Patent Grant
10094197
Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure generally relates to reverse cementation of a liner string for formation stimulation.
Description of the Related Art
Hydraulic fracturing (aka hydrofracking or fracking) is an operation for stimulating a subterranean formation to increase production of formation fluid, such as crude oil and/or natural gas. A fracturing fluid is pumped into the wellbore to initiate and propagate fractures in the formation, thereby providing flow channels to facilitate movement of the formation fluid into the wellbore. The fracturing fluid is injected into the wellbore under sufficient pressure to penetrate and open the channels in the formation. The fracturing fluid injection also deposits proppant in the open channels to prevent closure of the channels once the injection pressure has been relieved.
In a staged fracturing operation, multiple zones of a formation are isolated sequentially for treatment. To achieve this isolation, a liner string equipped with multiple fracture valves is deployed into the wellbore and set into place. A first zone of the formation may be selectively treated by opening a first of the fracture valves and injecting the fracturing fluid into the first zone. Subsequent zones may then be treated by opening the respective fracture valves. The fracture valves include open hole packers for isolating the zones from each other. The open hole packers are used instead of conventional forward cementation of the liner string to avoid the risk of fouling the fracture valves with cement.
The present disclosure generally relates to reverse cementation of a liner string for formation stimulation. In one embodiment, a method of lining a wellbore having a tubular string cemented therein includes: running a liner string into the wellbore using a workstring having a liner deployment assembly (LDA) latched to the liner string; hanging the liner string from the tubular string and setting a seal of the liner string against the tubular string; opening a crossover valve of the liner string located below the set seal; and pumping cement slurry through the open crossover valve and down an annulus formed between the liner string and the wellbore.
In another embodiment, a liner string for use in a wellbore includes: a mandrel having a latch profile formed at an upper end thereof for engagement with a running tool; a seal disposed along the mandrel; a setting sleeve linked to the mandrel for engagement with a setting tool to set the seal; a crossover valve for connection to a lower end of the mandrel; and a reverse cementing valve (RCV) for connection to the crossover valve.
So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the disclosure, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the disclosure may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
The drilling rig 1r may include a derrick 3d, a floor 3f, a rotary table (not shown), a spider (not shown), a top drive 5, a cementing head 6, and a hoist 7. The top drive 5 may include a motor for rotating 8r the workstring 2. The top drive motor may be electric or hydraulic. A frame of the top drive 5 may be linked to a rail (not shown) of the derrick 3d for preventing rotation thereof during rotation 8r of the workstring 2 and allowing for vertical movement of the top drive with a traveling block 7t of the hoist 7. The quill may be torsionally driven by the top drive motor and supported from the frame by bearings. The top drive 5 may further have an inlet connected to the frame and in fluid communication with the quill. The traveling block 7t may be supported by wire rope 7r connected at its upper end to a crown block 7c. The wire rope 7r may be woven through sheaves of the blocks 7c,t and extend to drawworks 7w for reeling thereof, thereby raising or lowering the traveling block 7t relative to the derrick 3d.
Alternatively, a Kelly and rotary table may be used instead of the top drive 5.
A vertical wellbore 10w may have already been drilled from a surface 9 of the earth into an upper formation 11u and a casing string 12 may have been deployed into the wellbore. The casing string 12 may include a wellhead 12h and joints of casing 12c connected together, such as by threaded couplings. The casing string 12 may have been cemented 13 into the wellbore 10w. The casing string 12 may extend to a depth adjacent a bottom of the upper formation 11u. The wellbore 10w may then be extended into a lower formation 11b using a drill string (not shown). The upper formation 11u may be non-productive and the lower formation 11b may be hydrocarbon-bearing. The BOP stack 1p may be connected to the wellhead 12h. The BOP stack 1p may include a flow cross 14 and one or more BOPS 15u,b.
Alternatively, a lower portion of the wellbore 10w may be deviated, such as slanted or horizontal.
The fluid handling system 1h may include one or more pumps, such as a cement pump 16, a mud pump 17, a reservoir, such as a pit 18 or tank (not shown), a solids separator, such as a shale shaker 19, one or more pressure gauges 20c,m,r, one or more stroke counters 21c,m, one or more flow lines, such as cement line 22, mud line 23, and return line 24, one or more shutoff valves 25c,m, a cement mixer 26, one or more feed lines 27c,m, and a launcher 28. When the drilling system 1 is in a drilling mode (not shown) and the deployment mode, the pit 18 may be filled with drilling fluid 29d. In the cementing mode, the pit 18 may be filled with chaser fluid 29h (
A first end of the return line 24 may be connected to an outlet of the flow cross 14 and a second end of the return line may be connected to an inlet of the shaker 19. The returns pressure gauge 20r may be assembled as part of the return line 24. A lower end of the mud line 23 may be connected to an outlet of the mud pump 17 and an upper end of the mud line may be connected to the top drive inlet. The mud pressure gauge 20m and launcher 28 may be assembled as part of the mud line 23. A shifting plug 4h, such as a ball, may be loaded into the launcher 28. An upper end of the cement line 22 may be connected to the cementing head 6 and a lower end of the cement line may be connected to an outlet of the cement pump 16. The cement shutoff valve 25c and the cement pressure gauge 20c may be assembled as part of the cement line 22. A lower end of the mud feed line 27m may be connected to an outlet of the pit 18 and an upper end of the mud feed line may be connected to an inlet of the mud pump 17. An upper end of the cement feed line 27c may be connected to an outlet of the cement mixer 26 and a lower end of the cement feed line may be connected to an inlet of the cement pump 16.
The cementing head 6 may include the shutoff valve 25m, an actuator swivel, a cementing swivel, a cementing plug launcher, a control console, and a setting plug launcher. A setting plug 4t may be loaded into the setting plug launcher. A cementing plug 4c, such as a dart, may be loaded into the cementing plug launcher. In the deployment mode, the cementing head 6 may be in a standby position. To shift the drilling system 1 into a cementing mode, the workstring 2 may be disconnected from the top drive 5 and the cementing head 6 may be inserted and connected between the top drive 5 and the workstring 2 by connecting the shutoff valve 25m to the quill and connecting the setting plug launcher to the top of the workstring 2.
Alternatively, the swivels may be omitted from the cementing head 6.
When the drilling system 1 is in the deployment mode, an upper end of the workstring 2 may be connected to the top drive quill, such as by threaded couplings. The workstring 2 may include a liner deployment assembly (LDA) 2d and a work stem 2p, such as joints of drill pipe connected together by threaded couplings. An upper end of the LDA 2d may be connected a lower end of the work stem 2p, such as by threaded couplings. The LDA 2d may also be releasably longitudinally and torsionally connected to the liner string 30.
Alternatively, the work stem 2p may be coiled tubing instead of drill pipe.
