Patent Grant
8102243
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of contactless circuitry and, more particularly, to Radio Frequency Identification (“RFID”) devices and methods related to prevent the unauthorized interrogation and tracking thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Theft of credit or debit card information and identification has become rampant worldwide. Governments, companies, and consumers spend millions of dollars each year to prevent and pursue such thefts.
Over the years, various types of identification technology have been used for credit or debit cards and for identification. These, for example, have included pin numbers, bar codes, and magnetic strips. More recently, however, steps have been taken to use RFID or other contactless chip technology in association with credit or debit cards, passports, documents, and other areas where identification, including portable and remote, are desired. An example of such applications of RFID can be seen in a recent news article titled “Contactless Traveling” by Wright (Electronic Design News (EDN) Jul. 7, 2005) for passport applications.
Other types of uses of RFID have emerged, not necessarily coinciding with the desires of the owner of the RFID device. For example, some retailers have instituted what can only be considered inappropriate tracking of the RFID device users in order to analyze their buying habits. Such tracking ability may provide government agencies an ability to continually track an individual's movements. Although appearing somewhat futuristic, it would appear that various governments are currently spending billions of dollars for data mining operation centers to collect data on various commercial transactions. Eventually they may embed RFID tags into all required government documents. Various government agencies would know this and could use the various tracking techniques to track of any individual's movements by pinging the individual's RFID device at opportune locations with RFID interrogation devices or other forms of RFID readers.
The recent developments in technology do not fully address potential security breaches of the RFID such as when an unauthorized RFID interrogation or reading device attempts to extract the RFID information or track the RFID device, especially when a user or possessor of an RFID device is unsuspecting or not cognizant that the RFID device is being interrogated.
Others have attempted solutions at creating blocking RFID devices to enhance privacy. Examples can be seen in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0222878 A1 by Juels titled “Low-Complexity Cryptographic Techniques For Use With Radio Frequency Identification Devices,” U.S. Pat. No. 6,970,070, by Juels, et al. titled “Method and Apparatus For Selective Blocking of Radio Frequency Identification Devices,” and U.S. Pat. No. 7,298,243 by Juels, et al. titled “Radio Frequency Identification System With Privacy Policy Implementation Based on Device Classification.” Such attempted solutions, however, do not provide a protection capability that can be applied independent of the information contained in the RFID device to be protected, or the location of the device with respect to the external environment. That is, such devices generally either require a classification engine, require positioning in a designated privacy zone, require application of a specified privacy policy, require knowledge of the identifier of the device to be protected, or require some form of information encryption.
Accordingly, there still exists a need for a simple, flexible, and practical security and privacy protection solution for RFID and other contactless circuitry or chip devices, which can prevent a transmission from an RFID reader or scanner from activating an RFID device, which can prevent the reader from receiving readable data if activated, and which can indicate to the user when an RFID reader or scanner is attempting to interrogate the user's RFID device. There also exists a need for a simple, flexible, and practical security and privacy protection solution which can be restricted to functioning only when in close proximity to the device to be protected, regardless of the location of the device with respect to the external environment, and that will not interfere with the operation of an RFID device reader or scanner when not positioned in close proximity to the device to be protected.
Factors such as expense, size, practical and flexible use requirements for RFID and other contactless chip technology create problems and barriers for widespread use in many applications. Accordingly, there further exists a need for a solution that provide users of RFID devices increased flexibility with little or no increase in expense or size, and yet effectively block or otherwise prevent unauthorized access to RFID information associated with the RFID device to be protected.
In view of the foregoing, various embodiments of the present invention advantageously provide combinations, devices, and methods of enhanced RFID protection against unauthorized reading or interrogation of an RFID device, which can prevent a transmission from a reader or scanner from activating an RFID device, which can prevent the reader from receiving readable data if activated, and which can indicate to the user when an RFID reader or scanner is attempting to interrogate the user's RFID device. Various embodiment of the present invention also advantageously include combinations, devices, and methods that can advantageously provide users of RFID devices increased flexibility with little or no increase in expense or size and yet effectively block unauthorized access to RFID information associated with a device. Various embodiments of the present invention also advantageously provide personal privacy countermeasures, not just in the form of data protection, but protection of financial or other personal information and/or a unique indicator (e.g., credit/debit card account number, account ID, PIN, license number, Social Security number, employee identification number, etc.) from being logged without the individual's knowledge. Various embodiments of the present invention can perform such objectives by making the RFID device functionally invisible to the RFID reader when the RFID device is being protected.
