The present invention relates to an RFeB-based magnet and a method for producing an RFeB-based magnet, the RFeB-based magnet containing R (rare earth element), Fe (iron) and B (boron), in which the “rare earth element” is a generic term for 17 kinds of elements belonging to the group 3A in the periodic table. Of these 17 kinds of elements, the present invention is directed to a light rare earth element RL that is a generic term for 2 kinds of elements of Nd (neodymium) and Pr (praseodymium) and a heavy rare earth element RH that is a generic term for 3 kinds of elements of Tb (terbium), Dy (dysprosium) and Ho (holmium). More specifically, the present invention relates to an RFeB-based magnet in which a treatment (grain boundary diffusion treatment) for diffusing atoms of the heavy rare earth element RH is performed in a base material including an RLFeB-based sintered magnet obtained by subjecting crystal grains in a raw-material powder including a powder of an RLFeB-based alloy containing the light rare earth element RL, Fe and B to orientation in a magnetic field and then sintering the oriented raw-material powder, or an RLFeB-based hot-deformed magnet obtained by subjecting the same raw-material powder to hot pressing and then to hot deforming to thereby orient the crystal grains in the raw-material powder (see Non-Patent Document 1), and a method for producing the RFeB-based magnet.
An RFeB-based magnet was found by Masato Sagawa et al. in 1982, and has an advantage that many magnetic properties including residual magnetic flux density are far higher than those of conventional permanent magnets. Accordingly, the RFeB-based magnet is used in various products such as drive motors of hybrid cars and electric cars, motors for electrically assisted bicycles, industrial motors, voice coil motors of hard disk drives and the like, speakers, headphones and permanent magnet type magnetic resonance diagnostic devices.
An early RFeB-based magnet had a defect of being relatively low in coercive force HcJ among various magnetic properties. However, it was thereafter found that the coercive force was improved by making the heavy rare earth element RH to be present inside the RFeB-based magnet. The coercive force is force that resists inversion of magnetization when a magnetic field in a direction opposite to the direction of the magnetization is applied to the magnet. It is considered that the heavy rare earth element RH hinders the inversion of magnetization, thereby having an effect of increasing the coercive force.
On the other hand, increasing the content of the heavy rare earth element RH in the RFeB-based magnet poses a problem in that the residual magnetic flux density Br is decreased, thereby also decreasing the maximum energy product (BH)max. In addition, since the heavy rare earth element RH is expensive and rare, and is yielded only in localized regions, it is not desirable to increase the content of the heavy rare earth element RH, also from the standpoint of stably supplying the RFeB-based magnets to the market at low cost.
Accordingly, a grain boundary diffusion treatment is conducted in order to increase the coercive force while keeping the content of the heavy rare earth element RH low (for example, see Patent Documents 1 and 2). In the grain boundary diffusion treatment, an RH-containing substance that contains a heavy rare earth element RH is adhered to a surface of an RLFeB-based sintered magnet or RLFeB-based hot-deformed magnet which contains a light rare earth element RL as the rare earth element, and the magnet is heated, thereby causing atoms of the heavy rare earth element RH to penetrate to the inside of the magnet through grain boundaries. Thus, the heavy rare earth element RH is diffused only to the vicinity of surfaces of respective crystal grains. The RLFeB-based sintered magnet or RLFeB-based hot-deformed magnet which has not undergone the grain boundary diffusion treatment is hereinafter referred to as a “base material”. A decrease in the coercive force occurs when the inversion of magnetization occurs in the vicinity of the surfaces of crystal grains and then spreads over the whole crystal grains. Consequently, by increasing the concentration of the heavy rare earth element RH in the vicinity of the surfaces of crystal grains, the inversion of magnetization can be inhibited and the coercive force can be enhanced. Meanwhile, since the heavy rare earth element RH localizes only in the vicinity of the surfaces (grain boundaries) of respective crystal grains, the overall concentration thereof can be suppressed. As a result, not only the residual magnetic flux density and the maximum energy product can be prevented from decreasing, but also the RFeB-based magnet can be stably supplied to the market at low cost.
