Patent Grant
7012482
1. Statement of the Technical Field
The present invention relates to the field of phase delays, and more particularly to variable phase delays.
2. Description of the Related Art
Delay lines such as phase delays are used for a wide variety of signal processing applications. For example, broadband phase delay circuits are used in beam-forming applications in phased array antennas. Typical fixed geometry phase delay circuits used in phased array antennas are comprised of switched lengths of transmission line. Despite the importance of broadband delay lines in such systems, the conventional approach to designing and implementing these components suffer from a number of drawbacks. For example, conventional delay line devices often require a relatively large number of RF switches that can result in signal losses. Also, conventional phase delay circuits can be limited with regard to the delay resolution that can be achieved.
RF delay lines are often formed as ordinary transmission lines coupled to a dielectric. Depending upon the structure of the transmission line, the dielectric can be arranged in different ways. For example, microstrip and stripline circuits commonly are formed on a dielectric substrate. Two important characteristics of dielectric materials are permittivity (sometimes called the relative permittivity or ∈r) and permeability (sometimes referred to as relative permeability or μr). The relative permittivity and permeability determine the propagation velocity of a signal, which is approximately inversely proportional to √{square root over (μ∈)}. The propagation velocity directly affects the electrical length of a transmission line and therefore the amount of delay introduced to signals that traverse the line.
Further, ignoring loss, the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, such as stripline or microstrip, is equal to √{square root over (Ll/Cl)} where Ll is the inductance per unit length and Cl is the capacitance per unit length. The values of Ll and Cl are generally determined by the permittivity and the permeability of the dielectric material(s) used to separate the transmission line structures as well as the physical geometry and spacing of the line structures. For a given geometry, an increase in dielectric permittivity or permeability necessary for providing increased phase delay will generally cause the characteristic impedance of the line to change. However, this is not a problem where only a fixed delay is needed, since the geometry of the transmission line can be readily designed and fabricated to achieve the proper characteristic impedance.
When a phase delay is needed, however, such techniques have traditionally been viewed as impractical because of the obvious difficulties in dynamically varying the permittivity and/or permeability of a dielectric board substrate material and/or dynamically varying transmission line geometries. Variable length lines have been implemented using mechanical means to vary the length of a line. These generally have involved an arrangement of telescoping tubes to produce a variable length coaxial line. These devices were at one time commonly used in laboratories for tuning circuits. However, these arrangements suffered from certain drawbacks. For example, they were subject to wear, difficult to control electronically, and are not easily scalable to microwave frequencies. Accordingly, the solution has been to design phase delay lines using conventional fixed length RF transmission lines with delay variability achieved using a series of electronically controlled switches.
Ferroelectric materials are also sometimes used to implement compact phase delays for various applications. The phase delay can be implemented by applying a bias electric field to the ferroelectric material, which changes the permittivity of the material. The use of ferroelectric material in the microwave frequency range has been limited, however, due to high losses associated with these materials and due to the high electric field necessary to bias the structure in order to obtain substantial permittivity change.
A microwave phase shifter is a device that can be used for varying phase in the microwave frequency range. The microwave phase shifter is a thin-film ferroelectric/ferrite device. A microwave phase shifter can be tuned by varying both electric and magnetic fields. For instance, the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in the microwave phase shifter can be varied by applying an electric field to vary the permittivity of the ferroelectric layer and/or varying an applied magnetic field to vary the permeability of the ferrite layer. In operation, the microwave phase shifter is limited to a phase shift of about 300°. Moreover, a magnetic field of greater than 800 Gauss is required to achieve this phase shift. Such a magnetic field can interfere with the operation of other circuit devices that are proximate to the microwave phase shifter. Further, the microwave phase shifter is not suitable for use in monolithic microwave integrated circuits.
The present invention relates to a phase delay line. The phase delay line can include an RF transmission line and a fluid channel having a serpentine configuration. The transmission line can be coupled to a solid dielectric substrate material, for example a substrate formed from a low temperature co-fired ceramic material. The fluid channel can be coupled to the RF transmission line along at least a portion of a length of the transmission line. A phase delay of the RF transmission line can be selectively varied by adjusting a relative distribution of two fluidic dielectrics present within the fluid channel. Similarly, the phase delay of the RF transmission line also can be maintained constant as an operational frequency of the RF transmission line is varied.