An example of an embodiment of the present invention provides a combination of a separate RFID device and a separate RFID signal capture device each configured to be positioned separately into a container. More specifically, the combination includes a separate RFID device carrying and RFID transponder (tag) configured to be positioned in the container and a separate RFID signal capture device configured to be positioned adjacent the separate RFID device and in the container so that when an unauthorized RFID interrogation device attempts to interrogate the separate RFID device from within the container, the separate RFID signal capture device positioned adjacent the separate RFID device blocks or otherwise prevents the attempted read, and configured so that when an authorized user desires to use the separate RFID device for an authorized read, the authorized user selectively removes either the separate RFID device or the separate RFID signal capture device from being adjacent each other and presents the separate RFID device for the authorized read.
Another example of an embodiment of a device to prevent unauthorized RFID interrogation when the device is positioned adjacent a separate RFID device, includes an RFID signal capture device including an incoming signal detector configured to detect an incoming signal attempting to interrogate the separate RFID device responsive to the detection of the incoming interrogation signal to respond to the incoming interrogation signal with disruptive read signals.
Another example of an embodiment of a device for preventing unauthorized RFID interrogation when the device is positioned adjacent a separate RFID device, includes an RFID signal capture device including an incoming signal detector to detect incoming RFID interrogation signals responsive thereto, and an RFID interferer to interfere with activation of operation ability of the separate RFID device responsive to the incoming signal detector.
Another example of an embodiment of a device to prevent unauthorized RFID interrogation includes an RFID signal capture device that works with the RF carrier of the tag/transponder circuit of an RFID device to be protected using any standard modulation or data protocol, such as, for example, ASK, FSK, or PSK, etc. Advantageously, the RFID signal capture device, according to this exemplary embodiment, does not directly emit or radiate signals, but rather, only captures the signal from the tag and disrupts the normal operation of the tag of the RFID device to be protected. The tag of the RFID device can include an LC tuned circuit, for example, set to 13.56 MHz for operations with RFID devices and RFID readers that communicate using this frequency. The RFID signal capture device can inductively couple with the LC tuned circuit of the tag of the RFID device to disrupt the signal received by the RFID device. Note, because of the coupling of the RFID signal capture device with the REID tag of the RFID device to be protected, a 6.78 MHz signal at ½ the power and/or a 26 MHz (second harmonic) may be present to further disrupt the normal operation of the tag. This configuration has been found through testing to allow the RFID signal capture device to provide protection to an RFID device at all distances from the RFID reader when placed, for example, within ½ inch (12 mm) or so of the tag of the RFID device.
Further, because the antenna/coil/transceiver portion of the RFID signal capture device is not a tuned circuit, according to this configuration, advantageously, the RFID signal capture device affects only the tag when in close proximity as it must couple with the tuned circuit of the tag to operably function. As such, when not coupled with a tag, the device has substantially no effect on either the RFID device (or devices/tags) to be protected or on the RFID reader. Testing of the RFID signal capture device according to this configuration showed that the RFID reader could still read RFID tags not coupled with the RFID signal capture device even when the device was physically placed on the reader. That is, as noted above, the RFID signal capture device, according to this configuration, is activated by the electrical field that is produced at the RFID tag's coil/antenna, and not merely from the incoming signal from the RFID reader independent of the RFID device to be protected.
The RFID signal capture device can advantageously include an internal phase capture that changes the impedance of the tag's tuned circuit, which causes a phase variance of the 13.56 MHz carrier for the RFID tag when in close proximity, thus, inhibiting the tag of the protected RFID device from responding to the reader. Also advantageously, the RFID signal capture device can be configured to function without a permanent internal power source, thus preventing the RFID signal capture device from radiating a signal without the passive RFID tag or tuned circuit to allow power harvesting, so that the device can only be activated when the electrical field is present in the RFID tag and when the two devices are in close proximity. In other words, the RFID signal capture device ceases to function when the field is removed—i.e., when the RFID signal capture device and the RFID device to be protected are sufficiently physically separated, regardless of the position of the RFID reader.
