Patent Grant
9045194
1. Field of Disclosure
This disclosure primarily relates to retrofitting a conventional cargo containment vessel into a complete integral tank double-hull containment vessel for the transportation of hot cargo.
2. Description of the Art
Conventional cargo transport vessels include inland barges transport on inland waterways and ocean going on oceans and limited inland. Inland cargo transport vessels typically transport cargo relatively short distances over inland waterways. Ocean-going cargo transport vessels typically transport cargo relatively long distances over oceans.
A conventional single-hull cargo transport vessel includes a single hull that provides a boundary between the operating environment of the vessel and the cargo. The hull includes a bottom side structural member, a starboard side structural member, a port side structural member, and a topside deck that are connected to form the exterior of the vessel. The hull also includes transverse and longitudinal bulkheads to provide strength, support, and stability to the hull. A cargo carrying volume is formed by the bottom side structural member, starboard side structural member, port side structural member, and topside deck of the vessel. If the hull is breached, cargo may be exposed to the outside environment and/or the outside environment may be exposed to the cargo. In these instances, contamination of the outside environment, the cargo, or both may occur. To address environmental concerns related to the breach of conventional single-hull cargo transport vessels, governmental regulations now require the use of double-hulls for designated vessels in United States waters.
In accordance with these regulations, a conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel, as approved by current United States Coast Guard and International regulations and standards includes a primary hull and a partial secondary hull that forms a double-hull with respect to the bottom, port, and starboard sides of the vessel. A cargo carrying volume is formed by the bottom side structural member, starboard side structural member, and port side structural member of the partial secondary hull and the topside deck of the primary hull. As such, only the portion of the conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel that is in contact with the operating waterline depth environment of the vessel is double-hulled to prevent the leakage of cargo in the event the primary hull is breached.
In aspects, the present disclosure is related to a system and method of transporting cargo on waterways. Specifically, the present disclosure is related to the retrofit construction of a conventional vessel into a complete integral tank double-hull containment vessel for transporting hot cargo while maintaining containment of the hot cargo with respect to the outside environment.
According to one aspect of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a complete double-hull cargo containment vessel includes a primary hull and a secondary hull disposed within the primary hull. The secondary hull includes one or more interior cargo containment tanks and provides structural integrity to the vessel. The secondary hull includes a topside structural member configured to seal the cargo containment tank or tanks. The cargo tanks can include a split load of materials, such as asphalt and sulfur (sulphur) or a homogenous load of all asphalt or all sulfur.
According to one aspect of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of manufacturing a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel includes the steps of fabricating a primary hull and fabricating a secondary hull disposed within the primary hull. The secondary hull includes one or more interior cargo containment tanks. The secondary hull includes a partial side and complete topside structural member configured to seal the cargo containment tank or tanks.
According to one aspect of one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a method of retrofitting a conventional vessel to a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel includes the steps of fabricating a primary hull and fabricating a complete secondary hull disposed within the primary hull. The secondary hull includes one or more interior cargo containment tanks. The secondary hull includes a partial side and complete topside structural member configured to seal the cargo containment tank or tanks. Other aspects of the present disclosure will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims.
For a detailed understanding of the present disclosure, reference should be made to the following detailed description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like elements have been given like numerals, wherein:
Generally, the present disclosure involves a system and method of transporting cargo on waterways. Specifically, the present disclosure is related to transporting hot cargo while maintaining containment of the hot cargo with respect to the outside environment. The present disclosure is susceptible to embodiments of different forms. The present disclosure is also related to retrofitting conventional double-hull vessels into complete double-hull vessels configured to transport hot cargo. There are shown in the drawings, and herein will be described in detail, specific embodiments of the present disclosure with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the present disclosure and is not intended to limit the present disclosure to that illustrated and described herein.
A primary hull of the conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10 comprises a bottom side structural member 105, a starboard side structural member 110, a port side structural member 115, and a topside deck 120 that are generally formed of steel and joined together to form the primary hull. A transverse frame (or beam) support 108 of the topside deck 120 is shown. Longitudinal frame supports 109 are also shown. A partial secondary hull of the conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10 comprises a bottom side structural member 125, a starboard side structural member 130, and a port side structural member 135 that are generally formed of steel and joined together to form the partial secondary hull. This hull configuration of two bottom structural members 105, 125, two starboard side structural members 110, 130, two port side structural members 115, 135, and one topside deck 120 is commonly referred to as “a double-hull configuration” in industry.