The liner string 30 may include a packer 31, a liner hanger 32, a mandrel 33, a crossover valve 34, an adapter 37, joints of liner (not shown), a fracture valve 38, a toe sleeve 39, a reverse cementing valve (RCV) 40, a float collar 30f, and the reamer shoe 30s. The mandrel 33, liner joints, float collar 30f, fracture valve 38, toe sleeve 39, RCV 40, float collar 30f, and reamer shoe 30s may be interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. The float collar 30f may include a housing, a check valve, and a body. The body and check valve may be made from drillable materials. The check valve may include a seat, a poppet disposed within the seat, a seal disposed around the poppet and adapted to contact an inner surface of the seat to close the body bore, and a rib. The poppet may have a head portion and a stem portion. The rib may support a stem portion of the poppet. A spring may be disposed around the stem portion and may bias the poppet against the seat to facilitate sealing. During deployment of the liner string 30, the drilling fluid 29d may be pumped down at a sufficient pressure to overcome the bias of the spring, actuating the poppet downward to allow drilling fluid to flow through the bore of the body and into the annulus 10a (via the reamer shoe 30s).
Alternatively, the liner string 30 may include a plurality of fracture valves 38, each for a respective zone of the lower formation 11b to be stimulated. The plurality of fracture valves 38 may be greater than or equal to five, ten, twenty, thirty, forty, or more.
During deployment of the liner string 30, the workstring 2 may be lowered 8a by the traveling block 7t and rotated 8r by the top drive 5. The drilling fluid 29d may be pumped into the workstring bore by the mud pump 17 via the mud line 23 and top drive 5. The drilling fluid may flow down the workstring bore and the liner string bore and be discharged by a reamer shoe 30s into an annulus 10a formed between the liner string 30/workstring 2 and the wellbore 10w/casing string 12. The returning drilling fluid 29r (including any cuttings made by the reamer shoe 30s) may flow up the annulus 10a and enter the return line 24 via an annulus of the BOP stack 1p. The returning drilling fluid 29r may flow through the return line 24 and into the shale shaker inlet. The returning drilling fluid 29r may be processed by the shale shaker 19 to remove any cuttings therefrom. The workstring 9 may be lowered until the liner string 30 reaches a desired deployment depth, such as an upper portion of the liner string 30 being located adjacent to a lower portion of the casing string 12.
The hydraulic actuator 58 may include one or more: pistons 59u,b, chambers, sleeves 60a-c, inlets 61u,b, and outlets 62u,b. The pistons 59u,b may each be annular and have threaded couplings formed at longitudinal ends thereof. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of each piston 59u,b and a lower threaded coupling of the respective sleeve 60a,b may longitudinally and torsionally connect the pistons and the sleeves and the pistons may carry outer seals for isolating respective chambers from the annulus 10a. Engagement of the lower threaded coupling of each piston 59u,b and an upper threaded coupling of the respective sleeve 60b,c may longitudinally and torsionally connect the pistons and the sleeves. Fasteners, such as set screws, may secure the threaded connections between the pistons 59u,b and the sleeves 60a-c.
An upper setting chamber may be formed radially between the mid mandrel section 57b and the upper sleeve 60a and longitudinally between a lower face of the upper mandrel section 57a and an upper face of the upper piston 59u. The upper inlets 61u may be formed through a wall of the mid mandrel section 57b and may provide fluid communication between the LDA bore and the upper setting chamber. The upper mandrel section 57a may carry a seal for isolating the upper setting chamber from the annulus 10a and the upper piston 59u may carry an inner seal for isolating the upper setting chamber from an upper vent chamber. The upper vent chamber may be formed radially between the mid mandrel section 57b and the mid sleeve 60b and longitudinally between a lower face of the upper piston 59u and an upper face of a shoulder of mid mandrel section 57b. The upper outlets 62u may be formed through a wall of the mid sleeve 60b and may provide fluid communication between the upper vent chamber and the annulus 10a.
A lower setting chamber may be formed radially between the lower mandrel section 57c and the mid sleeve 60b and longitudinally between a lower face of the mid mandrel section 57b and an upper face of the lower piston 59b. The lower inlets 61b may be formed through a wall of the lower mandrel section 57c and may provide fluid communication between the LDA bore and the lower setting chamber. The mid mandrel section 57b may carry a seal for isolating the lower setting chamber from the annulus 10a and the lower piston 59b may carry an inner seal for isolating the lower setting chamber from a lower vent chamber. The lower vent chamber may be formed radially between the lower mandrel section 57c and the lower sleeve 60c and longitudinally between a lower face of the lower piston 59b and an upper face of a shoulder of lower mandrel section 57c. The lower outlets 62b may be formed through a wall of the lower sleeve 60c and may provide fluid communication between the lower vent chamber and the annulus 10a.
The hydraulic actuator 58 may be deactivated by being releasably connected to the mandrel 57 by one or more shearable fasteners 63. The shearable fasteners 63 may be shear screws, each received in a respective threaded socket formed through a wall of the lower sleeve 60c and extending into a respective indention formed in an outer surface of the lower mandrel section 57c, thereby longitudinally and torsionally connecting the hydraulic actuator 58 to the mandrel 57. The hydraulic actuator 58 may be activated by an activation differential between a higher pressure in the LDA bore and lower pressure in the annulus 10a. Once the activation pressure has been achieved, the fasteners 63 may fracture, thereby releasing the actuator 58 from the mandrel 57.
The running tool 51 may include a mandrel 64, one or more sleeves 65n,o, and one or more latches 66, 67. The mandrel 64 may be tubular and have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the running mandrel 64 and the lower threaded coupling of the setting mandrel 57 may longitudinally and torsionally connect the two mandrels and the lower setting mandrel section 57c may carry a seal for isolating the LDA bore from the annulus 10a. The mandrel 64 may include two or more sections 64u,b interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. A fastener, such as a set screw, may secure the threaded connection between the running mandrel sections 64u,b and the upper mandrel section 64u may carry a seal for isolating the LDA bore from the annulus 10a.
The inner running sleeve 65n may be releasably connected to the lower setting sleeve 60c by a slip joint. The slip joint may include one or more shearable fasteners 68 and a gap formed between a lower face of the lower setting sleeve 60c and an upper face of a retainer 69. The shearable fasteners 68 may be shear screws, each received in a respective threaded socket formed through a wall of the lower setting sleeve 60c and extending into a respective indention formed in an outer surface of the inner running sleeve 65n, thereby longitudinally and torsionally connecting the sleeves. The slip joint may be released by a release differential between a higher pressure in the LDA bore and lower pressure in the annulus 10a. Once the release pressure has been achieved, the fasteners 68 may fracture, thereby releasing the inner running sleeve from the lower setting sleeve. The release pressure may be selected to prevent oversetting of the packer 31.
