Patent Application
20080277125
This invention relates generally to the residential sprinkler system controls. More specifically, the present invention provides a releasing control panel for controlling the release of a fire fighting fluid into a network of pipes of a residential sprinkler system.
An automatic sprinkler system is one of the most widely used devices for fire protection. These systems have sprinklers that are activated once the ambient temperature in an environment, such as a room or a building, exceeds a predetermined value. Once activated, the sprinklers distribute fire-extinguishing fluid, preferably water, in the room or building. A fire sprinkler system, depending on its specified configuration, is considered effective if it controls or suppresses a fire.
The sprinkler system can be provided with a water supply (e.g., a reservoir or a municipal water supply). Such supply may be separate from that used by a fire department. Regardless of the type of supply, the sprinkler system is provided with a main that enters the building to supply a riser. Connected at the riser are valves, meters, and, preferably, an alarm to sound when the system activates. Downstream of the riser, a usually horizontally disposed array of pipes extends throughout the fire compartment in the building. Other risers may feed distribution networks to systems in adjacent fire compartments. Compartmentalization can divide a large building horizontally, on a single floor, and vertically, floor to floor. Thus, several sprinkler systems may serve one building.
In a piping distribution network, branch lines carry the sprinklers. A sprinkler may extend up from a branch line, placing the sprinkler relatively close to the ceiling, a sprinkler can be pendent below the branch line, or a sprinkler can be horizontal from the branch line. For use with concealed piping, flush-mounted sprinklers may extend only slightly below a ceiling or beyond a wall.
The sprinkler system can be provided in various configurations. In a wet-pipe system, used for example, in buildings having heated spaces for piping branch lines, all the system pipes contain a fire-fighting liquid, such as, water for immediate release through any sprinkler that is activated. In a dry-pipe system, used for example, in unheated open areas, cold rooms, passageways, or other areas exposed to freezing, such as unheated buildings in freezing climates or for cold-storage rooms, the pipes, risers, and feed mains, branch lines and other distribution pipes of the fire protection system may contain a dry gas (air or nitrogen or mixtures thereof) under pressure. A valve is used to separate the pipes that contain a dry gas and pipes that contain a fire-fighting liquid, such as, water. In some application, the pressure of gas holds closed a dry-pipe valve at the riser. When heat from a fire activates a sprinkler, the gas escapes from the branch lines and the dry-pipe valve trips; water enters branch lines; and fire fighting begins as the sprinkler distributes the water. By its nature, a dry sprinkler system is slower to respond to fire conditions than a wet system because the dry gas must first be exhausted from the system before the fire-fighting liquid is expelled from the fire sprinkler. Such delay creates a “water delivery time” to the sprinkler. The water delivery time introduces an additional variable for consideration in a design for fire protection with a dry pipe system.
Various standards exist for the design and installation of a fire protection system. In particular, the National Fire Protection Association (“NFPA”) describes, in its Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 13 (2002) (“the NFPA Standard 13 (2002)”) various design consideration and installation parameters for a fire protection system, which standard is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. One of many design considerations provided by NFPA Standard 13 is the water demand. For a wet system, the NFPA Standard 13 (2002) describes at 11.2.3.1.5 a density/area approach and at 11.2.2 a pipe schedule method.
NFPA Standard 13 (2002) also addresses certain design considerations for dry pipe fire protection systems by modifying the design of the wet pipe system. For example, in a dry pipe system, NFPA Standard 13 (2002) states, for commercial storage (NFPA Standard 13, 12.1.6.1) and dry pipe system generally (NFPA Standard 13,11.2.3.2.5), that a design area for a dry pipe system is to be increased 30% over the design area for the wet system in such applications so that the minimum quantity of fire sprinklers being hydraulically calculated for a dry pipe system is increased by generally 30% over the same quantity of fire sprinklers in a wet system. Where Large-Drop Sprinklers are utilized in commercial fire protection, NFPA shows (at Table 12.3.2.2.1(a) and 12.3.4.2.1) that an increase in the specified number of sprinklers (e.g., 50% or more) is required when a dry pipe system is utilized instead of a wet pipe for these sprinklers. When a commercial fire sprinkler is used with a dry pipe instead of a wet pipe system in dwelling applications, the design area must be increased by 30% so that the number of these sprinklers must be increased, and thus, the hydraulic demand is increased. It is apparent from NFPA Standard 13 (2002) that, holding all other design parameters constant, the use of a dry pipe system instead of a wet pipe system would require a relatively large increase in the number of hydraulically calculated fire sprinklers, which would increase the hydraulic demand of the dry pipe system.
