-sets”) to bond the FC materials. However, these products may not be suited for exposure to high temperatures in an autoclave. Plastics degrade at approximately 375 degrees F. and break down during autoclaving. In addition, the polymers and polymer-modified adhesives are more costly to use compared with the preferred adhesives described above.
IV. Various Designs of Two-Piece FC Planks
The one and two-piece FC planks described above advantageously enable the formation of a variety of different shapes that provide a variety of desired features to the plank. Various designs are described below with respect to two-piece planks. However, it will be appreciated that similar shapes can be formed using one piece of material or other combinations of materials, such as described below.
A. Two-Piece Medium Density Plank with Locking Feature and Method of Making the Same
In one embodiment, a two-piece FC plank includes a butt piece having a lock such as described above. As shown in
Step 5410: Mounting first plank assembly. In this step, first plank assembly 5300 is placed against mounting surface 5360 as shown in
Step 5420: Aligning lock and key features. In this step, second plank assembly 5310 is placed against mounting surface 5360 above first plank assembly 5300 such that lock 5330 of second plank assembly 5310 is aligned with key 5320 of first plank assembly 5300, as shown in
Step 5430: Lowering second plank assembly. In this step, second plank assembly 5310 is lowered onto first plank assembly 5300. As plank assembly 5310 is lowered (with the help of gravity) onto first plank assembly 5300, key 5320 of first plank assembly 5300 automatically engages and aligns lock 5330 of second plank assembly 5310 into a locked position. In this locked position, key 5320 of first plank assembly 5300 prevents second plank assembly 5310 from moving under the influence of wind forces, and therefore prevents wind-induced damage.
Step 5440: Mounting second plank assembly. In this step, second nail 5350 is driven into second plank assembly 5310 to rigidly attach it to mounting surface 5360.
Advantageously, the siding plank assembly of this assembly can be used to mate two siding planks tightly and uniformly without requiring a visible nail fastening the overlapping region of the two planks to resist high wind loads. Furthermore, the siding plank assembly requires no starter strip at the base of the wall to provide the lap plank angle of the first installed plank. The lock and key also set the horizontal gauge of the exposed plank face without requiring frequent measuring.
It will be appreciated that another way to prevent wind forces from damaging planks is to nail the butt piece down. However, this method is time extensive, may cause breaks or splits in the FC material, and reduces the aesthetic appeal of the installed plank.
B. Plank Having Oversized “V” Style Lock and Compressible Regions, and Method of Making Same
In another embodiment, a two-piece FC plank utilizes an oversized “V” style lock system and added compressible material to provide added ease of installation and aesthetic value. This embodiment also applies to any plank of similar shape that uses a locking mechanism in place of face nailing an outer plank bottom edge to an inner plank top edge, where the inner plank top edge has been nailed to a frame. The “V” style lock allows planks to be locked into one another without requiring extensive measurement to maintain gauge (the visible vertical distance between planks) and overlap (the vertical distance the plank overhangs the plank below) during installation.
The design described below is particularly advantageous for walls that are not completely planar. When installing exterior siding, it is common to encounter walls that are not completely planar. For example, wood studs within a wall may bow when the wood dries after installation and create a non-planar or “wavy” wall. This presents both installation problems and finishing issues. If a “V” style FC plank does not lock completely (such that both planks being locked are flat against the wall), the gauge and overlap vary across the wall. As a result of being poorly fitted, the plank may subsequently experience lateral movement (flapping) when subjected to wind.
Advantageously, the planks described herein are more easily installed on non-planar walls because they can fit together without excessive force. Furthermore, the lock and key design will maintain gauge and overlap better than other “V” style lock designs. As such, the planks will look better on the wall because they will be straighter than the frame, which is often non-planar.
Again in reference to
Because the wall frame is often not “plumb” (the wall may be non-planar), the top surface of key 6200 does not form a straight line. By allowing the bottom surface of second plank assembly 6520 to move relative to the key 6200, the lock assembly 6150 can still be straight when placed over the key 6200 (it is being held straight by its own stiffness). Although not perfect, the arrangement is a considerable improvement in the waviness of the wall compared with just following the faults in the frame.
The lock and key design, combined with compressible regions 6310 and 6320, provide some “give” (lateral compensation) in siding system 6400. As a result, the siding will compensate for moderate non-planarity of mounting surface 6410 and siding system 6400 will appear planar (flat).
Step 6510: Manufacturing plank. In this step, a plank is preferably manufactured according to conventional Hatschek methods.
