Patent Application
20070206644
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to European Application 06405089.1 filed in the European Patent Office on 2 Mar. 2006, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
The disclosure relates to the field of Wide-Area monitoring, protection and control of electric power systems.
An electric power system comprises a power transmission and/or distribution network interconnecting geographically separated regions, and a plurality of substations at the nodes of the power network. The substations include equipment for transforming voltages and for switching connections between individual lines of the power network. Power generation and load flow to consumers is managed by a central Energy Management System (EMS) and/or supervised by a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. SCADA/EMS systems have a centralized structure with a Network Control Centre (NCC) at a control level and a plurality of devices termed Remote Terminal Units (RTU) at the substations of the power network. To enable the remote access to the process, the RTUs collect and time-stamp incoming data, such as binary states of individual substation components, measured values of system quantities, and counter values, and provide up to 106 data points per second to the NCC. Likewise, RTUs transfer commands from the control level to a process level at the substations. In other words, each RTU represents an interface between the switchgear of the respective substation and the NCC, or in terms of communication handling, a station-level gateway including protocol converter for communicating with e.g. a remote SCADA/EMS master station. The corresponding master-slave oriented communication architecture formerly was provided for by specific modems with narrow bandwidth and high reliability. However, serial communication lines between the NCC and the RTUs nowadays are being substituted by Wide Area Networks (WAN) operated with TCP/IP based protocols like IEC 60870-5-104 or DNP 3.0.
Modern RTUs consist of some core-RTU or core device with the gateway to the master, a data concentrator functionality and optionally some Programmable Logic Control (PLC) functionality for control and closed-loop applications, and at least partially decentralized or distributed data sampling and data collecting functionality. In particular, in addition to direct I/O interfaces for hard wired connections of current and/or voltage transformers, the core-RTU may be connected to remote modular I/O components or cards for binary as well as analogue data acquisition, receiving and digitalizing analogue signals comprised e.g. between zero and 5 V or 20 mA. These remote I/O components can be arranged in racks, e.g., sub-RTUs or sub-racks, and can be located distant from the core-RTUs. Communication between the core- and the sub-RTUs is arranged for via a proprietary communication means based on an extension of the internal communication bus of the core-RTU. In addition, the RTUs may be connected, via field-bus interfaces, to various types of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) as described below. In any case, RTUs operate with Root Mean Square (RMS) values Ieff, Ueff of the currents and voltages monitored, which are sampled e.g. at 0.5 Hz or less, i.e. at a fraction of the 50/60 Hz network frequency of the power system. Accordingly, SCADA/EMS offers a rather static view on the entire electric power system adapted to the needs of a human network operator.
Substations for power distribution in high and medium voltage power networks include primary or field devices such as electrical cables, lines, busbars, switches, breakers, power transformers and instrument transformers arranged in switch yards and/or bays. These primary devices are operated in an automated way via a Substation Automation (SA) system responsible for controlling, protecting and monitoring of substations. The SA system comprises microprocessor based, programmable secondary devices, so-called Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED), interconnected in a SA communication network or local area network and interacting with the primary devices via a process interface. The IEDs are generally assigned to one of three hierarchical levels, namely the station level with the operators place including e.g. a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) and the abovementioned gateway to the Network Control Centre (NCC), the bay level with its bay units for protection and control, and the process level. A process interface between the process and the bay level generally comprises isolation amplifiers for galvanic isolation of analogue inputs or optical couplers for galvanic isolation of binary process inputs.
IEDs on the process-level comprise e.g. non-conventional or electronic sensors for voltage, current and gas density measurements, contact probes for sensing switch and transformer tap changer positions, or intelligent actuators for controlling switchgear like circuit breakers or disconnectors. Such process-level IEDs are connected to a bay unit via a serial link or optical process bus, which can be considered as the process interface replacing the hard-wired process-interface that conventionally connects the switchyard to the bay level equipment. Breaker-IEDs may be shielded against electromagnetic disturbances and directly integrated into the switchgear or respective intelligent primary equipment.
IEDs on the bay level, also termed bay units, in turn are connected to each other and to the IEDs on the station level via an optical inter-bay or station bus. Among these, IEDs for protection and control are responsible for the protection of network components, in particular lines, and continuously evaluate currents, voltages, temperatures measured locally, and locally disconnect lines or other components when these measurements indicate an emergency, overload or fault condition. Such multi-functional control protection devices with associated measurement and communication units are referred to as numerical, digital or protective relays. The monitoring, protection or control functions performed comprise for instance disturbance recording, over-current protection, differential protection, phase comparison, distance protection, breaker failure protection or bus bar protection.
In contrast to the abovementioned Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition and/or Energy Management System (SCADA/EMS), SA systems perform local tasks such as the operative functions control, monitoring, supervision and protection. These functions include all the automation of actions that are required to manage the specific substation, whether it is to isolate and earth a feeder bay or to collect and store condition-monitoring data. The typical time scale for these applications is a fraction of the period of the network, e.g. 1 ms and thus distinctively lower than for SCADA/EMS applications.
In the past years, continued load growth without a corresponding increase in transmission resources has resulted in reduced operational margins for many power systems world wide, and has led to operation of power systems ever closer to their stability limits. Likewise, load transmission and wheeling of power from distant generators to local load consumers has become common practice, and led to substantially increased amounts of power being transmitted through the existing networks, occasionally even causing transmission bottlenecks and electromechanical oscillations of parts of the electric power systems. These issues together with the on-going worldwide trend towards deregulation of the electric power markets on the one hand and the increased need for accurate and better network monitoring on the other hand, have created a demand for dynamic wide area monitoring, protection and control that goes beyond the rather static view as provided by SCADA/EMS.