Although NFPA Standard 13 (2002) refers in broad terms to wet pipe and dry pipe systems, NFPA Standard 13 (2002) is generally silent as to design and installation criteria for dry pipe residential sprinkler systems. For example, NFPA Standard 13 (2002) fails to specify any criteria in a design of a dry pipe residential fire sprinkler system, including a hydraulic demand calculation, the quantity of residential fire sprinklers consonant with the hydraulic demand calculation or installation constraints and use of residential fire sprinklers in a dry pipe fire protection system. In fact, NFPA Standard 13 (2002) specifically prohibits residential fire sprinklers from being used in any system other than wet unless the residential fire sprinklers are listed for such other applications, as stated in NFPA Standard 13 at 8.4.5.2:
(Emphasis Added). NFPA provides separate standards for design and installation of wet pipe fire protection system in residential occupancies. Starting in 1975, NFPA provided the Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One-And Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes 13D (“NFPA Standard 13D”). Due in part to the increasingly urbanized nature of cities, NFPA promulgated, in 1989, another standard in recognition of low-rise residential facilities, entitled Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies Up to And Including Four Stories in Height 13R (“NFPA Standard 13R”). The latest respective editions of NFPA Standard 13D and 13R are the 2002 Edition of NFPA Standard 13 and 13R, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Underwriters Laboratory (“UL”) provides for additional requirements that residential fire sprinklers must meet for residential fire protection systems as set forth in its Underwriter's Laboratory Residential Fire Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service 1626 (“UL Standard 1626”). The most recent edition of UL Standard 1626 is the October 2003 edition, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The NFPA and UL Standards provide similar water density requirement for residential fire protection systems. NFPA Standard 13 (2002) states (Chap 11.2.3.5.2) that a density for a protection area of a residential occupancy with a generally flat ceiling is the greater of (a) 0.1 gallons per minute per square feet of the four most hydraulically demanding sprinkler over a design area or (b) a listed residential minimum density. The listed residential minimum density can be found in either NFPA Standard 13D or 13R (2002). NFPA Standard 13D (2002) states (Chapter SA.1.2.2 and 8.1.2) that fire sprinklers listed for residential use shall have minimum discharge density of 0.05 gallons per minute per square feet to the design sprinklers, where the number of design sprinklers includes all of the sprinklers, up to a maximum of two, that requires the greatest hydraulic demand, within a compartment that has generally flat and smooth ceiling. NFPA Standard 13R (2002) states (Chapter 6.7.1.1.2.2. and 6.7.1.2) that fire sprinklers listed for residential use shall have minimum discharge density of 0.05 gallons per minute per square feet to the design sprinklers, where the number of design sprinklers includes all of the sprinklers, up to a maximum of four, that requires the greatest hydraulic demand, within a compartment that has generally flat and smooth ceiling. UL Standard 1626 (October 2003), on the other hand, states (at Table 6.1) that the density for a coverage area with a generally flat ceiling as 0.05 gallons per minute per square feet minimum.
Although NFPA Standards 13R and 13D provide considerable flexibility in the design and installation of wet pipe residential fire protection systems, these standards are strict in prohibiting any existing residential fire sprinklers that are approved for use in a wet pipe residential system from being used in any application other than a wet system. In particular, both NFPA Standard 13R and 13D (2002) reiterate the stricture stated NFPA Standard 13 (2002), which prohibits the use of residential sprinklers for systems other than wet pipe by stating, at paragraphs 6.6.7.1.2 and 7.5.2, respectively, that:
(Emphasis Added). While these standards may have considered a residential piping system other than a wet pipe system, e.g., a dry pipe residential system, the standards do not provide any indication of how to determine a hydraulic demand as part of a design of such systems. Furthermore, because of the guidelines in the standards regarding the use of dry pipe instead of wet pipe, those desiring to use a dry pipe sprinkler system in non-residential applications would normally increase the hydraulic demand of the dry pipe system over that of the wet pipe system, either by an increase in the design area or the number of sprinklers based on the wet pipe system.
In addition to the failure of the NFPA and UL Standards to provide any direction on a hydraulic design calculation for a dry type residential sprinkler system, these Standards also fail to provide any guidance on how a dry type residential fire sprinkler protection system design would be controlled and monitored in residential applications. However there are patent publications that provide such guidance. For example, the following patent publications provide guidance regarding dry residential sprinkler systems: (i) U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050284645; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/874,758, entitled “Residential dry sprinkler design method and system;” (ii) U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021763; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,129, entitled “Non-interlock, non-preaction residential dry sprinkler fire protection system with alarm;” (iii) U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021761; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,053, entitled “Non-interlock, non-preaction residential dry sprinkler fire protection system with a releasing control panel;” (iv) U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021759; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/898,923, entitled “Non-interlock, preaction residential dry sprinkler fire protection system with a releasing control panel;” (v) U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021760; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/898,924, entitled “Single interlock, preaction residential dry sprinkler fire protection system with a releasing control panel;” (vi) U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021762; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,124, entitled “Double interlock, preaction residential dry sprinkler fire protection system with a releasing control panel;” (vii) U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021766; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,131, entitled “Residential dry sprinkler design method and system with fire resistant plastic components;” (viii) U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021765; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,128, entitled “Residential dry sprinkler design method and system with wet main pipe and fire resistant plastic dry branch pipes,” each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
It is believed that there are known control panels for a dry type fire protection system that are based on commercial and/or residential fire protection type control panels. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,351 (the '351 patent) is directed to fire protection preaction deluge control arrangements. The '351 patent shows and describes the exposed arrangement as including a control panel arranged to receive signals from a plurality of detectors and from an emergency switch to supply control signals to a solenoid control valve. In addition, the control arrangement of the '351 patent provides for a riser assembly to bypass the solenoid control valve and a manual emergency valve to operate the arrangement without the solenoid control valve. In-line with the bypass is another manual valve and a drain line. The '351 patent also provides for sprinkler line damage detection using an air compressor and alarm. According to the '351 patent, the control arrangement purports to eliminate the complex riser assembly to operate the control valve. The '351 patent also eliminates the need for a check valve or any other cut-off device at the outlet of the control valve.
While known control panels may be used to control a residential fire protection system, it is believed that none of the known control panels: (1) integrate a control module, air supply source, pressure sensors, and control valves and associated fluid connections in a single enclosure; (2) control various operational modes of a residential fire protection system that specifically uses residential fire sprinklers based on a specified hydraulic design calculation; (3) a pipe arrangement in which the control valve can be test operated and isolated from the connected sprinkler system; and (4) a control valve arrangement configured as a life safety arrangement. Thus, the design methodologies, installation requirements, and control of a fire protection system in residential applications with residential fire sprinklers, other than a wet pipe system, are believed to be notably lacking.
In one aspect of the present invention, a control panel that houses all associated control components for a residential dry sprinkler system such as a control valve, air compressor pressure sensors, and pipe connections, is provided to control the operation of the residential dry sprinkler system that uses residential sprinklers in the system. By virtue of the control panel, at least one method to detect fault in a residential fire protection system is provided.