Step 6520: Bonding plank pieces. In this step, plank body 6105 is bonded to lock assembly 6150 to form the plank assembly 6100 shown in
Step 6530: Machining plank to form key and lock. In this step, planks are fabricated and machined to the requisite shape. In reference to
Step 6540: Attaching compressible regions. In this step, first compressible region 6310 and second compressible region 6320 are attached to lock assembly 6150. Materials that may be used for compressible regions 6310 and 6320 include commercially available products such as polyurethane elastomeric foam, rubber, rubber foam, and silicone rubber. The compressible regions are applied using conventional application methods, such as “Nordsons” FoamMelt® application equipment such as the Series 130, applied at about 250 degrees F. to 350 degrees F. First compressible region 6310 is applied to the length of the lock assembly 6150 along lock inner angled surface 6315, and second compressible region 6320 is applied to the length of lock assembly 6150 along lock inner surface 6325, as shown in
This particular embodiment describes a two-piece plank; however, the use of compressible regions may be applied to other plank designs as well. Some examples of planks that could utilize this feature are any of the above-described one or two piece planks and the below-described plank having a plastic spline. An extruded plank could utilize this feature, as could any plank of similar shape that uses a locking mechanism in place of face nailing an outer plank bottom edge to an inner plank top edge, where the inner plank top edge has been nailed to a frame. Exemplifying diagrams of two plank designs that could utilize the compressible regions are shown in
The design described above advantageously allows planks to be more easily installed on non-planar walls because they can be fit together without excessive force. The compressible material also advantageously forms a capillary break, such as described below. Furthermore, the compressible material acts as a seal against wind and rain.
V. Two-Piece Plank Having a Plastic Spline
In additional embodiments, a plastic spline having a butt and lock is provided, which is designed for use in combination with a FC plank for a siding application. The result is a two-piece FC plank assembly having an FC siding plank bonded with an adhesive to a plastic spline having a butt and lock.
Advantageously, the siding assembly of these embodiments provide a lightweight siding assembly having a reduced amount of the FC material while maintaining an aesthetically pleasing shadow line when installed. They also provide for a low-cost siding assembly with increased stiffness and strength, which reduces breakage and improves handleability and ease of installation. The siding assembly is also suitable for blind nailing and capable of high wind loads. The spline can also be easily manufactured from plastic with fine details using an extrusion and or molding processes well known in the art. The term plastic includes, but is not limited to, polymeric resins, copolymers and blends thereof with suitable flexural and tensile strength for the anticipated use and a heat deflection point well above the maximum normally experienced in the building environment (approximately 40° C. to 60° C.). Such plastics could include but are not limited to: polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyolefin, polyamide (nylon), and ABS. These plastics can contain mineral fillers to reduce cost or weight and improve strength or toughness properties. Alternatively, these plastics may also contain fibers to improve tensile strength. The plastic spline can be manufactured using low grade or recycled plastic for additional cost savings without sacrificing desired attributes.
A. Spline with Angled Lock
A first edge of first flange 7215 is integrally connected at an angle to a first edge of elongated plate 7205. A second edge of elongated plate 7205 is integrally connected at an angle along third flange 7240 between the first and second edges of third flange 7240. A first edge of fourth flange 7260 is integrally connected to a second edge of third flange 7240 in parallel with plate 7205. A first edge of second flange 7230 is integrally connected along first flange 7215 between the first and second edges of first flange 7215 in parallel with plate 7205. Second flange 7230 and fourth flange 7260 are coplanar.
Adhesive layer 7410, 7420 and 7430 is preferably a fast setting, reactive hot-melt polyurethane such as H.B. Fuller 2570x or H.B. Fuller 9570 with a viscosity of about 10,000 to 100,000 CPS at application temperatures ranging from about 200° to 350° F. The adhesion time ranges from about 3 to 5 seconds.
Third flange bottom surface 7250 and plate back surface 7210 of plank assembly 7400B are positioned in contact with plank top surface 7105 and plank front surface 7115 of plank assembly 7400A, respectively. Likewise plank assembly 7400C and 7400D are positioned in contact with plank assembly 7400B and 7400C, respectively.
Another example of this embodiment is a two-piece siding plank assembly with a plastic spline and lock, wherein the plastic spline has one or more dove-tail grooves in the first flange top surface, second flange front surface, and fourth flange front surface, with the grooves running along the length of the surfaces, such as described below.
Another example of this embodiment is a two-piece siding plank assembly using a plastic spline without a lock, without an overlap guide (such as formed by the third flange 7240 of
Another example of this embodiment is a two-piece siding plank assembly using a plastic spline without a lock and with or without dovetail grooves as shown in
Another example of this embodiment is a two-piece plank for a siding application using a natural wood or engineered wood siding plank bonded with an adhesive to a plastic spline with or without a lock.
Manufacturing plank 7960: A plank is formed according to conventional Hatschek methods. The plank top and bottom edges are cut to an angle using angled water jet cutters during the conventional Hatschek manufacturing process. The plank is pre-cured then autoclaved as per conventional methods. See Table 5 for preferred ranges of plank dimensions.
Pre-Treatment of plank & spline 7970: Plank 7100 and plastic spline 7200 (manufactured according to Table 6) are pre-cut to a desired and equal length. The surfaces of plastic spline 7200 are pre-treated in one of four ways to improve the adhesive bonding capabilities. The four methods of pre-treating the surfaces of the plastic spline are:
Sanding, using conventional power sanding tools;
Cleaning, using a solvent such as Isopropyl Alcohol;
Flame, expose to oxidizing flame fueled by propane gas for about 0.5 to 4 seconds;
A combination of the above.