The fluidic dielectrics can include an industrial solvent. A suspension of magnetic particles can be contained within the solvent. For example, the magnetic particles can be ferrite, metallic salts, and organo-metallic particles. A second fluidic dielectric also can be provided within the fluid channel. The first and second fluidic dielectrics can be immiscible and can be separated by an immiscible fluid interface. Moreover, the second fluidic dielectric can have a permittivity and/or a permeability that is different from the permittivity and/or permeability of the first fluidic dielectric. The respective permittivities and permeabilities can be selected for maintaining a constant or a variable characteristic impedance along an entire length of the RF transmission line.
The phase delay line can include at least one variable displacement fluid processor. The variable displacement fluid processor can change a distribution of the first and second fluidic dielectrics relative to the transmission line. In consequence, a phase delay of the transmission line can be selectively varied by changing the distribution of at least the first fluidic dielectric in the fluid channel. The variable displacement fluid processor can include at least one high volume pump for coarse adjustment of the distribution and one low volume displacement pump for fine adjustment of the distribution. The variable displacement fluid processor can further include a fluid conduit with a port for communicating the first and second fluidic dielectrics to the fluid channel.
The present invention also relates to a method of producing a phase delay for an RF signal. The method includes the step of propagating the RF signal along an RF transmission line. The method also includes the step of positioning a fluidic dielectric within a fluid channel having a serpentine configuration which is coupled to a portion of the RF transmission line. The fluidic dielectric can be positioned to selectively control the coupling between the first fluidic dielectric and the RF transmission line, thereby varying a phase delay of the transmission line.
The method can further include the step of positioning a second fluidic dielectric within the fluid channel. The first and second fluidic dielectrics can be immiscible and separated by an immiscible fluid interface. The first fluidic dielectric can have a first permittivity and/or first permeability that is different from a second permittivity and/or a second permeability of the second fluidic dielectric, respectively. The distribution of the first and second fluidic dielectrics relative to the transmission line can be changed. The distribution of the first and second fluidic dielectrics can be varied along a length of the fluid channel. Further, the permeability and/or permittivity of the first and/or second fluidic dielectrics can be selected for maintaining a constant characteristic impedance along a length of the RF transmission line.
The RF transmission line can be coupled to a solid dielectric substrate, such as a dielectric substrate formed form a ceramic material. For example, the dielectric substrate can be formed from low temperature co-fired ceramic. The first and/or second fluidic dielectrics can be selected to have a permittivity and/or permeability that is different as compared to the solid dielectric substrate
The first and/or second fluidic dielectrics can include an industrial solvent. The solvent can have a suspension of magnetic particles contained therein. The magnetic particles can be ferrite, metallic salts, and/or organo-metallic particles.
The present invention relates to a method and a system for controlling a phase delay of an RF transmission line by coupling a fluidic dielectric to the RF transmission line. A phase delay of the RF transmission line can be selectively varied by adjusting a distribution of first and second fluidic dielectrics present in a serpentine fluid channel coupled to the RF transmission line. Further, the phase delay of the RF transmission line can be maintained constant as an operational frequency of the RF transmission line is varied. Moreover, the fluidic dielectrics can have a permeability and a permittivity selected for maintaining a constant characteristic impedance along an entire length of the RF transmission line.
The change in distribution of the fluidic dielectrics can cause a permittivity (∈) and/or a permeability (μ) in channel segments proximate to the transmission line to vary. Since the propagation velocity of a signal is approximately inversely proportional to √{square root over (μ∈)}, the change in permittivity and/or permeability in a channel segment will cause the propagation velocity (and therefore the amount of phase delay introduced) to be adjusted on a portion of the transmission line which is coupled to the channel segment. For example, as √{square root over (μ∈)} is increased in the channel segment, a propagation velocity of a signal on the transmission line will decrease. Similarly, as √{square root over (μ∈)} is decreased in the channel segment, the propagation velocity will decrease.
One or more fluid channels 109 can be embedded within the substrate 102. The fluid channel 109 preferably extends adjacent to a region of the transmission line conductor 111 so that fluidic dielectrics 130, 132 contained in the fluid channel can be electrically and magnetically coupled to the fields that are generated when RF signals are propagated along the transmission line. For example, the fluid channel 109 can be positioned beneath the transmission line conductor 111. In operation, the volume and shape of the fluids 130, 132 that are coupled to the transmission line 110 can be selectively varied to dynamically change the propagation delay for signals transmitted on the transmission line 110. More particularly, the portion of the length of transmission line conductor 111 that is coupled to the fluid 130 in fluid channel 109 and the portion of the length that is coupled to the fluid 132 can be dynamically controlled.