In particular, in one aspect of the present invention, a fire control panel for a fire protection system in a residential dwelling unit as defined in the 2002 Edition of the National Fire Protection Association Standards 13, 13D and 13R is provided. The fire control panel includes a main connection, control valve, system connection, auxiliary pipe, at least a first sensor, gas supply source and an isolation valve. The actuated control valve is disposed in the housing. The control valve has an inlet and an outlet and includes a closure member disposed in a normally closed position to prevent liquid flow through the control valve and in an actuated position by an actuator to permit liquid flow from the inlet to the outlet through the control valve. The main connection is in fluid communication with the inlet of the control valve. The main connection has an internal surface that defines a first flow passage along a first flow axis, the first flow passage defining a first inside diameter about the first flow axis of less than two inches. The system connection has an internal surface that defines a second flow passage along a second flow axis. The second flow passage has a second inside diameter about the second flow axis of less than two inches. The system connection is in fluid communication with the outlet of the control valve so that when the control valve is actuated, the system connection is in fluid communication with the main connection. The gas supply source provides gas at various pressures. The first sensor is disposed in the housing and coupled to the system connection to provide a first indicator of a magnitude of pressure in the system connection. A second sensor can be disposed in the housing and coupled to the auxiliary pipe to provide a second indicator of a magnitude of pressure in the auxiliary pipe. The isolation valve isolates fluid communication from the system connection to the gas supply source.
In another aspect of the present invention, a fire control panel for a residential dwelling unit as defined in the 2002 Edition of the National Fire Protection Association Standard 13, 13R, and 13D is provided. The fire control panel includes a housing, a control valve, more preferably a control valve, a first sensor, a second sensor, a main connection, and a system connections. The control valve has an inlet and an outlet. The control valve includes a closure member disposed in a normally closed position to prevent liquid flow through the control valve and in an actuated position by a solenoid actuator to permit liquid flow from the inlet to the outlet through the control valve. The main connection is disposed in the housing and connectable to a pressurized fire-fighting liquid source. The control valve is coupled to the main connection in a normally-closed state that prevents liquid flow through the control valve. The system connection is disposed in the housing and coupled to the control valve so that when the control valve is actuated, the system connection is in fluid communication with the main connection. The auxiliary pipe is coupled to a pressurized gas source at one end of the auxiliary pipe and in fluid communication with the system connection at the other end of the auxiliary pipe so that the auxiliary pipe and the system connection are capable of being filled with pressurized gas from the pressurized gas source. The first sensor is disposed in the housing and coupled to the system connection to provide a first indicator of a magnitude of pressure in the system connection. The second sensor is disposed in the housing and coupled to the auxiliary pipe to provide a second indicator of a magnitude of pressure in the auxiliary pipe.
In a further aspect of the present invention, a method of determining fault in a residential fire control system is provided. The system has a network of dry pipes in fluid communication with respective bodies of residential fire sprinklers and a control panel, the control panel has a housing, a control valve coupled to a main connection, a system connection coupled to the control valve, an auxiliary pipe coupled to a selectively operable gas supply source at one end of the auxiliary pipe and in fluid communication with the system connection at the other end of the auxiliary pipe, the control panel being connected to a fire detection device, first and second sensors. The method can be achieved by: isolating the gas supply from the system connection; and indicating a fault condition in the fire protection system when gas pressure in the body of the plurality of residential fire sprinklers is below a first magnitude.
Another aspect of the present invention provides for a residential fire control panel that includes a housing and a first manual control valve and a second manual control valve located within the housing. Each valve has an outlet and an inlet, the inlet of the first manual control valve is preferably configured for communication with a fluid main and the outlet of the second manual control valve is preferably configured for communication with a network of pipes having at least one sprinkler. A normally-closed solenoid valve is preferably disposed within the housing between the first and second manual control valves to provide communication between the outlet of the first manual control valve and the inlet of the second manual control valve. The panel further preferably includes a compressed air conduit in communication with the inlet of the second manual control valve. In addition, the panel includes an air compressor disposed within the housing in communication with the compressed air conduit to provided a supply of pressurized air. A first pressure switch is preferably included to detect an air pressure in the compressed air conduit outside a range of pressures and a second pressure switch to maintain the supply of pressurized air in a second range of pressures. The second pressure switch is preferably in communication with the air compressor. The panel also preferably includes a controller coupled to a power source and having at least one input for receiving a low pressure signal and a high pressure signal. The controller is preferably in communication with at least one alarm to actuate the at least one alarm upon the controller receiving a signal of at least one of the low and high pressure signal.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of using a residential fire control panel having a housing disposed between a main source of fluid and a branch pipe of a residential sprinkler system. The method preferably includes pressurizing the branch pipe with a pressurized gas from a gas source located within the housing and isolating the fluid main from the gas source. In addition, the method preferably includes sensing a low pressure in the branch pipe from a sensor disposed in the housing and controlling introduction of fluid from the main source into the branch pipe through the control panel in response to the low pressure.
In yet another aspect according to the present invention, provided is a residential unit fire protection system for a residential dwelling unit having at least one dwelling as defined in the 2002 Edition of the National Fire Protection Association Standards 13, 13D and 13R. The fire protection system preferably includes a liquid supply source along a main line and a network of pipes including a first branch in communication with the at least one dwelling the first branch including at least one sprinkler to discharge a fluid over the at least one dwelling area within about fifteen seconds of sprinkler activation. In addition, the system includes at least one fire control panel disposed between the main line and the branch pipe. The at least one fire control panel preferably includes a housing having a normally closed control valve disposed in the housing, the control valve having an inlet and an outlet and a sensor disposed in the housing and coupled to the system connection to detect a threshold reduction in the system pressure. The system can further include at least one fire detector disposed in the at least one dwelling and in communication with the at least one fire control panel. In another preferred embodiment of the system, the dwelling unit includes at least a second dwelling and the network of pipes includes a second branch pipe having at least one sprinkler in communication with the at least second dwelling. The system further preferably includes at least a second fire control panel disposed between the main line and the second branch pipe. The first control panel is preferably in exclusive communication with the first branch and the second fire control panel is preferably in exclusive communication with the second branch so as to provide sectional control to the first and at least second dwellings.