Bonding plank & spline 7980: Plank 7100 is bonded to plastic spline 7200 to form the plank assembly 7400 shown in
Finishing plank assembly 7990: Plank assembly 7400 is cut to a specified length and chamfer 7450 is applied (
B. Spline with Square Lock
The embodiments above using a “V” style lock system allow planks to be locked into one another without requiring extensive measurement to maintain gauge (the visible vertical distance between planks) and overlap (the vertical distance the plank overhangs the plank below) during installation. While the “V” style lock design has many inherent advantages, this design does not function satisfactorily for small variations in gauge that are sometimes desired by installers, especially when trying to level-out inaccuracies in framing and installation around window and door openings. As a result of being poorly fitted, the plank may subsequently experience lateral movement (flapping) when subjected to wind. Rather, a lock design that allows for small variations in gauge while preventing lateral movement (flapping) when subjected to wind would be beneficial.
Spline 8200 is preferably a “butt and lock” type spline made of rigid plastic formed by extrusion. Spline 8200 is aligned and is fixedly connected with an adhesive to plank 8100 (described in greater detail below).
Plank top surface 8105 is set at an angle “d” to plank key front surface 8130. Angle “d” of plank 8100 is cut using angled water jet cutters during the normal Hatschek manufacturing process. Plank 8100 has a key depth “a,” a key height “b,” and a nailing region “c.”
A first edge of first flange 8215 is integrally connected orthogonal or at an angle to a first edge of plate 8205 extending from plate front surface 8212. A second edge of plate 8205 is integrally connected at an angle along third flange 8240 between the first and second edges of third flange 8240 extending from third flange bottom surface 8250. A first edge of fourth flange 8260 is integrally connected to a first edge of third flange 8240 in parallel with plate 8205 extending from third flange bottom surface 8250. A first edge of second flange 8230 is integrally connected orthogonal or at an angle along first flange 8215 between the first and second edges of first flange 8215 in parallel with plate 8205 extending from first flange top surface 8220. Second flange 8230 and fourth flange 8260 are coplanar. A first edge of fifth flange 8265 is integrally connected to a second edge of third flange 8240 in parallel with plate 8205 extending from third flange bottom surface 8250.
There is no gap if h=e+f. The gap is provided to save material and to eliminate the need for an extrusion mandrel to form the hollow, thereby simplifying the manufacturing process.
Adhesive layers 8410, 8420 and 8430 are preferably fast setting, reactive hot-melt polyurethane such as H.B. Fuller 2570, H.B. Fuller 9570, or PURMELT R-382-22 with a viscosity of about 10,000 to 100,000 CPS at application temperatures ranging from about 200° to 350° F. The adhesion time preferably ranges from about 3 to 5 seconds.
With continuing reference to
Using a blind nailing technique, plank assembly 8400A is fixedly connected to wall 8510 by driving nail 8520 through plank front surface 8115 of plank 8100 (
If plank assembly 8400A and 8400B of siding system 8500 is tightly fit, third flange bottom surface 8250 (
Another example of this embodiment is a two-piece siding plank assembly with a plastic spline and square lock, wherein the plastic spline has one or more dovetail grooves in the second plate top surface and third plate front surface, with the grooves running along the length of the surfaces as described above in greater detail.
Another example of this embodiment is a two-piece siding plank assembly with a plastic spline and square lock, wherein the plastic spline has a capillary break in the first plate back surface running along the length of the surface as described below in greater detail.
Another example of this embodiment is a two-piece siding plank assembly with a plastic spline and square lock, wherein the siding plank is made of any suitable material including but not limited to wood, engineered wood, or composite wood plastic.
Another example of this embodiment is a one-piece molded or extruded siding plank having a similar cross-sectional shape and providing the same functions as the two-piece siding plank assembly of the first embodiment. In this example, a one-piece siding plank is formed using conventional co-extrusion method or a variable composition fibrous cementitious structural product formed by co-extrusion.
Another example of this embodiment is a one-piece siding plank having a similar cross-sectional shape and providing the same functions as the two-piece siding plank assembly of the previous embodiment. In this embodiment a one-piece siding plank is formed using Applicant's skin and core technology, as described in pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/973,844, filed Oct. 9, 2001, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Manufacturing plank 8960: A medium-density plank is prepared according to conventional Hatschek methods. Plank key 8125 and nailing region 8145 of plank 8100 (
Pre-Treatment of plank & spline 8970: Plank 8100 and spline 8200 (manufactured as per Table 8) are pre-cut to a desired and equal length as shown in
Bonding plank & spline 8980: Plank 8100 is bonded to plastic spline 8200 to form the plank assembly 8400 shown in
Finishing plank assembly 8990: Plank assembly 8400 is cut to a specified length and chamfer 8450 is applied (
Advantageously, the siding plank assembly of this embodiment allows for small variations in the siding installed while reducing lateral movement (flapping) when subjected to wind. The assembly also allows for leveling of the planks during installation and can be formed without machining the lock and key. The locking system allows for easy installation and the plank top surface angle does not need to match the spline fourth plate angle.
C. Apparatus for Reducing Capillary Action Between Planks
In another embodiment, an apparatus for reducing capillary action is provided in the overlap region between two medium-density FC or other siding assemblies when installed. One example is a plastic spline having a capillary break formed by adding a lip along the length of the spline as described below.