The retainer 69 may be a nut engaged with an outer threaded coupling formed at a lower end of the inner sleeve 64n, thereby longitudinally and torsionally connecting the retainer and the inner sleeve. A fastener, such as a set screw, may secure the threaded connection between the retainer 69 and the inner sleeve 64n. An upper face of the outer sleeve 64o may be located adjacent to a lower face of the retainer 69 and the outer sleeve 64o may have part of a torsional coupling, such as a castellation, formed in a lower end thereof and engaged with a mating torsional coupling of the packer 31.
The upper latch 66 may include a fastener, such as a collet 66c, and a lock ring 66k. The collet 66c may have a solid upper base portion and split fingers extending from the base portion to a lower end thereof. Each collet finger may have a lug formed at a lower end thereof engaged with a latch groove of the packer 31, thereby fastening the actuator 58 to the packer. The collet fingers may be cantilevered from the base portion and have a stiffness urging the lugs toward a disengaged position from the packer latch groove. The collet fingers may be forced into engagement with the packer latch groove by entrapment against an outer surface of the lock ring 66k.
The collet base portion may have a threaded coupling formed at an upper end thereof engaged with an inner threaded coupling formed at a lower end of the inner sleeve 65n, thereby longitudinally and torsionally connecting the collet 66c and the inner sleeve. The collet base portion may also be longitudinally and torsionally connected to the outer sleeve 65o by a fastener. The fastener may be a screw received in a threaded socket formed through a wall of the outer sleeve 65o and extending into a respective indention formed in an outer surface of the collet base portion. The lock ring 66k may be entrapped between a lower face of the upper mandrel section 64u and a torsion profile, such as splines and splineways, formed in an outer surface of the lower mandrel section 64b.
The lower latch 67 may include a compression spring 67s, a fastener, such as a collet 67c, and a lock piston 67p. The collet 67c may have a solid upper base portion and split fingers extending from the base portion to a lower end thereof. Each collet finger may have teeth formed in an outer surface thereof engaged with latch teeth of the liner mandrel 33, thereby fastening the running tool mandrel 64 to the liner mandrel. The collet fingers may be cantilevered from the base portion and have a stiffness urging the teeth toward a disengaged position from the liner mandrel teeth. The collet fingers may be forced into engagement with the liner mandrel teeth by entrapment against an outer surface of the lock piston 67p.
The compression spring 67s may be entrapped between a lower face of a shoulder formed in an inner surface of the lock ring 66k and an upper face of a the collet base portion. The collet base portion may be entrapped between the compression spring 67s and a lug formed in an outer surface of the lower running mandrel section 64b, thereby biasing a lower face of a shoulder formed in an inner surface of the collet base portion into engagement with the lower mandrel section lug. The collet base portion may have a torsion profile formed in an inner surface thereof mated with the torsion profile of the lower mandrel section 64b, thereby torsionally connecting the collet base portion and the running mandrel 64 while allowing longitudinal movement of the collet base portion relative to the mandrel 64.
The lock piston 67p may be releasably connected to the lower mandrel section 64b, such as by one or more shearable fasteners 67f. The shearable fasteners 67f may be shear screws, each received in a respective threaded socket formed through a wall of the lock piston 67p and extending into a respective groove formed in an outer surface of the lower mandrel section 64b, thereby restraining the lock piston in a position engaged with the collet fingers. A release chamber may be formed between the lock piston 67p and the mandrel 64 and each member may carry a seal for isolating the chamber from the annulus 10a. One or more ports 67t may be formed through a wall of the lower mandrel section 64b for providing fluid communication between the release chamber and the LDA bore. The lock piston 67p may be released by a release differential between a higher pressure in the LDA bore and lower pressure in the annulus 10a. Once the release pressure has been achieved, the fasteners 67f may fracture, thereby releasing the lock piston 67p from the mandrel 64. The release pressure may be selected to be greater than the activation pressure of the actuator 58 and the release pressure of the slip joint.
The crossover sub 52 may include a mandrel 70, a wash tube 71, and one or more packoffs 72. The mandrel 70 may be tubular and have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof. The mandrel 70 may include two or more sections 70a-f interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. Each intermediate mandrel section 70b-e and the lower mandrel section 70f may carry a seal adjacent to the upper threaded coupling thereof for isolating the threaded connection with the adjacent mandrel section from the annulus 10a. Each intermediate mandrel section 70b-e may have a shoulder formed in an outer surface thereof adjacent to the lower threaded coupling thereof and the shoulder may trap one or more of the packoffs 72 between an upper face of the adjacent mandrel section.
Each packoff 72 may include a gland, an inner seal, and one or more (two shown) outer seals. The gland may have a recess formed in an outer surface thereof for receiving each outer seal. Each outer seal may engage an inner surface of the liner mandrel 33 and/or an upper seal tube 35a of the crossover valve when the respective packoff 72 is aligned with the respective liner member. The inner seal may be carried in a groove formed in an inner surface of the gland to isolate an interface formed between the gland and the mandrel 70.
Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the crossover mandrel 70 and the lower threaded coupling of the running mandrel 64 may longitudinally and torsionally connect the two mandrels and the upper crossover mandrel section 70a may carry a seal for isolating the LDA bore from the annulus 10a. A fastener, such as a set screw, may secure the threaded connection between the running mandrel 64 and the crossover mandrel 70.
The wash tube 71 may have a threaded coupling formed at an upper longitudinal end thereof and a stab profile formed at a lower longitudinal end thereof. The second mandrel section 70b may have a threaded coupling formed in an inner surface thereof at a mid portion thereof. The lower mandrel section 70f may have a receptacle formed in an inner surface thereof at an upper portion thereof and the receptacle may carry one or more seals. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the wash tube 71 and the inner threaded coupling of the second mandrel section 70b may longitudinally and torsionally connect the two members and the wash tube 71 may carry a seal for isolating the LDA bore from the annulus 10a. Engagement of the stab profile of the wash tube 71 with the receptacle seals of the lower mandrel section 70f may isolate the LDA bore from the annulus 10a.
A bypass passage 73b may be formed between the wash tube 71 and the mandrel 70. One or more bypass ports 73p may be formed through a wall of the second mandrel section 70b above the packoffs 72 carried thereby. The upper mandrel section 70a may have a slotted shoulder 73s formed in an outer surface thereof for landing on a shoulder formed in an inner surface of the liner mandrel 33. The upper mandrel section 70a (except for the slotted shoulder 73s) and a portion of the second mandrel section 70b above the packoffs 72 carried thereby may have an outer diameter less than an inner diameter of the liner mandrel 33, thereby forming a bypass clearance 71c therebetween. The bypass ports 73p may provide fluid communication between the bypass passage 73b and the annulus 10a via the bypass clearance 73c, the slotted shoulder 73s, and one or more bypass ports 33y formed through a wall of the liner mandrel 33.