Advantageously, by providing user separable RFID or other contactless circuitry signal capture devices and RFID or other contactless circuitry devices, various embodiments of combinations, devices and methods of the present invention advantageously provide flexibility, portability, and user controlled protection for a user's RFID or other contactless circuitry device.
Another example of an embodiment of a device to prevent unauthorized RFID interrogation (e.g., an RFID signal capture device), for example, performs such actions by preventing data transfer between a nearby RFID reader including an RFID reader inductor and an RFID tag including an RFID tag inductor/coil (“antenna”), for example, carried by a personal identification or financial transaction medium, which together form an RFID device to be protected. The device can include a container, a signal capture circuit carried by the container, and an interrogation indicator carried by the container.
The container can be, for example, in the form of a plastic card similar to a standard credit/debit card, an ID device or passport, or alternatively in another form such as, for example, a wallet, purse, card carrier, or other medium to carry both the RFID device to be protected and the RFID signal capture device. In the alternative form, a pocket or card holder section in the wallet, purse, etc., can advantageously have the RFID signal capture device embedded therein to protect any RFID devices (credit, debit, phone cards, etc., or ID cards) when stowed away in the respective wallet, purse, etc.
The signal capture circuit of the RFID signal capture device can be configured to mutually inductively couple with the RFID tag when positioned in close proximity thereto and when the RFID reader is producing an interrogation signal to thereby effectively prevent data transfer between the RFID tag and the RFID reader. The signal capture circuit can include a signal capture circuit antenna separate from the antenna of the tag of the RFID device to be protected, but nevertheless positioned to receive an interrogation signal carrying a data signal from the RFID reader directed to the RFID device to be protected, and can include a signal processing portion operably coupled thereto. The signal processing portion can include a timing synchronizer and an amplifier/transistor/amplifier module positioned to return a modified carrier signal responsive to the interrogation signal to thereby effectively prevent the data transfer between the RFID reader and the RFID tag.
The interrogation indicator of the RFID signal capture device can be configured to indicate to a user of the RFID device carrying the RFID tag that the RFID reader is attempting to interrogate the RFID tag when both positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag and when the RFID reader is producing the interrogation signal. The interrogator indicator can include an interrogation indicator antenna positioned to receive an interrogation signal from the RFID reader, a power circuit or module to harvest power and/or extended storage of power, and an indicator circuit module or other form of circuit including an audible indicator and/or a visual indicator, configured to indicate to the user of the RFID tag that the RFID reader is attempting to interrogate the RFID tag when RFID signal capture device is positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag and when the RFID reader is producing the interrogation signal.
Another example of an embodiment of a device to prevent unauthorized RFID interrogation, for example, by preventing data transfer between a nearby RFID reader and an RFID device to be protected provides an RFID signal capture device including a container, a signal capture circuit carried by the container and configured to mutually inductively couple with the RFID tag when positioned in close proximity thereto and when the RFID reader is producing an interrogation signal, and can include an interrogation indicator carried by the container and configured to indicate to a user of the RFID tag when positioned in close proximity thereto and when the RFID reader is producing the interrogation signal that the RFID reader is attempting to interrogate the RFID tag.
The interrogation indicator can include an antenna positioned to receive an interrogation signal from the RFID reader, a voltage rectifier positioned to provide operational interrogator indicator circuit power responsive to the interrogation signal, and an indicator including an audible indicator and/or a visual indicator configured to indicate to the user of the RFID tag that the RFID reader is attempting to interrogate the RFID tag when RFID signal capture device is positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag and when the RFID reader is producing the interrogation signal.
The RFID signal capture device, according to this configuration, can advantageously not only indicate the presence of an interrogation signal, but can also substantially disrupt the signal provided by the RFID reader so that the RFID device to be protected cannot properly identify the timing signal provided by the reader, and even if identified, cannot properly extract the data provided by the RFID reader sufficient to be able to respond to thereby effectively prevent data transfer between the RFID tag and the RFID reader. Further, even if obtaining sufficient data to respond, the RFID signal capture device can advantageously substantially disrupt the signal provided by the RFID device to be protected so that the RFID reader is unable to extract sufficient data provided by the RFID device to be protected to either obtain the protected information or to identify the user in order to track the actions or movement of the user.