Conventional exterior siding systems also include a “rain screen,” which is the combination of an airtight and watertight barrier placed over the exterior surface of the frame to be sided, combined with the siding. The functional purpose of the siding is to keep moisture away from the rain screen inner barrier surface. The siding of FC material, wood or vinyl rain screen is a series of horizontal “planks” which overlap at their upper edges to prevent wind and rain from penetrating to the interior of the rain screen. The rain screen siding system, if properly installed, is very effective at keeping the framing and insulation of the wall dry and airtight under all weather conditions.
When siding planks are installed on an exterior wall of a building, moisture can find its way into the tight space where adjacent siding planks overlap. While most moisture does not enter because of gravity, the width of the gap in the overlap region is usually small enough that capillary action can occur, allowing moisture to penetrate to the internal barrier of the rain screen or at least into the space between the exterior barrier and the siding planks. As a result, the lapped siding material is not completely effective as a water barrier.
While increasing the gap between the siding materials when installed reduces the effect of capillary action, the siding becomes more susceptible to wind driven moisture penetration. Therefore, a siding assembly when installed that prevents water penetration due to rain and capillary action while preventing wind driven penetration would be beneficial. What is needed is a design of lap siding that forms a capillary break to stop the rise of water between the two surfaces in the plank overlap region.
Advantageously, the siding plank assembly of this embodiment reduces capillary action in the siding, thus providing additional moisture protection to the exterior barrier wall and siding interior while maintaining good resistance to wind driven moisture penetration. Furthermore, the assembly keeps the region that is nailed relatively dry, which increases the strength of fiber cement and therefore resistance to dislodgment of the planks by high winds. Another way to solve the problem is to seal the space between the planks with caulk or other type of sealant. However, this adds complexity to the exterior wall system. Alternatively, a gap or groove the length of the plank can be machined in the overlap area. However, this would create a weak point in the plank and would add a manufacturing process step.
Spline 9200 has a length “l”, a width “w”, and a height “h”. An example of spline 9200 dimensions include “l” between about 12 and 16 feet, “w” between about ⅜ and ¾ inches, and “h” between about ½ and 2 inches. A cross-sectional diagram and an end view of spline 9200 are shown in
A first edge of first flange 9215 is integrally connected at an angle to a first edge of elongated plate 9205. A second edge of elongated plate 9205 is integrally connected at an angle along third flange 9240 between the first and second edges of third flange 9240. A first edge of fourth flange 9255 is integrally connected to a second edge of third flange 9240 in parallel with plate 9205. A first edge of second flange 9230 is integrally connected along first flange 9215 between the first and second edges of first flange 9215 in parallel with plate 9205. Second flange 9230 and fourth flange 9255 are coplanar. Furthermore, material is added such that the first edge of first flange 9215 is extended and is not coplanar with plate back surface 9210, thus forming capillary break 9265.
Capillary break 9265 of this embodiment provides a gap equal to dimension “f” of spline 9200 preventing capillary action between plank assemblies 9400A and 9400B. At the same time, capillary break 9265 of a preferred embodiment maintains a wind barrier between plank assemblies 9400A and 9400B, as capillary break 9265 is in direct contact to plank front surface 9115, and third flange bottom surface 9250 (
Another example of this embodiment, shown in
Capillary break 9365 of this embodiment provides a gap equal to dimension “f” of spline 9300 preventing capillary action between plank assemblies 9400C and 9400D. At the same time, capillary break 9365 of the present invention maintains a wind barrier between plank assemblies 9400C and 9400D, as plate back surface 9310 is in direct contact to plank front surface 9115.
VI. Fiber Cement Articles with Localized Reinforcement and a Method for Making Same
In additional embodiments, fiber cement articles having localized reinforcements are provided, which is designed in one embodiment for use in combination with a system of FC planks for siding applications. The result is a locally reinforced FC plank assembly having fiber cement articles with localized reinforcements for improving the strength of individual FC siding planks.
Advantageously, the siding plank assembly of these embodiments provide a lightweight siding assembly having a reduced amount of FC material without compromising the strength of the plank. The addition of localized reinforcement provides for a low-cost siding assembly with increased stiffness and strength, which reduces breakage and improves handleability and ease of installation. The siding assembly is also suitable for blind nailing and capable of high wind loads.
Fiber cement article 11000 may be made in accordance with the methods described in Australian patent AU 515151, “Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Articles” and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,146, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. However, it will be appreciated that fiber cement articles manufactured by other means, including but not limited to the Hatschek process, Bison process, filter pressing, flow-on process, Mazza process, Magnani process, roll-forming, or extrusion, can be used in this embodiment.
High-shear adhesive layer 12000 is preferably an adhesive with high-shear strength, good alkali resistance, durability in exterior cladding applications and quick setting capabilities. The adhesive also preferably has sufficient working or “open” time to allow sufficient penetration into the fiber cement substrate. The adhesive also preferably maintains its adhesive properties through exposure to many cycles of heat and cold and/or wet and dry. One method of evaluating the suitability of such adhesive is to conduct a “peel test”, well known in the art, in which the percent retention of peel strength is measured after several exposures to wet and dry and/or heat and cold. Preferably, durable high-shear strength adhesives are used, for instance: hot melt polyurethane adhesives such as Henckel Puremelt 243; hot melt polyamide adhesives such as Henckel-Micromelt 6239, 6238, and 6211; and hot melt modified ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) adhesives such as Reicholdt 2H850.
