Patent Application
20120193107
The present invention broadly relates to protective coverings for equine hooves and, more particularly relates to a reinforced polymer cuff horseshoe and a method of manufacturing same.
Wild horses rarely suffer from lameness unless they are injured in some way. This is true mainly due to the fact that they are constantly on the move, run on uneven ground, stand in water and otherwise are exposed to environmental factors which wear away the hoof in the manner in which nature intended. The hoof mechanism in its natural state is designed to be a shock absorber as well as a vital aid to the circulatory system. When in motion, on contact with the ground surface, the digital cushion is compressed between the pastern bone and the sensitive frog and redirects the remainder of the force outwards and upwards to the lateral cartilages (attached to the sides of the coffin bone). The foot will expand and the sole will widen, this expansion absorbs shock and also permits the coffin bone to lower which in turn brings blood flow to the area. As the foot is lifted in stride it contracts forcing the blood out of the foot and up the leg as the foot hits the ground on the next stride. Not only does the entire structure of the foot benefit from increased circulation this process is fundamental for the health and well being of the horse.
Domesticated horses are not so lucky. They are exposed to much less uneven terrain and spend a great deal more time confined to stalls where movement is prohibited as the average stall is 11′×11′. They are protected from the more harsh and abrasive aspects of nature. Furthermore, special feeds which create other desirable conditions in domesticated horses may have a harmful effect on the feet. Therefore, it has long been recognized that special care is required to maintain domesticated horses' feet in proper condition. Horseshoes are used for this purpose.
Traditionally over the years most domesticated horses have been and are currently shod with shoes made of metal such as steel or aluminum alloys.
Horseshoes are typically secured to hooves by nails. The nails pass through holes in a horseshoe and are driven into the horn wall of the hoof, or hard keratinous portion. Great care must be taken in directing the nail into the hard keratinous portion so as to prevent injury to the horse. The nails are driven at an angle away from the center of the hoof, the nail points extend through the outer side wall of the hoof where they are cut off and clinched or hammered against the hoof.
Aluminum alloys are most commonly used today in racing and are characterized by efficient application, relatively low weight and expense. Horses engaged in competition training or racing are commonly re shod every three to six weeks depending on the individual's hoof growth. This is done in consideration of the weakened clinches (nails), but primarily by the desire to maintain healthy geometry with respect to the configuration of the foot and so facilitate optimal biomechanics, or way of going. As a result of the natural flexion and movement of the foot over time the nails work loose and the clinches become raised, which can often lead to a horse dislodging a shoe or shoes. This event can result in damage to the hoof wall when the clinched nails are pulled through the wall of the hoof or more disastrous if the shoe is not pulled off cleanly the horse may step on exposed nail ends damaging the sole or frog or further damage a leg with the dislodged shoe.
Frequent removal and reattachment of shoes makes numerous nail holes in the hoof walls. There is always a possibility of error when driving a nail, if driven too close to the white line it can be very painful for a horse leading to lameness and possibly abscesses. If there is insufficient new healthy horn growth two problems arise. First, with numerous nail holes already in the hoof wall, it can be difficult or sometimes impossible to secure a new shoe. Second, the abundance of nail holes lets in bacteria, dries out the hoof wall, damages the corium (vascular tissue that supplies nourishment to the hoof) and generally weakens the hoof structure, which can lead to failure of the wall and damage to the horse's hoof and foot. Thus, the well known phrase, no foot no horse, prevails.
The surfaces on which horses train and perform vary widely. Horses frequently train and compete on grass, dirt, sand, cinder, crushed stone, and sometimes on packed surfaces which nearly approach the hardness of asphalt or cement. The hardness of the training or racing surfaces can greatly increase the effective rate of loading, thus the shock and vibration, e.g., the peak g forces which the horse will experience. The shock and vibration transmitted to a horse's anatomy is intensified by metal shoes and can directly affect a horse's efficiency, athletic performance and the amount of trauma that will be experienced.
Accordingly, it can be readily understood that the potential for injury is large whenever horses train or race on hard surfaces. Horses are best trained by placing them into open paddocks and training them on forgiving yet not unstable natural surfaces. Clearly, no single factor can so greatly affect the level of stress being placed upon a horse, as can the training or racing surface and overall training program. In Thoroughbred or Standardbred racing, trainers have very few alternatives other than utilizing a racetrack for daily training.
It is known that the foot of an active unshod horse living in a natural environment will wear such that the front and back of the hoof become gently rounded. In fact, horseshoes which are initially substantially rectangular in cross-section will wear in these areas and eventually enable the combination of a horse's foot and horseshoe to assume a somewhat similar shape. Unfortunately, many conventional horseshoes are so constructed as to require replacement by the time this more natural configuration is attained.
It is also known that the hoof of an active unshod horse living in a natural environment will assume a slightly concave shape in the toe area between the medial and lateral sides, as when viewed from the front, but also along both sides of the hoof between the toe and heel. This configuration permits the hoof to better slide or plane over the ground support surface during the braking phase as impact takes place, thereby reducing the effective rate of loading and the shock and vibration experienced.