The invention described in Patent Document 1 enumerates various alloys each including one or a plurality of kinds of heavy rare earth elements RH and one or a plurality of kinds of other metal elements M, as materials to be adhered to a surface of a base material. The document describes that the ratio of the mass of the other metal element M to the mass of the heavy rare earth element RH (defined as “M/RH”) is desirably from 1/100 to 5/1 (from 1 to 500%), and more desirably from 1/20 to 2/1 (from 5 to 200%). However, the amount of the heavy rare earth element RH that reaches the vicinity of surfaces of internal crystal grains through grain boundaries of a base material is completely different between the case where the M/RH is several percents and the case where it is several hundred percents. Furthermore, Patent Document 1 describes that the metal element in an RH-containing substance is diffused into the grain boundaries, whereby a rare earth-rich phase present in the grain boundaries and having a higher rare earth element content than the crystal grains becomes easily melted, resulting in easy diffusion of the heavy rare earth element RH in the grain boundaries. However, the easiness of melting of the rare earth-rich phase in the grain boundaries varies depending on the M/RH ratio of the RH-containing substance or the kind of metal element M. As described above, the amount of the heavy rare earth element RH that reaches the vicinity of the surfaces of internal crystal grains is determined according to not only a level of the M/RH ratio, but also complicated factors. Therefore, the requirements described in Patent Document 1 cannot always increase the coercive force more than the case where another RH-containing substance is used.
On the other hand, Patent Document 2 describes that an RHNiAl alloy containing RH, Ni and Al at approximately 92:4:4 by mass ratio is used as a material of an RH-containing substance to be adhered to a surface of a base material. The reason why Ni and Al are used is that since these elements have an action of lowering the melting point of a rare earth-rich phase, thereby melting the rare earth-rich phase in grain boundaries during a grain boundary diffusion treatment, heavy rare earth element RH can be easily diffused into the base material through the grain boundaries. However, the RHNiAl alloy is not always a material optimum for the RH-containing substance used in the grain boundary diffusion treatment, and a more suitable material has been required.
An object of the present invention is to surely provide an RFeB-based magnet having a high coercive force and a method for producing the RFeB-based magnet, which can efficiently perform a grain boundary diffusion treatment using an RH-containing substance including a material more suitable than a conventional one.
In order to achieve the above-described object, a method for producing an RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention is a method for producing an RFeB-based magnet, the method including:
an adhesion substance preparation step of preparing an adhesion substance containing an RHCuAl alloy which includes a contained heavy rare earth RCH including one or a plurality of kinds of heavy rare earth elements RH, Cu and Al, and has a composition represented by a point in an octagon with 8 coordinates, (RCHat %, Cuat %, Alat %)=(50, 40, 10), (58, 30, 12), (58, 20, 22), (48, 20, 32), (33, 24, 43), (17, 50, 33), (17, 60, 23) and (33, 58, 9) as vertexes in a ternary composition diagram with RCH, Cu and Al as vertexes, or on a side of the octagon,
an adhesion substance adhering step of adhering the adhesion substance to a surface of a base material including an RLFeB-based sintered magnet body or RLFeB-based hot-deformed magnet body which includes a contained light rare earth RCL including one or two kinds of light rare earth elements RL, Fe and B, and
a heating step of heating the base material having the adhesion substance adhered thereto to a predetermined temperature at which atoms of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the adhesion substance diffuse into the base material through grain boundaries of the base material.
It is preferable that the above-described RHCuAl alloy has a composition represented by a point in a hexagon with 6 coordinates, (RCHat %, Cuat %, Alat %)=(50, 40, 10), (50, 32, 18), (33, 24, 43), (17, 50, 33), (17, 60, 23) and (33, 58, 9), as vertexes in the ternary composition diagram, or on a side of the hexagon.