In an alternative embodiment of the preferred system, provided is a liquid supply source along a main line and a network of pipes including a first branch in communication with the at least one dwelling the first branch including at least one sprinkler to discharge a fluid over the at least one dwelling area within about fifteen seconds of sprinkler activation. In addition, the system includes at least one fire control panel disposed between the main line and the branch pipe and at least one detector spaced from the sprinkler at a defined sprinkler-to-detector spacing. The at least one detector can be a rate of temperature rise heat detector having and the sprinkler-to-detector spacing is about eight feet, or alternatively be a fixed temperature heat detector having and the sprinkler-to-detector spacing is about three feet.
Accordingly, also provided in another aspect a sprinkler preferably including a body having an inlet and an outlet spaced apart along a longitudinal axis and a deflector assembly substantially axially aligned with the outlet for deflecting a fluid discharge. The deflector assembly preferably includes a first position distal the outlet and a second position distal the first position. Also included is a cover plate assembly for supporting the deflector assembly in the first position and a support assembly disposed about at least a portion of the body. Preferably provided are means for detecting displacement of the cover plate and generating a signal in response to the detection of displacement.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, provided is a method for identifying a detector to sprinkler spacing in a residential preaction sprinkler system. The method preferably includes identifying a detector for use in a compartment of a dwelling having at least one sprinkler and identifying a spacing to locate the detector from the sprinkler such that detector activates prior to the sprinkler in the presence of a fire in the compartment.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention, and, together with the general description given above and the detailed description given below, serve to explain the features of the invention.
The fire control panel RCP preferably includes a main connection 12, system connection 14, control valve 16 coupled to the main and system connections to define a valve manifold control. The valve manifold control is further preferably coupled to an auxiliary pipe 18, and first and second sensors 20 and 22. The RCP also preferably includes a housing 10 surrounding a volume that encloses the coupled manifold, auxiliary pipe and sensors.
The housing 10 can include a door 10a coupled to a base 10b. The housing 10 is preferably formed from sheet steel having a width of about 14 inches, length of about 50 inches and depth of about 8 inches for a total volume of about 5600 cubic inches. The total volume can be subdivided into smaller volumes. One of the smaller volumes surrounds a portable power supply unit 24. Preferably, the total volume surrounds and protects respective portions of the portable power supply unit 24, control valve 16, auxiliary pipe 18, pressurized gas source 26, first and second sensor 20 and 22, main connection 12, controller CMU, and the system connection 14.
The main connection 12 is connectable via a manual control valve 12a to a pressurized fire-fighting liquid source such as, for example, water via a riser 30. In the preferred embodiment, the main connection 12 is a pipe with an internal surface that defines a first flow passage along a first flow axis A. The system connection 14 is connectable via a control valve 40a to a gas pipe 40 which can be further in communication with branch pipes of a residential sprinkler system. The control valve 40a is preferably a manual control valve. The control valve 40a can facilitate system testing without filling the fire protection system 100 or the coverage area with water by isolating the system 100 from the liquid source. The system connection 14 includes a pipe with an internal surface that defines a second flow passage along a second flow axis. Preferably, the internal surface of the respective flow passages has a generally circular inner surface with an inside diameter of about 1.5 inches with respect to the flow axes. More preferably, the inside diameter is 1.0 inch.
Although the preferred embodiments utilize an internal surface with a circular cross-sectional area, other non-circular cross-sectional areas can also be utilized. In particular, the first or second flow passage has a cross-sectional area generally orthogonal to the flow axis of preferably less than 4.9 square inches. Further, the first cross-sectional area and the second cross-sectional area each has preferably a cross-sectional area of either 1.8 square inches and 3.1 square inches.
The control valve 16 is preferably coupled to the main connection 12 in a normally-closed state that prevents liquid flow through the control valve 16. Preferably, the control valve 16 is disposed between the manual control valve 12a and the control valve 40a. In one preferred embodiment of the RCP, the control valve 40a is a manual control valve disposed just upstream of the control valve 16 to provide selective isolation of the gas pipe 40 when, for example, performing maintenance on the control valve 16.
The control valve 16 can be actuated between a closed state and an open state either electrically or mechanically. The control valve 16 can be a solenoid actuated controlled valve, either electrically or mechanically latched, preferably, via a magnet. Alternatively, the control valve 16 can be a mechanical diaphragm type valve that uses a pressurized latching mechanism. The system connection 14 is coupled to both the control valve 16 and a first sensor 20 so that when the control valve 16 is actuated, the system connection 14 is in fluid communication with the main connection 12. Shown schematically in
Referring again to
Pressurized gas in excess of a specified magnitude can be vented from the auxiliary pipe 18 via a suitable relief valve (not shown). Preferably, to prevent overpressurization of the dry pipe network 100, the output of the pressurized gas source is limited to a maximum of 25 psi. Any pressure over 16 psi can be detected by first sensor 20 to provide for a fault detection of the system pressure. To ensure that pressurized gas flows unidirectionally from a supply source to the network of pipes 100, an isolation valve, e.g., a check valve 29 is provided in the connection to gas pipe 40. The check valve 29 preferably isolates the pressurized gas source 26 from the system connection. Because the pressurized gas source 26 is isolated, this prevents the gas supply source from being flooded during a system operation. Check valve 26a provides a secondary prevention of flooding while isolating the second sensor 22 from the gas supply source. It should be noted that any valves (29 or 26a) can be used in the preferred embodiments as long as the valves isolate the gas supply source 26 from the system connection. In one embodiment, the gas supply source 26 can be regulated so as to prevent any overpressurization. For example, the gas supply source 26 can be a regulated compressor that includes a control feature, such as for example, the second sensor 22 to maintain pressure in the system below 16 psi and more preferably between 10 psi. to 14 psi. More specifically, an air compressor can be coupled to a control switch that turns the compressor on upon detecting a system pressure below 10 psi. and turns the compressor off upon detecting a system pressure above 14 psi.