The lower mandrel section 70f may have a longitudinal bypass passage 74b formed through and along a wall thereof and a crossover port 74x formed through the wall thereof. The bypass passage 74b may be in fluid communication with the bypass passage 73b and the crossover port 74x may be in fluid communication with the LDA bore.
The catcher 53 may include a mandrel 75 and a seat valve 76. The mandrel 75 may be tubular and have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof. The mandrel 75 may include two or more sections 75a-c interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. The mid 75b and lower 75c mandrel sections may each carry a seal adjacent to the upper threaded coupling thereof for isolating the threaded connection with the adjacent mandrel section from the annulus 10a. The upper 75a and mid 75b mandrel sections may each have a shoulder formed in an outer surface thereof adjacent to the upper and/or lower threaded coupling thereof and the shoulder may trap one or more of the packoffs 72 between a corresponding upper and/or lower face of the adjacent mandrel section.
The lower mandrel section 75c may have a shoulder formed in an outer surface thereof adjacent to the upper threaded coupling thereof and the shoulder may trap one of the packoffs 72 between a retainer, such as a nut, connected thereto, such as by threaded couplings secured by a fastener. The packoff outer seals may engage an inner surface of a lower seal tube 35f of the crossover valve 34 when the respective packoff 72 is aligned therewith. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the catcher mandrel 75 and the lower threaded coupling of the crossover mandrel 70 may longitudinally and torsionally connect the two mandrels and the lower crossover mandrel section 70f may carry a seal for isolating the LDA bore from the annulus 10a.
The seat valve 76 may include a housing 76h, a seat 76s, and a shoe 76e. The housing 76h may have a threaded coupling formed at each longitudinal end thereof. The lower crossover mandrel section 70f may have a threaded coupling formed in an inner surface thereof at a lower portion thereof. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the housing 76h and the inner threaded coupling of the lower crossover mandrel section 70f may longitudinally and torsionally connect the two members and the lower crossover mandrel section 70f may carry one or more seals for isolating the LDA bore from the bypass passage 74b thereof. Engagement of the lower threaded coupling of the housing 76h and a threaded coupling of the shoe 76e may longitudinally and torsionally connect the two members and the shoe 76e may carry one or more seals for isolating the LDA bore from a bypass passage 77 formed between the seat valve 76 and the mandrel 75. The bypass passage 77 may be in fluid communication with the bypass passage 74b.
The seat valve 76 may divide the LDA bore into an upper portion and a lower portion. The bypass passage 77 may be in fluid communication with the LDA bore lower portion. The seat 76s may be disposed in the housing 76h and longitudinally movable relative thereto between closed position (shown) and an open position (
The housing 76h may have one or more (pair shown) valve ports 76p formed through a wall thereof. An outer surface of the seat 76s may cover the valve ports 76p and the seat may carry a pair of seals straddling the valve ports in the closed position. When opening, the seat 76s may move downward relative to the housing 76h and into engagement with an upper face of the shoe 76e, thereby exposing the valve ports 76p and providing fluid communication between the LDA bore portions via the bypass passage 77.
The shifting tool 54 may open and close the liner crossover valve 34 and also serve as a mechanical actuator for the traveling valve 55 and include a slider 54s and a driver 54d. The traveling valve 55 may further include a mandrel 78, a housing 79, a check valve 80, a pair of sliding seals 81u,b, a detent 82, and one or more packoffs 72.
The mandrel 78 may be tubular and have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof. The mandrel 78 may include two or more sections 78a-e interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the valve mandrel 78 and the lower threaded coupling of the catcher mandrel 75 may longitudinally and torsionally connect the two mandrels and the upper valve mandrel section 78a may carry a seal for isolating the LDA bore from the annulus 10a. The intermediate 78b-d and lower 75e mandrel sections may each carry a seal adjacent to the upper threaded coupling thereof for isolating the threaded connection with the adjacent mandrel section from the annulus 10a.
One or more 78c,d of the intermediate mandrel sections 78b-d may each have a shoulder formed in an outer surface thereof adjacent to the lower threaded coupling thereof and the shoulder may trap one or more of the packoffs 72 between a corresponding upper face of the adjacent mandrel section. One 78c of the intermediate mandrel sections 78b-d may have a shoulder formed in an outer surface thereof adjacent to the upper threaded coupling thereof and the shoulder may trap one of the packoffs 72 between a retainer, such as a nut, connected thereto, such as by a threaded couplings secured by a fastener. The packoff outer seals may engage an inner surface of lower seal tube 35f when the respective packoff 72 is aligned therewith.
The driver 54d may have solid upper and lower connector portions and split segments extending between the connector portions. Each driver segment may have a cleat 54c formed in an outer surface thereof. The driver segments may allow radial movement of the cleats 54c between an extended position (shown) and a retracted position (
The driver connector portions may each have a threaded coupling formed in an inner surface thereof. The slider 54s may be a nut engaged with the threaded coupling of the upper connector portion, thereby connecting the slider and the driver 54d. The slider 54s may be linked to the mandrel 78 by entrapment between a shoulder formed in an outer surface of the upper valve mandrel section 78a and a lower face of the lower catcher mandrel section 75c. A gap may be formed between the catcher mandrel 75 and the valve mandrel 78 to accommodate operation of the traveling valve 55.
The housing 79 may be tubular and have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof. The housing 79 may include two or more sections 79u,b interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the housing 79 and the lower threaded coupling of the driver 64d may connect the two members. The upper housing section 79u may carry one or more seals along an inner surface thereof and engaged with an outer surface of the upper mandrel section 78u for isolating the LDA bore from the annulus 10a. The upper housing section 79u may have a shoulder formed in an outer surface thereof adjacent to the lower threaded coupling thereof and the shoulder may trap one or more of the packoffs 72 between a corresponding upper face of the adjacent lower housing section 79b. The packoff outer seals may engage an inner surface of the lower seal tube 34f when the respective packoff 72 is aligned therewith. The lower housing section 79b may carry a seal adjacent to the upper threaded coupling thereof for isolating the threaded connection with the upper housing section 79u from the annulus 10a.
The lower housing section 79b may have an upper shoulder formed in an inner surface thereof adjacent to the upper threaded coupling thereof and the shoulder may trap the upper sliding seal 81u between a corresponding upper face of the adjacent lower housing section 79b. The lower housing section 79b may also have a lower shoulder formed in an inner surface thereof adjacent to the lower threaded coupling thereof and the shoulder may trap the lower sliding seal 81b between a corresponding upper face of the adjacent detent 82. A valve chamber may be formed radially between the mandrel 78 and the housing 79 and longitudinally between the shoulders of the lower housing section 79b. Each sliding seal 81u,b may include a gland, one or more (two shown) inner seals, and an outer seal. The gland may have a recess formed in an inner surface thereof for receiving each inner seal. Each inner seal may be engaged with an outer surface of the mandrel 78 and the sliding seals 81u,b may straddle the valve chamber for isolation thereof. The outer seal may be carried in a groove formed in an outer surface of the gland to isolate an interface formed between the gland and the lower housing section 79b.