In the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention, the RHCuAl alloy is used in which Cu is used in place of Ni in the RHNiAl alloy described in Patent Document 2. The contained heavy rare earth RCH contained in the RHCuAl alloy herein is one or a plurality of kinds of heavy rare earth elements RH, that is, one, two or three kinds of elements of Tb, Dy and Ho. In addition, in the RHNiAl alloy of Patent Document 2, the Ni content is about 4% by mass, that is, about 9 atomic %, whereas in this RHCuAl alloy, the Cu content is at least 20 atomic %. The grain boundaries of the base material including an RLFeB-based sintered magnet body or an RLFeB-based hot-deformed magnet body become easily melted by using the adhesion substance (RHCuAl alloy-containing substance) containing the RHCuAl alloy having a difference from the RHNiAl alloy of Patent Document 2. Thereby, atoms of the contained heavy rare earth RCH contained in the RHCuAl alloy can more efficiently reach the vicinity of the surfaces of the crystal grains, and an RFeB-based sintered magnet or RFeB-based hot-deformed magnet which has a high coercive force while suppressing decreases in residual magnetic flux density and maximum energy product can be obtained.
On the other hand, in the RHCuAl alloy, a plurality of kinds of RHCuAl phases (RHCuAl, RHCu4Al8, RH2Cu17Al17, RHCu5Al5, RHCuAl3, RH4Cu4Al11, RHCu3Al3 and the like) having different composition ratios of RH, Cu and Al, Al-free RHCu phases and Cu-free RHAl phases are generally present in a mixed state. Then, by the contents of RH, Cu and Al in the whole RHCuAl alloy, it is decided that which phase among those respective phases is contained therein. In order to increase the coercive force of the RFeB-based sintered magnet or the RFeB-based hot-deformed magnet, it is desirable to contain the RHCuAl phase (RH:Cu:Al is 1:1:1) in which the composition ratio of RH is highest among the above-mentioned respective RHCuAl phases. Then, it is desirable to use the RHCuAl alloy which is an alloy containing the RHCuAl phase and has a composition represented by a point in a hexagon with 6 coordinates, (RCHat %, Cuat %, Alat %)=(50, 40, 10), (50, 32, 18), (33, 24, 43), (17, 50, 33), (17, 60, 23) and (33, 58, 9), as vertexes in a ternary composition diagram, or on a side of the hexagon (see Non-Patent Document 2).
Furthermore, according to experiments made by the present inventors, it has been confirmed that a similar effect can be exerted, even when the RHCuAl alloy having a composition represented by a point in a second hexagon that is a region in contact with the above-mentioned hexagon in a ternary composition diagram of RH, Cu and Al, and has coordinates, (RCHat %, Cuat %, Alat %)=(50, 40, 10), (58, 32, 12), (58, 20, 22), (48, 20, 32), (33, 24, 43) and (50, 32, 18) (in which, (50, 40, 10), (33, 24, 43) and (50, 32, 18) are in common with the vertexes of the above-mentioned hexagon), as vertexes, or on a side of the second hexagon. Accordingly, by performing the grain boundary diffusion treatment using the adhesion substance containing the RHCuAl alloy having the composition represented by the point in the above-mentioned octagon that is a region formed by combining the hexagon with the second hexagon, or on the side of the octagon, the RFeB-based sintered magnet or RFeB-based hot-deformed magnet which has a high coercive force while suppressing decreases in residual magnetic flux density and maximum energy product can be obtained.
In addition, Cu is diffused into the grain boundaries of the RFeB-based sintered magnet or the RFeB-based hot-deformed magnet by the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet according to the preset invention, thereby also exerting an effect of more improving corrosion resistance of the RFeB-based magnet than the case where the RHNiAl alloy is used.
The RFeB-based magnet having the following configuration is obtained by the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet according to the preset invention. The RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention is an RFeB-based sintered magnet or RFeB-based hot-deformed magnet which includes a contained light rare earth RCL including one or two kinds of light rare earth elements RL, a contained heavy rare earth RCH including one or a plurality of kinds of heavy rare earth elements RH, Fe and B, and has two surfaces opposed to each other approximately in parallel, in which
the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH is higher in a grain boundary than in a crystal grain, and
the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH is from 0.40 to 1.25% by mass, the content of Cu is from 3.9 to 14.0% by mass, and the content of Al is from 0.09 to 1.00% by mass, in the grain boundary in a plane equidistant from the two surfaces in the RFeB-based magnet.