Further, this configuration permits the hoof to better grab the surface during the later propulsive phase, and to break over and make a faster transition during toe-off, thus enhancing stride frequency and exhibited speed. The ability of the horse's hoof to slide somewhat can also enhance stability relative to a situation in which a horse's foot would suddenly catch or grab the ground support surface, as can happen with the use of horseshoes having rectangular configurations which possibly further include toe grabs, raised traction members or cleats. Of course, the presence of extremely loose or slippery ground can neutralize the possible adverse effects of such traction devices, and in fact, such may provide better performance and safety in such circumstances.
As mentioned, it is known that in the unshod natural state, a horse's foot and hoof will flex and slightly widen when under load forces. It follows that use of relatively rigid metal or aluminum horseshoes substantially prevents this natural movement and so tends to reduce both the effective size, and the shock and vibration absorbing capability of a horse's foot. A steel horseshoe is known to be more forgiving in this regard than an aluminum horseshoe. For that matter, it is believed that the occurrence of hoof cracks is sometimes caused by the flexing and widening action of the foot and hoof working against the nails associated with a substantially inflexible horseshoe. Inflexible horseshoes also are known to prevent the natural wearing of the hoof, which can result in contraction and inflammation of the foot.
Non-metallic materials such as plastic or rubber are sometimes used in combination with a metal horseshoe and such hybrid products are generally referred to in the industry as bonded horseshoes.
Plastic and rubber materials have been chemically and/or mechanically bonded to metal shoes to create various configurations, e.g., these materials have been used between upper and lower metal layers of a horseshoe, between the horseshoe and the hoof, on the ground engaging portion of a horseshoe, and to completely encapsulate a metal horseshoe.
Although some shock or vibration may be relieved through these alternatives, the rigidity of the metal shoe is still present as is the damaging effect of the nails.
Horseshoes made entirely of plastic material are known. Most, if not all, plastics-fabricated horseshoes currently on the market, however, suffer from the disadvantage that they are time-consuming and awkward to apply, particularly those that have to be assembled from a kit of parts or require special equipment. The composition of plastic horseshoes varies widely with some being as restrictive as a metal horseshoe. And while some inventions teach methods where a person without farrier skills can attach the hoof covering, equine hooves require particular preparation prior to shoe application such that unknowledgeable trimming or rasping and handling of some equipment can realize disastrous results. For that matter, such unskilled farrier practice on most Thoroughbred horses, especially those in intensive training programs, can easily result in injury.
Furthermore, some glue-on horseshoes currently on the market require attaching the glue-on horseshoe using side extensions such as tabs or cuffs which extend up the sidewall of the hoof. Gluing to a sidewall presents special problems, principally because bonds there can be subjected to very high tensile forces when a horse pivots, and bonds are usually weakest in tension. In addition, for horses with thin hoof walls, such as many Thoroughbreds have, when gluing side extensions the high heat (hoof adhesives heat up significantly when curing) can produce discomfort for the horse. The hoof wall is almost encapsulated by these extensions and adhesive, creating unnatural conditions which can be detrimental to the health of the horse's foot.
For that matter, it is time consuming to fit such a shoe, wasteful of material, and requires a number of parts to be supplied for each shoe. For the next shoeing, the tabs can prove extremely difficult to remove from the upper hoof wall, causing discomfort for the horse and extra time spent prepping the hoof for the fitting of new shoes.
Prior art has not recognized a product made from a plastics material which is widely accepted by trainers of performance horses. The foregoing illustrates limitations known to exist in present horseshoes. Thus, it is apparent that it would be advantageous to provide an alternative directed to overcoming the limitations set forth above.
One embodiment of the present invention offers a solution where prior art has failed. Two of the foremost problems are addressed by the invention, the eradication of a rigid shoe and nails as the form of attachment. For example, an inventive embodiment provides horseshoes which conform to the foot imitating the known configuration which healthy, active, unshod horses acquire when living in a natural environment. The horseshoes are configured with a degree of hardness closely resembling the natural composition of the equine hoof that permits natural flexing and widening of the foot and horseshoe when under load forces.
The horseshoes offer many advantages including without imitation a significant reduction of trauma and stress subjected to the horse's skeletal and muscular system when under load forces and improved circulatory system thus enhanced performance and health of the horse.
Due to the characteristics of an embodiment of the invention, a self leveling effect in the horseshoe is achieved. That is, in horses shod with the inventive horseshoes, as new horn is regenerated over the course of a few weeks, the horseshoe gradually wears, resulting in a longer period of optimal biomechanics before the next shoeing. The heels are allowed to drop naturally as they grow avoiding the jammed up effect which can often lead to quarter cracks.
The invention also provides an improved method of attaching a horseshoe using adhesives, which eliminates nails, promotes stronger, healthier horn regeneration and removes the element of error when driving nails. The horseshoes can be easily and efficiently attached or removed by a farrier in the field, as it may be cut, rasped, sanded or ground down using regular farrier tools. For that matter, the horseshoes considerably reduce occurrence of diseases and detrimental conditions of the foot, e.g. laminitis, navicular syndrome, white line disease and quarter cracks.
The inventive horseshoes are easily fitted to a foot having a given shape and width by cold forming without the need for special equipment. The horseshoes are neither bulky nor obtrusive, are light and comfortable for the horse and being attached by adhesive guards against dislodgment regardless of the direction of frictional force on the shoe relative to the hoof. For that matter, field testing has proven its strength and resilience by 6 weeks of continued attachment on a Thoroughbred racehorse in an intensive training program, producing winners on racing surfaces, dirt, synthetic and turf.