According to one embodiment of the invention, the fluid channel 109 can be formed as an elongated channel traversing in a serpentine fashion beneath transmission line conductor 111. In particular, the fluid channel 109 can be provided with a plurality of fluid channel segments 134 that extend beneath the transmission line conductor 111. Any number of fluid channel segments 134 can be provided, depending on the amount of phase shift control that is desired. For instance, a greater number of fluid channel segments 134 can provide a greater range of phase adjustment.
Referring now to
The dimensions of each channel segment 134 can be selected to contain an amount of fluidic dielectric within the channel segment 134 which is necessary to effectuate desired changes in propagation velocity of a signal on the transmission line 110. For example, each channel segment 134 can be dimensioned to contain an appropriate amount of the first fluidic dielectric 130 to provide a specific phase adjustment at a particular operating frequency. A different phase adjustment can be achieved by filling the channel segment with the second fluidic dielectric 132. Although the fluid channel 109 is shown as having a rectangular cross section 340 in
Advantageously, the fluid channel 109 can be arranged such that cross section 340 is a relatively small channel normal to a direction of fluid flow, yet a large number of fluid channel segments 134 can be provided. Accordingly, the fluid channel 109 can provide significant fluidic dielectric storage volume proximate to the transmission line conductor 111 while allowing a high degree of tuning precision. For example, the dimensions of each channel segment 134 can be selected to provide 1° of phase delay when filled with the first fluidic dielectric 130 and ½° of phase delay when filled with the fluidic dielectric 132.
Making reference to
As the first fluidic dielectric 130 is injected into the fluid channel 109, the second fluidic dielectric 132 can be removed. Similarly, as the first fluidic dielectric 130 is removed from the fluid channel 109, the second fluidic dielectric 132 can be injected into the fluid channel 109. In either case, there will be a corresponding movement of the immiscible fluid interface 131.
When injected into the fluid channel 109, the first fluidic dielectric 130 preferably progresses through the fluid channel 109 such that the first fluidic dielectric 130 replaces the second fluidic dielectric 132 and the immiscible fluid interface sequentially moves through the fluid channel segments 134. Accordingly, the permittivity and permeability within one or more channel segments 134 can become equal, or substantially equal, to the permittivity and permeability of the first fluidic dielectric 130 as it displaces the second fluidic dielectric 132, thereby adjusting the phase delay of the transmission line 111. By subsequently purging the first fluidic dielectric 130 from the channel segments 134 and injecting the second fluidic dielectric 132, the phase again can be adjusted. For example, the permittivity and permeability within one or more channel segments 134 can become equal, or substantially equal, to the permittivity and permeability of the second fluidic dielectric 132 as it displaces the first fluidic dielectric 130.
In either case it is preferred that the immiscible fluid interface 131 remain intact and substantially perpendicular to the walls 146 of the fluid channel 109. Significantly, the relatively small cross section 340 of the fluid channel 109 can facilitate maintaining the immiscible fluid interface 131. In particular, the stability of the immiscible fluid interface 131 is a function of the surface tension of the respective fluids and the surface area of the immiscible fluid interface.
Surface tension results from the cohesive forces between fluid molecules. Specifically, molecules at the surface 133 of the fluidic dielectric 130 do not have other like molecules on all sides of them. Consequently the molecules cohere more strongly to those molecules with which they are directly associated on the surface 133 of the fluidic dielectric 130. This forms a surface barrier which resists the movement of another material, such as the second fluidic dielectric 132, through the surface. Further, the fluidic dielectric 130 also can adhere to the wall 146 of the fluid channel 109, which helps to maintain a uniform fluid surface 133 as the fluidic dielectric 130 is injected and purged from the channel 109.
A variable displacement fluid processor 120 can be provided to control the distribution and movement of the first and second fluidic dielectrics 130, 132 within the fluid channel 109. The variable displacement fluid processor 120 can be comprised of at least one displacement piston pump configured for changing a distribution of the first and second fluidic dielectrics relative to the transmission line 110. According to a preferred embodiment, greater accuracy of adjustments can be achieved with processor 120 by making use of a combination of pumps. For example, a high volume displacement piston pump 122 can be used for coarse adjustments and a low volume displacement piston pump 124 can be used for fine adjustments. Pistons 126 and 128 respectively can force the displacement of fluidic dielectrics 130,132 so as to control the relative portion of the transmission line to which each fluidic dielectric is coupled. The control of each of the pumps can be coordinated by the controller 136. Of course, other types of fluid displacement mechanisms can also be used and the invention is not intended to be limited to displacement piston pumps. Instead, any suitable mechanism can be used provided that it is capable of displacing the relative distribution of the first and second fluidic dielectrics within the fluid channel 109.