The contents of RCH, Cu and Al in the RHCuAl alloy in the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet according to the preset invention are indicated by atomic percentage. However, the contents of RCH, Cu and Al in the grain boundary of the RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention are indicated by mass percentage based on actual measurement values. The grain boundary contains not only RCH, Cu and Al derived from the RHCuAl alloy, but also RCL, Fe, B and the like present in the grain boundary of the base material.
Within a range where the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary is relatively small, the more the content thereof increases, the higher the coercive force becomes. However, according to actual measurement values described later, in the case where the above-mentioned adhesion substance is adhered to two surfaces of the base material, which are opposed to each other approximately in parallel and then the grain boundary diffusion treatment is performed thereto, when the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH exceeds 1.25% by mass in the plane equidistant from the two surfaces in the RFeB-based magnet, an increase in the content does not cause an increase in coercive force. Accordingly, even when the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary exceeds 1.25% by mass, the contained heavy rare earth RCH is wasted. Therefore, in the RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention, the upper limit value of the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary is set to 1.25% by mass. On the other hand, when the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary is less than 0.40% by mass, the sufficient coercive force cannot be obtained. Therefore, in the RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention, the lower limit value of the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary is set to 0.40% by mass. The ranges of the contents of Cu and Al in the grain boundary are determined by actually measuring the contents of Cu and Al in the grain boundary, when the grain boundary diffusion treatment is performed so that the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary becomes 0.40 to 1.25% by mass using the RHCuAl alloy having the composition within the range specified in the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention.
When it is necessary to further increase the coercive force and it is permitted to slightly lower the value of the residual magnetic flux density, the heavy rare earth element RH is sometimes contained in the base material. When the base material used in the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet according to the preset invention contains the heavy rare earth element RH, in the RFeB-based magnet produced thereby, not only the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary, but also the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the crystal grain has a nonzero value. As described above, in the case where the contained heavy rare earth RCH is contained, the above-mentioned adhesion substance is adhered to the two surfaces of the base material, which are opposed to each other approximately in parallel, and then the grain boundary diffusion treatment is performed thereto, the value obtained by subtracting the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the crystal grains from the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary, in the plane equidistant from the two surfaces in the RFeB-based magnet, is from 0.40 to 1.25% by mass. Meanwhile, the amounts of Cu and Al contained in the base material is slight. Therefore, the contents of Cu and Al in the grain boundary in the above-mentioned plane in the RFeB-based magnet produced by allowing the contained heavy rare earth RCH to be contained in the base material by the method according to the present invention are from 3.9 to 14.0% by mass for Cu and from 0.09 to 1.00% by mass for Al, as with the above.
According to the present invention, a grain boundary diffusion treatment can be efficiently performed using an RH-containing substance including a material more suitable than a conventional one, thereby surely obtaining an RFeB-based magnet having a high coercive force while suppressing decreases in residual magnetic flux density and maximum energy product, and a method for producing the RFeB-based magnet.
Embodiments of an RFeB-based magnet and a method for producing the same according to the present invention will be described with reference to
(1) Embodiments of Method for Producing RFeB-Based Magnet According to Present Invention
(1-1) Base Material
A base material used in the embodiments of the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet includes one or two kinds of light rare earth elements RL, that is, an RLFeB-based sintered magnet body or RLFeB-based hot-deformed magnet body which contains Nd and/or Pr, Fe and B. Of these, the RLFeB-based sintered magnet body may be prepared by a press method of press-forming an RLFeB-based alloy powder as a raw material while orienting the powder by a magnetic field and then sintering the powder, or a PLP (press-less process) method of orienting an RLFeB-based alloy powder in a mold by a magnetic field without press-forming the powder and then sintering the powder as it is, as described in Patent Document 3. The PLP method is preferred in that the coercive force can be more increased, and in that the RLFeB-based sintered magnet body having a complicated shape can be prepared without performing machining. The RLFeB-based hot-deformed magnet body can be prepared by the method described in Non-Patent Document 1.
