Patent Grant
11690309
This invention relates to systems and methods to disperse material in response to an independent variable such as water temperature or current or the amount of sunlight. The system and methods can be used to manage a local environment such as a seagrass bed, a coral reef or a protected swimming area, but can also be applied to small local environments such as a swimming pool, or expanded into a network covering a coastline.
The world is experiencing more extreme weather effects. Water, air and sunlight are almost always significant factors causing extreme weather and also impacting human populations, plants and animals and the natural environment in general. While there is debate as to the priority of contributing factors, man-made or natural, there is no doubt that the contributions of various causes are cumulative: that is, an increased deviation to one causal factor will increase the likelihood and severity of weather events, and may be the critical tipping point for a catastrophic environmental change even if the relative contribution of that factor was small. Therefore it is beneficial to search all possible solutions to reduce the effects of contributing factors to this extreme weather.
The diebacks to marine grasses have been attributed to water temperature, salinity and pH, and human impacts from dredging and anchor drags, among other factors. The impact to seagrasses has been similar to that of coral reefs. Consider a 1979 report, Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay (J. Court Stevenson, Catherine B. Piper and Nedra Confer), where the authors write “Decline of the Bay Grasses The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory (MBHRL) and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources have monitored the occurrence of aquatic grasses in Maryland waters from 1971 to the present. These surveys constitute the main body of information on Chesapeake Bay grasses. By combining data from over 600 sampling stations in 26 areas, they found that the percent of stations with grasses decreased from about 28% at the start of the survey in 1971 to about 10% in 1978. Although no comparable survey has been conducted in Virginia, spot measurements of submerged grass beds by the Virginia Institute of Marine Science reflect a similar decline.” These observations are parallel to the effects seen for coral reefs. In one study, “The 27-Year Decline of Coral Cover on the Great Barrier Reef and Its Causes,” by Glen De'ath et al, the authors summarized, “Based on the world's most extensive time series data on reef condition (2,258 surveys of 214 reefs over 1985-2012) we show a major decline in coral cover from 28.0% to 13.8% (0.53% y-1), a loss of 50.7% of initial cover. Tropical cyclones, coral predation by crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), and coral bleaching accounted for 48%, 42%, and 10% of the respective estimated losses . . . ” and concluded this summary, “strategies can, however, only be successful if climatic conditions are stabilized, as losses due to bleaching and cyclones will otherwise increase.” In an article “Mapping the Decline of Coral Reefs” by John Whier, the author wrote, “The latest reports state that as much as 27 percent of monitored reef formations have been lost and as much as 32 percent are at risk of being lost within the next 32 years.” In another article, “South Florida Coral Reefs In ‘Extremely Alarming’ Decline” by Robert Nolin, the author states, “A recent report by an international group of scientists concluded that coral reef growth, especially reefs in shallow water like that offshore South Florida, has declined by as much as 70 percent.” Whatever a scientist may label this as the impact of climate change, global warming, or natural changes to water temperature, oxygen, pH and salinity, the damage to seagrasses and coral is readily apparent.
A more recent 2008 posting online restated the trend and the causes. Kenneth A. Moore and Jessie C. Jarvis (2008) cite, “We investigated the effects of several environmental factors on eelgrass abundance before, during, and after widespread eelgrass diebacks during the unusually hot summer of 2005 in the Chesapeake Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve in Virginia . . . Results indicate nearly complete eelgrass vegetative dieback during the July-August period of 2005, in contrast to the more seasonal and typical declines in the summer of 2004 . . . In 2005, the frequency and duration of water temperatures exceeding 30° C. were significantly greater than that of 2004 and 2006. Additionally, the frequencies of low dissolved oxygen excursions of 1-3 mg L−1 during this period were greater in 2005 than 2004 or 2006. These results suggest that eelgrass populations in this estuary are growing near their physiological tolerances. Therefore, the combined effects of short-term exposures to very high summer temperatures, compounded by reduced oxygen and light conditions, may lead to long-term declines of this species from this system.” Considering the interdependence of life on earth to salt water coral formations, this erosion has been put forth by scientists as a crisis for our future existence and health.
The interaction, balance and transformation of the ecosystem for marine grasses or a coral reef is complex, and the scientific study even of individual factors such as sunlight is rather recent, due in part to the difficulty of measuring aspects in a sub-sea region. The term “sun bleaching” is generalized to explain the white color of a dying reef formation, which is likely caused by several factors of temperature, pH, and others listed, and not singularly parallel to what is termed sunburn. But the effects of direct sunshine on temperature for an ocean reef have been proven. In “The physiological response of reef corals to diel fluctuations in seawater temperature” published by Hollie M. Putnam and Peter J. Edmunds, the authors summarize in the abstract, “the effects of fluctuating temperatures on tropical scleractinian corals arose when diurnal warming (as large as 4.7° C.) was detected over the rich coral communities found within the back reef of Moorea, French Polynesia. The authors explain in the article (p. 217) that “underwater temperature fluctuates rapidly (i.e., up to ˜5° C. in <24 h) throughout the Florida Keys, the Bahamas, St. Croix, Belize, and Bonaire (Leichter et al, 2006), largely as a result of diurnal warming in shallow water (10 m), and tidal forcing and internal waves at greater depths (20-30 m).” In another study, “The effects of a variable temperature regime on the physiology of the reef-building coral Seriatopora hystrix: results from a laboratory-based reciprocal transplant” published by Anderson B. Mayfield et al., the authors summarize, “To understand the effects of global climate change on reef-building corals, a thorough investigation of their physiological mechanisms of acclimatization is warranted. However, static temperature manipulations may underestimate the thermal complexity of the reefs in which many corals live. For instance, corals of Houbihu, Taiwan, experience changes in temperature of up to 10° C. over the course of a day during spring-tide upwelling events.” In a third study, “Characterization of the ASHEPOO-COMBAHEE-EDISTO (ACE) Basin, South Carolina,” published by E. Wenner et al., the authors explain, “Diurnal variation in temperature was evident with warmest temperatures occurring during the time interval of 1300-1800 hrs for each month at both sites.” In yet a fourth study, “Dramatic Variability of the Carbonate System at a Temperate Coastal Ocean Site (Beaufort, N.C.) is Regulated by Physical and Biogeochemical Processes on Multiple Timescales,” by Zackary I. Johnson et al., the authors noted “short-term spikes in the acidity of the estuary were driven by changes in temperature, water flow, biological activity and other natural factors . . . .”