The check valve 80 may include a portion of the mandrel 78 forming a seat 80s and a valve member, such as a flapper 80f, pivotally connected to the mandrel and biased toward a closed position, such as by a torsion spring 80g. The flapper 80f may be oriented to allow downward fluid flow therethrough and prevent reverse upward flow. One or more upper valve ports 83u may be formed through a wall of the upper mandrel section 78a and one or more lower valve ports 83b may be formed through a wall of the second mandrel section 78b. The valve ports 83u,b may straddle the check valve 80. The traveling valve 55 may have a check position (shown) and an open position (
The detent 82 may have a solid upper connector portion, a solid lower portion, and split segments extending between the solid portions. The detent connector portion may have a threaded coupling formed in an outer surface thereof engaged with the lower threaded coupling of the housing 79, thereby connecting the detent 82 and the housing. Each detent segment may have a chamfered lug formed in an inner surface thereof for engagement with upper (
The detent segments may allow radial movement of the lugs between an engaged position (shown) and a disengaged position (not shown) and may have a stiffness urging the lugs toward the engaged position. The chamfers may interact to radially push the lugs to the disengaged position in response to longitudinal movement of the mandrel 78 relative to the housing 79. The detent 82 may retract in response to a longitudinal shifting force exerted on the LDA 2d. The shifting force may be selected to be less than the release force of the driver 54d such that engagement of the driver with the sleeve 36 may be used to shift the traveling valve 55 between the positions.
The liner packer 31 may include a setting sleeve 31a,b, a pair of cones 31c,d, and a packing element 31e. The setting sleeve 31a,b may include two or more sections interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. The upper setting sleeve 31a may have the other part of the torsional coupling formed in an upper end thereof and engaged with the mating torsional coupling of the outer running sleeve 65o. The liner packer 31 may also be linked to the liner mandrel 33 by one or more pin 33p and slot 31f connections to allow relative longitudinal movement therebetween while retaining a torsional connection. The packer 31 may also be linked to the liner mandrel 33 by a ratchet connection 31g, 33r. The ratchet connection 31g, 33r may include a ratchet ring 31g and a profile 33r of complementing teeth to allow downward movement of the packer 31 relative to the liner mandrel 33 while preventing upward movement of the packer relative to the liner mandrel. The lower setting sleeve 31b may have a stop shoulder formed in an inner surface thereof engaged with a corresponding stop shoulder formed in an outer surface of the mandrel 33.
The packing element 31e and cones 31c,d may be disposed along a recessed outer portion of the mandrel 33 and entrapped between a lower face of the lower setting sleeve 31b and an upper face of the liner hanger 32. The packing element 31e may be attached to a gland ring 31h at an inner surface thereof. The packing element 31e may be made from an expandable material, such as an elastomer or elastomeric copolymer. The packing element 31e may be naturally biased toward a contracted position (shown). The cones 31c,d may straddle the packing element 31e and compression of the packing element therebetween may radially expand the packing element into engagement with a lower portion of the casing string 12 (
The liner hanger 32 may be disposed along the recessed outer portion of the mandrel 33 and include a nut 32a, a pair of cones 32b,c, a plurality of slips 32d,e, and a slip body 32f. The nut 32a may carry another gage ring 32g for protecting the packing element 31e and may be connected to the upper cone 32b by threaded couplings. The liner hanger 32 may be linked to the mandrel 33 by a slip joint. The slip joint may include a shoulder formed in an inner surface of the upper cone 32b engaged with a corresponding shoulder formed in an outer surface of the mandrel 33, thereby preventing upward movement of the upper cone relative to the mandrel which could otherwise prematurely set the packing element 31e. The slip joint may further include a groove formed along an inner surface of the upper cone 32b, thereby allowing downward movement of the upper cone relative to the mandrel 33 for accommodating setting of the hanger 32 and packer 31. The nut 32a may serve as a stop shoulder for the slip joint. The lower cone 32c may be connected to the mandrel 33 by threaded couplings secured by a fastener, such as a set screw.
Each slip 32d,e may be radially movable between an extended position (
The slip body 32f may be linked to the cones by a slip joint. The slip joint may include a shoulder formed in an inner surface of the slip body 32f engaged with a corresponding shoulder formed in an outer surface of the upper cone 32b, thereby preventing downward movement of the slip body relative to the cone. The slip joint may further include one or more upper shearable fasteners 32k and one or more lower shearable fasteners 32m releasably connecting the slip body 32f to the cones 32b,c. The shearable fasteners 32k,m may be shear screws, each received in a respective threaded socket formed through a wall of the slip body 32f and extending into a respective indention formed in an outer surface of the respective cone 32b,c, thereby longitudinally and torsionally connecting the members. The slip joint may be released by a release differential between a higher pressure in the LDA bore and lower pressure in the annulus 10a.
Once the release pressure has been achieved, the fasteners 32k,m may fracture, thereby releasing the slip body 32f from the respective cones 32b,c. The release pressure of the upper and lower fasteners may be equal and a cumulative release pressure thereof may be selected to be greater than the activation pressure of the actuator 58 and less than the release pressure of the shearable fasteners 68. Each cone 32b,c may have a sleeve portion along which the slip body 32f may move after release of the slip joint. A length of each sleeve portion may be selected for accommodating setting of the hanger 32. The nut 32a and a shoulder formed in an outer surface of the lower cone 32c may each serve as a stop shoulder for the slip joint.
The liner mandrel 33 may be tubular and have a threaded coupling formed at a lower end thereof. The liner mandrel 33 may include two or more sections 33a-d. The upper 33a, second 33b, and third 33c mandrel sections may be interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. The third 33c and lower mandrel sections 33d may be longitudinally and torsionally connected by an emergency disconnect joint which may be released by articulation of the workstring 2 in response to malfunction of the LDA 2d and/or liner string upper portion.
The upper mandrel section 33a may have the teeth formed in an inner surface thereof engaged with the lower collet 67c and carry the pins 33p in respective threaded sockets formed in an outer surface thereof. The upper mandrel section 33a may also have the latch groove formed in the inner surface thereof engaged with the upper collet 66c and the shoulder formed in the inner surface thereof engaged with the slotted shoulder 73s. The upper mandrel section 33a may also have the ratchet profile 33r formed in the outer surface thereof and the bypass ports 33y formed through a wall thereof.