The interior cargo carrying volume 106 of the conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10 is bounded by a bottom structural member 125, a starboard side structural member 130, and a port side structural member 135 of the partial secondary hull and depending upon the location of the interior cargo carry volume 106, the machinery deck 102 and the topside deck 120 of the primary hull. The cargo carrying volume 106 of the vessel 10 may be partitioned into one or more cargo containment tanks transversely by one or more transverse bulkheads 140 or longitudinally by one or more longitudinal bulkheads 145. In certain areas of the vessel 10, the cargo containment tanks may not include the volume provided in the raised deck portion 104.
The conventional double-hull design promotes the use of internal cargo tank framing. External topside framing is exposed to the elements and subject to corrosion/pitting, even if protective coatings are applied to the external topside framing.
The transport of some cargo requires maintaining the cargo at high temperatures during transport. This type of cargo may be referred to as “hot cargo”. Examples of hot cargo may include, but are not limited to, one or more of: i) liquid asphalt, ii) molten sulfur, and iii) molten phenol. Liquid asphalt is typically transported at approximately 325 degrees Fahrenheit. Molten sulfur is typically transported at approximately 300 degrees Fahrenheit. Molten phenol is typically transported at approximately 140 degrees Fahrenheit.
A conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel utilizes one or more diesel-fired heat exchangers to heat one or more layers of heating coils disposed in a cargo tank to maintain the required temperature of the hot cargo during transport. The size and number of heat exchangers and heating coils is dependent on the size and configuration of the vessel 10 and the temperature requirements of the cargo to be transported. In addition to the initial cost for installing the heat exchangers and the heating coils, there is a recurring cost for their maintenance.
In operation, the heat exchangers consume fuel (such as diesel fuel) during transport. Thus, a cost for fuel is added to the cost of transport when the heat exchangers are required to operate during transport. The per transport cost of fuel required by the heat exchangers to maintain hot cargo at the appropriate temperature may be a substantial portion of the transport cost and may be proportional to the duration of the transport. In a conventional double-hull design, the cost of fuel may be increased due to heat loss through the topside deck structural member 120, which may be extensive. Substantial heat loss through the topside deck structural member 120 may require the heat exchangers to use more fuel to maintain the hot cargo at its required temperature.
The resultant heating of the topside deck structural member 120 may also present a hazard, or at least an uncomfortable situation, for personnel that may be present on top of the topside deck structural member 120. If the vessel operator wishes to make the topside deck structural member 120 safe for walking, insulation may be applied to effectively reduce the temperature of the topside deck member 120, however, this addition may add more cost to the vessel 10 for the insulation, as well as the installation and maintenance of the insulation.
In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a primary hull of a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 comprises a bottom side structural member 205, a starboard side structural member 210, a port side structural member 215, and a topside deck structural member 220 that are generally formed of steel and joined together to form the primary hull. Each of the bottom side structural member 205, the starboard side structural member 210, the port side structural member 215, and the topside deck structural member 220 may individually comprise a plurality of sheet metal panels that are joined to form the respective structural members used to form the primary hull. Because unsupported sheet metal can deform when a force is exerted on it, reinforcements are used to provide strength and stability to the primary hull. The topside deck structural member 220 comprises a plurality of longitudinal panel stiffening beams 245 that are joined to the topside of the topside deck structural member 220. Each longitudinal panel stiffening beam 245 is generally comprised of sheet metal. The longitudinal panel stiffening beams 245 may be disposed on top of topside deck structural member 220, on the underside of topside structural member 220, or both. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the number, orientation, and configuration of panel stiffening beams may vary in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The primary hull is water tight and serves as a first boundary between the operating environment of the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 and the cargo.
In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a secondary hull of a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 may comprise a bottom side structural member 225, a starboard side structural member 230, a port side structural member 235, a topside structural member 240 and a structural member 33 for the raised trunk portion 21 (at main deck level) that are generally formed of steel and joined together to form a complete secondary hull that is integrally disposed within the primary hull. Each of the bottom side structural member 225, the starboard side structural member 230, the port side structural member 235, the topside structural member 240 and the structural member 33 may generally comprise a plurality of sheet metal panels that are joined to form the respective structural members used to form the secondary hull. The various members are integral to the structural integrity of the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20. Advantageously, cargo may be contained within the secondary hull separate and apart from the primary hull, and the secondary hull is itself disposed within the primary hull. As a consequence, the secondary hull is configured such that hot cargo (such as oil, chemicals, etc.) and their respective fumes are sealed off from the operating environment of the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 and the cargo.