Other trends include an increasing demand from the multiplying human population for fresh water, movement of water and purification of water, all simultaneous with a depletion of water stores from key regions and unpredictable climate impact to water conditions. Consider for the U.S.A. that California is mandating water rationing and regulations that impact the farmer and homeowner, but must be balanced to every business entity such as a golf course or manufacturing facility. The ability to provide water where it is needed, even if from a water source that would be considered remote or inaccessible prior to this invention, or to mitigate the growing drought conditions can have enormous benefit.
Many methods exist to disperse fluids or solids, such as sprinklers, ink jets, farm seeders and medical devices. Farming devices typically seek to deliver a prescribed quantity or moisture level through direct supply of water. For example, Campbell et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 8,751,052 discloses a method to monitor soil moisture to set a threshold for irrigation, and would direct standard methods of flow irrigation. Campbell et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 8,682,493 describes a plurality of profiles of moisture levels, salinity and temperature but would link these to common irrigation systems. As another example, Magro et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 8,682,494 discloses methods to measure soil conditions such as salinity, temperature or moisture to prescribe direct action, and relies on common irrigation methods for that action.
Other devices attempt particular dispersion patterns or to distribute particular substances for size or chemical properties. For example, Swanson's U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,559 describes a device to distribute seed evenly using a meter and a specially designed plate. Another example is Aihara et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 6,276,057 B1, which discloses a nozzle with two orifices to prevent ink from clogging the print head. Holly's U.S. Pat. No. 7,490,565 B2 describes a meter and drum to deliver seeds at a set rate. Schaffert's U.S. Pat. No. 8,336,467 B2 describes an extension for depositing both seed and liquid into a furrow. Kusaki et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 8,343,548 B2 describes a chemical of a certain size to facilitate dosage of a poorly soluble solid. Livingston et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 8,763,856 B2 describes introducing water to a measuring chamber to distribute powdered or liquid chemical to a washer. Riffel's U.S. Pat. No. 8,955,445 B2 describes an air intake system to distribute seeds at regular intervals. Stone et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 8,986,628 B2 describes a device to form discontinuous sections together in a fluid. Imoto et al.'s U.S. Pat. No. 8,993,679 B2 describes aqueous dispersion of fluorine-containing seed polymers by creating a coating film.
One drawback is that such systems are designed effectively as an on/off switch, a timed delay function or a variable speed that provides partial dispersion. Control systems may measure the amount of fluid, seeds or solid dispersed and adjust valves based on pressure or other internal controls. None of these systems has as an object to adjust the dispersion of material based on at least one independent variable such as external environmental factor.
Porat's U.S. Pat. No. 8,795,510 B2 describes an automated pool cleaner that uses an external probe for chlorine, then dispersing chlorine by generating an electrochemical reaction from sodium chloride in the device, or from the water outside the unit. The device is dedicated to chlorine, and does not provide a compartment where different materials could be inserted, nor does it permit a choice of materials to insert. Furthermore, the test for the environmental factor of chlorine is not truly independent because it will be influenced by the material dispersed. While it is likely that this is a real operational limit of the Porat prior art, where the device would be stopping and starting as chlorine is dispersed and then measured at higher set points, the distinctive aspect is that the variable used as a basis for dispersion is the same as the material dispersed, therefore the variable is not independent.
An independent variable is a factor, condition, object, action, event or change that exists or acts separately from the proposed device, model or method. In a statistical or mathematical model, we measure the group of “other” variables that are dependent or affected by the independent variable. If we set up a matched control group where the independent variable is held steady while our test group changes the independent variable, or if we measure the group of dependent variables before and after a state change for the independent variable, this can measure the accuracy and effectiveness of a model. For this invention, the independent variable is as a factor, condition, object, action, event or change that occurs or acts separately from the apparatus and separately from the gas, fluid or solid to be dispersed. When dispersing water, the external water vapor pressure is an independent variable that affects whether a droplet size will create fog or mist or drizzle. By measuring water vapor pressure and adjusting nozzle aperture the apparatus can consistently deliver the droplet size for the desired state of fog or mist or drizzle desired. The benefits for water dispersion include visual effects, shading, and transfer of fluid to specific areas. A corresponding benefit may result for other materials such as gasoline or paint or food paste. Other instruments can be layered into the device, such as heating elements to heat the fluid. In alternate embodiments, the measurement of remote variables can be processed by a central computer and direction provided as a composite signal to a group of nozzle apertures that achieve an overall strategy. The list of aspects provided for fluid dispersion are examples and not limiting. Water vapor pressure is also an example of an independent variable that may affect the fluid, dispersion and dependent variables, and therefore possible benefits, but water vapor pressure is not a limiting example. When dispersing seeds underwater, current is an independent variable that may indicate optimum propagation times.
One independent variable that may affect seagrass propagation is the depth of water to the sea bed. Another independent variable may be length of day that indicates season. Another independent variable may be wind or current or rain, where stormy conditions could indicate the seeds would scatter outside of an ideal depth. Other variables may be pH, salinity, oxygen level or turbidity (as a proxy for fertilizer runoff), for which different species may have different favorable characteristics. To contain several species of seeds and determine which species is dispersed, or to change the rate of dispersion based on these independent variables, all can optimize the likelihood that seeds will propagate and successfully cultivate a bed of sea grass.
