Patent Application
20130302479
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to sulfur dioxide reduction. More specifically, the invention relates to a composition for removing sulfur dioxide from a headspace of a container containing fruit or any other product preserved with sulfur dioxide.
2. Description of Related Art
Sulfur dioxide has been used as a gaseous antimicrobial for over 80 years. For example, it has been used in the grape industry by gassing on the fruit before picking to control the growth of the fungus Botrytis Cinerea, which causes gray mold, and as a bleaching agent, to produce golden color grapes. Without sulfur dioxide fumigation the long term storage of table grapes would not be possible.
Dried fruits, such as apricots, also are subjected to sulfur dioxide treatment during the drying process to inhibit the Maillard reaction between amino acids and sugars in the fruit. More specifically, the Maillard reaction is between the reactive carbonyl group of the sugars and the nucleophilic amino group of the amino acid and results in a range of odors and off-flavors. This reaction is also responsible for the browning of fruit after the fruit is cut. The process of gassing fruit with sulfur dioxide on the vine to inhibit the Maillard reactions, extends the shelf of dried fruits allowing for the long shelf life that we have today.
Golden raisins, dried apricots, dried peaches, dried pears, and others are generally harvested once per year, and gassed with sulfur dioxide while fresh, either before or after picking, to enhance color and stop the Maillard reactions. Notwithstanding the success of the sulfur dioxide procedure and the relatively long and documented history of its use, some have begun to question the safety of residual sulfur dioxide in fruit packages. For instance, the State of California has classified sulfur dioxide as a reproductive toxin and limits the amount of sulfur dioxide that can be in a fruit package.
Thus, there is a need for a sulfur dioxide absorber that can be used in fruit, and especially dried fruit, packaging.
There is a further need in the art for a composition that can remove sulfur dioxide from a fruit package in a manner that does not allow the later release of the sulfur dioxide.
This invention addresses these needs by providing improvements in food packaging in which sulfur dioxide is undesirably present.
In one aspect of the invention, a sulfur dioxide absorber includes an adsorber and an absorber on or with the adsorber. The adsorber attracts and holds sulfur dioxide and the absorber reacts to bind or change the sulfur dioxide.
An understanding of this and other aspects, features, and benefits of the invention may be had with reference to the following disclosure, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are described.
As noted above, the invention generally relates to reducing sulfur dioxide concentration in food packages. More specifically, the invention relates to removing sulfur dioxide from the headspace of a container, such as a container or package of dried fruit.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention includes a sulfur dioxide reducing composition including an adsorber that will releasably retain sulfur dioxide and an absorber that will react with the sulfur dioxide to irreversibly retain the sulfur dioxide. For example, the absorber will react with the sulfur dioxide to convert the sulfur dioxide into another compound that cannot later be released back into the package. In operation, the adsorber draws the sulfur dioxide into the composition and the absorber reacts with the sulfur dioxide to form a new compound from which sulfur dioxide is not released.
Four known approaches to reduction of sulfur dioxide concentration in a food package (or any other closed container that contains SO2):
Additional details of how to accomplish each of these SO2 reduction methods are recited below.
The adsorber is any substance that will releasably retain sulfur dioxide. The adsorber preferably is a porous structure that allows for retention of the sulfur dioxide in its pores. Adsorbers usable in the invention include, but are not limited to, activated carbon and silica gel.
Although in some applications the adsorber may be sufficient to remove sulfur dioxide from a headspace of a container, for example, to comply with regulatory requirements for minimum sulfur dioxide concentration, merely adsorbing sulfur dioxide, for example, using activated carbon or the like, can lead to subsequent release of the sulfur dioxide. Thus preferred embodiments of the invention further include an absorber.
The absorber is any substance that will react with or otherwise retain sulfur dioxide in an irreversible manner. For example, the absorber may be a reactive compound. Carbonates, lime, magnesium oxide, alkali metal sulfites, hydroxides, calcium chloride, copper oxide, and water are examples of sulfur dioxide absorbers. Of these, carbonates react with sulfur dioxide to form a variety of compounds such as sulfates, thiosulfates, polysulfides and elemental sulfur. The reaction of lime with sulfur dioxide is quite slow and relatively inefficient and forms calcium sulfite. Magnesium oxide reacts with sulfur dioxide to form magnesium sulfate. Many hydroxides, including calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide will react with sulfur dioxide to form a new compound that will not be converted back to sulfur dioxide. For example, calcium hydroxide reacts with sulfur dioxide to form the insoluble calcium sulfite. Water carried by activated carbon will convert the sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid inside activated carbon.
Sodium sulfite or sodium hydroxide can also be used with lime to react with sulfur dioxide to form calcium sulfite. A catalyst such as potassium iodide or potassium dioxide also may be used.