The second mandrel section 33b may have an outer diameter less than the outer diameter of the upper mandrel section, thereby forming the recessed outer portion. The second mandrel section 33b may also have the shoulder formed in an outer surface thereof engaged with the inner shoulder of the upper hanger cone 32b. The lower mandrel section 33d may have the threaded coupling formed at an upper end thereof connected to the lower hanger cone 32c and may carry a gage ring 33g.
The liner crossover valve 34 may include a body 35, a pair of sliding seals 34u,b, and the sleeve 36. The valve body 35 may be tubular and have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof. The valve body 35 may include two or more sections, such as the upper seal tube 35a, an upper extension 35b, a release section 35c, a port section 35d, a lower extension 35e, and the lower seal tube 35f, interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the body 35 and the lower threaded coupling of the mandrel 33 may connect the two members. The lower mandrel section 33d may carry one or more seals along an inner surface thereof and engaged with an outer surface of the upper seal tube 34b for isolating the LDA/liner interface from the annulus 10a. The threaded connection between the liner mandrel 33 and the body 35 may also be secured by one or more fasteners, such as set screws. The threaded connections between the intermediate body sections 35a-f may have a seal carried by either adjacent member for isolating the LDA/liner interface from the annulus 10a.
The port section 35d may have a crossover port 35x formed through a wall thereof and the sliding seals 34u,b may straddle the crossover port. The sliding seals 34u,b may be similar to the sliding seals 81u,b discussed above. The port section 35d may also have a pair of shoulders, each formed in an inner surface thereof adjacent to the respective threaded coupling thereof and each shoulder may trap the respective sliding seal 34u,d between a corresponding adjacent end face of the respective adjacent body section 35c,e. The sleeve 36 may be disposed in the body 35 and longitudinally movable relative thereto between a closed position (shown) and an open position (
The sleeve 36 may have the latch profile 36p formed in an inner surface thereof adjacent at an upper end thereof. The latch profile 36p may be a groove having a radially flat upper opener shoulder and a chamfered lower closer shoulder. A length of the latch groove may correspond to a length of the cleats 54c between the cleat grooves and the lower chamfered faces thereof for receiving a lower portion of the cleats, thereby fastening the driver 54d to the sleeve 36. The release section 35c may have a ribbed inner surface for receiving an upper face of the sleeve 36 in the open position and for engagement with the cleat chamfered upper faces to retract the cleats 54c for releasing the sleeve. The lower seal tube 35f may have a shoulder formed in an upper face thereof for receiving a lower face of the sleeve 36.
The sleeve 36 may also have a detent 36d formed in a recessed lower portion thereof. The detent 36d may have split segments and chamfered lugs formed in an outer surface thereof for engagement with upper (shown) and lower (
The adapter 37 may be tubular and have threaded couplings formed at each longitudinal end thereof. Engagement of the upper threaded coupling of the adapter 37 and the lower threaded coupling of the lower seal tube 35f may connect the two members.
The outer port valve 46 may include a sleeve 46a,b, sliding seals 46u,m,d, a fastener 46f, a ratchet ring 46g, and a venturi ring 46v. The sleeve 46a,b may have an upper port section 46a and a lower locking section 46b interconnected, such as by threaded couplings. The port section 46a may have one or more ports 46p formed through a wall thereof and corresponding to the housing ports 41p. The port section 46a may carry the sliding seals 46u,m,d along an outer surface thereof and the mid 46m and lower 46d sliding seals may straddle the port 46p. The venturi ring 46v may be connected to the port section 46a by threaded couplings and serve to stabilize flow through the RCV bore.
The sleeve 46a,b may be disposed in the housing 41 and longitudinally movable relative thereto between an open position (shown) and a closed position (
The outer port valve 46 may be kept in the open position by the fastener 46f carried by the port section 46a. The fastener 46f may be a dog radially movable relative to the port section 46a between an extended position (shown) and a retracted position (
The linkage 47 may include a nut 47t, a ratchet sleeve 47s, and one or more releasable connections. The nut 47t and ratchet sleeve 47s may be connected by threaded couplings. The nut 47t may also be connected to the lower housing section 41c by threaded couplings. The nut 47t may have one or more flow passages 47p formed therethrough. Each releasable connection may include one or more shearable fasteners 47n,o. The outer shearable fasteners 47o may be shear screws, each received in a respective threaded socket formed through a wall of the locking section 46b and extending into a groove formed in an outer surface of the ratchet sleeve 47s, thereby longitudinally connecting the outer port valve 46 to the housing 41. The outer port valve 46 may be closed by a closing differential between a higher pressure in the RCA bore and lower pressure in the annulus 10a. Once the closing pressure has been achieved, the fasteners 47o may fracture, thereby releasing the outer port valve 46 from the housing 41.
The ratchet sleeve 47s may have inner and outer ratchet profiles formed along respective inner and outer surfaces thereof. Engagement of the ratchet ring 46g with complementing teeth of the outer ratchet profile may allow downward movement of the outer port valve 46 relative to the housing 41 while preventing upward movement of the outer port valve relative to the housing, thereby keeping the outer port valve in the closed position.
The inner port valve 45 may include a sleeve 45a, a seat 45b, sliding seals 45u,d, one or more detents 45c,f, and a ratchet ring 45g. The sleeve 45a may carry the sliding seals 45u,d along an outer surface thereof and have a shoulder formed in an outer surface thereof. The sleeve 45a may be disposed in the housing 41 and longitudinally movable relative thereto between a closed position (shown) and an open position (
The inner shearable fasteners 47n may be shear screws, each received in a respective threaded socket formed through a wall of the ratchet sleeve 47s and extending into a groove formed in an outer surface of the inner port valve sleeve 45a, thereby longitudinally connecting the inner port valve 45 to the housing 41. The inner port valve 45 may be opened by an opening differential between a higher pressure in the RCA bore and lower pressure in the annulus 10a. Once the opening pressure has been achieved, the fasteners 47n may fracture, thereby releasing the inner port valve 45 from the housing 41. The opening differential of the inner port valve 45 may be less than the closing differential of the outer port valve 46. The opening differential of the inner port valve 45 may be greater than the release differential of the seat 45b.
The sleeve 45 may also carry the ratchet ring 45g along an outer surface thereof and the inner port valve 45 may be kept in the closed position by the linkage 47. Engagement of the ratchet ring 45g with complementing teeth of the inner ratchet profile may allow downward movement of the inner port valve 45 relative to the housing 41 while preventing upward movement of the outer port valve relative to the housing, thereby keeping the inner port valve in the open position.
The seat 45b may be disposed in the sleeve 45a and longitudinally movable relative thereto between an upper position (shown) and a lower position (
The sleeve 45a may also have a pair of vents formed through a wall thereof and extending from the upper latch groove. The seat 45b may carry sliding seals straddling the upper detent 45c to close the vents in the upper position and downward movement of the seat may open the vents.