The same mechanism could be applied to hatchlings of small fish if the object is to repopulate an area with native or beneficial species. The same mechanism could provide a safety device to protect the habitat for grasses, fish or people, by distributing a liquid or solid that repels predators. The same mechanism could serve to warn people, by distributing a liquid or solid that is readily apparent to people when a predator approaches. It is possible to use a sensor or computer aided analysis of sensors that identifies specifically an organism of particular color, size, speed or species.
None of the prior art provides an apparatus that responds to environmental sensors with a proportionate dispersion from a compartment. None of the systems adjust the aperture of a nozzle together with the fluid pressure in response to independent variables, such as environmental stimuli, to disperse liquid or solid or gas. None of the existing systems seek to optimize the seed propagation for marine vegetation. None of the systems work together with natural forces such as current and wind to disperse liquids or solids into an aqueous solution.
In general, the apparatus of the present invention comprises a sensor, a processor, a pump and a nozzle with an adjustable aperture to disperse fluid or solids. In general, the apparatus of the present invention comprises a nozzle, adjustable aperture diaphragm, solenoid or motor, sensor, wiring and optionally a processor. The processor is present in an ideal embodiment, but is not required for a minimal embodiment. Sensors can be designed to send a signal, either on/off or proportional to a measurement, and then the signal can be used to activate or adjust a motor, solenoid or drive mechanism. The apparatus will include the electronic circuitry to receive a signal that is based on external information or measurement by a sensor or device. It is possible to construct circuitry that interprets signals and gives direction to the mechanism or mechanical device that adjusts the aperture of the nozzle. It is also possible to include a processor or an electronic control board that interprets the signals from measuring devices and provides direction for the adjustment of the nozzle aperture.
A preferred embodiment uses solar panels to power a pump that sucks in sea water, mixes at least one liquid or solid, and circulates the mixture back into the sea. Any number of natural phenomena could be used to power such apparatus, including sunlight, tide, wave, water current, fire or earthquake. A computer determines the rate of the pump based on the sensor. One embodiment has compartments each with the seeds of different species of seagrasses. As sensors send measurements of water current, temperature, pH and oxygen to the computer, the computer processes this information to determine which species is best matched to the set of variables and then activates a coil to mix those seeds into the circulating sea water, thereby dispersing seeds with the best chance to cultivate. The M800 multi-parameter transmitter from Mettler-Toledo International LLC in Ohio, together with 4 sensors including pH, O2 and CO2, is an example of a device that can be adapted and incorporated into the embodiment to provide multiple sensors within the unit, or multiple sensors in a remote, subsea location transmitting measurements to the main apparatus. The Model 106 Lightweight Current Meter from Valeport Co. in the UK is an example of a low cost meter to measure liquid flow and direction. An alternate embodiment could have a sensor for the size of fish hatchlings that are contained in compartments, to combine with measurements of the environmental conditions, so as to adjust the aperture of the nozzle and determine the release time for different sizes of hatchlings. An alternate embodiment could derive power from at least one of natural phenomena that include sunlight, wind, tide, wave, water current or earthquake by utilizing equipment to convert the natural energy into kinetic or electric power. The log and power unit, including equipment for power conversion and storage such as battery, can be used to store power and information to disperse the liquid or solid at a later time that is optimal and to use predictive modelling to set the decision protocol to disperse hatchlings.
The preferred embodiment measures water temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen. An alternative embodiment receives signals from submerged sensors in addition to sensors in the buoy. There are many ways to adjust the apparatus and the terms “adjust” or “adjustment” includes one or more of activating, deactivating, turning, rotating, spinning, or otherwise changing the direction of, increasing the speed of or power of a pump or pressure mechanism, increasing the pressure within or the aperture of a nozzle, activating a coil or screw, a solenoid, a flange, flap, gate or door, or other orifice on at least one compartment in addition to a nozzle through which a mixture is dispersed. By grouping a series of buoys along a sea bed or reef or oriented with prevailing currents and winds, it is possible to optimize the distribution. An alternative embodiment uses a system of networked apparatus buoys, each also equipped with the current flow meter and integrated with current velocity sensors similar to anemometers to measure current direction and speed in total. The networked apparatus buoys selectively activate the buoys that are best in position to distribute over a location, and deactivate buoys in a position where the distribution is unlikely to carry over the location. The system of apparatus units is networked together with communication and processing. Such a buoy or system of buoys would be especially relevant to developing shallow sands or to restore barren sand beds after a seagrass dieback. Another solution such as a treatment to facilitate germination may be coated onto the seeds as they are distributed, or may be mixed in the solution as it is distributed. The intent for the apparatus or the system of apparatus units is to optimize the distribution of the seeds or hatchlings to the best location at the best time for the best environmental conditions and matched to the best species, size or other factors of the environment and mixture. Hatchlings may include fish, crustaceans, plankton or any organism.
The unit provides for intermittent operation according to a range of conditions when its effect is needed the most, therefore making the unit more efficient and the benefit more targeted. The unit may be self-powering by use of solar panels, wind or current based generators, and store such power generated in batteries for use during optimal periods of time. The unit may be self-contained, so that it can be self-controlled and be used in more remote places or separated from man-made structures, power sources or monitoring and control. This buoy is able to be left unattended in the water or a fluid. The unit may have features, measuring sensors and programming that enable the unit to be more acutely responsive to environmental factors. The unit is automatic but may add manual or remote controls and communications that permit additional actions, reprogramming or data collection by human intervention.
An alternative application can put a solution in the water as a marker or warning. An underwater sensor could detect if a large creature such as a shark is approaching a protected swim area, and start pumping air bubbles, shark repellent or some natural substance such as seeds to repel the shark and to warn swimmers.