In embodiments of the invention the absorber is carried on the adsorber, such as by being impregnated thereon. As in the example of water and activated carbon given above, the absorber may be carried on the adsorber by being retained in pores of the absorber.
The sulfur dioxide absorbing composition is preferably contained in a sulfur dioxide permeable container made from a material, such as a film. The film may be a non-woven, spun bonded material, such as that commercially available under the TYVEK trademark. Such a film preferably is formed into a pouch or sachet and includes the composition described above. Such pouch shapes and methods of making them are conventional. Known non-wovens are also permeable to silicon dioxide. In each of the Examples discussed below, the formulation was placed in a pouch made of a non-woven like that just described, and the pouch was placed in the vessel from which sulfur dioxide was to be withdrawn.
In another example, the formulations may be provided integral with the film. The formulation may be disposed as part of a laminate structure, for example, between barrier layers. Some formulations may also lend themselves to mixing with thermoplastics, with the mixture thus formed extruded into a film that may be used as packaging for a product from which sulfur dioxide is to be removed.
An equilibrium atmosphere for some dried fruits will include some sulfur dioxide as a gas. Thus, as the sulfur dioxide absorber of the present invention extracts sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere and reacts with the sulfur dioxide such that it is not readily released, the fruit will give off more sulfur dioxide. Thus, it is desirable that the amount of the sulfur dioxide absorbing composition be chosen to continue to absorb sulfur dioxide beyond an amount originally occurring in the headspace of the container.
In some embodiments of the invention, a preferred reaction shifts the above-mentioned equilibrium in a manner that tends to convert the sulfur dioxide from a volatile, gas form to a stable form that precipitates. For example, water, carried by carbon or silica gel, will shift the equilibrium, by effecting the following reaction:
SO2+H2O{right arrow over (←)}H2SO3{right arrow over (←)}H+ HSO3−
Calcium ions can then be introduced, to precipitate the H+ HSO3− into Ca (HSO3)2, a compound from which sulfur dioxide cannot revolatalize. Alternatively, or in addition, a hydroxide can be added to the H+ HSO3− to produce SO3−, i.e., sulfite. The sulfite can then be further reacted, for example with calcium ions to create CaSO3, calcium sulfite, which will precipitate out of solution. Other cations, Mg for example, can function similarly if the salt formed is insoluble.
Many formulations for removing sulfur dioxide from atmosphere in a package will be appreciated from the foregoing disclosure. A simple formulation such as water in a carrier will effect a change of sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid. Adding another adsorbent, such as those discussed above, or a precipitant, will cause further reaction of the sulfurous acid in a manner that will irreversibly retain the sulfur dioxide. Oxidizers, such as peroxides, perchlorates, and the like may also be used to remove the sulfur dioxide. Here the sulfite is oxidized to sulfate which does not dissociate under the conditions of use to release SO2.
What follows are a number of example formulations that the inventors have created and tested. These are examples only and are in no way limiting of the invention.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with three liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 1 gram of 300-angstrom silica gel containing 15.5% calcium chloride dihydrate and 25.7% water was added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content from 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide to 1.4 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 96 hours at room temperature. This formulation worked but was slower than some of the other formulations because of the silica gel being used. Activated carbon is better at adsorbing and holding onto organic gases than silica gel. The activated carbon also provides a catalytic effect for the reactions. The water reacts with the sulfur dioxide to form sulfurous acid, which reacts with the calcium chloride to form calcium bisulfite which is irreversible and cannot be revolatized.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with three liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 1 gram of activated carbon containing 12.5% calcium chloride dihydrate and 20.8% water was added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content from 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide to 0.0 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 24 hours at room temperature.
This formulation with the activated carbon was faster and more efficient than the formulation with the silica gel because the activated carbon with the large surface area of the activated carbon provides a catalytic effect for reactions in addition to the adsorption capability of the activated carbon. The pore structure of the activated carbon has a greater affinity for organic molecules. The large pore structure allows for the greater capacity and the greater strength in holding the organic molecules. The water converts the sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid and then the calcium chloride reacts to form calcium bisulfite which is irreversible and cannot be revolatized.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.05 grams of dry potassium carbonate was added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 0.7 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 24 hours at room temperature.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.05 grams of powdered calcium chloride dihydrate and 0.4 grams of saturated potassium carbonate on blotter paper were added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 63 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 96 hours at room temperature.
This reaction was slower due to the fact that the reactants were not on an adsorbent such as activated carbon which would also act as an adsorbent and have the catalytic effect on the reactions.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.05 grams of powdered anhydrous calcium chloride was added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 62 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 120 hours at room temperature.
This reaction was slower due to the fact that the reactant was not on an adsorbent such as activated carbon which would also act as an adsorbent and have the catalytic effect on the reactions. The other factor is that water was not used to convert the sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.4 grams of activated carbon containing 12.5% calcium chloride dihydrate and 20.8% water was added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 3.0 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 24 hours at room temperature.