The first sensor 20 provides a first indicator of a magnitude of pressure in the branch pipes or body of the residential sprinklers via the system connection 14, where the system pressure is considered to be high if its magnitude is 16 psi or higher and low if its magnitude is 8 psi or lower. The second sensor 22 provides a second indicator of a magnitude of pressure in gas supply source 26 via the auxiliary pipe 18. The control panel RCP also includes a controller module unit (“CMU”) preferably having a microprocessor to perform preprogrammed or programmable instructions. The CMU is powered by the primary power supply 62 or portable power supply 24. In one preferred embodiment, the RCP can provide for a back-up power supply in the event of a loss of primary or portable power supply. For example, the back-up power supply could be configured as two 7 amp hour 12 VDC batteries providing a minimum of 48 hours of standby and 15 minutes of alarm/system release power. The controller is in electronic communication with the control valve 16 and the first sensor 20 so that the controller actuates the control valve 16 towards an open position from the normally closed position as a function of various operating conditions or signals, such as, for example, a signal from the first sensor 20. A compressor or portions of the compressor that serve as the pressurized gas source 26 can be bounded by the housing 10 or located entirely outside the housing 10. As previously noted, the pressurized gas source 26 is preferably controlled directly by the second pressure sensor 22 via a direct connection between the second sensor 22, the gas source 26, and primary power supply 62. The controller can be provided with input signals indicative of at least one of heat, smoke or fire via the fire detection device 46. The controller can also output signals such as a communication signal to a monitoring station.
By virtue of the CMU, ground faults and open circuit faults on the signal circuits to fire detectors 46 or alarms 43 are supervised, thereby monitoring the fitness of the electrical devices connected remotely to the RCP. In particular, the ground faults or open circuit faults of all internal circuits such as, for example, the control valve 16, first sensor 20, manual control valve 44, manual control valve 12a, and control valve 40a are monitored or supervised by the CMU. Any of the ground or open circuit faults result in notification at the control panel RCP or the remote monitoring station.
Furthermore, the primary power supply 62 and the portable power supply unit 24 are supervised for power failure or depleted power. Upon the loss of primary power, the CMU switches over to the portable power supply unit 24. While on primary power, the portable power supply unit is recharged. Loss of power results in notification at the RCP or the remote station.
The CMU monitors the manual control valve 12a and control valve 40a are monitored by each valve is in the normally open position. Closure of either the manual valve 12a or control valve 40a results in notification at the RCP or remote station. Also, a high or low gas pressure condition, as applicable, in the system 100 via the first sensor 20 is monitored. An abnormal pressure condition results in notification.
The CMU also monitors for water leakage past control valve 16 based on a high-pressure condition reported by first sensor 20. A high or low pressure condition, i.e., an abnormal pressure condition results in notification by the CMU. The second sensor 22, however, maintains the gas pressure at a sufficient pressure to account for any drop in the gas pressure of the system as long as the pressure is within a high or low pressure values determined for the second sensor 22. Preferably, the high pressure threshold for the first sensor 20 is 16 psi or greater and the low pressure threshold is 8 psi or less. Also preferably, the high pressure threshold for the second sensor 22 is 14 psi or greater and the low pressure threshold is 10 psi or lower. While various magnitudes are referenced, it should be noted that the preferred methodologies can be altered so as to suit a desired effect, i.e., additional settings or combinations.
Referring to
In particular, the quantity and location of residential fire sprinklers for a residential dwelling unit can be determined based on a hydraulic demand of the most hydraulically remote fire sprinkler within a compartment of the residential dwelling unit. Where the residential dwelling unit can be classified as a one or two-family dwelling unit, as defined in NFPA Standard 13D (2002), the hydraulic demand of a system for the dwelling unit can be determined by assessing a hydraulic demand of a residential fire sprinkler, up to two sprinklers, for a design area of each compartment while taking into account any obstructions on the walls or ceiling. Specifically, for each compartment, one or more residential fire sprinklers (as approved by an authority having jurisdiction over fire protection design to provide sufficient fluid density) can be selected. The selected residential fire sprinklers, i.e., design sprinkler, in the selected compartment can be used to determine if the design sprinklers, up to two sprinklers, located at specified locations within any one of selected compartments, have the highest hydraulic demand of a wet pipe fire protection system for the residential dwelling unit. For each compartment, the hydraulic demand is calculated based on the location of the design sprinklers from the fluid supply source to the wet pipe network for, in some cases, all of the compartments. From the calculated hydraulic demand of some or all the compartments, the highest hydraulic demand for a particular compartment of the residential dwelling unit can be determined. This highest hydraulic demand is then compared with an actual fluid flow rate and pressure of the fluid supply. Where the highest hydraulic demand can be met by the actual fluid supply for the residential dwelling unit, the number of fire sprinklers is the sum of all the design sprinklers within the residential dwelling unit in the design of a dry pipe residential fire protection system of the dwelling unit. Thereafter, the design can be implemented, at a minimum, in accordance with installation guidelines set forth in NFPA Standard 13D (2002). Where the residential dwelling unit can be classified as a residential dwelling unit up to and including four stories in height, as defined in NFPA Standard 13R (2002), the hydraulic demand of a system for the dwelling unit can be determined by assessing a hydraulic demand of a residential fire sprinkler, up to two sprinklers, for a design area of each compartment while taking into account any obstructions on the walls or ceiling. Specifically, for each compartment, one or more residential fire sprinklers (as approved by an authority having jurisdiction over fire protection design to provide sufficient fluid density) can be selected. The selected residential fire sprinklers, i.e., design sprinkler, in the selected compartment can be used to determine if the design sprinklers, up to four sprinklers, located at specified locations within any one of selected compartments, have the highest hydraulic demand of the fire protection system for the residential dwelling unit. For each compartment, the hydraulic demand is calculated based on the location of the design sprinklers from the fluid supply source to the wet pipe network for, in some cases, all of the compartments. From the calculated hydraulic demand of some or all the compartments, the highest hydraulic demand for a particular compartment of the residential dwelling unit can be determined. This highest hydraulic demand is then compared with an actual fluid flow rate and pressure of the fluid supply. Where the highest hydraulic demand of the residential dwelling unit can be met by the actual fluid supply for the residential dwelling unit, the number of fire sprinklers is the sum of all the design sprinklers within the residential dwelling unit in the design of a dry pipe residential fire protection system of the dwelling unit. Thereafter, the design can be implemented in accordance, at a minimum, with installation guidelines set forth in NFPA Standard 13R (2002).