(1-2) RHCuAl Alloy
For the content of RCH, the vertex of the triangle described as “RCH” in
The contents of the respective atoms of RCH, Cu and Al at points 1 to 9 in
In the embodiments of the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet, the RHCuAl alloy having the contents of the respective atoms of RCH, Cu and Al indicated by a point in the first hexagon (shown by hatched lines drawn from the upper left to the lower right in
In addition, in the embodiments of the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet, the RHCuAl alloy having the contents of the respective atoms of RCH, Cu and Al indicated by points in a second hexagon (shown by hatched lines drawn from the upper right to the lower left in
Accordingly, in the embodiments of the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet, the RHCuAl alloy having the contents of the respective atoms of RCH, Cu and Al indicated by a point in the octagon formed by combining the first hexagon and the second hexagon, with the points 1, 7, 8, 9, 3, 4, 5 and 6 as the vertexes, or on a side of the octagon is used.
(1-3) Adhesion Substance (RHCuAl Alloy-Containing Substance), Adhesion Substance Preparation Step
An adhesion substance used in the embodiments of the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet contains the above-mentioned RHCuAl alloy. The adhesion substance may be composed of the RHCuAl alloy such as a powder or foil of the RHCuAl alloy, but may be a mixture of the powder of the RHCuAl alloy and another material as described below. The materials to be mixed with the powder of the RHCuAl alloy typically include organic solvents. Use of the organic solvent makes it possible to easily adhere the adhesion substance to a surface of the base material. Of the organic solvents, particularly, a silicone-based organic solvent including silicone grease, silicone oil or a mixture thereof can be suitably used. Use of such a silicone-based organic solvent more increases adhesiveness of the adhesion substance to the base material, and the atoms of RCH become easily transferred to the grain boundaries of the base material during the grain boundary diffusion treatment. Therefore, the coercive force of the RFeB-based magnet can be more increased. The viscosity of the adhesion substance can be adjusted by mixing the silicone grease and the silicone oil at an appropriate ratio.
(1-4) Grain Boundary Diffusion Treatment
Using the base material and adhesion substance prepared as described above, the grain boundary diffusion treatment is performed as follows. First, an adhesion substance 12 is adhered to a surface of a base material 11 (
Then, the base material 11 coated with the adhesion substance 12 is heated to a predetermined temperature (
The content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the grain boundary of the RFeB-based magnet obtained is from 0.40 to 1.25% by mass, although it depends on the content of the contained heavy rare earth RCH in the RHCuAl alloy and the kind of the contained heavy rare earth RCH of the base material 11. In addition, the content of Cu in the grain boundary of the RFeB-based magnet obtained is from 3.9 to 14.0% by mass, and the content of Al in the grain boundary thereof is from 0.09 to 1.00% by mass.
(2) Examples of Method for Producing RFeB-Based Magnet According to Present Invention and Embodiments of RFeB-Based Magnet According to Present Invention
Then, examples of producing the RFeB-based magnet by the embodiments of the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet and performing composition analysis in the grain boundary of the RFeB-based magnet obtained are explained, and embodiments of the RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention are explained based on the experimental results of the examples.
In Example 1, a plate-shaped RLFeB-based sintered magnet body containing no RH and small amounts of Cu and Al (Cu: 0.1% by mass, Al: 0.2% by mass) and having a thickness of 5 mm was used as a base material. An RHCuAl alloy in which RH was Tb, having a Tb content of 46.00 atomic % (74.53% by mass), a Cu content of 30.00 atomic % (19.01% by mass) and an Al content of 24.00 atomic % (6.46% by mass), was prepared by a strip cast method. The contents of respective elements of this RHCuAl alloy correspond to a point marked by triangles in
The amount of the adhesion substance to be adhered to the base material was adjusted so that the mass of Tb in the adhesion substance to the mass of the base material was within a range of 0.2 to 1.4%, and a plurality of experiments different in the amount of the adhesion substance were performed. The adhesion substance was adhered to two entire plate surfaces of the plate-shaped base material, and not adhered to four side faces. The composition analysis in the grain boundary of the RFeB-based magnet obtained was performed using an EPMA device (manufactured by JEOL Ltd., JXA-8500F). In this analysis, for positions in the grain boundaries, one place was randomly designated from each one of grain-boundary triple points different from one another, that is, 7 places in total were randomly designated at positions of 2.5 mm in depth from positions corresponding to the surface of the base material (that is, positions equidistant from the both surfaces of the base material), and an average value of 5 places excluding 2 places showing the maximum and minimum Tb contents was determined.