Another example of an embodiment of a device to prevent unauthorized RFID interrogation, for example, by preventing data transfer between a nearby RFID reader and an RFID device to be protected, includes a container and a signal capture circuit carried by the container and configured to mutually inductively couple with the RFID transponder when positioned in close proximity thereto and when the RFID reader is producing an interrogation signal of sufficient strength to interrogate the RFID transponder and to prevent data transfer between the RFID transponder and the RFID reader responsive to being positioned in close proximity to the RFID transponder and responsive to the RFID reader producing an interrogation signal of sufficient strength to interrogate the RFID transponder.
Embodiments of methods of enhancing protection against unauthorized interrogation of an RFID or other contactless circuitry device, are also provided. An example of an embodiment of a method can include positioning a separate RFID signal capture device adjacent a separate RFID device to block RFID interrogation and selectively separating the separate RFID device from the separate RFID signal capture device for authorized interrogation of the separate RFID device. Another example of an embodiment of a method of enhanced protection against unauthorized interrogation of a contactless circuiting device includes positioning a separate contactless circuitry signal capture device in association with a container and adjacent a separate contactless circuitry device to thereby block unauthorized interrogation of the separate contactless circuitry device, and selectively separating the separate contactless circuitry device from being adjacent the separate contactless circuitry block device for authorized interrogation of the separate contactless circuitry device.
Another example of an embodiment of a method can include inductively coupling an RFID signal capture device with the RFID tag (or multiple tags) being protected and the RFID reader to thereby effectively prevent data transfer between the RFID tag and the nearby RFID reader when the RFID signal capture device is positioned by a user in close proximity to the RFID tag and when the RFID reader is producing an interrogation signal, and inductively coupling the RFID signal capture device with the RFID tag when positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag and when the RFID tag is producing a reply to an interrogation signal.
The method can also include indicating to the user of the RFID tag that the RFID reader is attempting to interrogate the RFID tag when the RFID reader is producing the interrogation signal and when the RFID signal capture device is in close proximity to the RFID tag, whereby such indication is not provided when the RFID signal capture device is not in close proximity to the RFID reader (i.e., when the indicator circuit is not receiving a sufficient signal strength). The indicating can include illuminating a visual indicator carried by the RFID signal capture device, and/or sounding an audible indicator carried by the RFID signal capture device.
The method can also include the step of allowing data to transfer between the RFID device and an RFID reader by selectively substantially separating the RFID signal capture device from being adjacent the RFID tag to allow authorized interrogation of the RFID tag. Accordingly, the RFID signal capture device can be configured to not interfere with operation of the RFID reader when the RFID signal capture device is not positioned in close proximity to an RFID tag.
So that the manner in which the features and advantages of the invention, as well as others which will become apparent, may be understood in more detail, a more particular description of the invention briefly summarized above may be bad by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings, which form a part of this specification. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only various embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the invention's scope as it may include other effective embodiments as well.
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate embodiments of the invention. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the illustrated embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Prime notation, if used, indicates similar elements in alternative embodiments. Note, as used herein, the terms “nearby” and “in close proximity” generally mean approximately within the interrogation response field of the referred to radiofrequency identification (RFID) device, interrogation response field of the referred to RFID signal capture device, and/or interrogation range of the referred to RFID interrogator or other reader.
As perhaps best shown in
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Inductively coupled systems, including passive 13.56-MHz RFID systems used by the financial services industry, for example, generally behave like loosely coupled transformers (see, e.g.,
Under normal unprotected operations, when within range of a passive RFID transponder, such as tag 33, for example, the presence of the tag 33 modulates the RF field generated by the RFID reader circuit 53 of the RFID reader 50. The RFID reader circuit 53 correspondingly detects such modulation. Prior to modulating the RF field, the passively configured tag 33 absorbs a small amount of energy emitted by the RFID reader circuit 53, which is used by the tag 33 to effectively transfer “send” the modulated data once sufficient energy is acquired from the RF field generated by the RFID reader circuit 53. The RFID reader circuit 53 demodulates the signals modulated by the tag 33, and decodes the information for further processing. For RFID devices 30 expecting to be utilized in the presence of other RFID devices 30 and RFID devices 30 carrying multiple RFID tags 33, the tags 33 may be configured with an anti-collision protocol, described later, which in a typical example, can cause each RFID tag 33 to slightly off-tune. Similarly, the RFID reader circuit 53 may be configured with an anti-collision protocol which can cause the RFID reader 50 to slightly off-tune.