The preferred options listed above for the high-shear strength adhesive layer 12000 have the additional property of resisting adhesive failure after five wet/dry cycles of soaking in saturated CaO (alkaline) solution at 60° F. or after twenty-five soak/freeze/thaw cycles.
Reinforcing fixture 13000 is preferably made from any common engineering material, preferably with a tensile strength substantially greater than that of fiber cement article 11000. More preferably, the reinforcing fixture is made of a non-rigid material. Preferred materials for reinforcing fixture 13000 including, but not limited to, metal foils, woven metal meshes, and expanded metal meshes of sufficient shape and dimension to be suitable for the application. Other materials of relatively high tensile strength, such as polymer films or woven and non-woven polymer fabric meshes may also be used.
As shown in
Reinforcing fixture 13000 can be applied to both faces of fiber cement article 11000 or can be applied to more than one area of fiber cement article 11000 with high-shear adhesive layer 12000 in order to accommodate stresses envisioned in the use and application of fiber cement article 11000.
Reinforcing fixture 13000 and durable high-shear strength adhesive layer 12000 may be applied to fiber cement shapes other than flat planks, including, but not limited to, panels, roofing shakes or shingles, tiles, slate, thick boards, and hollow or solid extruded profiles, in order to provide reinforcement in critical areas. Thus, it will be appreciated that the reinforcing fixtures described herein are not limited to siding planks.
While reinforcing fixture 13000 is illustrated in
One means of evaluating the relative stiffness of reinforced fiber cement article 10000 is the “barrel test,” which measures the ability of a plank to be self-supporting when carried parallel to the ground. In the barrel test, a plank is balanced flat upon the circumference of a barrel placed parallel to the ground. If the plank does not break after a predetermined amount of time, the amount of deflection from horizontal is measured in order to compare the relative stiffness of various plank designs and materials. Table 11 illustrates the relative performance in the barrel test of fiber cement planks made according to the embodiments described herein.
Designing reinforcing fixture 51000: Analyze the stresses on the fiber cement article in its intended use to determine the shape, dimension, and appropriate material for the reinforcing fixture. The analysis and design is performed using methods well known in the art, such as classical bending moment analysis or finite element analysis.
Fabricating reinforcing fixture 52000: Fabricate the reinforcing fixture 13000 using well-known methods appropriate for the design and material generated in step 51000. For example, if reinforcing fixture 13000 were a metal foil of specific shape, a die would be fabricated using well-known methods to mechanically stamp the shape from a roll of aluminum foil of a specific thickness.
Applying adhesive to article surface 53000: Form a high-shear strength adhesive layer 12000 of a predetermined thickness by applying a predetermined amount of durable, high-shear strength adhesive to a predetermined location on the surface of fiber cement article 11000. High-shear strength adhesive layer 12000 is preferably applied at a temperature in the range of about 200° F. to 400° F. such that the viscosity of the adhesive allows sufficient penetration into the fiber cement surface at the application temperature. The durable, high-shear strength adhesive should ideally allow between about 30 and 60 seconds of working (open) time before setting. The adhesive can be applied using any type of commonly used hot melt application equipment, such as a roll coater, curtain coater, or hot glue gun.
Applying adhesive to reinforcing fixture surface 54000: Form a high-shear strength adhesive layer 12000 of a predetermined thickness (when required to ensure adequate bonding between fiber cement article 11000 and reinforcing fixture 13000) by applying a predetermined amount of durable, high-shear strength adhesive to a predetermined location on the surface of reinforcing fixture 13000. The adhesive is preferably applied at a temperature in the range of about 200° F. to 400° F. such that the viscosity of the adhesive allows it to penetrate into fiber cement article 11000 at the application temperature. The durable, high-shear strength adhesive should ideally allow between about 30 and 60 seconds of working (open) time before setting. The adhesive can be applied using any type of commonly used hot melt application equipment, such as a roll coater, curtain coater, or hot glue gun.
Attaching reinforcing fixture to article surface 55000: Attach a reinforcing fixture 13000 to a fiber cement article 11000 manually or by mechanical means, such that the point of attachment is high-shear adhesive layer 12000 applied in steps 53000 and/or 54000.
Applying pressure to reinforcing fixture and article 56000: Apply a uniform pressure to fiber cement article 11000 and reinforcing fixture 13000 in order to bond reinforcing fixture 13000 to fiber cement article 11000. In the example of reinforced fiber cement plank with nailing skirt 20000, pressure is applied by passing fiber cement article 11000 and reinforcing fixture 13000 simultaneously through the nip of a pressurized roller such that the roller uniformly exerts three pounds per linear inch (25 pounds across a 8.25 inch plank width). Other mechanical means may be used to apply pressure to assemblies of more complicated shapes.
Setting adhesive 57000: Hold fiber cement article 11000 and reinforcing fixture 13000 in place for a predetermined amount of time, pressure, and temperature in order to permanently bond them together. The pressure, time, and temperature required are dictated by the properties of the high-shear adhesive used and line speed of the manufacturing process. In the example of reinforced fiber cement plank with nailing skirt 20000, hot-melt polyurethane adhesive is applied at 250° F., the components are assembled within 60 seconds, and the plank is instantaneously pressed using a pressurized nip roll.