It is therefore an object of the invention to disperse gas, fluid or solid into an aqueous solution based on at least one independent variable such as an external environmental factor.
It is therefore an object of the invention to automatically adjust the aperture of a nozzle, conduit, valve, vent, vane, funnel, flap, or diaphragm, based on at least one independent variable.
It is a further object of the invention to adjust the aperture of a nozzle based on at least one independent variable to disperse a target droplet size.
It is a further object of the invention to include other devices or features such as heating elements or blowers with the adjusting nozzle that can optimize the characteristics and behavior of fluids dispersed.
It is a further object of the invention to adjust the dispersion, duration and rate of flow for a gas, solid or liquid into an aqueous solution based on at least one independent variable.
It is a further object of the invention to provide at least one compartment where any one of several gasses, solids or liquids may be contained to disperse into an aqueous solution based on at least one independent variable.
It is a further object of the invention to provide at least one compartment where any one of several gasses, solids or liquids may be contained to disperse into an aqueous solution based on at least one independent variable, and to simultaneously or alternatively disperse material into the air based on at least one independent variable.
It is a further object of the invention to network a system of apparatus units that will optimize the quantity of a solid or liquid into an aqueous solution through selective activation and deactivation of individual apparatus units.
It is a further object of the invention to log activity of the apparatus, a remote environment and visitors to the apparatus for management of the area, the apparatus and to inform interested parties.
It is a further object of the invention to store power and to use predictive modelling in order to disperse a solid or liquid into an aqueous solution during times when the measurement of at least one independent variable may not be currently within a set range or when external power is not currently available.
It is a further object of the invention to permit activation or deactivation on the approach of selective vehicles, watercraft or creatures.
It is a further object of the invention to disperse a gas, solid or liquid into an aqueous solution outside of the range where the solution would otherwise flow or fall by current alone.
The citations provided in this description are specifically incorporated herein by reference for all that the citations disclose and teach. Other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood or apparent from the following detailed descriptions, drawings and appended claims of the invention.
In an alternate embodiment, the unit [100] is also in communication with a remote sensor to measure water temperature at another location of the reef or sea bed, such sensors using wireless communications. In this embodiment, the unit may be directed by the processing of the temperature readings at the buoy [110] and at the reef to adjust dispersion. There are a variety of methods to take readings and analyze results, including the differential gain in temperature at two different points or historically at two different points when a unit [100] is activated compared to when a unit [100] is not activated, and the example given here is not limiting of how such sensors may be deployed.
In an alternate embodiment, the unit [100] also includes a current direction and speed indicator, like a wind vane integrated with an anemometer, to determine if the unit [100] is activated, so that seeds will be dispersed when the current is expected to carry seeds over a target shallow region, and the unit [100] will not be activated if current is flowing in an alternate direction. It is possible to use depth gauges or GPS tracking or other location devices to determine the position or proximity of the unit [100] in addition to current direction and speed, and in combination with sensors for water temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen in order to disperse seeds at the most favorable conditions and location. It is possible that several such units [100] deployed in the same region but operating independently will result in dispersion by units [100] with a favorable position and current direction but a dormant state of units [100] with an unfavorable position or current direction.
In an alternate embodiment, the processor, data storage and sensors of the unit compare current readings and trend of readings for the most recent two week period with historical patterns of weekly periods or similar calendar weeks from previous years, to determine a probability that the sunlight and water temperature will proceed to a prolonged deactivation, what may commonly be referred to as a prediction of prolonged fatal temperature. For such a prediction model, the unit may be programmed to activate the dispersion at a higher rate prior to the predicted fatal temperature so as to optimize survival and benefit of the seeding. In such an embodiment, it may be efficient to use battery power to operate the pump over a time period that power is draining from the battery faster than the solar panels are able to charge the battery, due to the current lower amount of sunlight.
The unit may utilize a pump, propeller, paddle, impeller, boiler, heating element, compression valve, bellows or pressure mechanism to achieve the release from the compartment and to achieve the trajectory, force, duration or pattern of the dispersion of the material. The preferred embodiment uses a pump with rotating plastic impeller in a chamber to create water pressure in a chamber where the water can exit through a small aperture in the side. The result of this pressurized seawater through the small aperture is to traject the mixture of seeds and water in a favorable direction. Alternate embodiments may employ more powerful pumps to disperse seeds in a broader pattern or to attempt to place seeds to a location where the seeds would not land by the force of gravity or current alone.
An alternate embodiment may cool or heat the seawater or seeds to be dispersed. The ability to integrate or combine cooling or heating elements is not assessed here for the overall impact on the marine environment. There may be a wide array of technologies that differentially transfer heat from the water into the air, or transfer heat from an extreme part of the day to a less extreme period. A heating element, which is a typical feature added to some humidity dispersion devices, serves as an example for this embodiment of adding and integrating features. There are a variety of heating elements, boilers, compression valves and compression vacuum methods that could be employed to heat the seawater. Such heated water may rise within a larger body of water and thereby carry seeds or material inclusions farther.