This reaction is faster because it has the advantage of the activated carbon to act as an adsorbent and for the catalytic effect on the reactions. The water will convert the sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid and the calcium chloride will convert this to calcium bisulfite which is now irreversible and cannot be revolatized.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.4 grams of activated carbon containing 12.5% anhydrous calcium chloride and 20.8% water was added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 0.0 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 24 hours at room temperature.
This reaction is faster because it has the advantage of the activated carbon to act as an adsorbent and for the catalytic effect on the reactions. The water will convert the sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid and the calcium chloride will convert this to calcium bisulfite which is now irreversible and cannot be revolatized.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.05 grams of anhydrous potassium carbonate in 0.05 grams of water for a total of 0.1 grams was added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 0.0 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 24 hours at room temperature. Potassium carbonate is very efficient in reacting with sulfur dioxide to convert the sulfur dioxide to potassium sulfate. This is another reaction that is irreversible where the sulfur dioxide cannot be revolatized at another time. The reaction could have been even faster if activated carbon had been used.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.75 grams of activated carbon impregnated with 20% water and dried mangoes were added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 0.0 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 24 days at room temperature. The water converted the sulfur dioxide to sulfur acid. The activated carbon also adsorbes sulfur dioxide and has a catalytic effect on the on the reaction. The reason that it took longer for the sulfur dioxide content to be reduced to 0.0 ppm is that the dried mangoes were liberating sulfur dioxide in the test vessel during this time. The mangoes liberate less sulfur dioxide than raisins.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.05 grams of potassium carbonate dissolved in 0.05 grams of water and impregnated on 0.65 grams of activated carbon (for a total weight of 0.75 grams) and dried mangoes were added to the test vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 1.0 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 24 days at room temperature. The water converted the sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid and the potassium carbonate converted the sulfur dioxide to potassium sulfate. The activated carbon also adsorbes the sulfur dioxide and has a catalytic effect on the reactions. The reason that it took longer to bring the sulfur dioxide content down is that the dried mangoes continued to liberate sulfur dioxide. The mangoes liberate less sulfur dioxide than raisins.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.1 gram of anhydrous potassium carbonate powder and dried peaches were added to the vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 1.1 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 24 days at room temperature. The potassium carbonate is an efficient reactant for the sulfur dioxide converting the sulfur dioxide to potassium sulfate but the dried peaches continued to liberate sulfur dioxide overtime. This is the reason for the 24 days. Activated carbon would have probably improved the reactivity and adsorption of the sulfur dioxide.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.3 grams of Jacobi VA2 activated carbon and jumbo raisins were added to the test vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 2.0 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 21 days at room temperature. This specialty activated carbon is impregnated with reactants when manufactured to adsorb and react with the sulfur dioxide. This reaction is irreversible. This specialty activated carbon is a very fast adsorber for sulfur dioxide. The raisins liberate more sulfur dioxide overtime than most other dried fruits, this is the reason for the 21 days.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.32 grams of a combination of 15.5% anhydrous calcium chloride, 25.7% water, 58.8% 300-angstrom silica gel and jumbo raisins were added to the test vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 3.7 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 21 days at room temperature. This is a good adsorber formulation for sulfur dioxide but the formulation might have been faster if activated carbon had been used in place of the 300 angstrom silica gel because of the adsorptive catalytic effect of the activated carbon. The water converts the sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid and the calcium chloride reacts to form calcium bisulfite which is irreversible. The reason that this was slower is that the raisins liberate sulfur dioxide overtime. Dried raisins liberate more sulfur dioxide than most other dried fruits.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 1.5-liters of air and 1.5-liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 0.4 grams of a combination of 12.5% anhydrous calcium chloride, 20.8% water, 66.7% activated carbon and golden raisins were added to the test vessel. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to 8.8 ppm of sulfur dioxide in 21 days at room temperature. This is a good sulfur dioxide adsorber formulation. The water converts the sulfur dioxide to sulfurous acid and the calcium chloride reacts to form calcium bisulfite which is irreversible. The golden raisins liberate more sulfur dioxide overtime than any other dried fruit.
A three-liter test vessel was evacuated and injected with 3.0 liters of gas containing 1,000 ppm of sulfur dioxide in nitrogen. 1.0 gram of a blend of 7.4 grams 3.0% hydrogen peroxide and 30. grams of chabazite were added to the test vessel. The 3.0% hydrogen peroxide has a pH of 6.2. This composition reduced the sulfur dioxide content to from 1000 ppm to 4.6 ppm of sulfur dioxide content in 72 hours.
Another presently preferred formulation includes, by weight, 25% calcium hydroxide, 62.5% activated carbon, 3.75% potassium carbonate, and 8.75% water.
While the invention has been described in connection with several presently preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that many modifications and changes may be made therein without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention which accordingly is intended to be defined solely by the appended claims.