Referring to
Given the preferred location of the preferably manual valves 38, 44 relative to the drain pipe 30a limits the system fill through the control valve 16. More specifically, any attempt to bypass the control valve 16 by, for example, opening valve 38 and/or valve 44, results in discharge through the drain line 30a. As seen for example in
In the preferred systems, each of the plurality of residential fire sprinklers 50 includes a pendant type fire sprinkler having a rated K-factor of at least nominally 4, as shown and described in Tyco Fire & Building Products Datasheet TFP400 Series LFII Residential Pendent Sprinklers 4.9 K-factor, which datasheet is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; a sidewall sprinkler having a rated K-factor of at least nominally 4, as shown and described in Tyco Fire & Building Products Datasheet TFP410 Series II LFII Residential Horizontal Sidewall Sprinklers 4.2 K-factor, which datasheet is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
One preferred embodiment of the sprinkler 50′ for use in a preaction, preferably double interlock, residential fire protection system having an RCP, incorporates a built-in fire detection device 46 capable of generating a signal for actuation of the control valve 16 in response to the detection of dwelling or environmental conditions indicating the likelihood of a fire event, i.e. smoke or heat. Accordingly the detector 46 can generically be considered a “fire detector” or fire detection device 46. The built-in detector 46 can facilitate signal generation before sprinkler activation in the event of a fire, and thereby signal actuation of a fluid supply control valve prior to sprinkler activation so as to ensure proper preaction system response. By ensuring that the fire detection and control valve actuation signal is generated before sprinkler activation in a non-interlocked or single-interlock preaction system (interlocked by a fire detection signal), the residential sprinkler system can maintain a true preaction response to the fire because the fluid supply control valve will have actuated and at least initiated fluid fill of the network piping before a first sprinkler activation. In the case of a double-interlock preaction system, fire detection before sprinkler activation ensures that the control valve has already received the required fire detection signal before receiving any system pressure loss signal following thermal sprinkler activation. In addition, by providing the fire detection signal to the fluid supply control valve in advance of a sprinkler activation, the water delivery time to any subsequently activated sprinkler will fall within the required fifteen second time limit. Because RCP is configured to promote life safety, the need for a manual bypass for use by an operator is unnecessary.
As seen in
The preferred sprinkler 50′ incorporates a built-in detection device 46. For example, as seen in
One preferred embodiment of the sprinkler 50′ is a concealed sprinkler as seen in
The cover plate retainer assembly 62 is preferably threadedly engaged with the sprinkler support assembly 60. Coupled to the retainer assembly 62 is a cover plate 64 which supports and conceals the body 58 and the other operational components of the sprinkler 50′ from view below the ceiling 200. The cover plate 64 can be coupled to the retainer assembly 62 by a solder beading or other thermally responsive device to support the deflector assembly in the first non-deployed position. When the solder beading is melted or triggered by a sufficient level of heat from, for example a fire, the plate 64 from the retainer assembly 62 is released thus permitting the deflector plate 70 to fall to the deployed position. Preferably built into the cover retainer assembly 62 is detection device 46 in the form of a heat detector 46c that indirectly detects conditions of a fire in the protection area by way of a switch 47 detecting the release of the cover plate 64. More preferably, the switch is located outside the outer housing 60 and contacts the cover plate 64. Upon detecting displacement of the plate 64, the detector 46c can generate a fire condition signal response to be communicated to the RCP prior to sprinkler activation via the communication means of the detector 46c such as, for example, wires 48 or other electronics of the built-in detector 46c. Although the switch 47 is illustratively shown as a mechanical switch, alternative detection mechanisms can be provide to detect displacement of the cover plate 64 from the retainer assembly 62. For example, the switch 47 can be an optical switch or infrared sensor.
Embodiments of a sprinkler using a built in detector for smoke or heat are detecting area conditions that indicate the likelihood of a fire event. Sprinklers detecting the displacement of a cover plate, thermally rated to displace in the event of a fire, are believed to more accurately signal conditions of an actual fire event. Although the various embodiments of sprinkler 50′ are pictured as pendant type sprinklers, it is to be understood that the other sprinkler installation orientations can be employed including, for example, horizontal and/or sidewall sprinklers. With regard to the concealed sprinkler, although the preferred concealed sprinkler is shown with a substantially flat cover plate and telescopic deflector assembly, it should be understood that other concealed configurations can be employed such as, for example, a cover plate assembly with a substantially domed shaped cover plate or otherwise non-flat geometry. In addition, the concealed sprinkler can employ a fixed or otherwise non-telescoping deflector assembly. In summary, concealed sprinklers of varying installation orientations, varying cover plate assemblies, and deflector assemblies are possible for use with the preferred system so long as the concealed sprinkler incorporates a detector capable of detecting cover plate displacement so as to generate a signal indicating the occurrence of a fire event.
In operation of the preferred embodiments, the main connection 12, including the supply control valve 12a is placed in a closed position to prevent a flow of liquid to the system connection 14. Due to its configuration as a normally closed valve, i.e., a valve that occludes flow in the absence of any actuation signal, the control valve 16 occludes water from flowing through the valve 16 to the main pipe 40. Gas, on the other hand, is permitted to flow from the gas source 26 through main pipe 40, branch lines 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d and the body of each unactuated residential fire sprinklers. Once a predetermined gas pressure (e.g., 14 psig) is reached as indicated by gauge 60, the supply control valve 12a is opened, thereby allowing liquid to flow into the inlet 16a of the control valve 16 but not to main line 40. At this point, the system 100 is in a standby mode because the system 100 is now filled with pressurized gas while liquid is prevented from entering the main line 40. Manual control valve 12a and control valve 40a are monitored in the open position via signal 2 by the CMU. A pressure condition in the system 100 is monitored by first sensor 20 via signal 2 by the CMU. Thereafter, the system 100 can be controlled by the RCP in at least four different operational modes: (1) non-interlocked/non-preaction dry pipe mode; (2) non-interlock pre-action mode; (3) single interlocked; and (4) double interlocked, while providing for fault checking in all operational modes.