In an alternate embodiment, the buoy includes the apparatus of Zito et al.'s U.S. Patent application 62/104,850 and U.S. Patent application 62/104,850. Zito et al.'s U.S. Patent application 62/104,850 and U.S. Patent application 62/106,199 are specifically incorporated herein by reference for all that they disclose and teach. The processor of this alternate embodiment uses computer code to interpret sensor data and historical patterns to determine optimal nozzle aperture to integrate with other dispersion features to disperse water into the air. In this alternate embodiment, the buoy apparatus is dispersing seeds into the sea and also dispersing water into the air, either simultaneously, alternately or independently. The processor may optimize dispersion of the seeds and the water relative to the power production and consumption. This embodiment may alternatively be designed to introduce the seeds into the channel for pumping water into the air, so as to traject the seeds farther or in a specific direction, such as toward shallow water. This embodiment may alternatively use the processor to determine when to mix the seeds into the channel for sea water circulated beneath the water surface, or to mix the seeds into the channel for sea water pumped into the air. One design is to have two coil screws from the compartment, where one coil screw is connected to the channel that circulates water beneath the surface and the other coil screw is connected to the channel that pumps water into the air, and either or both coil screws can operate at a time. Another design could use a diverter in combination with the coil screw to determine which channel receives seeds for mixture. Another design could use a diverter with one inlet channel for water, to select one outlet channel or both to pump or circulate water, and to introduce seeds to the inlet channel or outlet channels for mixture and dispersion.
In an alternate embodiment, the apparatus includes communication equipment to send or receive signals to boats, stations, and other units or controllers. The processor may receive a signal from a central station to override the control and activate the pump. The processor may receive a signal from an approaching boat to override the control and deactivate the pump. An alternate embodiment may include a separate compartment with a dye pack or other marker that is mixed with the seeds to be dispersed, so that the path and location of the dispersion can be seen or recorded. The embodiment may include visual and auditory signaling equipment, such as a whistle or lights, to alert a manager that seeds are being dispersed.
The data is processed by the processor [240] using computer code [246] together with data from the data storage device [250] that includes prior measurements, historical data and predictive models. It is possible to include one or more of a variety of additional gauges to measure salinity and oxygen level and to send this data to the processor [240]. When measurements of the current conditions of water temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen level reach set points determined as fixed set points and adjusted by predictive models, the processor [240] then sends a signal to the coil screw [270] and the pump [260] to activate. The processor creates a composite score for the measurements and adjusted set point based on historical patterns and predictive model. This composite score is recorded in the data storage unit with date and time and a log of the pump activity and coil screw. Another gauge [221] in the compartment is measuring the quantity loaded or the quantity remaining of the material to be dispersed, and this measurement is sent to the processor to be integrated with the composite score. The measured quantity loaded or remaining could be a weight, volume or count of items or solids in the compartment or container. The composite score is also used to adjust the rate of the coil screw [270] and the pump [260]. As subsequent measurements are received, processed and interpreted with the historical data and predictive model into an adjusted composite score, the coil screw [270] and the pump [260] are accelerated to deliver more volume dispersed, or decelerated and as a result less volume dispersed. In this example, the nozzle aperture [265] is adjusted to affect the volume of water dispersed and to control the seeds dispersed. A rotating plate [266] is beneath the outlet will further assist the dispersion of the seeds. As the speed of rotation for the plate [266] is increased, the seeds will disperse in a wider pattern. It is possible to adjust the nozzle aperture, the rotating plate and the pump speed for water pressure all together to optimize the pattern of the mixture dispersed.
Weather satellite [290] measurements can be sent in a signal received by the apparatus receiver [227] and included in the compilation of data and predictive model for interpretation and determination of the composite score used to activate and adjust the coil screw, pump and nozzle. The apparatus may use the advantage of local, low altitude and less expensive measurements directly from apparatus sensors together with data received from high altitude and expensive measurements such as satellite-based spectroscopy, to deliver a more robust weather analysis, predictive model and resulting dispersion. The results and collective log are sent by signal from the apparatus to a central land station [295] where the information assists to understand and predict weather patterns. The data could just as easily be sent to any number of external entities such as satellites, air or sea craft. A manager at the central land station [295] reviews more regional weather data and based on this broader perspective sends a signal to the apparatus receiver [227], interpreted by the processor [240], and the processor overrides the current programmed direction to send a signal to adjust the coil screw [270], the pump [260] and nozzle [265] for a prescribed period of time.
An approaching person has an RFID tag [298] on a controller, which sends a signal to the buoy receiver [227] and the processor interprets the signal using computer code. The person's controller could just as easily transmit a special code or use any variety of signal systems to be received by the apparatus. Based on the processor interpretation of the signal, the processor sends a signal to the coil screw [270] and the pump [260] to deactivate until given another signal to reactivate. While deactivated, the person is able to secure the buoy apparatus to manage its operation, place materials into the compartment, download date or otherwise observe and maintain its condition. The processor [240] sends data to the data storage [250] that includes the identification number of the person's RFID tag or controller, the initial time of the visit, the activity of the coil screw [270] and the pump [260] as they are deactivated, and the terminal time of the visit and the reactivation of the coil screw [270] and the pump [260]. During the visit, the buoy apparatus continues to receive sensor measurements of water temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen level and logs this data in the data storage.
The embodiment also shows zinc blocks [299] on the underside of the buoy. The buoy has generally been designed to expose only plastic and no metal on the external surfaces, and plastic tubing with plastic impeller inside the water pump. However, it is difficult to prevent exposure of all metal parts to the water, and furthermore boats with various exposed metal parts may tie to the buoy that has electrical charges within. If only for convenience, zinc blocks are placed on the underside to reduce galvanism, and there are a variety of other standard methods to reduce corrosion.
An alternate embodiment, the seeds to be dispersed are held in their original stalks or pods at the top of the compartment, so that when the seeds are released and therefore ready to germinate, they will accumulate on a plate at the bottom of the compartment, said plate fixed with a weight sensor that will signal the processor the seeds in that compartment are ready to be dispersed and therefore enable activation. It is possible to arrange multiple compartments with seed pods that are of different species or otherwise likely to germinate at different times, and hereby provide a continuous stream of material that is ready to be dispersed at their individually optimum times.