Under protected operations, i.e., when the signal capture circuit 43 of the RFID signal capture device 40 is positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag 33, or vice versa, the e-field 37 required by the RFID tag 33 is disrupted. When protecting multiple closely positioned RFID tags 33, simultaneously, the inductive coupling of the RFID signal capture device 40 can be with only one of the RFID tags 33 to sufficiently disrupt or suppress the e-field 37 of each RFID tag 33. Note, any sine wave signal will activate the RFID signal capture device 40 provided the power level is strong enough, and the RFID signal capture device 40 is in close proximity to the RFID tag 33. As such, according to the exemplary configuration, protection can be provided to each of the RFID tags 33, as long as the RFID tags 33 are within the e-field 47 of the signal capture circuit 43 of the RFID signal capture device 40 when being activated.
According to the configuration illustrated in
Further, as perhaps best shown in
The interrogation indicator 63 can include an interrogation indicator antenna 65 as understood by those skilled in the art, positioned to receive an interrogation signal from the RFID reader circuit 53 of the RFID reader 50, and an indicator such as, for example, an audible/vibration indicator 67 (e.g., piezoelectric, etc.) and/or a visual indicator 68 (e.g., LED, color sensitive film, etc.) as understood by those skilled in the art, configured to alert the user of the RFID device 30 of the presence of an interrogation signal (i.e., that the RFID reader 50 is attempting to interrogate the RFID tag 33) when RFID signal capture device 40 is positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag 33 and when the RFID reader 50 is producing the interrogation signal. Regardless of the configuration, an indication of attempted or actual data transfer can be provided in the form of a chirping of the audible/vibration indicator 67 or a flicker of the visual indicator 68. Similarly, an indication of an attempted or actual interrogation without data transfer or an interrogation where the data signal riding on the carrier signal is, for example, too high to be visually or audibly distinguished from the carrier signal can be provided, for example, in the form of a relatively constant tone or hum provided by the audible/vibration detector 67 or a relatively steady or continuous illumination of the visual indicator 68. One of ordinary skill in the art should recognize that other audible/vibration and visual indications are within the scope of the present invention.
According to a preferred configuration, the antenna or antennae 65 is independent of the RFID signal capture device antenna (e.g., signal capture circuit antenna/assembly 45), and the RFID device antenna 35. According to embodiments using physical circuit elements (e.g., wire, fiber optics, chemicals, or inks), the indicator 63 can also include a voltage rectifier 69 to increase the power harvesting capability of the indicator 63.
Note, although illustrated in the form of electricity conducting circuits, the interrogation indicator 63 can alternatively take the form of a chemical combination or compound as known to the skilled in the art, positioned on a surface of the RFID signal capture device 40, which will illuminate (e.g., glow) when exposed to the carrier frequency of the RFID reader 50, to indicate the presence of an RFID interrogation signal to the user.
Various tests were performed on an example of an embodiment of the RFID signal capture device 40 for the protection of a RFID device 30 in the form of various credit cards containing an RFID tag 33. Most of the preliminary testing on standard ISO 14443 and ISO 15593 cards credit cards showed that the cards could be read from as much 6 to 8 inches from the transmit antenna/coil 35 of the RFID reader 50. Hackers, however, have shown that these cards can be read from several feet away using illegal readers. Nevertheless, even FCC compliant readers can be small, portable and wireless, and will fit into a handbag or other small case, to facilitate an unauthorized interrogation to acquire critical credit card or other personal information.
In summary, it was shown by the testing that the signals created by the RFID signal capture device 40 are parasitic to the RFID tag 33 of the RFID device 30 under test, at least partially as a result of capturing the data signal between the RFID tag 33 and the RFID reader 50 in order to phase cancel the carrier. During the test, the data signals consistently registered at −30 db below the normal signal level of the 13.56 MHz carrier, with a bandwidth of about 1 MHz. The data shown on the display of the spectrum analyzer is from the powered RFID reader 50 and not the RFID tag 33 of the device 30 under test. The signal levels of the RFID tag 33 and the RFID signal capture device 40 (both passive) are so low that they could not be seen without placing the instrumentation pickup antenna directly on top of the devices 30, 40. The addition of a tuned coil antenna into the coupled field caused the signal displayed on the spectrum analyzer to oscillate (over-sample).