The invention includes one or more embodiments of therapeutic horseshoes configured for use in treating angular deformities and/or for compensating for various deleterious effects to the foot and hoof that can sometimes occur during known treatments for serious angular deformities.
Various limb deformities in foals, weanlings and yearlings, including angular deformities, can be treated at an early stage surgically and/or with foot care to correct the deformity or at least improve the prognosis as the horse matures. Angular limb and flexure deformities are common limb abnormalities manifest in foals that require early recognition and treatment. Foals with angular limb deformities, i.e., valgus and varus deformities, have traditionally been referred to as “knock-kneed” or “bow-legged” in the front limbs. A valgus deformity is defined as a deviation of the limb away from the midline (knock-kneed). A varus deformity is a deviation of the limb toward the midline (bow-legged). The most common location of angular limb deformity is the carpal joint (knee).
As is known, a growing horse's foot changes shape in response to weight distribution and varying a weight distribution. A side of the hoof that is lined up closer to the vertical line of force (bone column) develops a straighter vertical wall and the opposite site develops a more sloping wall and in more severe cases, develops a flare. As the vertical wall becomes more vertical it fails to provide adequate support. In some cases, the wall collapses or contracts beyond vertical and in extreme cases is known to fold over axially. These effects can propagate a cycle of distortion and imbalance having the related effect of worsening the angular deformity which caused the original problem.
For example, in a case of carpal valgus, the medial wall of the affected limb is lined up closer to the vertical line of force (plum line dropped from point of shoulder). As such, the medial wall receives more load and becomes straighter while the lateral wall (which is under loaded vertically) becomes flared or more sloping. Additionally, the region of the foot under the most load grows the slowest. Hence, the lateral wall in this case (less vertical load) grows faster and the medial wall slower, with time. Between trimmings the limb consequently becomes more valgus as the hoof capsule distortion pulls the limb out.
Foot management techniques are aimed at building and maintaining a healthy foot (base of support), where more severe cases require trimming and the addition of an extension. An extension can be an epoxy or acrylic patch with Kevlar fabric that is placed in the heel quarter and extended to a plum line dropped from the condyle of MC/MT III to the ground. Extensions are made out of acrylic, that is, built up around the side of the hoof wall and molded outwards to create an extension. Such extensions, however, create a lever affect on the hoof wall and can create flares and hoof wall separation, as described above.
Treatments using extensions, and the limitations of same, are described in detail within a publication by Scott Morrison, DVM; Morrison, S., FOAL FOOT CARE, CanWest Conference, Oct. 17-20, 2009. Dr. Morrison's disclosure indicates that extension shoes, as an alternative to an acrylic/Kevlar extension, do not pull on a focal area as much as an extension and better distribute the leverage over a larger area. Dr. Morrison explains that while various shoe types can be used to create an extension shoe, aluminum is most common where the extension is directly glued to the bottom of the hoof.
Dr. Morrison explains, however, that while such aluminum shoes are helpful with wide feet, directly gluing such a shoe on a foal foot constricts the hoof to some degree and likely creates a mild heel contracture. Dr. Morrison posits that an indirect gluing method is probably the most effective and least damaging means for gluing an extension shoe, which allows heel expansion and constricts the hoof minimally, if at all. Dr. Morrison then discusses the Sigafoos' series gluing system, wherein flexible fiberglass fabric is adhered to the shoe and the wall to provide a flexible attachment to the shoe.
Such techniques may be said to frequently realize an entirely contracted hoof (i.e., mule footed), which provides poor limb support. At other times, only a half-contracted hoof, usually medially on a valgus deformity and laterally on a varus deformity. Dr. Morrison indicates that there is benefit from widening the foot to a normal shape or widening the contracted half to so that it is pulled out beyond vertical, which is known to be accomplished by use of hinged spring shoes.
A medial extension on one side and toward the back of the foot will support the overloaded side of the limb, i.e., will move the plane of support toward the midline to allow a more even distribution of weight over the support surface. This has the effect of promoting centerline breakover. Extensions constructed from poly methylmethacrylate (Equilox®) and fiberglass are applied directly to the foot by the veterinarian, and shaped to the desired width to provide the exact amount of correction. The extension is trimmed by the veterinarian like normal hoof as the foot grows or additional applications are applied as deemed necessary.
There are significant problems in the use of solid inflexible extension horseshoes, for example, aluminum. The hoof is unable to flex naturally, and change with the redistribution of weight. That is, by fixing the hoof directly to an inflexible surface (as discussed above), the ability of the actively developing young hoof can be inhibited. The inability of a developing hoof to flex limits blood circulation and supply therein, which is so important to the developing hoof of foals, weanlings and yearlings, particularly when the treatment end is to stimulate the limb growth plates without sacrificing the hoof development. Furthermore, as the developing hoof grows, the rigid extension horseshoes must be changed on a regular basis to allow for these changes. Anytime these therapeutic applications are applied and removed on a regular basis there is hoof wall removed, in some cases more than is being generated (horn growth), particularly with indirect glue cuff shoes (such as taught by Sigafoos, as discussed above) that encapsulate the foot, hoof wall is degraded through the duration of wear and at re-application where hoof wall is removed to prep the surface for a new horseshoe. The therapeutic extension horseshoe as it adapts to the changing young hoof can be left on for longer periods of time.