In some embodiments, the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 comprises an interior cargo carrying volume 221 that is bounded by the bottom side structural member 225, starboard side structural member 230, port side structural member 235, and the topside structural member 240 of the secondary hull. Advantageously, the entire interior cargo carrying volume is integrally disposed within the secondary hull that is itself integrally disposed within the primary hull.
The cargo carrying volume 221 may be partitioned into one or more cargo containment tanks 260. The cargo carrying volume may be partitioned transversely by one or more transverse bulkheads 250 and/or longitudinally by one or more longitudinal bulkheads 255. One or more of the transverse bulkheads 250 may be formed of corrugated sheet metal panels 305. One or more of the longitudinal bulkheads 255 may be formed of corrugated sheet metal panels 305. The one or more cargo containment tanks of the secondary hull are sealed by the topside structural member 240 of the secondary hull. Various or homogenous materials may be contained in the various compartment tanks depending on a customer's requirement.
In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more heating coils 265 are disposed within cargo containment tank 260. Advantageously, in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the entire interior cargo carrying volume of the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 is disposed within the secondary hull that is itself disposed within the primary hull. As such, the secondary hull is insulated by the primary hull. Thus, in a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20, heat loss through the topside deck structural member 220 is substantially less than that of a conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10. As a consequence, the complete double-hull reduces vessel fabrication costs and energy costs associated with maintaining hot cargo at its required temperature during transport.
Advantageously, the use of corrugated sheet metal panels 305 to form the topside structural member 240 of the secondary reduces costs associated with the application, removal, and re-application of special coatings to one or more cargo containment tanks. If the topside structural member 240 is comprised of panel stiffening beams 245, the interior of one or more cargo containment tanks are not smooth and applied coating substances can build up at the interface of the panel stiffening beams 246 and the topside structural member 240. If the topside structural member 240 is comprised of corrugated sheet metal panels 305, the interior of one or more cargo containment tanks are smooth and applied coating substances can more easily be applied, removed, and re-applied. Maintenance costs for the topside structural member 240 may be reduced through the use of special coatings (reflective, anti-corrosion, etc.).
The complete double-hull provides strength and structural support to the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 that is greater than that of a conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10. Unlike a conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10, where the topside deck structural member 120 may be used to provide structural integrity for the primary hull and the secondary hull, the complete double-hull design provides for structural support of the primary and secondary hulls from the topside deck structural member 220 and the topside structural member 240. The complete double-hull design provides for the flexibility of having the topside members 220, 240 each dedicated to a specific hull or having the topside members 220, 240 provide shared support in various combinations, as would be understood by one of skill in the art. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the topside structural member 240 is generally comprised of sheet metal. Because unsupported sheet metal can deform when a force is exerted on it, reinforcements can be used to provide strength and stability to the secondary hull. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, panel stiffening supports or beams are used for reinforcement.
Since the double-hull structure allows insulation between topside deck structural member 220 and topside structural member 240, thermal losses through the top of the double-hull may be reduced. This thermal loss reduction may result in a reduced amount fuel being required to power the one or more heat exchangers 270 that drives one or more heating coils 265. This results in substantial per transport fuel cost savings over a conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10. In addition, the size and/or number of heating coils 265 disposed within each cargo containment tank 260 may be reduced because fewer heating coils 265 are required in a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 than in a conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10 with similarly size cargo tank or tanks to maintain hot cargo at its required temperature during transport. As a result, vessel fabrication costs associated with the heating coils 265 are reduced and the energy costs associated with maintaining hot cargo at its required temperature during transport is substantially reduced. Additionally, reducing the volume occupied by heating coils 265 may increase volume available for storing hot cargo or other ship functions.
Further, because of the thermal insulation provided by the complete double-hull design (due to a void space between the topside members 220, 240), the temperature of topside deck 120, on which vessel crew may walk, may be sufficiently reduced to allow for personnel to walk on the topside deck 120 above a hot cargo without risk of temperature related injury. As a result, use of an insulating material is not required to make the topside deck member 120 walkable. This reduces the costs typically associated with installing insulating materials for the topside deck 120 in a conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10 and/or the cost of human protection devices. However, if desired, insulating materials may be added to the void space created by the complete integral double-hull design.