For the RFeB-based magnet obtained, the results of measurement of the coercive force iHc are shown in
Furthermore, for TbCuAl alloys having 6 kinds of compositions corresponding to the points 1 to 6 in
The results of Example 2 are shown in Table 3.
From Table 3, the content of Tb in the grain boundary of each sample was approximately equivalent to the value in Example 1. In addition, the content of Cu in the grain boundary was from 3.9 to 14.0% by mass, and the content of Al in the grain boundary was from 0.09 to 1.00% by mass.
Then, using adhesion substances containing alloys having the compositions shown in Table 4, RFeB-based sintered magnets of Comparative Examples 1 to 6 were prepared in the same manner as in Examples 1 and 2. For the alloys in the adhesion substances, alloys containing Ni or Co in place of Cu were used in Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and binary alloys (containing no Al) composed of Tb and any one of Cu, Ni and Co were used in Comparative Examples 4 to 6. The amount of the adhesion substance of each example was adjusted so that the amount of Tb in the adhesion substance adhered to the base material became the same in all examples. For the RFeB-based sintered magnets of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 thus obtained, samples in each of which the base material was polished by 0.15 mm from two plate surfaces thereof were prepared, and the amount of Tb in these samples was measured. The reason why such polishing is performed herein is that surface polishing is performed as finishing also in an actual product of the RFeB-based sintered magnet, and that useless Tb is removed in order to confirm the efficiency of the grain boundary diffusion treatment, because useless Tb remaining without diffusing in the base material is present in the vicinity of the surfaces of the base material. The amount of Tb in each sample is shown in Table 4 as the ratio to the amount of Tb in the adhesion substance adhered to the base material. In the term “Example 2-X” in Table 4, X is any one of 7 to 9 and A to F, and is a symbol that represents a composition of the TbCuAl alloy and is shown in Tables 1 and 2 and
From the results of this experiment, it was confirmed that the amount of Tb in the samples was larger in Examples 1 and 2 than in Comparative Examples 1 to 6, which made it possible to diffuse Tb more efficiently into the base materials.
Then, for the samples of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, a corrosion resistance test was performed. The results thereof are shown in
Next, as embodiments of the method for producing an RFeB-based magnet according to the present invention, the results of performing the grain boundary diffusion treatment using RHCuAl alloys to RH-containing base materials are shown. In these embodiments, there were used 3 kinds of RFeB-based sintered magnet base materials containing Tb as RH in amounts of 0.20%, 4.40% and 10.0% by mass, respectively, and Cu and Al in the same amounts as in Example 1 (Cu: 0.1% by mass, Al: 0.2% by mass), and adhesion substances which were TbCuAl alloys having the compositions indicated by the points 8, B and F, respectively, in
From Table 5, it is known that the difference between the content of Tb in the grain boundary and the content of Tb in the crystal grain falls within a range of 0.40 to 1.25% by mass, regardless of the content of Tb in the base material, although the content of Tb in the grain boundary covers a wide range of 0.67 to 11.06% by mass, depending on the content of Tb in the base material. This range is the amount of Tb (RH) supplied to the grain boundaries appropriately in the effect of improving the coercive force due to the grain boundary diffusion treatment.
The present application is based on Japanese patent application No. 2017-124954 filed on Jun. 27, 2017, and Japanese patent application No. 2018-092254 filed on May 11, 2018, and the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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