For that matter, while the problem of wear tends to be insignificant in hard metal extension shoes, extensions made from acrylics, etc., may wear unevenly. And while uneven wear may not significantly affect the foot, per se, it may have a limiting effect on the intended improvement. That is, wear can limit the therapeutic effectiveness of a therapeutic extension shoe.
While polymer reinforced horseshoes and polymer-formed extension therapeutic horseshoes add great value to the art for maintaining domesticated horses' feet in proper condition, properly shoeing, i.e., attaching the shoe to optimize the attachment as well as the shoe's longevity, wearabilty, positioning, etc., on the hoof or ungulate surface(s), can be a challenge.
In many instances, shoeing a horse with an acrylic shoe requires immobilizing the horse and may require maintaining each hoof off the floor until the adhesive or bond has properly set.
The horseshoes provided in accordance with the present invention overcome the shortcomings of known prior art horseshoes, and known methods for shoeing horses.
In an embodiment, the reinforced polymer cuff horseshoe is formed in a substantially u-shape from a resilient, flexile, moldable material comprising a pliable, metal rod-like reinforcer shaped to include an anterior segment from which opposing side segments continuously extend to caudal ends separated as an open heel, the reinforcer embedded in the material between ungulate and ground contact surfaces. A cuff member is attached to or integrally-formed with the material between the ungulate and ground contact surfaces and configured to extend up from said ungulate surface for a predetermined extent while an inner, hoof-contacting surface of the cuff surrounds and snugly fits to an outer surface contour of a hoof. A plurality of grooves or open channels is arranged in the ungulate surface for receiving an adhesive or glue for bonding the horseshoe to a hoof.
The grooves or open channels can be configured with a depth of between 1 and 4 mm, but are preferably configured with a depth of 2 mm.
The reinforced polymer cuff horseshoe may further comprise at least one wear insert arranged in a toe section opposite said caudal ends and in reinforcing contact with and extending from said metal, rod-like reinforcer towards said contact surface.
The hoof-contacting surface of the cuff can be configured to be glued to the outer surface contour of the hoof. The cuff preferably includes an expansion slot or “V” slot to facilitate expansion as the cuff is placed around a hoof while the hoof is inserted into the cuff horseshoe and pressed to contact the ungulate surface of the horseshoe base.
The resilient, flexile moldable material comprises one of urethane, polyurethane and hybrid polyurethane and the cuff comprises rubber or thin polyurethane. For that matter, the cuff material and the flexile moldable material may be the same material. In some cases, the cuff may be formed as one piece with the flexile moldable material.
To minimize damage by overflexing, the density of the molded urethane material comprising the horseshoe displays a durometer between 35 D and 75 D or between 85 A and 100 A, and preferable 70 D.
In many cases, it is important that the pliable, metal rod-like reinforcer is constructed to enable flexing such that a distance separating said caudal ends in said open heel may increase and decrease with normal hoof movement in a plane substantially horizontal to the ground and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane substantially horizontal to the ground.
A method of shoeing a horse's hoof with a reinforced polymer cuff horseshoe, such as above-described, may be implemented by applying glue or adhesive to the ungulate surface of the horseshoe in a quantity sufficient to fill the grooves or channels completely, attaching the hoof and the horseshoe, raising the other hoof to compel the hoof being shoed to bear weight against the ground and standing the horse still for 2 to 8 minutes.
The step of standing the horse is preferably carried out for 5 minutes. The step of applying includes applying adhesive or glue to at least one of the inner surface of the cuff or the outer surface contour of the hoof. The step of attaching includes sliding the hoof into the horseshoe to form a snug fit.
In an embodiment, before the step of applying, a step of trimming and cleaning all hoof surfaces that will contact the ungulate surface and an inner, hoof-contacting surface of the cuff is applied. Also, after the step of applying, a further step of applying a thin layer of glue or adhesive to an underside of the hoof that will contact the ungulate surface may be carried out.
The present invention teaches a novel design for a preferred horseshoe that closely resembles the natural composition of the equine hoof which conforms to the foot, imitating the known configuration which healthy, active, unshod horses acquire when living in a natural environment, a novel therapeutic extension horseshoe designed to aid angular deformities in foals through yearlings, a reinforced polymer cuff horseshoe, the reinforcement including a single wirelike reinforcer or a single wirelike reinforcer in cooperation with a second reinforcer in the toe.
Referring again to
Turning now to
During the lifespan of the shoe 10, the width of the base 20 will increase as a result of frictional terrain contact, as bevelled surface 22 is ground down (shown in
Turning now to
When a metal is used for the reinforcers, one preferred embodiment is a magnetizable metal, which is considered therapeutic by those skilled in equine science.
As shown in
In other embodiments, the hard wear insert is fitted to the anterior segment of the shoe by means other than welding, such as being co-molded with the entire shoe, bonded chemically or by polymeric bonds, joined with mechanical fasteners.