An alternate embodiment uses seedlings in a compartment that are already germinated, together with a solution that fosters their growth and a sensor that determines their size, color, density or a proxy for their maturity, then adjusting the nozzle aperture and releasing the germinated seedlings when they are best able to root in the sea bed. An alternate embodiment uses another compartment with a coating, solution, or different material that will foster rooting of the seedlings in the sea bed. For example, as the seedlings are dispersed, the water flow could shift to add more sand, so that the final mixture is mostly sand that covers the seedlings deposited, holding them in place and giving the seedlings more surface to take root. An alternate embodiment may use a magnifying lens, prism or light to focus sunlight or augment sunlight toward the seedlings in the compartment, as seedlings are dispersed, or on the sea bed where seedlings are dispersed, to promote germination or growth.
The design or layout of apparatus buoys [300] placed around the reef and southeasterly current as indicated by the current direction [317] and compass marking [315] are to indicate that the system of buoys [300] have been positioned to deliver the effect of the total distribution for the most number of days over the most area of the seagrass or shallow sand. To do this requires knowledge of the prevailing currents over the shallows, which can be obtained from local historical records or from placing a few of the system buoys [300] in advance to collect environmental data before deploying the network of buoys. According to the design, a current direction vane on each apparatus buoy [300] will measure direction linked with a gauge that will measure current speed. The measurement for each buoy will be sent to its processor, along with water temperature and pH at the buoy and from remote sensors submerged at the reef. It may be that the signal sent from submerged gauges cannot be received by all buoys [300] in the region, due to various obstructions, but those buoys [300] that receive the signal will include the data in its processing, composite interpretations and overall data packet that the processors of the apparatus buoys [300] send by signal to the central station [395]. Each sensor, whether remote or attached to a buoy, can have an identifying number as part of its data packet, so that a remote sensor's measurement is not counted multiple times by the processor of the central station [395]. The processor of the central station [395] will log all measurements, identifying numbers and times to its data storage device, and this information will also be compared to previous measurements and activity of the buoys to determine any effectiveness of prior strategies employed. For example, if a manager reviews the units and determines that a large portion of seeds were not distributed at their optimum stage of germination, then this data can be put into the predictive models and the selection protocol for future strategies may change. The central station [395] receives the data from each of the apparatus buoys [300] and also receives data from weather satellite [390] readings of the area as well as predictive models for regional weather. A processor at the central station [395] compiles this data and determines a strategy for the system of apparatus buoys [300]. As an alternative, the processor may send a visual display of the measurements and rank order of strategies considered to a display screen where a manager can review the data and confirm or change the strategy selected. The direction of the apparatus or system can be further modified by signals created through interaction by a manager, operator, driver, or interested parties with the presentation or display. As an alternative, the processor may assign probabilities to the rank order of strategies, and may use a random number generator to select a second rank strategy or even a suboptimal strategy to test empirically the soundness of the processor's decision algorithms, so to further refine its predictive modelling. The processor will then proceed to employ its strategy selected, or alter the strategy and direction if a manager interrupts and commands the processor to do so. The central station then signals each of the apparatus buoys [300] with directions to the processor of each whether to activate its coil screw and pump and for what adjustment to its nozzle, or to deactivate its coil screw and pump. The buoys [300] in the best strategic locations will be activated, while the buoys [303] in unfavorable locations will remain dormant. The overall effect is to generate a distribution pattern to the best shallow locations that need to be cultivated. At other times or days, the current may be flowing in a different direction and at different speed, and the central station may determine a different strategy to activate different apparatus buoys [300] while leaving others inactive.
If the signal from a particular buoy [308] is not received by the central station [395], then the central station [395] will omit its presentation or interpolate its data from the nearest buoys to determine the best strategy. When the central station [395] sends a signal with directions to each of the apparatus buoys [300], each of the buoys [300] will process the signal, follow the directions and return a confirmation signal to the central station [395]. If the central station [395] does not receive a confirmation signal from a particular buoy [308] then the manager at the central station [395] may choose to wait a period of time to determine if the condition corrects, or may direct a member boat to visually observe any deviation to the buoy [308] that would interfere with signal transmission or reception.
As a member boat arrives at a buoy [305] and that buoy [305] deactivates its coil screw and pump, that buoy [305] sends a signal to the central station [395]. The central station [395] may signal a neighboring buoy [306] to increase dispersion to compensate temporarily for the absence of the buoy [305] used by the boat. The buoys [300] continue to monitor readings from their individual sensors and from remote sensors in the area. The data for these readings are sent by signal to the central station [395], which processes the signals and stores data in a central data storage device. The entire set of data can be analyzed to determine effectiveness of the system to disperse seeds and refine predictive models of diel patterns for water temperature, pH, salinity and other factors. On different days, the central station [395] processor can select secondary strategies that might have been predicted to be sub-optimal, to determine and analyze the effectiveness as compared to predicted results, historical results for optimal or comparable strategies, or theoretical estimates for what experts in the field may have projected, estimated or suggested. One strategy that can be tested is to predict pH and water temperature in advance of rainy periods based on weather readings, time of year, historical patterns and whether the pump operated within the past 72 hours. The objective of this strategy would be to test whether turning on the coil screw and pump in advance of weather changes is a more efficient method to mitigate harmful environmental conditions for germination. It is therefore an object of the system strategy to optimize the timing of distribution for maximum germination in target zones.