As identified previously, the RFID signal capture circuit 43 for the RFID signal capture device 40 is specifically designed to effectively prevent data transfer between an RFID tag (transponder) 33 of an RFID device 30 and a RFID reader 50 attempting an unauthorized interrogation of data from the tag 33, when positioned in close contact with the RFID device 30, to thereby perform various privacy functions including the prevention of unauthorized data access and/or the prevention of tracking the movement of the user of the RFID device 30, while allowing access when not positioned in close contact. To accomplish such functions, the circuit 43 is generally configured: to mutually inductively couple with the RFID tag (or tags) 33 when positioned in close proximity thereto and when the RFID reader 50 is producing an interrogation signal; to mutually inductively couple with the RFID reader 50 when positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag 33 (or at least one of the tags 33, but typically all of the tags 33, if simultaneously protecting multiple tags 33) when the RFID reader 50 is producing an interrogation signal; to mutually inductively couple with the RFID tag or tags 33 when positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag or tags 33 and when the respective RFID tag or tags 33 are producing a reply to interrogation signal in the presence of the RFID reader 50; and to remain inert when not positioned in close proximity to the RFID device (or devices) 30 carrying the RFID tag or tags 33 to not interfere with operation of the RFID reader 50 or the RFID tag or tags 33, i.e., in order to allow the RFID reader 50 to conduct a transaction with the RFID device 30 or a selected one of the RFID devices 30. In order to remain inert when not positioned in close proximity to the RFID device (or devices) 30, beneficially, the device 40 can be configured to have no tuned circuit on the antenna/assembly 45, resulting in a requirement for the device 40 to be inductively coupled with an RFID tag 33 of an RFID device 30 in order to be activated.
The signal processing portion 49 of the signal capture circuit 43 can further include a timing synchronizer 93 as would be understood by those skilled in the art, positioned to return a modified carrier signal responsive to the interrogation signal. The modified carrier signal can include a phase-adjusted carrier signal generated in response to the interrogation signal, and/or a synchronized carrier signal generated in response to the interrogation signal, for transmission as either a synchronized signal or phase adjusted signal, for example, by a transistor or amplifier 95 as would be understood by those skilled in the art, coupled with the antenna/assembly 45. When provided as a phase-shifted carrier signal, the phase-shifted carrier signal returned by the timing synchronizer 93 can have a phase shift of at least approximately 90 degrees to that of the interrogation carrier signal, but preferably has a phase shift of approximately 180 degrees, to effectively cancel or at least severely disrupt any attempt by the RFID reader 50 to transfer data to the RFID tag 33.
The signal capture circuit 43 can further include a time/data separator 97 as would be understood by those skilled in the art, positioned to separate the data signal from the interrogation signal to provide the timing synchronizer 93 a timing reference to the interrogation carrier signal to facilitate the phase adjustment and/or synchronization, and a data detector 99 as would be understood by those skilled in the art, positioned to provide the data signal to the timing synchronizer 93 and positioned to facilitate data modulation of the phase-adjusted carrier signal and/or data modulation of the synchronized carrier signal. Beneficially, the data modulated signal can have a different data signal than the data signal received from the RFID reader 50 to thereby further effectively prevent data transfer between the RFID tag 33 and the RFID reader 50. Note, it should be understood by one skilled in the art that although shown as separate functional components, various methodologies of implementing voltage rectifier 91, timing synchronizer 93, transistor or amplifier 95, time/data separator 97, and data detector 99, to include implementation as either separate modules or a single module, is within the scope of the illustrated embodiment of the present invention.
As noted previously, beneficially, the data modulation can include frequency-based data modulation, phase-based data modulation, amplitude-based data modulation, and others known to those skilled in the art, provided to prevent/disrupt the RFID tag 33 from being able to receive or understand a transmission from the RFID reader 50 via the RFID reader circuit 53, and to prevent/disrupt the RFID reader 50 from being able to receive or understand a transmission from the RFID tag 33 if the transmission from the RFID reader circuit 53 was received by the RFID tag 33. Various methods of providing preventive or disruptive phase modulation of the carrier frequency were described above. Preventive or disruptive frequency modulation can be provided by modulating a synchronized carrier frequency to provide different data, such as, for example, random data, or data specifically at odds with the data detected by data detector 99. According to an embodiment of the signal capture circuit 43, both phase and frequency modulation can be simultaneously provided. Note, although the terminology phase modulation and frequency modulation are used, one skilled in the art should understand that such terminology refers to both analog modulation in its various forms, and digital modulation (e.g., phase shift keying, frequency shift keying) in its various forms.