The bore valve 48 may include a stem 48t, a sliding seal 48s, and a seal bore 48b. The stem 48t may be connected to the nut 47t by threaded couplings. The seal bore 48b may be formed in the inner surface of the sleeve 45a. The stem 48t may carry the sliding seal 48s on an outer surface thereof. The seal bore 48b may be longitudinally movable relative to the stem between an open position (shown) and a closed position (
The relief valve 49 may include a piston 49p, a compression spring 49s, and a cap 49c. The stem 48t may have a recess formed in an inner surface thereof along a lower portion thereof. The piston 49p and the compression spring 49s may be disposed in the recess and the piston may be longitudinally movable relative to the stem 48t between a closed position (shown) and an open position (not shown). The piston 49p may carry one or more seals in an outer surface thereof for sealing against the recess. The stem 48t may have a bore formed through an upper portion thereof in fluid communication with the recess for serving as an inlet and the cap 49c may have an outlet port formed therethrough. The cap 49c may be connected to the stem 48t by threaded couplings and the compression spring 49s may be shouldered against the piston 49p and the cap 49c, thereby biasing the piston toward the closed position. A set pressure of the relief valve 49 may correspond to a design pressure of the RCV 40 and the relief valve 49 may open to prevent hydraulic lock in the RCV.
The check valve 44 may include a seat 44s, a nut 44n, and a valve member, such as a flapper 44f, pivotally connected to the seat 44s and biased toward a closed position (
The prop valve 42 may include an upper sleeve 42u, a lower sleeve 42b, a fastener 42f, a compression spring 42s, and a check valve 42e,r,t. The upper and lower prop sleeves 42u,b may be connected together by threaded couplings. The fastener 42f may be a dog carried by the upper sleeve 42u and radially movable relative thereto between an extended position (
The check valve 42e,r,t may include a seat 42e, a fastener 42r, and a valve member, such as a segmented flapper. The segmented flapper may be a tri-flapper 42t including three flapper segments (only two shown), each pivotally connected to the seat 42e and biased toward a closed position (
The compression spring 42s may be disposed in a spring chamber formed between the seat and the lower sleeve 42b and against an upper shoulder formed in an outer surface of the seat and a lower shoulder formed in an inner surface of the lower sleeve 42b, thereby biasing the check valve 42e,r,t toward the released position. In the captured position, the bypass ports may be covered by the upper sleeve 42u and in the released position, the bypass ports may be exposed, thereby allowing upward fluid flow to bypass the tri-flapper 42t. The fastener 42r may be a snap ring carried by the seat 42e. The snap ring may be naturally biased toward an extended position (
In the closed position, the tri-flapper 42t may serve as an actuator piston to longitudinally move the prop sleeves 42u,b from the propped position (shown) upward to a released position (
The stopper 43 may include upper and lower retainers and one or more fasteners, such as dogs, disposed in a groove formed in an outer surface of the retainers. The dogs may each be biased (not shown) toward an extended position (shown) in engagement with a latch groove formed in an inner surface of the mid housing section 41b.
Once the RCV 40 has been shifted, rotation 8r may be halted and the cementing head 6 may be installed between the workstring 2 and the top drive 5 and conditioner 29c may be circulated by the cement pump 16 through the valve 25c to prepare for pumping of cement slurry 29s (
Continued pumping of the conditioner 29c may further pressurize the actuation chambers until the release differential is achieved, thereby fracturing the slip joint fasteners 68 and releasing the running sleeves 65n,o from the actuator 58. The liner hanger 32 and packer 31 may be restrained from unsetting by the ratchet connection 31g, 33r. Downward movement of the actuator pistons 59u,b and actuator sleeves 60a-c may continue until the actuator pistons reach lower ends of the actuation chambers.
The cement slurry 29s may flow into the launcher and be diverted past the cementing plug 4c via a diverter and bypass passages of the cementing head 6. Once the desired quantity of cement slurry 29s has been pumped, the cementing plug 4c may be released from the launcher by operating the launcher actuator. The chaser fluid 29h may be pumped into the cementing swivel via the valve 25c by the cement pump 16. The chaser fluid 29h may flow into the launcher and be forced behind the cementing plug 4c by closing of the bypass passages, thereby propelling the plug into the workstring bore.
Pumping of the chaser fluid 29h by the cement pump 16 may continue until residual cement in the cement line 22 has been purged. Pumping of the chaser fluid 29h may then be transferred to the mud pump 17 by closing the valve 25c and opening the valve 25m. The cementing plug 4c and cement slurry 29s may be driven through the workstring bore to the LDA 2d by the chaser fluid 29h. The cement slurry 29s may be diverted from the LDA bore by the seated setting plug 4t and into the lower annulus portion via the crossover ports 74x, 35x. The cement slurry 29s may then flow down the lower annulus portion, thereby displacing conditioner 29c therefrom.
The displaced conditioner 29c may flow into the RCV 40 via the open ports 41p, 46p and past the prop valve 42 via the open bypass ports. The displaced conditioner 29c may flow upward through the liner bore into the LDA bore lower portion. The displaced conditioner 29c may bypass the closed traveling valve flapper 80f via the open valve ports 83u,b and continue up the LDA lower bore portion. The displaced conditioner 29c may be diverted from the LDA lower bore portion by the seated setting plug 4t and into the seat valve bypass passage 77. The displaced conditioner 29c may continue upward through the bypass passage 74b and the bypass passage 73b. The displaced conditioner 29c may exit the LDA via the bypass port 73p and flow up the bypass clearance 73c and to the liner mandrel bypass ports 33y via the slotted shoulder 73s. The displaced conditioner 29c may exit the liner 30 into an upper portion of the annulus 10a via the liner bypass ports 33y and flow up the annulus to the return line 24.
The fluid system 91f may include the injector head 93, a shutoff valve 94, one or more gauges, such as the pressure gauges 95p,t and a stroke counter 96, a launcher 97, a fracture pump 98, and a fracture fluid mixer, such as a recirculating mixer 99. The pressure gauge 95t may be connected to the flow cross 92x and may be operable to monitor wellhead pressure. The pressure gauge 95p may be connected between the fracture pump 98 and the valve 94 and may be operable to measure discharge pressure of the fracture pump. The stroke counter 96 may be operable to measure a flow rate of the fracture pump 98. A shifting plug 100, such as a ball, may be disposed in the launcher 97 for selective release and pumping downhole to open the fracture valve 38.