In
The central station [495] receives data signals [485] from each individual buoy apparatus [400] and also receives signals [485] sent from weather satellite signals [490], regional data feeds by computer or internet [491] and other information sources. The processor logs this data to its center data storage device [450] and proceeds to process code [446]. In processing code [466], the processor pulls historical data from the data storage device, pulls prediction models and strategic algorithms and the current data for comparison. The processor can also compare current data with prior strategies to assign or alter odds or probabilities that it attaches to strategies as an indication of the success of that strategy, thereby refining its predictive models. From this processing [446], the processor will select a preferred strategy along with secondary strategies and sub-optimal strategies and even disadvantageous actions [447]. The processor may assign probabilities to the rank order of strategies, and may use a random number generator to select a second rank strategy or even a suboptimal strategy to test empirically the soundness of the processor's decision algorithms, so to further refine its predictive modelling. The processor of the central station [495] will display the data and rank order of strategies selected on a computer monitor or display screen for a manager's review [475]. The manager can choose to monitor or can intervene to override [476] the strategy selected. The processor will then proceed to employ its strategy selected, or alter the strategy and direction if a manager interrupts and commands the processor to do so. The processor sends the direction for each individual apparatus buoy [400] by transmitter [496] to the receiver for each individual apparatus buoy [400], which receives its direction signal [470].
Each individual apparatus buoy [400] will activate or deactivate its coil screw and pump and adjust its nozzle or any other actions [471] based on the direction received [470] from the central station [495], or based on its default selection based on set points [428] if no signal was received. If a person approaches [465] or an authorized boat approaches [466] within range to have a signal received, the processor of the individual apparatus buoy [400] processes an interrupt signal to halt the coil screw and pump and ensure there is no interference or danger to the person or boat. The status of the individual apparatus buoy [400], in terms of coil screw, pump, nozzle and other device functions, is transmitted [481] to the central station [495]. The information of the current status is received [485] by the central station [495] and merged with the continuous stream of data on sensor readings received [485] by the central station [495]. Therefore the loop of activity and measurements and processing of decision protocols is an ongoing process.
In
The design or layout of apparatus platforms [500] placed in the ocean around the sandbar and easterly current as indicated by the current direction [517] and compass marking [515] are to indicate that the system of platforms [500] have been positioned to deliver the distribution for the most number of days over the most critical areas of the sandbar [510]. To do this requires knowledge of the prevailing currents over the sea bed, which can be obtained from local historical records or from placing a few of the system platforms [500] or smaller apparatus buoys in advance to collect environmental data before deploying the entire network of buoys. According to the design, the current gauge [522] on each apparatus platform [500] will measure current direction and speed. The measurement for each platform will be sent to its processor, along with water temperature at the platform and from remote sensors [529] in the sea bed sent to the central control platform [595] and then to the platforms [500], said remote sensors [529] equipped with above surface antennae. It may be that the signals sent from all remote sensors [529] cannot be received by the central control platform [595] or that signals sent from the central control platform [595] cannot be received by all platforms [500] in the region, due to various obstructions, but the central control platform [595] will process its strategy based on the information it receives and transmit to platforms [500] that receive. The central platform [595] receives the data from each of the apparatus platforms [500], from other sensors such as a pH gauge [529] and also receives data from regional weather information sources such as a computer data feed, satellites [590] or government internet reporting services for readings of the locale as well as predictive models for regional weather. A processor at the central platform [595] compiles this data and determines composite interpretations and a best strategy for the system of apparatus platforms [500]. The central platform [595] then signals each of the apparatus platforms [500] with directions to the processor of each whether to activate its pump and at what speed and for what adjustment to its nozzle, or to deactivate its pump. The platforms [500] in the best strategic location will be activated, while the platforms [500] in an unfavorable location will remain dormant. The strategy will account, at a minimum, for the current direction and speed to ensure for each one of the apparatus platforms [500] directed to activate and adjust its coil screw, pump and nozzle, that the fluid from that particular apparatus platform so directed is able to reach the sandbar [510]. The overall effect is to generate a distribution pattern over the sandbar. But more specifically, the manager is trying to deliver seeds to the most critical areas of the sandbar [510] where grasses are needed and best able to grow, and under conditions where the seeds are most likely to grow. In the case of this example, with the easterly current, the platform [505] is able to provide seeds to the best location. At other times or days, the current may be flowing in a different direction and at different speed, and the central platform may determine a different strategy to activate different apparatus platforms [500] while leaving others inactive. At other times or days, the current may be from a SSW direction that makes it advantageous to activate a platform [506] that will provide seeds to other zones and may add some other treatment such as sand to cover the seedlings at to the sandbar [510].
If the signal from a particular platform [500] is not received by the central control platform [595], then the central control platform [595] will omit its data for the current processing interpretation or interpolate its data from the nearest platforms and historical comparison of platforms [500] to determine the best strategy. When the central control platform [595] sends a signal with directions to each of the apparatus platforms [500], each of the platforms [500] will process the signal, follow the directions and return a confirmation signal to the central platform [595]. If the central control platform [595] does not receive a confirmation signal from a particular platform [500] then the manager at the central control platform [595] may choose to wait a period of time to determine if the condition corrects, or may direct a manager to visually observe any deviation to the platform [500] that would interfere with signal transmission or reception, or visit the platform [500] by person or boat to further maintain the platform [500] and correct the deviation.
As an authorized manger arrives at a platform [500] and presents the correct signal, that platform [500] will process the signal and deactivate its coil screw and pump and send a signal to the central control platform [595]. The platforms [500] continue to monitor readings from their individual sensors [520]. The data for these readings are sent by signal to the central control platform [595], which processes the signals and stores data in a central data storage device. The entire set of data can be analyzed to determine effectiveness of the system to provide seedlings. The entire set of data can also be analyzed to refine predictive models of diel patterns for weather, water temperature, pH, salinity or other factors. On different days, the central control platform [595] processor can select secondary strategies that might have been predicted to be sub-optimal, to determine and analyze the effectiveness as compared to predicted results, historical results for optimal or comparable strategies, or theoretical estimates for what experts in the field may have projected, estimated or suggested. One strategy that can be tested is to predict pH, flooding or algal bloom based on weather forecasts, currents and time of year, historical patterns and whether pumps for the platforms [500] operated recently. The objective of this strategy would be to test whether distributing seeds from the platforms [500] in advance of poor periods would be a more efficient method to mitigate future harmful environmental conditions. It is therefore an object of the system strategy to optimize seed distribution to the target area.