Removing fiber cement article from press 58000: Remove finished reinforced fiber cement article 10000 from the press using manual or mechanical means.
The embodiments for localized reinforcement described above advantageously improve the handleability of thin fiber cement planks or other articles by allowing a thin, lightweight plank or article to have the same stiffness as a much thicker, denser plank or article. By using localized reinforcements durably bonded to specific portions of a fiber cement article, the stiffness, bending strength, and/or impact strength of the fiber cement article may be improved, allowing such articles to be used in applications previously unsuitable for fiber cement due to its brittleness. Fiber cement siding planks formed as described above are capable of handling high wind loads when blind nailed, and provide a way to minimize the amount of overlap between fiber cement planks while maintaining a secure attachment. Articles made according to the methods described above also have greater resistance to adhesive failure after exposure to wet/dry cycles, attack by alkaline solutions, or soak/freeze/thaw cycling. Additionally, by using localized reinforcements durably bonded to specific portions of a fiber article, such articles may be designed for a given application using less fiber cement material and/or fiber cement material of a lower density. In the embodiment above using a foil-backed fiber cement planks, such planks are capable of reflecting heat from a building, which keeps the building cooler in hot weather.
In another embodiment, the problem of providing localized reinforcement to fiber cement articles can be solved by embedding the reinforcing fixture within the fiber cement article while the fiber cement article is in the green or plastic state. Preferably, the reinforcing fixture should be chosen to withstand the high temperature of the curing process of the fiber cement article so as not to lose their effectiveness.
Conclusions
Certain preferred embodiments of the present invention provide efficient designs for lightweight fiber cement siding plank assemblies having the traditional deep shadow-line. Particularly, the deep shadow line is created without having to machine the siding plank or otherwise remove any siding plank material. Instead, the siding plank is formed by adding material to a thinner starting base siding plank instead of removing material from a thick rectangular section as shown in prior art. Additionally, two pieces of FC material can be bonded solidly and quickly using the adhesive composition of the preferred embodiments. As such, thin and lightweight planks can be used as siding material that produces a thick shadow line.
Furthermore, the siding plank assembly of certain preferred embodiments provide interlocking features that allow the planks to be installed quickly with ease and maintain a constant gauge of plank rows along the length of the siding and between rows of sidings. The siding plank assembly also provides the installation flexibility of variable gauge height. The siding plank assemblies use gravity to help mate two planks tightly and uniformly without face nailing.
Additionally, certain preferred embodiments of the present invention provide for improved handleability and strength of thin fiber cement planks by allowing a thin, lightweight plank to have the same stiffness as a much thinker, denser plank. This is preferably accomplished by reinforcing specific portions of a fiber cement article with reinforcing fixtures. A locally reinforced article has the advantages of producing a low cost article that handles well during installation and under wind loads. The reinforced article also provides a way to minimize the amount of overlap between fiber cement planks while maintaining a secure attachment as well as a way to reflect heat.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, other embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, in view of the disclosure herein. Accordingly, the present invention is not intended to be limited by the recitation of preferred embodiments, but is instead intended to be defined solely by reference to the appended claims.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/281,195, filed Apr. 3, 2001, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
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| 515151 | Mar 1981 | AU |