A state or condition of an electric power system at one specific point in time can be obtained from a plurality of synchronized phasor measurements or snapshots collected across the electric power system or power transmission network. Phasors are time-stamped, complex values such as amplitude and phase, of local electric quantities such as currents, voltages and load flows, and can be provided by means of stand-alone Phasor Measurement Units (PMU). These units involve a very accurate global time reference, obtained e.g. by using the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system or any other comparable means, and allowing synchronization of the time-stamped values from different locations. The phasors are sampled at a rate of 20 to 60 Hz, and thus can provide a view on transient or sub-transient states. Conventionally, PMUs forward their measured phasor values to a system protection centre at control level or alternatively to a PMU acting as a master. Data exchange can further be established between the system protection centre and other control and protection systems to allow for optimal data sharing and control actions based on oscillation detection and frequency deviations.
In the patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,845,333, a protective relay is disclosed that comprises means for producing synchronized voltage or current phasor values as well as means for receiving voltage or current values from another, remote relay via a communication channel. Synchronized phasor measurement data from one of the relays can be reported either as unsolicited binary messages at specific time intervals or solicited ASCII messages at specific times. Hence, current differential protection based on two synchronized phasors from the local and the remote relay at the two ends of a line, cable or interconnection, is proposed.
The disclosure can enable, without incurring heavy infrastructural investments, phasor-based monitoring, protection and control applications in electric power systems supervised and/or managed by a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition/Energy Management System (SCADA/EMS). These objectives can be achieved by an exemplary Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) for SCADA/EMS systems, as well as exemplary embodiments of method and system for Wide-Area monitoring, protection and control as disclosed.
For example, an exemplary phasor measurement facility is integrated into a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) that is part of the Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition/Energy Management System (SCADA/EMS) and comprises Input/Output (I/O) interfaces hard-wired to a substation of an electric power system managed by the SCADA/EMS system. By taking advantage of the fact that RTUs as indispensable building blocks for SCADA/EMS are part of exemplary substation of a power system, no extra housing, power supply, cabling and EMC shielding for the additional functionality needs to be provided.
So-called Wide-Area (WA) monitoring, protection and control applications involving synchronized phasor measurements are based on a dynamic wide-area view of the power-system with a characteristic time scale and inter-substation coordination requirement. Applicants have realized that the reaction time and the geographic extension of WA applications are both situated in-between the respective values for (i) long-term planning or management applications covering the entire power system, and (ii) short-term or instantaneous protection applications securing a single bay of an individual substation of the electric power system.
In an exemplary variant of the disclosure, the phasor measurement facility can be arranged in one sub-RTU or several sub-RTUs distributed over the substation and connected to a single core-RTU comprising the communication gateway. The hard-wired connections to the process can thus be shared between the data acquisition means for network data destined to slow management purposes and phasor data evaluated by Wide-Area monitoring, control and/or protection applications. Furthermore, the RTUs can be independent of the Local Operating Network (LON) for Substation Automation communication. Thus, the instantaneous protection services provided by the bay units or protection relays are not impeded by phasor data being transferred over the LON and possibly conflicting with the time-critical commands for bay level protection of the individual substations of the electric power system.
In an advantageous exemplary embodiment, the phasor data is communicated to the Network Control Centre (NCC) via the communication gateway of the RTU and the dedicated communication link between the latter and the NCC. Thereby advantage is taken of the fact that the phasor measurement facilities need not be synchronized over a communication link for mutual data exchange, as they obtain the synchronizing signal over an independent channel. In addition, forwarding of time-stamped phasor values in a non-time critical manner to a Wide-Area control centre does not require the provision of a separate upstream communication link.
The subject matter of the invention will be explained in more detail in the following text with reference to various exemplary embodiments which are illustrated in the attached drawings, in which:
The reference symbols used in the drawings, and their meanings, are listed in summary form in the list of reference symbols. In principle, identical parts are provided with the same reference symbols in the figures.
In addition to what is shown in
In order for the targeted Wide-Area (WA) monitoring, protection and control functions to be properly executable, the phasor data from disparate sources, often separated by hundreds of kilometres, can be analysed in conjunction and refer to a common phase reference. Therefore, the different phasor measurement facilities 23 have local clocks 22 that are synchronised with each other to within a given precision. Such a synchronisation can be achieved with a known time distribution system, for example the global positioning (GPS) system. In an embodiment, the phasor data can be determined at least every 100 milliseconds, with a temporal resolution that can be less than 1 millisecond. Each measurement is then associated with a time stamp derived from the synchronised local clock. Such appropriately prepared phasor data enables implementing WA functionality such as line differential protection, line thermal monitoring, phase angle monitoring, power oscillation protection and voltage stability monitoring, which are summarized in the unpublished European Patent Application 05405615.5. The latter is incorporated herein for all purposes by way of reference.
As disclosed, the terms, e.g., SCADA/EMS, RTU, core-RTU and sub-RTU are defined by their functionality as indicated and may be called differently. Further, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restricted. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description and all changes that come within the meaning and range and equivalence thereof are intended to be embraced therein.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06405089.1 | Mar 2006 | EP | regional |