The seat of the fracture valve 38 may be disposed in the housing bore and be longitudinally movable relative thereto subject to engagement with upper and lower shoulders of the housing. The shoulders may be formed by longitudinal ends of the respective upper and lower housing sections. The seat may be releasably connected to the housing in a closed position (shown). The releasable connection may be a shearable fastener, such as a shear ring. The shear ring may have a stem portion disposed in a recess formed in an inner surface of the housing adjacent the upper shoulder and a lip portion extending into a groove formed in the outer surface of the seat. The seat may cover the fracture ports in the closed position and a seat-housing interface may be isolated from the annulus 10a by seals carried by the seat and straddling the fracture ports in the closed position.
The seat of the fracture valve 38 may also carry a fastener, such as a snap ring, adjacent to a lower end thereof for engaging a complementary profile, such as a latch groove, formed in an inner surface of the housing adjacent the lower shoulder. Once released from the housing, the seat may move downward relative to the housing until a bottom of the seat engages the lower shoulder, thereby exposing the fracture ports to the housing bore (
The toe sleeve 39 may include a housing and a piston. The housing may be tubular, have a bore formed therethrough, and have threaded couplings formed at longitudinal ends thereof for connection to the fracture valve 38 and the RCV 40. The housing may also have one or more flow ports formed through a wall thereof for providing fluid communication between the housing bore and the annulus 10a. The housing may include two or more sections connected together, such as by threaded connections and fasteners, and the housing bore may be isolated from the annulus 10a by seals.
The piston of the toe sleeve 39 may be disposed in the housing bore and be longitudinally movable relative thereto subject to engagement with upper and lower shoulders of the housing. The piston may be releasably connected to the housing in a closed position (
The toe sleeve 39 may have a hydraulic chamber may formed between the piston and the housing. The hydraulic chamber may be in fluid communication with the annulus 10a via the flow ports. The piston may have an enlarged inner shoulder exposed to the housing bore and an outer shoulder exposed to the hydraulic chamber. The piston may be operated by fluid pressure in the housing bore exceeding fluid pressure in the annulus 10a by a substantial differential sufficient to fracture the shear screws. Once released from the housing, the piston may move downward relative to the housing until a bottom of the piston engages the lower housing shoulder, thereby exposing the flow ports to the housing bore (shown). As the piston is nearing the open position, the snap ring may engage the latch groove, thereby locking the piston in the open position.
The shifting plug 100 may be released from the launcher 97 and fracturing fluid 101 may be pumped from the mixer 99 into the injector head 93 via the valve 94 by the fracture pump 98. The fracturing fluid 101 may be a slurry including: proppant (i.e., sand), water, and chemical additives. Pumping of the fracturing fluid 101 may increase pressure in the liner bore until the differential is sufficient to open the toe sleeve 39. Once the toe sleeve 39 has opened, continued pumping of the fracturing fluid 101 may force the chaser fluid 29h in the liner bore through the cured cement 90 and into the lower formation 11b by creating a first fracture 102a.
Alternatively, as discussed above, the liner string 30 may have a second (or more) fracture valve for fracturing a second zone of the lower formation 11b. The second fracture valve may be assembled as part of the liner string 30 between the adapter 37 and the fracture valve 38. In this alternative, once a desired quantity of fracturing fluid 101 has been pumped, a second shifting plug having an outer diameter greater than the shifting plug 100 may then be launched and propelled down the liner bore by continued pumping of fracturing fluid until the second shifting plug lands in and opens the second fracture valve. This process may then be repeated for each additional fracture valve assembled as part of the liner string 30.
Once the fracturing operation has been completed, the injector head 93 may be removed from the tree 91p. The flow cross 92x may be connected to a disposal pit or tank (not shown) and fracturing fluid 101 allowed to flow from the wellbore 10w to the pit. A mill string (not shown) including coiled tubing and a bottomhole assembly (BHA) may be deployed into the wellbore 10w using a coiled tubing unit (CTU) (not shown). The CTU may include an injector, a reel of the coiled tubing, a tool housing, a stuffing box, one or more BOPs and a shutoff valve. The BHA may include a drilling motor and a mill bit. The injector may be operated to lower the coiled tubing and BHA into the wellbore 10w and a pump operated to inject milling fluid therethrough, thereby operating the motor to rotate the mill bit. A millable portion of the fracture valve 38 may be milled by the BHA. The BHA and coiled tubing may then be retrieved to the surface 9 and the CTU removed from the tree 91p. A production choke (not shown) may be connected to the flow cross 92x and to a separation, treatment, and storage facility (not shown). Production of the lower formation 11b may then commence.
The expander 111 may include an upper cone retainer 111u, a set of cone segments 111a,b, a cone base 111e, and a lower cone retainer 111d. The expander 111 may be operable to radially and plastically expand the expandable hanger 112 into engagement with the casing string 12. The expander 111 may be driven through the expandable hanger 112 by the actuator 58. The cone segments 111a,b may each include a lip at each end thereof in engagement with respective lips formed at a bottom of the upper retainer 111u and a top of the lower retainer 111d, thereby radially keeping the cones. An inner surface of each cone segment 111a,b may be inclined for mating with an inclined outer surface of the cone base 111e, thereby holding each cone radially outward into engagement with the retainers.
The expandable liner hanger 112 may include a tubular body 113, one or more seals 114u,b, and one or more sets 115a-c of grippers 116. The body 113 may be made from a ductile metal or alloy. The seals 114u,b may be disposed in respective grooves formed in and along outer surface of the body in an alternating fashion with the gripper sets 115a-c. The seals 114u,b may be made from an elastomer or elastomeric copolymer. Each gripper 116 may be secured to an outer surface of the body 113 and may be made from a hard material, such as tool steel, ceramic, or cermet, for engaging and penetrating an inner surface of the casing 12, thereby anchoring the liner string 30 to the casing.
The gland inner surface may be tapered having an inclination complementary to an outer surface of the wedge 122 and the gland 121g may be engaged with an upper tip of the wedge. The gland 121g may have cutouts formed in an inner surface thereof to facilitate expansion of the packing element 121 into engagement with the casing string 12 and a latch groove formed in the inner surface at an upper end thereof for receiving the retaining sleeve 123. The retaining sleeve 123 may have an upper base portion and collet fingers extending from the base portion to a lower end thereof. Each collet finger may have a lug formed at a lower end thereof engaged with the retaining sleeve latch groove, thereby fastening the retaining sleeve 123 to the packing element 121. The collet fingers may be cantilevered from the base portion and have a stiffness urging the lugs toward an engaged position with the latch groove.
The packing element 121 may be driven along the wedge 122 by the actuator 58. The setting force of the packer 120 may be substantially greater than the setting force of the liner hanger 32, such as greater than or equal to twice, four times, or eight times the hanger setting force. This ensures that the liner hanger 32 is set before the packing element 121 so that the set packing element is not pushed along the casing string 12 to accommodate setting of the hanger 32.
While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope of the invention is determined by the claims that follow.
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