Two alternate embodiments are shown for toe portion 12 in
The moldable shoe generally is molded integrally, in one piece, and is an open ellipse shape. That ellipse is closed from the caudal end portions, through the side segments and the anterior segment, and is open between the two caudal ends. The shoe is flexile, because of the moldable composition and the pliant metal reinforcer, such that the shoe can be conformed to the shape of a horse's hoof. The pliant metal embedded or encapsulated in the shoe enables the farrier to bend it to conform to the circumferential edge of the hoof. That pliant metal reinforcer preferably is joined to the second reinforcer, or hard wear insert, which is fitted to the anterior segment or toe portion of the shoe. The shoe has a contact surface that is joined to the hoof by adhesives, selected by skilled farriers. The opposite side of the shoe is the ungulate surface, which has the inventive quality of performing like an unshod hoof. The ungulate surface preferably has a sidewall, a crowned edge and an inner wall. The sidewall starts along the outer arc of the ellipse-shaped segments. The sidewall of many conventional metal horseshoes is vertical from the hoof to the ground. The preferable sidewall of the present invention is not vertical, but is chamfered or bevelled in toward the inner arc of the ellipse-shaped segments. The chamfered sidewall, crowned edge and tapering inner wall of one preferred embodiment perform, wear and flex in a way comparable to an unshod hoof.
The preferred horseshoe 10 is molded from polymeric material 36 to form a moldable shoe that is flexile. Polymeric material 36 is available in a vast range of durometer hardness, and flexural qualities. The present invention's durometer on the Shore D scale preferably ranges from 60 to 70 from the Hapflex 600 series device, produced by Hapco Inc. Hanover, Mass.
Physical properties:
As seen in
The horseshoe 10 according to the present invention is molded from polymeric material 36 with a uniform durometer of hardness. Alternatively, as depicted in
The wire 28 is shaped and cut from bar stock to the C shape of the preferred horseshoe 10 which varies in sizes. The wire 28 length is adjusted to fit inside the mold allowing for approximately ½″ where the side portions 14 and 14′ preferably taper to faces 21 and 21′ at the heel portions 16. The toe portion 12 of the wire 28 is attached by spot welds 32 to the prong extensions 34 of the hard wear resistant insert 30. Fabricating the wire 28 and hard wear resistant insert 30 in one piece is an alternative. Another embodiment is spot weld 32 to prong extensions 34 where the hard wear resistant insert 30 would be flush with the base 20 of the horseshoe 10, as shown in
A mold of the preferred horseshoe 10 is sprayed with a suitable release agent, such as, Grease-It Four, Hapco Inc. The wire 28 with attached hard wear resistant insert 30 is set inside the mold with the ends of the wire 28 suspended by fine line made of plastic, nylon or like material across the heel portions 16, or by using magnets to hold the wire 28 in place or by other means to maintain the wire's 28 position in the core of the mold. An alternate embodiment, when using a magnet to maintain the wire's 28 position in the core of the mold, is to place and secure the magnet on top of the wire 28 allowing the polymeric material 36 to encapsulate it to become part of the horseshoe 10. This alternate embodiment would magnetize the horseshoe 10 providing magnetic therapy to the hoof wall when fitted.
The polymeric material 36 is mixed to a moldable form, in accordance with the chosen product's ratio formula, preferably to a low viscosity, making it easy to handle and pour. Gel time is approximately 30 minutes with a demold time of 2-4 hours, which is the time to reach 80% of cure. Size, mass and temperature effects gel and demold time. For a full cure, some may prefer to allow 7-10 days. Demold and final cure time can be accelerated with the addition of heat.
The mold defines the segments of the shoe, and the shape of the preferred ungulate surface, as described above. When the mold is filled, the composition reaches a level naturally, which forms the generally planar, hoof contact surface.
Once full cure is reached the preferred horseshoe 10 is prepared for attachment. To achieve a surface that bonds well with adhesive 40 the top 18, or hoof contact surface of the preferred horseshoe 10 is sanded to attain a rough appearance and feel as opposed to a smooth, glossy finish realized straight from the mold.
The process for manufacturing the therapeutic extension horseshoe (discussed in detail below in cooperation with
Alternatively, the wear inserts/studs may be inserted into vias first drilled in the cured material comprising the lateral or medial extension portion. Where the wear inserts/studs are connected to the reinforcer, which is located within, or proximate, the extension within the therapeutic extension shoe, they are first welded to the reinforcer prior to its insertion in the mold, or material in the mold before it is set.
The design of the preferred horseshoe 10 is such that it is attached to the hoof by adhesive 40. In the preferred embodiment, the shoe has no nail holes or attachment tabs, and is designed to be adhered to the hoof by adhesive between the contact surface of the shoe and the hoof. Through field testing much success has been achieved by using Equilox, Vettec or Grand Circuit Hoof Adhesive, which are among several products on the market for bonding horseshoes to the hoof. The properties of these adhesives allow the preferred horseshoe 10 to flex and widen without weakening the bond between the horseshoe and hoof.
After the hoof is prepared (trimmed and rasped) and the preferred horseshoe 10 custom fitted, a degreasing agent such as acetone is applied to the perimeter of the sole where the adhesive 40 shall be applied. It is important to have a clean, greaseless surface to achieve a good bond. Alternatively, the contact surface may be roughened so as to accept adhesive and form a bond. A protective foot covering can be used to keep the hoof clean whilst the adhesive 40 is prepared. Hoof adhesive 40 is applied to the top 18, or hoof contact surface of the preferred horseshoe 10. Alternatively, adhesive can be applied to the perimeter of the sole of the foot, with care being taken not to apply the product in excess. Any excess adhesive 40 can be removed and added to the heel area where required. In some cases where a horse's hoof is weakened from previous nail holes or past ailments this is an appropriate time to patch the area with hoof adhesive 40 during or after fitting the preferred horseshoe 10. The cure time of the hoof adhesive 40 gives a farrier time to set the preferred horseshoe 10 in place and adjust its position if necessary before setting. Cure times vary with environment conditions and products. They range between 2-4 minutes in warm temperatures up to 7 minutes in cold temperatures. Several products on the market have faster cure times than others.