The variable displacement processor 120 can also include two or more fluid conduits 112, 114 for communicating each of the first and second fluidic dielectrics to the fluid channel 109. A fluid port (not shown) associated with fluid conduit 112 can be used to communicate the first fluidic dielectric from the conduit to the fluid channel portion 109 and a second fluid port (not shown) can communicate the second fluidic dielectric from the second conduit 114 to the fluid channel portion 109. As noted, selecting fluidic dielectrics 130, 132 to be immiscible results in the immiscible fluid interface 131 being formed between the two fluidic dielectrics 130, 132 when they are introduced within the fluid channel 109. Thereafter, by selectively controlling the displacement of fluidic dielectrics 130, 132 within the fluid channel region 109, the effective dielectric constant and permeability of the dielectric can be selectively varied in the portions of fluid channel 109 coupled to the transmission line 110. Since the propagation delay of any transmission line is determined by the permittivity and permeability of the surrounding dielectric, the variable displacement processor 120 can be used to control the phase delay associated with RF signals passing through transmission line 110. In one arrangement, the variable displacement processor 120 can maintain the phase delay constant as the operational frequency of the transmission line is varied.
According to a preferred embodiment, the permittivity and the permeability of the first and second fluidic dielectrics are selected so as to maintain a constant characteristic impedance for the transmission line 110. However, the invention is not so limited in that relatively small mismatches in impedance between portions of the line may be tolerable in certain applications.
Composition of the Fluidic Dielectrics
Making reference to
Each of the first and second fluidic dielectrics 130, 132 also preferably has a relatively low loss tangent to minimize the amount of RF energy lost in the delay line device. However, devices with higher insertion loss may be acceptable in some instances so this may not be a critical factor. Many applications also require delay lines with a broadband response. Accordingly, it may be desirable in many instances to select fluidic dielectrics that have a relatively constant response over a broad range of frequencies.
Aside from the foregoing constraints, there are relatively few limits on the range of materials that can be used to form the fluidic dielectric. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will recognize that the examples of suitable fluidic dielectrics as shall be disclosed herein are merely by way of example and are not intended to limit in any way the scope of the invention. Also, while component materials can be mixed in order to produce the first and second fluidic dielectrics as described herein, it should be noted that the invention is not so limited. Instead, the composition of the first and second fluidic dielectrics could be formed in other ways. All such techniques will be understood to be included within the scope of the invention.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that a nominal value of permittivity (∈r) for fluids is approximately 2.0. However, the fluidic dielectrics used herein can include fluids with higher values of permittivity. For example, the first or second fluidic dielectric material could be selected to have a permittivity values of between 2.0 and about 58, depending upon the amount of delay required. Similarly, the fluidic dielectric compositions can have a wide range of permeability values.
High levels of magnetic permeability are commonly observed in magnetic metals such as Fe and Co. For example, solid alloys of these materials can exhibit levels of μr in excess of one thousand. By comparison, the permeability of fluids is nominally about 1.0 and they generally do not exhibit high levels of permeability. However, high permeability can be achieved in a fluid by introducing metal particles/elements to the fluid. For example typical magnetic fluids comprise suspensions of ferro-magnetic particles in a conventional industrial solvent such as water, toluene, mineral oil, silicone, and so on. Other types of magnetic particles include metallic salts, organo-metallic compounds, and other derivatives, although Fe and Co particles are most common. The size of the magnetic particles found in such systems is known to vary to some extent. However, particles sizes in the range of 1 nm to 20 μm are common. The composition of particles can be selected as necessary to achieve the required permeability in the final fluidic dielectric. Magnetic fluid compositions are typically between about 50% to 90% particles by weight. Increasing the number of particles will generally increase the permeability.
Example of materials that could be used to produce fluidic dielectric materials as described herein would include oil (low permittivity, low permeability), a solvent (high permittivity, low permeability) and a magnetic fluid, such as combination of a solvent and a ferrite (high permittivity and high permeability). A hydrocarbon dielectric oil such as Vacuum Pump Oil MSDS-12602 could be used to realize a low permittivity, low permeability fluid, low electrical loss fluid. A low permittivity, high permeability fluid may be realized by mixing the same hydrocarbon fluid with magnetic particles such as magnetite manufactured by FerroTec Corporation of Nashua, N.H., or iron-nickel metal powders manufactured by Lord Corporation of Cary, N.C. for use in ferrofluids and magnetoresrictive (MR) fluids. Additional ingredients such as surfactants may be included to promote uniform dispersion of the particles. Fluids containing electrically conductive magnetic particles require a mix ratio low enough to ensure that no electrical path can be created in the mixture. Solvents such as formamide inherently possess a relatively high permittivity. Similar techniques could be used to produce fluidic dielectrics with higher permittivity. For example, fluid permittivity could be increased by adding high permittivity powders such as barium titanate manufactured by Ferro Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio. For broadband applications, the fluids would not have significant resonances over the frequency band of interest.