| 70389 | Oct 1981 | AU |
| 8858982 | Mar 1983 | AU |
| 84015-82 | Dec 1983 | AU |
| 94035 | Nov 1986 | AU |
| 95878 | Mar 1987 | AU |
| 98800 | Dec 1987 | AU |
| 99683 | Feb 1988 | AU |
| 102662 | Jan 1989 | AU |
| 103840 | May 1989 | AU |
| 104552 | Aug 1989 | AU |
| 108078 | Jul 1990 | AU |
| 616088 | Jul 1990 | AU |
| 4687889 | Jul 1990 | AU |
| 110320 | Feb 1991 | AU |
| 7620191 | Jun 1992 | AU |
| 117138 | May 1993 | AU |
| 118448 | Oct 1993 | AU |
| 118862 | Nov 1993 | AU |
| 686135 | Nov 1994 | AU |
| 677649 | Dec 1994 | AU |
| 122634 | Feb 1995 | AU |
| 123141 | Apr 1995 | AU |
| 123142 | Apr 1995 | AU |
| 681049 | Sep 1996 | AU |
| 702630 | Nov 1996 | AU |
| 130941 | Aug 1997 | AU |
| 132812 | Feb 1998 | AU |
| 732998 | May 1998 | AU |
| 135097 | Sep 1998 | AU |
| 135557 | Nov 1998 | AU |
| 137291 | May 1999 | AU |
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| 137791 | Jul 1999 | AU |
| 19952711 | Mar 2000 | AU |
| 140607 | May 2000 | AU |
| 20078733 | May 2001 | AU |
| 200078733 | May 2001 | AU |
| 0121275 | Jun 2001 | AU |
| 783430 | Jun 2001 | AU |
| 200072012 | Jun 2001 | AU |
| 735352 | Jul 2001 | AU |
| 20053659 | Mar 2002 | AU |
| 147568 | Apr 2002 | AU |
| 2001287356 | Apr 2002 | AU |
| 148485 | Jul 2002 | AU |
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| 2003204739 | Jul 2003 | AU |
| 152915 | Aug 2003 | AU |
| 153491 | Oct 2003 | AU |
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| 730345 | Mar 1966 | CA |
| 1084230 | Aug 1980 | CA |
| 2313456 | Jun 2000 | CA |
| 368918 | Apr 1963 | CH |
| 606674 | Nov 1978 | CH |
| 678882 | Nov 1991 | CH |
| 684285 | Aug 1994 | CH |
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| 2281378 | May 1998 | CN |
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| 1952082 | Apr 1971 | DE |
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| 2610998 | Sep 1977 | DE |
| 3210326 | Sep 1983 | DE |
| 3232106 | Mar 1984 | DE |
| 3505335 | Aug 1986 | DE |
| 3621010 | Jan 1988 | DE |
| 3932176 | Jun 1990 | DE |
| 3923800 | Jan 1991 | DE |
| 40 04 103 | Aug 1991 | DE |
| 4004103 | Aug 1991 | DE |
| 4004103 | Aug 1991 | DE |
| 4104919 | Aug 1992 | DE |
| 4209834 | Sep 1993 | DE |
| 4228338 | Oct 1993 | DE |
| 9403018.9 | May 1994 | DE |
| 19858342 | Dec 1998 | DE |
| 20006112 | Jul 2000 | DE |
| 19549535 | Jan 2001 | DE |
| 1086311 | Oct 1967 | EP |
| 0055504 | Jul 1982 | EP |
| 0103097 | Mar 1984 | EP |
| 0173553 | Mar 1986 | EP |
| 0184477 | Jun 1986 | EP |
| 0222339 | May 1987 | EP |
| 0305209 | Mar 1989 | EP |
| 0347092 | Dec 1989 | EP |
| 0220073 | May 1991 | EP |
| 0428431 | May 1991 | EP |
| 0430667 | Jun 1991 | EP |
| 0482810 | Apr 1992 | EP |
| 484 283 | Jun 1992 | EP |
| 0558239 | Sep 1993 | EP |
| 0564447 | Oct 1993 | EP |
| 0625618 | Nov 1994 | EP |
| 0683282 | Nov 1995 | EP |
| 0708213 | Apr 1996 | EP |
| 990 242 | Sep 1951 | FR |
| 2248246 | May 1975 | FR |
| 2405908 | May 1979 | FR |
| 2540160 | Aug 1984 | FR |
| 2562591 | Oct 1984 | FR |
| 2562591 | Oct 1985 | FR |
| 2 624 870 | Dec 1987 | FR |
| 2624870 | Jun 1989 | FR |
| 2628775 | Sep 1989 | FR |
| 2702790 | Sep 1994 | FR |
| 119182 | Sep 1918 | GB |
| 558239 | Dec 1943 | GB |
| 558584 | Jan 1944 | GB |
| 564447 | Sep 1944 | GB |
| 1086311 | Oct 1967 | GB |
| 1125825 | Sep 1968 | GB |
| 1174902 | Dec 1969 | GB |
| 1269357 | Apr 1972 | GB |
| 1512084 | May 1978 | GB |
| 2021186 | Nov 1979 | GB |
| 2041384 | Sep 1980 | GB |
| 1577648 | Oct 1980 | GB |
| 2064989 | Jun 1981 | GB |
| 2 067 622 | Jul 1981 | GB |
| 2075079 | Nov 1981 | GB |
| 2 078 611 | Jan 1982 | GB |
| 2080851 | Feb 1982 | GB |
| 2083512 | Mar 1982 | GB |
| 2148871 | Jun 1985 | GB |
| 2199857 | Jul 1988 | GB |
| 2 252 987 | Aug 1992 | GB |
| 2340071 | Feb 2000 | GB |
| 49-46761 | Dec 1971 | JP |
| 49-116445 | Feb 1973 | JP |
| 49-46761 | Dec 1974 | JP |
| 51-23229 | Jun 1976 | JP |
| 52051719 | Apr 1977 | JP |
| 53050229 | May 1978 | JP |
| 54-123129 | Sep 1979 | JP |
| 56-130832 | Mar 1980 | JP |
| 55-116684 | Sep 1980 | JP |
| 5252429 | Sep 1980 | JP |
| 56-048413 | May 1981 | JP |
| 57-15641 | Sep 1982 | JP |
| 57-156541 | Sep 1982 | JP |
| 5641881 | Sep 1982 | JP |
| 58045008 | Mar 1983 | JP |
| 58059803 | Apr 1983 | JP |
| 60-105715 | Jul 1985 | JP |
| 58202823 | Jul 1985 | JP |
| 60-242242 | Dec 1985 | JP |
| 61-68967 | Apr 1986 | JP |
| 037441987 | Feb 1987 | JP |