Once the preferred horseshoe 10 is set in place and the hoof adhesive 40 has cured any excess adhesive 40 on the sole, outside of the hoof wall or around the heel area is removed by rasping or use of a sanding tool resulting in a streamline uninhibited foot. The hoof adhesive 40 once cured is comparable to the composition of the hoof wall.
When the horse is due to be shod again the preferred horseshoe 10 is simply trimmed off using farrier's nippers just as if it was hoof wall.
The simplicity of the present invention is one of the advantages over prior art. It is devised to be part of the horse's own hoof and function as one, expanding and contracting in the identical direction.
The hoof mechanism in its natural state is designed to be a shock absorber as well as a vital aid to the circulatory system. When a horse is in motion, on contact with the ground surface the weight of the horse compresses the digital cushion between the pastern bone and the sensitive frog and redirects the remainder of the force outwards and upwards to the lateral cartilages (attached to the sides of the coffin bone). The foot expands and widens when under load forces as does the polymeric material 36.
As the foot is lifted in stride the digital cushion expands and the foot contracts, as does the polymeric material 36, forcing the blood out of the foot and up the leg.
The polymeric material 36 is designed to wear 38 unlike the deliberations of prior art horseshoes. This characteristic is enhanced by the base 20 of the preferred horseshoe 10. As the base 20 is beveled 22 from the outside edge 24 of the preferred horseshoe 10 to the inside edge 26 it shall wear 38 more rapidly when subjected to additional force, this wear will slow as the beveled 22 edge becomes worn and thus wider. For example when a horse's foot hits the ground it may not set it down evenly due to bad confirmation or gait. (Many horses do not have perfect confirmation or way of going.) If more weight is distributed on one heel over a period of time the base 20 of the preferred horseshoe 10 shall wear 38 down more in this area having the effect of self leveling which in turn prevents the horse's heel becoming jammed up leading to pain and inflammation in the foot. This concave shape of the preferred horseshoe 10 imitates the known configuration which healthy, active, unshod horses acquire when living in a natural environment.
The wire 28 which is encapsulated within the preferred horseshoe 10 does not restrict its flexing and widening capabilities. The wire 28 has two novel and primary purposes. First, is to enable shaping of the horseshoe 10 by a farrier in the field for an individual horse, when the horseshoe 10 is custom formed by hand (pressure applied to widen or reduce the width) the wire 28 retains the shape without the need of special equipment making the procedure quick and efficient. The polymeric material 36 of the preferred horseshoe 10 can simply be cut, sanded or rasped if necessary. Second, is to give the hard wear resistant insert 30 a means of attachment and reinforcement within the polymeric material 36.
The hard wear resistant insert 30 which is attached to the wire 28 gives reinforcement to the toe portion 12 of the preferred horseshoe 10. As this area of the preferred horseshoe 10 is subjected to the most abrasion especially over unnatural surfaces, e.g., tarmac and concrete, the hard wear resistant insert 30 prevents the preferred horseshoe 10 in this area wearing too rapidly, thus extending the time between shoeing.
As described in detail above, angular deformities occur when the distal extremities of the limb deviate from the midline of the limb. Valgus deformity is a deviation lateral of the mid line. Varus deformity is a deviation medial of the mid line. Lateral and medial therapeutic extension horseshoes of this invention are primarily intended for use on foals or young stock with limb development problems, these shoes extend to the inside (medial) or the outside (lateral). By creating a ground-bearing surface in the position where the foot should be, the active growth plates can adapt to the foot's modified posture. The plates must be actively growing, as you cannot manipulate the deformity once the limb has stopped growing.
The benefit of flexing and moving with the foot is achieved with the therapeutic extension horseshoe, as explained in detail above. That is, the resilient moldable material (for example, urethane or hybrid polyurethane) and the reinforcer act in the same way as in the non-therapeutic horseshoes. As mature horses benefit from the inventive horseshoe described above, the properties are even more important in horseshoes worn by young growing horses when used in cooperation with natural growth cycles to correct for the aforementioned limb deformities.
As described above, using extensions made of acrylic material is known. A DVM or farrier applies and builds up material around the hoof wall to create a platform, instead of using an extension horseshoe. Such a method, however, can be detrimental to the integrity of the hoof wall resulting in a possible flare and wall separation. The therapeutic extension horseshoe provides support across the entire hoof, minimizing distortion to the hoof capsule.
In view of the fact that the therapeutic extension horseshoe is designed to treat young developing horses (foals, weanlings, yearlings), there is no need for a hardened wear insert to be present in the toe or anterior region as foals through yearlings typically are not subjected to the abrasive surfaces present at racetracks. While foals through yearlings are generally too young for this type of work/competition, they do benefit from the inclusion of studs or wear inserts arranged in the lateral or medial extensions.
That is, while foals/yearlings are not necessarily training on special surfaces likely to abnormally wear a horseshoe, the maximum benefit of a therapeutic extension horseshoe is realized where the extended portions of the polyurethane mold structure are not degraded by wear. That rounding or degradation from wear will detract from a maximal therapeutic effect. Hence, by including wear inserts or vertical studs in the extension, the full remedial potential may be realized.