Similarly, preventive or disruptive amplitude modulation in its various forms can be provided by either randomly adjusting the amplitude or adjusting the amplitude based on the data recognized, for example, by the data detector 99. The carrier produced by the RFID reader circuit 53 of the RFID reader 50 produces an AC voltage that is generated by the LC circuit combination of the RFID tag 33 and in the signal capture circuit 43 when inductively coupled with the RFID tag 33 via the signal capture circuit antenna/assembly 45. This voltage is rectified by the voltage rectifier 91 to provide DC voltage to power the rest of the signal capture circuit 43. Note, the analog modulation can be simultaneously provided with phase modulation, frequency modulation, or both.
In amplitude shift keying, for example, a transistor or amplifier/amplifier module 95 manipulates the amplitude of the signal to create a logical “one” or “zero.” One methodology of amplitude shift keying can include application of a circuit 43′ having a tapped antenna coil/assembly 45′ as shown, for example, in
Another protection methodology that can be employed in conjunction with or as an alternative to the above described modulation forms includes using the carrier frequency of the RFID reader 50 to generate a harmonic frequency, e.g., 6.78 MHz and/or 27.12 MHz for a 13.56 MHz carrier, that is, for example, approximately 70 percent or more in field strength to that of the carrier frequency as seen by the RFID tag 33. This harmonic can be radiated so that the data and timing present on the carrier frequency of the RFID reader 50 are disrupted to the extent that the RFID reader/interrogator 50 is unable to communicate with the protected RFID device 30. That is, since the RFID tag 33 of the RFID device 30 cannot receive the data transmissions, it cannot communicate.
An embodiment similar to that of the RFID signal capture circuit 43″ described above, can functionally include an incoming signal detector to detect incoming signals from the unauthorized RFID interrogation device or other form of RFID reader 50, an incoming signal demodulator to demodulate a detected incoming signal, and an RFID signal disrupter or disruption circuit configured to respond to the RFID reader 50 with disrupting read signals responsive to the incoming signal, as would be understood by those skilled in the art. The disruption circuit can include various configurations, one of which includes an RFID signal generator as would be understood by those skilled in the art, to generate an RFID signal at the same data rate as the demodulated signal to thereby disrupt the RFID device's ability to communicate with the unauthorized interrogation device or reader 50.
Another similar embodiment of an RFID signal capture device 43″ can functionally include an incoming signal detector to detect incoming signals from the unauthorized RFID interrogation device or reader 50 and an RFID interferer configured to interfere with activation or operation ability of the RFID tag 33 of each separate RFID device (or devices) 30 as would be understood by those skilled in the art, responsive to the incoming signal detector so that the RFID reader 50 cannot properly read or have access to information on the RFID device or devices 30. The RFID interferer can also interfere with the RFID device (or devices) 30 (including those having an anti-collision protocol) so that the anti-collision protocol fails to activate.
Alternatively, for example, for an RFID device (or devices) 30 including an anti-collision protocol as understood by those skilled in the art, the RFID interferer interferes with a product of the anti-collision protocol of the separate RFID device (or devices) 30 when being transmitted to the unauthorized RFID reader 50. The RFID interferer, for example, can include a frequency shift generator as would be understood by those skilled in the art, to generate a frequency shift above and below a center frequency of an RFID communication link to each separate RFID device 30.
As understood by those skilled in the art, and as noted above, RFID tags 33 or other circuitry or chips carried by the RFID device 30 often have an anti-collision protocol or program that allow multiple chips to talk to a reader 50. Similarly, the RFID reader circuit 53 may be configured with an anti-collision protocol which can cause the RFID reader 50 to slightly off-tune to acquire the signal from an off-tuned RFID tag 33. Beneficially, the above described techniques can generate an interference with the ability of each RFID tag 33 to activate its onboard anti-collision protocol(s). Depending on the desires of the user of the RFID signal capture device 40: the anti-collision protocol(s) can be stopped before activation; the product or result of the protocol can be attacked or interfaced with during generation or transmission; or both. A frequency, phase, or amplitude shift generation, for example, above and/or below a center frequency of an RFID communication link, can be produced by the signal capture circuit to perform search functions.