It is possible to design the platforms [500] that they can be easily detached from their mooring locations, moved to more advantageous mooring locations, or to store during or in advance of the most adverse weather conditions. The design of the platforms [500] can include an easily accessible area to signal each platform to deactivate its pump, to detach the mooring line or replace the platform with a simple buoy, or detach a part of the platform that serves as a simple buoy to keep the mooring line in place and accessible when the platform is moved. In an alternate embodiment, the shape of the unit is optimized to move through a fluid and motor equipment is included in the unit for self-propulsion, to move the unit as it disperses seeds and thereby extend the range of dispersion. The design of the platforms [500] can be optimized for movement, self-propulsion, transport or storage. The sub-surface shape of the platform can be streamlined to optimize its movement through water, or the outside rails and bottom of the platform can be designed to easily lift and place the platforms in a rack on a boat, or the top of the platform can also be designed to attach a cover and store the platforms in a rack within a building on land. The apparatus units may be optimized for lift and stowage in a rack, or otherwise permit cover or placement for storage. It is possible to collect and store the platforms in advance of gale, hurricane or other adverse conditions. It is possible to rotate a small number of platforms through a multitude of locations and optimize the quantity and rate of water delivered relative to the number of platforms deployed.
In an embodiment, the platform [505] has an extended tube [590] that hangs from the platform toward the sea bed. A sonar device [591] on the platform measures the depth to the sandbar below, signals the processor, which then activates a motor that retracts or extends a rope [592] that is attached near the bottom end of the tube, so that the tube dangles over the sandbar without touching the bottom, distributing seedlings as close as possible to the sand without disturbing the sea bed. In another design, the motor retracts or extends the tube itself. In either design, the water pumping through the tube would force the seedlings out toward the seabed. The platform also has an outlet tube [593] just beneath the surface that can be rotated in all compass directions, either randomly or according to a programmed pattern. Water pumping through this outlet propels the platform along the longitude and latitude of the sandbar. The platform can have two or more tether lines [594] to constrain the movement along a corridor, an ellipse, or other shapes. The embodiment can use GPS [595], proximity sensing to a fixed land-based transmitter or a nearby transmitter extended above the water level on a stick, or other positioning devices to record where the platform has travelled. By this feedback with the processor, the platform can be controlled to cover all areas or cover some areas more than others.
The float [610] contains solar panels [640], interior of the sensors [621] [622] [623] [624] and [625], compartments [631] [632] [633] [634] and [635], device wiring, power converter and mechanics of the pump. The solar panels [640] collect solar energy and the power conversion unit converts this to energy to power the sensors [621] [622] [623] [624] and [625], coil screws for the compartments [631] [632] [633] [634] and [635], and the water pump. It is possible to engineer the power converter to provide priority power through circuitry or by including a processor to devices such as sensors before the pump but otherwise operate the pump as long as there is power sufficient to activate the pump, referred here as “on demand” operation. It is also possible through circuitry or by including a processor to prioritize power to devices such as sensors before the pump, but then only activate the pump when power is above a set point, so that the pump will only activate when sunlight is greater than a minimum intensity. Another sensor [626] that reads water level will act as an interrupt that prevents the pump from activating if there is insufficient water in the basin to operate the pump. It is possible to engineer the circuitry for this interrupt function or to code a processor to accept an interrupt signal and execute directions to deactivate the pump when water level is too low and reactivate the pump when the water level rises above the minimum level. Another proximity sensor [627] interrupts the operation if a person is within an unsafe distance to the unit [610], to ensure chemicals will not be dispensed. The unit [610] can use an extension tube to dispense the chemicals well beneath the water and permit a better dissolution before a person interacts with the mixture dispensed. When the pump operates, it sucks water through the opening [665] in the bottom of the unit [610] and propels it through the outlet [667] of the unit [610] into the water. In general, an embodiment can be designed to sense, test or measure the presence or quantity of a chemical or man-made substance as the independent variable that serves as a basis to determine the distribution or material dispersed. For this embodiment, the apparatus provides a controlled distribution from several compartments into an aqueous solution, the distribution responsive to independent environmental variables, for example the proximity or contact of people to the unit [610].
In an alternate embodiment, the unit [610] has a self-propulsion design to sample and manage more areas of the pool. In an alternate embodiment, the unit [610] has a timer mechanism to manage the distribution more effectively relative to when people are in the pool. In an alternate embodiment, the unit [610] has identifying information to inhibit theft, or positioning equipment that will make the unit [610] inoperable if it is moved a distance from the pool or a central controller.
It is possible to include with the unit [610] a switch, or a receiver to receive a signal that can interrupt the switching or processor to provide an on/off switch to the pump, or to change the set points for when the pump will activate. It is possible to integrate a separate signal transmitter that is fixed or hand-held, or to integrate into existing processors and controllers such as security systems, TV remotes, or computers, or to connect a transmitter to a computer to be controlled through the internet.
An alternate embodiment uses a different design and size of the unit [610] so that it will fit any source of open water, such as a lake or a hot tub. It is an object of the embodiment to provide a flexible apparatus that can be used and moved to manage different locations. An alternate embodiment changes the design to appear as a frog or something playful, common or ornamental.
The descriptions contained herein of the specific embodiments reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt for various applications of such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation and without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptation and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance. While the foregoing has been set forth in considerable detail, it is to be understood that the drawings and detailed embodiments are presented for elucidation and not limitation. Design variations, especially in matters of shape, size and arrangements of parts may be made but are within the principles of the invention. Those skilled in the art will realize that such changes or modifications of the invention or combinations of elements, variations, equivalents or improvements therein are still within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2016/043229 | 7/21/2016 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017/015414 | 1/26/2017 | WO | A |
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