For that matter, the studs may be arranged in the polyurethane mold structure to stand alone, or may be connected directly or indirectly to the reinforcer. The reinforcer may be traditionally U-shaped, or may deviate slightly so that a portion (from the toe to one caudal end) extends into the medial or lateral extension, as shown in the drawing figures. The wear inserts (vertical studs) may be incorporated into the lateral or medial extension portions during fabrication, i.e., molded, or may be inserted into openings or vias drilled or otherwise imposed in the molded material (e.g., polyurethane), forming the extension area after curing.
For orientation purposes, the shoe provides a toe portion 112, or anterior segment 112, left side portion 114, right side portion 114′ and heel portions 116, or caudal end segments. Although described here as caudal segments, these are integrally formed with the right and left side portions 114, 114′ and anterior segment 112 as one piece, and the terms are used to describe their general location in relation to the hoof of a horse. The therapeutic extension horseshoe 100 has a top 118, or hoof contact surface, which receives a coating of adhesive prior to placement on the sole of the hoof. A typical hoof contact surface 118 is level, and tapers at the end of the heel portions (i.e., caudal end segments) 116.
Therapeutic extension horseshoe 100 is molded of a polymeric material 136, and preferably hybrid polyurethane. A pliant wire 128 or reinforcer is embedded in the hybrid polyurethane according to the method of manufacture. The reinforcer 128 may be made from metal such as, steel, aluminum alloys, stainless steel and the like, which can be formed and retain the U shape when flexed with normal hoof contractions and expansions (between the open heel caudal end segments). The reinforcer 128 is preferably formed of a single rod of material, which is then encased within the polymeric material 136 of the shoe. The encapsulated wire or reinforcer 128 preferably has a thickness of approximately ⅛″, but the size is predetermined by one skilled in the art of a farrier.
As can be seen clearly in
To reinforce the extension in right side portion 114′, which contacts the ground surface, the therapeutic extension horseshoe 100 includes one or more wear resistant inserts or studs 130. Three wear inserts or studs 130 are shown in
Please note that while three wear inserts or vertical studs are shown in the drawing figures, any number may be used depending on the intended application. For example, in the foal stage, the weight of the foal is less that that of the yearling and depending on the severity of deformity, the foal's exercise will be controlled (stimulation to growth plates). Hence, therapeutic extension horseshoes constructed for use by foals may not require a stud (vertical insert) for wear resistance or if at all, only one in the area of load bearing extension.
Weanlings are heavier than foals, so hooves and horseshoes shod thereon are subjected to greater load. In this case, more than one stud (vertical insert) may be required to maintain proper form depending on the time that the therapeutic extension horseshoe is attached. Yearlings are heavier than weanlings (and foals). And as mentioned, the more severe the limb deformity the greater the load bearing on the extension and possible wear. Hence, at least two studs (vertical inserts) are required for therapeutic extension horseshoes utilized to treat yearlings. If one or more studs were not present in the extension, the polyurethane would more readily wear under the additional load having an adverse effect on the limb, at least because the area of wear would likely be lower in profile than the other side of the shoe.
The left ghost portions 115 and right ghost portions 115′ (on both sides of each caudal end 116) represent a location into which a portion of the respective side/ends extend/retract with the lateral flexing (i.e., expanding and contracting) with natural hoof movements.
Preferably the therapeutic extension horseshoe is formed of a certain thickness, i.e., of the moldable material. The thickness is normally defined in a range of between ⅛″ to ¾″ but is preferably about ⅜″ to realize a desirable flexibility both in a horizontal dimension, i.e., flexibility of the distance between the caudal ends of the open heel, and in a vertical dimension, e.g., each vertical end may flex with one hoof side, for example, when stepping on a stone that contacts only park of the hoof.
The benefit of flexing and moving with the foot is achieved with the therapeutic extension horseshoe, as explained in detail above. That is, the resilient moldable material (for example, urethane or hybrid polyurethane) and the reinforcer act in the same way as in the non-therapeutic horseshoes. As mature horses benefit from the inventive horseshoe described above, the properties are even more important in horseshoes worn by young growing horses.
As described above, using extensions made of acrylic material is known. A DVM or farrier applies and builds up material around the hoof wall to create a platform, instead of using an extension horseshoe. Such method, however, can be detrimental to the integrity of the hoof wall resulting in a possible flare and wall separation. The therapeutic extension horseshoe provides support across the entire hoof, minimizing distortion to the hoof capsule.
It should be noted that in the above embodiments, the reinforcer is shown to extend into the lateral or medial extension, and connected therein to the wear inserts. The invention however, is not limited to such embodiments. That is, the reinforcer may form the shape of therapeutic extension horseshoe as in the embodiments described in cooperation with
As can be seen in the drawing figures, the extension part of the therapeutic extension horseshoe is exaggerated and due to the material the shoe can be modified, i.e. thickness reduced, extension reduced or beveled, in any area the vet/farrier sees fit for the individual case. It should be apparent that the vet/farrier can further shape the therapeutic extension horseshoe, and in particular the extension in order to address the needs of the young or newborn horse being treated.
The reinforced polymer cuff horseshoe according to the invention includes a number of improvements over the reinforced polymer horseshoe relating to ease of application and strength of application. That is, while the reinforced polymer horseshoe works very well, its application (shoeing) requires a competent farrier well-practised in the process of gluing urethane horse shoes.