In some embodiments, the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 may be used to transport volatile cargo subject to releasing fumes when exposed to temperature increases. Here, the complete double-hull design may reduce the heat transfer from outside the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20, such as due to radiant sunlight on the top deck 220, into the volatile cargo due to the insulating properties of the void space between top deck 220 and topside structural member 240. Thus, the complete double-hull design may reduce vapor pressure within the volatile cargo containment by reducing the amount of heat being added to the volatile cargo when the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 is exposed a warm environment.
The reduced heat transfer in a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 may have the added benefit of increasing the variety of volatile cargoes that may be transported without requiring recertification of the vessel as a pressure vessel. In embodiments where the complete integral thank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 is configured for carrying volatile cargo, heating equipment (heating coils 265 and heat exchanger 270) may be optional.
In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a draft line of a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 is established, in part, by the exterior of the vessel defined by the primary hull, the cargo carrying volume of the secondary hull, and the apparent specific gravity of the cargo in one or more cargo containment tanks. The apparent specific gravity of cargo is a ratio of the weight of the volume of cargo to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance, for example, water. The apparent specific gravity of liquid asphalt is approximately 1.1 grams per cubic centimeter at transport temperature and the apparent specific gravity of molten sulfur is approximately 1.8 grams per cubic centimeter at transport temperature. Because these hot cargos have different specific gravities, the volume of hot cargo that may be transported in a given vessel, while meeting the draft requirements, differs based on the type of hot cargo. For example, a given volume of a substance with a higher specific gravity weighs more than an equal volume of a substance with a lower specific gravity. As such, the amount of cargo that can be transported in a given cargo carrying volume, within the draft requirements of the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20, differs based on the cargo transported. Moreover, a specific cargo may require a special coating to be applied to a cargo containment tank 260 whereas a different cargo may require a different special coating to be applied to a cargo containment tank 260.
In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, two longitudinal bulkheads 255 partition the cargo carrying volume of the secondary hull into three cargo containment tanks 260. The starboard side and port side cargo containment tanks 260 are dedicated to the transport of liquid asphalt. The starboard side and port side cargo containment tanks 260 may be coated with a special coating required by the liquid asphalt. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a different cargo may be used in the place of liquid asphalt in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The middle cargo containment tank 260 may be dedicated to the transport of molten sulfur. The middle cargo containment tank 260 may be coated with a special coating required by molten sulfur. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a different cargo may be used in the place of molten sulfur in accordance with one more embodiments of the present disclosure. Thus, a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 may have starboard and port side cargo containment tanks 260 coated for one cargo and a middle cargo containment tank 260 that is coated for a different cargo.
Advantageously, this configuration allows a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 to transport liquid asphalt and molten sulfur without modification to or turnaround service on the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20. For example, the starboard and port side cargo containment tanks 260 may be prepared for liquid asphalt cargo and the middle cargo containment tank 260 may be prepared for molten sulfur. As such, a complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 may transport liquid asphalt up river to one destination and then transport molten sulfur down river to another destination without requiring a turnaround service on the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20. However, in another embodiment, rather than a split load, the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 can transport homogenous materials, such as all asphalt or all sulfur in the cargo tanks 260. Thus, a complete integral double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 may be more efficient, provide higher cost efficiency, and generate higher transport revenues than a conventional double-hull cargo transport vessel 10.
In step S3, one or more cargo containment tanks 260 are fabricated within the secondary hull of the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20. One or more transverse bulkheads 250 may be used to partition the secondary hull to form one or more cargo containment tanks 260. One or more longitudinal bulkheads 255 may be used to partition the secondary hull to form one or more cargo containment tanks 260. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, two longitudinal bulkheads 255 are fabricated to partition the secondary hull cargo carrying volume into three cargo containment tanks 260. In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the three cargo containment tanks 260 are configured to facilitate the transport of different cargos without turnaround service. The cargo containment tanks 260 are sealed by the secondary hull, which is disposed within the primary hull of the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20. In step S4, one or more heat exchangers 270 may be disposed on or within the complete integral tank double-hull cargo containment vessel 20 and secured in place. In step S5, one or more heating coils 265 may be disposed within each of the one or more cargo containment tanks 260. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that at least some of steps S1-S5 may be performed in different order to realize construction and cost efficiencies or customer preferences.
While the disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications will be appreciated to adapt a particular instrument, situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure, but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13/570,762 filed Aug. 9, 2012, which is still pending and the application is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 13570762 | Aug 2012 | US |
| Child | 13660756 | US |