In the non-interlocked/non-pre-action mode, whenever a residential fire sprinkler is actuated, the gas in the main pipe 40 and branch lines 34a-34d is expelled through the actuated residential fire sprinklers. This reduction in gas pressure can be sensed by the controller CMU via the first sensor 20, which signals the control valve 16 to open, allowing liquid to flow through the main pipe 40, branch pipes 34a and 34b and to at least the actuated residential fire sprinkler, which distributes the liquid in a predetermined density over an area to be protected from a fire in a compartment of a dwelling unit within a predetermined time period elapsing from the actuation of the residential fire sprinklers. When the CMU signals the control valve 16 to open, via signal 1, the CMU also signals the alarm 43, via signal 3, to provide an alarm indicative of the actuation of a fire protection system. Additional details of these operational modes are provided in copending U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021763, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,129, filed on Jul. 27, 2004, entitled: “Non-Interlock, Non-Pre-action Residential Dry Sprinkler Fire Protection System With Alarm;” U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021761, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,053, filed on Jul. 27, 2004, entitled: “Non-Interlock, Non-Preaction Residential Dry Sprinkler Fire Protection System With A Releasing Control Panel,” which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.
In the non-interlock, preaction mode, when a residential fire sprinkler is actuated, the gas in the main pipe 40 and branch pipes 34a and 34b is expelled through the actuated residential fire sprinklers. This reduction in gas pressure is detected by first sensor 20, which sends a signal to the RCP. Alternatively, if heat or flame is detected by detection device 46, a signal is sent to the RCP. Upon receipt of a signal from first sensor 20 or detection device 46, the RCP can be configured or programmed, in a preferred embodiment, to determine a suitable time frame at which to actuate control valve 16 towards an open position such as, for example, in a time frame prior to the actuation of any residential fire sprinkler so as to fill the main and branch lines with liquid (i.e., to “preactuate” the fire protection system). When the CMU actuates the control valve 16 to open via signal line 1, the CMU also actuates the alarm 43, via signal 3, to provide an alarm indicative of the actuation of a fire protection system. Additional details of this mode are provided in copending U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021759, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/898,923, filed on Jul. 27, 2004, entitled: “Non-Interlock, Preaction Residential Dry Sprinkler Fire Protection System With A Releasing Control Panel,” which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
In the single interlocked, pre-action mode, when gas pressure in the network of pipes is reduced below a threshold value due to fault in the system such as, for example, leaks in the valve, piping or defective fire sprinklers, the system is configured, i.e., “interlocked” to prevent the flow of liquid through the network of pipes, which could cause damage to the compartments of the dwelling unit. In the standby mode, the CMU, via signal 2 from sensor 20, monitors for a loss of air pressure fault. If heat or flame is detected by a detection device 46, a signal is sent to the RCP. Upon receipt of a signal from the detection device 46, the RCP can be configured or programmed, in a preferred embodiment, to determine a suitable time frame at which to actuate control valve 16 towards an open position such as, for example, in a time frame prior to the actuation of any residential fire sprinkler so as to fill the main and branch lines with liquid (i.e., to “preactuate” the fire protection system). When the CMU actuates the control valve 16 to open via signal line I, the CMU also actuates the alarm 43, via signal 3, to provide an alarm indicative of the actuation of a fire protection system. Details of such operational mode are provided in copending U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021760, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/898,924, filed on Jul. 27, 2004, entitled: “Single Interlock, Preaction Residential Dry Sprinkler Fire Protection System With A Releasing Control Panel,” which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In the double interlocked, preaction mode, when gas pressure in the network of pipes is reduced below a threshold value due to fault in the system such as, for example, leaks in the valve, piping or defective fire sprinklers, the system is configured, i.e., “interlocked” to prevent the flow of liquid through the network of pipes, which could cause damage to the compartments of the dwelling unit. In particular, the reduction in the gas pressure is detected by first sensor 20 and provided to the RCP in the absence of any detection by the detection device 46 of a fire. In such case, the control valve 16 is interlocked by the controller due to two devices (e.g., fire detector 46 and first sensor 20), i.e., a “double-interlock” to prevent the flow of liquid through the network of pipes. When a detection device 46 faults and a signal is provided to the RCP in the absence of any air loss due to a sprinkler operation, the control valve 16 is interlocked by the controller due to two devices (e.g., fire detector 46 and first sensor 20), i.e., a “double-interlocked” to prevent the flow of liquid through the network of pipes. When both signals are received from the fire detector 46 and first sensor 20 the CMU signals the control valve 16 to open, allowing liquid to flow through the main pipe 40, branch lines 34a through 34d and to at least the actuated residential fire sprinkler. Once actuated, the residential fire sprinkler distributes the liquid in a predetermined density over an area to be protected from a fire in a compartment of a dwelling unit within a predetermined time period elapsing from the actuation of the residential fire sprinklers. Details of this operational mode are provided in copending U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021762, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,124, filed on Jul. 27, 2004, entitled: “Double Interlock, Preaction Residential Dry Sprinkler Fire Protection System With A Releasing Control Panel,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
In any of the preaction systems, the detector 46 preferably operates before any sprinkler activation so to effect a true preaction response, and in the case of a double interlock/preaction system, facilitate water delivery within the fifteen second water delivery requirement. Accordingly, there exists an installation concern as how to employ a detector to sprinkler spacing that will facilitate detector 46 operation before any sprinkler activation. Accordingly, the inventors have discovered a methodology for locating the fire detectors relative to the sprinklers 50 to effect the appropriate operational sequence. One preferred embodiment of the detector 46 is a rate of temperature rise heat detector such as, for example, the TEPG Model T360-9302 (135° F.) Rate of Temperature Rise Heat Detector from TYCO ELECTRONICS PRODUCT GROUP. Alternatively, the detector 46 can be a fixed temperature heat detector such as, for example, the TEPG Model T360-9301 Fixed Temperature Heat Detector from TYCO ELECTRONICS PRODUCT GROUP. Generally, the rate of temperature rise heat detector is preferably used where there is substantially no expectation of a temperature rise. Use of the fixed temperature heat detector is preferably provided a compartment wherein the ambient temperature ranges between about 32° F.-100° F.