For that matter, regardless of the farrier's skills, properly affixing a flexible polymer horseshoe requires the horse to stand very still during the application process. Some horses are cooperative but some horses are not so cooperative. One bad step by the horse during the application process can weaken the glue bond between the horses hoof (the ungulate surface) and the shoe. Many horses needed to be sedated during the application process to keep them still and quiet until the adhesive sets. This sedation requires a vet and drugs which increases the cost of gluing shoes on the horse. In addition, if a farrier is not fastidious with the gluing instruction and the prep and cleaning of the foot (Hoof including the ungulate surface) the bond between the hoof and the shoe is likely to fail.
The various reinforced polymer cuff horseshoes 200 shown in
Glue grooves or open channels 208 are formed in ungulate surface 210 to better accommodate and maintain a particular volume of adhesive (
It is also preferred that the glue grooves or channels 208 are between 0.5 mm and 5 mm, and preferably 2 mm deep. When a horse puts the hoof down there should be about 2 mm of glue between the top of the base 202 (the surface 210 and grooves 208) and the underside 222 of hoof 220. In the high side of the channel there will be a very thin film of glue, 1 mm or less and preferably 0.5 mm. This is because the hoof pushes all the glue out when the horse applies the weight to the shoe. The small glue grooves hold the glue and make the bond. The high side of the channel acts as a spacer. Applied glue thickness should always, where possible, follow the depth of the groove.
As described above, if the horse's foot is put on the ground too soon, the weight of the horse pushes the glue out between the shoe and the hoof. The grooves essentially provide a storage area for the glue (adhesive), allowing a hoof to contact the ground in minimal time preventing thinning of the glue as the horse's weight presses the flat hoof surface 222 against the grooved ungulate surface. Depending on the groove or channel size, the amount of reserve glue or adhesive is varied. The grooves should be 1 mm at a minimum, where 2 or even 3 mm grooves are preferred.
This small feature allows for quicker installation, rendering the shoed horses foot weight bearing almost immediately or shortly after shoeing. The time for setting is substantially related to the characteristics of the adhesive or glue. The weight bearing foot does not need to held in the air for 5 minutes, as was the case in the prior art designs, making the process easier on the horse and farrier.
The integral cuff 204 serves several purposes. In the prior art, for example, in a reinforced polymer horseshoe as described above, there is a limited glue binding surface area. Adding an integral cuff increases a contacting surface area between the horses hoof and the horseshoe, i.e., not just the flat base 202 is glued to the hoof but an inner surface 205 of the integral cuff 204 also is glued to an outer surface (or sidewall) 224 of the hoof. The integral cuff is made of rubber, or a urethane-comprising material, but is not limited thereto.
Most preferably, the cuff is formed as an extension of the material from which the horseshoe base 202 is formed in a signal molding step. The cuff material, may, however, be formed separately and attached to the base, for example, along the vertical rise on the outer surface between the ground contacting and ungulate surfaces. The thickness of the cuff material (other than in the transition from base to cuff) is between 1 mm and 20 mm, but preferably 3 mm or 4 mm. The cuff material must be thin enough to allow for flexing in order than the hoof may be inserted without damage.
The addition of the integral cuff material as a gluing surface allows the adhering surface area to be up to three (3) times the contacting surface area of the more conventional looking reinforced polymer horseshoe.
The integral cuff 204 also allows for a tight snug fit without glue. That is, even where glue is not applied directly between the cuff inner surface 205 and the hoof vertical (or sidewall) surface 224, the integral cuff 204 nevertheless maintains the shoe base 202 tight and secure to the horse's hoof while the glue is setting. This use of the integral cuff 204 removes the necessity for the hoof to be held in the air for 5 minutes making the process easier on the horse and farrier.
Urethane Durometers—It has been found that a urethane having a durometer harder than 35 D or 85 A is required to maintain a reinforced polymer cuff horseshoe 200 properly attached to a horses hoof. Where materials with durometers that are less than 35 D or 85 A are used, polymeric horseshoes, including the reinforced polymer cuff horseshoes 200, flex a great deal relative to the hoof. This flexing causes the bond between the shoe and hoof to fail.
In the reinforced polymer cuff horseshoe, therefore, the molded urethane material comprising the horseshoe displays a durometer of between 35 and 65 on the shore D schedule or between 85 and 100 on the A schedule. In one embodiment, the material displays a durometer of 50 on the shore D schedule and in another embodiment the material displays a durometer of 90 on the A schedule.
As will be evident to persons skilled in the art, the foregoing detailed description and figures are presented as examples of the invention, and that variations are contemplated that do not depart from the fair scope of the teachings and descriptions set forth in this disclosure. The foregoing is not intended to limit what has been invented, except to the extent that the following claims so limit that.
This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. Ser. No. 12/806,244, filed Aug. 6, 2010 (“the parent application”); this CIP application claims priority from the parent application under 35 USC §120; the parent application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of U.S. Pat. No. 7,793,734, issued Sep. 14, 2010 (“the grandparent”); the parent application claims priority from the grandparent under 35 USC §120; and the grandparent claims priority under 35 USC §120 from U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/697,414, filed Jul. 8, 2005.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12806244 | Aug 2010 | US |
| Child | 13363759 | US |