| 037444 | Feb 1987 | JP |
| 63-19636 | Feb 1988 | JP |
| 63 31426 | Jun 1988 | JP |
| 63257631 | Oct 1988 | JP |
| 63-47229 | Dec 1988 | JP |
| 64-020910 | Jan 1989 | JP |
| 64-022385 | Jan 1989 | JP |
| 64-025200 | Jan 1989 | JP |
| 6420910 | Jan 1989 | JP |
| 6422385 | Jan 1989 | JP |
| 6425200 | Jan 1989 | JP |
| 64-50541 | Mar 1989 | JP |
| 01128748 | May 1989 | JP |
| 1178658 | Jul 1989 | JP |
| 02192447 | Jul 1990 | JP |
| 2204566 | Aug 1990 | JP |
| 02-236350 | Sep 1990 | JP |
| 3-4654 | Feb 1991 | JP |
| 3-63641 | Jun 1991 | JP |
| 3-66338 | Jun 1991 | JP |
| 04089340 | Mar 1992 | JP |
| 4149352 | May 1992 | JP |
| 09-193120 | Jul 1992 | JP |
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| 04300232 | Oct 1992 | JP |
| 5-1532 | Jan 1993 | JP |
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| 565760 | Mar 1993 | JP |
| 542192 | Oct 1993 | JP |
| 06-017621 | Jan 1994 | JP |
| 6023889 | Feb 1994 | JP |
| 06-080264 | Mar 1994 | JP |
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| 06278116 | Oct 1994 | JP |
| 08012450 | Jan 1996 | JP |
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| 2538120 | Mar 1997 | JP |
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| 10025841 | Jan 1998 | JP |
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| 11-210203 | Aug 1999 | JP |
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| 200158855 | May 1998 | KR |
| 100231910 | Sep 1999 | KR |
| 200172372 | Dec 1999 | KR |
| 100274218 | Sep 2000 | KR |
| 107883 | Jun 1996 | MY |
| 9901129 | Sep 2000 | NO |
| 19354 | Nov 1984 | NZ |
| 20119 | Oct 1985 | NZ |
| 20120 | Oct 1985 | NZ |
| 20844 | Nov 1986 | NZ |
| 210395 | Aug 1987 | NZ |
| 211265 | Jan 1989 | NZ |
| 22705 | Jul 1989 | NZ |
| 247463 | Aug 1989 | NZ |
| 218315 | May 1990 | NZ |
| 221389 | Dec 1991 | NZ |
| 25267 | Jun 1993 | NZ |
| 230209 | Dec 1993 | NZ |
| 26065 | Jul 1994 | NZ |
| 26066 | Jul 1994 | NZ |
| 25838 | Nov 1994 | NZ |
| 240533 | Jul 1996 | NZ |
| 270310 | Dec 1996 | NZ |
| 280409 | Jun 1997 | NZ |
| 280235 | Sep 1997 | NZ |
| 259493 | Oct 1997 | NZ |
| 248942 | Nov 1997 | NZ |
| 242960 | Dec 1997 | NZ |
| 306382 | Feb 1998 | NZ |
| 21875 | Apr 1998 | NZ |
| 314544 | Jun 1998 | NZ |
| 331553 | Jan 2000 | NZ |
| 336159 | Mar 2000 | NZ |
| 334899 | Apr 2000 | NZ |
| 400643 | Apr 2000 | NZ |
| 334918 | Aug 2000 | NZ |
| 335529 | Dec 2000 | NZ |
| 508055 | Dec 2000 | NZ |
| 502017 | Jan 2001 | NZ |
| 331336 | Apr 2001 | NZ |
| 500215 | Jun 2001 | NZ |
| 507846 | Apr 2002 | NZ |
| 502004 | Aug 2002 | NZ |
| 505799 | Feb 2003 | NZ |
| 504881 | Mar 2003 | NZ |
| 512028 | Jul 2003 | NZ |
| 516912 | Jul 2003 | NZ |
| 524520 | Sep 2003 | NZ |
| 518988 | Oct 2003 | NZ |
| 517658 | Nov 2003 | NZ |
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| 528304 | Apr 2005 | NZ |
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| 92906122 | Aug 1989 | SG |
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| 587123 | Jan 1978 | SU |
| 607813 | Apr 1978 | SU |
| 655678 | Apr 1979 | SU |
| 1114646 | Sep 1984 | SU |
| 1606633 | Nov 1990 | SU |
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| 282800 | Dec 2005 | TW |
| 255851 | Jun 2006 | TW |
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| 8503966 | Sep 1985 | WO |
| 9008240 | Jul 1990 | WO |
| 9111321 | Aug 1991 | WO |
| 9114057 | Sep 1991 | WO |
| WO 9217657 | Oct 1992 | WO |
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| WO 9321126 | Oct 1993 | WO |
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| WO 9931158 | Jun 1999 | WO |
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| WO 0008271 | Feb 2000 | WO |
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| WO 0063506 | Oct 2000 | WO |
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| WO 0116048 | Mar 2001 | WO |
| 0125561 | Apr 2001 | WO |
| 0125562 | Apr 2001 | WO |
| WO 0126894 | Apr 2001 | WO |
| WO 0136191 | May 2001 | WO |
| 0149952 | Jul 2001 | WO |
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| 0166485 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| 0168547 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| WO 0165021 | Sep 2001 | WO |
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| WO 0228796 | Apr 2002 | WO |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20030054123 A1 | Mar 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60281195 | Apr 2001 | US |