A compartment of a dwelling can be characterized by the ceiling of the compartment from which the sprinklers 50 are preferably suspended. According to the preferred methodology, at least one detector is located in any compartment in which a sprinkler 50 is located, and the detector 46 must be located within the requisite sprinkler-to-detector spacing from each sprinkler. Accordingly, one detector 46 can serve or be associated with two or more sprinklers. Moreover where sprinklers 50 are located to either side of a doorway that can be closed, detectors 46 are to be located to each side of the door. Where, the dwelling is multi-level, a detector is to be located on every level in which a sprinkler is located. Wherein the ceiling of the compartment defines a ceiling center point, the detector 46 is preferably located at the ceiling center point so as to more preferably locating the detector 46 away from any corner or dead air space of the compartment. More preferably, the detector 46 is at least about four inches away from any wall adjacent the ceiling. In addition, the detector 46 is located at a distance from air returns or heating/cooling supply vents so as to avoid any impact of the operation of these devices on the ability for the device to detect a fire. Preferably, the detector is preferably located about three feet from any of these devices.
As previously noted the location of the sprinkler is to comply with the requirements of the sprinkler to detector spacing. With regard to a rate of temperature rise heat detector, UL and ULC provides for a spacing of seventy feet (70 ft.). However, the provided spacing of UL and ULC is believed not to be sufficient for the purpose of implementing a residential preaction system. The preferred method has determined that a rate of temperature rise heat detector preferably has a sprinkler-to-detector spacing of about eight feet (8 ft.). With regard to a fixed temperature heat detector, UL and ULC provides for a spacing of seventy feet (70 ft.). However, the provided spacing of UL and ULC is not sufficient for the purpose of implementing a preaction system. The preferred method has determined that a fixed temperature heat detector preferably has a sprinkler-to-detector spacing of about three feet (3 ft.). The method further provides that where the ceiling is a sloped ceiling, the detector is preferably to be located to the high side of the sprinkler. The method further provides that where the ceiling is a sloped ceiling, the detector is preferably to be located to the high side of the sprinkler.
The preferred embodiment of the RCP may also be used in sprinkler systems described in copending U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021766, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,131, filed on Jul. 27, 2004, entitled: “Residential Sprinkler Design Method and System With Fire Resistant Plastic Components,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060021765, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/899,128, filed on Jul. 27, 2004, entitled: “Residential Dry Sprinkler Design Method and System With Wet Main Pipe and Fire Resistant Plastic Dry Branch Pipes,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Further description of the preferred embodiments of the RCP and its methods of use in residential sprinkler systems are described in Tyco Fire & Building Products Datasheet TFP480A, Model RCP-1 Residential Control Panel 1 and 1½ Inch For Dry Pipe Systems, which datasheet is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; and Tyco Fire & Building Products Datasheet TFP480B, Model RCP-1 Residential Control Panel 1 and 1½ Inch For Double Interlock Preaction Systems, which datasheet is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
As previously discussed, one variable of concern in any residential dry or preaction sprinkler system is the water or fluid delivery delay time following sprinkler activation. Current standards require that sprinklers listed for use in a dry or preaction sprinkler system be installed so as to have a fluid delivery delay time of no greater than fifteen seconds (15 sec.). In multiple dwelling units as defined by NFPA Standards 13, 13D and/or 13R (2002) fluid delivery time is a particular concern if the main line which feeds the individual branch lines of the multiple dwelling unit is normally maintained with a pressurized gas and coupled to a fluid source by a single RCP. Requisite fluid delivery time for an activated sprinkler remote from the RCP may not be satisfied due to the need for fluid to displace the pressurized gas in the main and branch lines between the activated sprinkler and the RCP, but may be satisfied by use of appropriate pipe lengths and/or fluid flow devices.
Alternatively, a plurality of RCP units can be used in a system to satisfy a required water delivery delay time and/or provide sectional control to the individual dwellings of a multiple dwelling unit. Shown in
One preferred embodiment of a multiple RCP system in a multi-dwelling unit includes a main line 30; and a network of pipes. The network of pipes includes a plurality of branches 34a, 34b, 34c respectively in communication with the dwellings 110a, 110b, 110c. Each of the branch pipes includes at least one sprinkler 50 to discharge a fluid over the respective dwelling area within about fifteen seconds of sprinkler activation. One control panel RCP is disposed between the main line and each of the branch pipes. Each control panel is preferably in exclusive communication with the branch pipe to which it is connected thereby providing sectional control to each of the dwellings. Because each RCP is preferably in exclusive communication with a respective branch, each individual RCP can be configured for any one of at least one of a non-interlocked/non-preaction system; a non-interlocked/preaction system; a single interlocked/preaction system; and a double interlocked/preaction system.
While the present invention has been disclosed with reference to certain embodiments, numerous modifications, alterations, and changes to the described embodiments are possible without departing from the sphere and scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the described embodiments, but that it has the full scope defined by the language of the following claims, and equivalents thereof.
This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/687,656 filed Jun. 3, 2005 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2006/021683 | 6/5/2006 | WO | 00 | 6/30/2008 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60687656 | Jun 2005 | US |