Several sets of immiscible fluid candidates exist. One example of suitable set of immiscible fluids would be acetone and certain perfluoropolyethers (PFPE) oils. PFPE oils are available under the brand name Fomblin® from Solvay Solexis, Inc. of Thorofare, N.J. Another example of a suitable set of immiscible fluids would be deionized water and a silicone-based fluid such as MRF-336AG, which is available from Lord Corporation of Cary, N.C. A variety of other groups of immiscible fluids are also possible within the scope of the invention and the foregoing examples are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the invention.
Controlling the Variable Displacement Processor
In step 406, the controller 136 can determine the necessary distribution of the fluidic dielectric materials in fluid channel 109 for producing the amount of delay indicated by the updated control signal. For example, if the first and second fluidic dielectrics are arranged as shown in
As an alternative to calculating the necessary location for the fluid interface 131, the controller 136 could also make use of a look-up-table (LUT). The LUT can contain cross-reference information for determining control data for the distribution of the fluidic dielectric material necessary to achieve various different delay times. For example, a calibration process could be used to identify the specific digital control signal values communicated from controller 136 to displacement fluid processor 120 that are necessary to adjust the relative position of pistons 126 and/or 128 to achieve a set of specific delay values. These digital control signal values could then be stored in the LUT. Thereafter, when control signal 137 is updated to a new requested delay time, the controller 136 can immediately obtain the corresponding digital control signal for causing displacing fluid processor 120 to move pistons 126 and 128 to the proper position for producing the required delay.
As an alternative, or in addition to the foregoing methods, the controller 136 could make use of an empirical approach that injects a signal at RF input port 104 and measures the delay to RF output port 106. As shown in step 412, the system could check to see whether the updated phase delay had been achieved. A feedback loop could then be employed to control the displacement pump 122 and/or 124 to produce the desired delay characteristic.
RF Unit Structure, Materials and Fabrication
In theory, constant characteristic impedance can be obtained for a transmission line by maintaining a constant ratio of permittivity to permeability in the dielectric to which the line is coupled. Accordingly, in those instances where the transmission line is for all practical purposes coupled exclusively to the fluidic dielectric, then it is merely necessary to maintain a constant ratio of ∈r/μr, where ∈r is the permittivity of the fluidic dielectric 130, and μr is the permeability of the fluidic dielectric 130.
However, in the case where the transmission line is also partially coupled to a solid dielectric, then the permeability μr necessary to keep the characteristic impedance of the line constant can be expressed as follows:
μr=μr,sub(∈r/∈r,sub)
where μr,sub is the permeability of the solid dielectric substrate 102, ∈r is the permittivity of the fluidic dielectric 130 and ∈r,sub is the permittivity of the solid dielectric substrate 102. When this condition applies, the effective index describing the velocity of the wave neff, is approximately equal to n0,eff(∈r/∈r,sub) where n0,eff is the index in the solid dielectric substrate.
Note that when the dielectric properties of a transmission line are inhomogeneous along the direction of wave propagation, but the inhomogeneities are small relative to the wavelength in the medium, the line typically behaves like a homogenous line with dielectric properties between the extremes of the inhomogeneous line. Exceptions to this rule may occur when the inhomogeneities are periodic with a period harmonically related to the wavelength. In most other cases, however, inhomogeneous line will generally be characterized by an “effective permittivity” ∈r,eff and an “effective permeability” μr,eff which are merely the properties of the hypothetical equivalent homogeneous structure. This condition may apply to specific embodiments of the current invention if the fluid channel illustrated in
At this point it should be noted that while the embodiment of the invention in
According to one aspect of the invention, the solid dielectric substrate 102 can be formed from a ceramic material. For example, the solid dielectric substrate can be formed from a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC). Processing and fabrication of RF circuits on LTCC is well known to those skilled in the art. LTCC is particularly well suited for the present application because of its compatibility and resistance to attack from a wide range of fluids. The material also has superior properties of wetability and absorption as compared to other types of solid dielectric material. These factors, plus LTCC's proven suitability for manufacturing miniaturized RF circuits, make it a natural choice for use in the present invention.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that a wide variety of alternatives could be used to adjust the distribution of the fluidic dielectrics. Accordingly, the specific implementations described herein are intended to be merely examples and should not be construed as limiting the invention.
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