Alternatively, an analog or discrete design, such as that shown in
As understood by those skilled in the art, these are only a few effective examples according to embodiments of systems, combinations, devices and methods of the present invention, other examples and techniques according to an embodiment of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
In contrast,
In operation, when an unauthorized RFID interrogation occurs, i.e., when a scanning device (“interrogation device”) or other form reader 50 attempts to read the separate protected RFID device/devices 30 from within the container 141 (see, e.g.,
Note, the container 141 to carry the RFID signal capture device 40, for example, can be in the form of a wallet, a passport, a purse, a folder, a pocket, an envelope, a card holder, a sleeve, and/or a display mount, just to name a few. According to embodiments where the signal capture circuit 43 is directly carried by the container 141, rather than indirectly via a separate container such as, for example, the illustrated body 41 of a plastic card (see, e.g.,
As noted above, an RFID device 30, for example, can be a credit card, a debit card, other transaction card (e.g. telephone, gift, electronic, smart) a passport, a passport cover or page, a drivers license, or other device containing an RFID tag 33 as understood by those skilled in the art.
As perhaps best shown in
Likewise, as shown in
As illustrated in
Another embodiment of a method of enhanced protection against unauthorized interrogation of a contactless circuiting device includes positioning a separate contactless signal capture device (e.g., RFID signal capture device 40, 40′) in association with a container and adjacent each separate contactless circuitry device to be protected (e.g., RFID device 30, 30′) to thereby block or otherwise prevent unauthorized interrogation of the separate contactless circuitry device/devices, and selectively separating a separate contactless circuitry device from being adjacent the separate contactless signal capture device for authorized interrogation of the separate contactless circuitry device. Contactless circuitry of the separate contactless circuitry device to be protected, for example, can be in the form of various contactless devices to include RFID, Bluetooth, WI-FI, radio frequency microwave frequency, cellular frequency, global positioning system, and optical/infrared (with some modifications).
Another embodiment of a method of preventing data transfer between a nearby RFID reader 50 and an RFID transponder “tag” 33 containing data to be protected generally carried by an RFID device 30, 30′, can include the steps of inductively coupling an RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, with the RFID tag 33 and the RFID reader 50 to thereby effectively prevent data transfer between the RFID tag 33 and the nearby RFID reader 50 when the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, is positioned by a user in close proximity to the RFID tag 33 and when the RFID reader 50 is producing an interrogation signal (block 201). The step of preventing data transfer can also include inductively coupling the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, with the RFID tag 33 when positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag 33 and when the RFID tag 33 is producing a reply to an interrogation signal. This step can also include preventing data transfer between the RFID reader 50 and multiple protected RFID tags 33, simultaneously, to include inductively coupling the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, with at least one, but preferably each of the protected RFID tags 33 when positioned in close proximity to the RFID tags 33, such as, for example, when placed together in a credit card section of a wallet/purse, etc., and when the respective RFID tags 33 are being interrogated with an interrogation signal and/or producing a reply to the interrogation signal.
A method can also include indicating to the user of the RFID tag 33 that the RFID reader 50 is attempting to interrogate the RFID tag 33 (or tags 33 if multiple are being protected) when the RFID reader 50 is producing the interrogation signal and when the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, is in close proximity to the RFID tag 33 (block 203). Accordingly, the step of indicating to the user of the RFID tag 33 that the RFID reader 50 is attempting to interrogate the RFID tag 33 can include illuminating a visual indicator 68 carried by the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, and/or sounding an audible indicator 68 carried by the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′. Note, the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, can be configured so that such indication is not provided when the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, is not in close proximity to the RFID tag 33.
The method can also include allowing data to transfer between the RFID device 40, 40′, and an RFID reader 50 by selectively substantially separating the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, from being adjacent the RFID tag 33 to allow authorized interrogation of the RFID tag 33 (block 205). Accordingly, the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, can be configured to not interfere with operation of the RFID reader 50 when the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, is not positioned in close proximity to an RFID tag 33. Further, according to a preferred configuration, the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′ is generally adapted to provide a visual or audible indication of an interrogation signal when positioned sufficiently close to the RFID reader 50, regardless of its position with respect to the RFID device 30, 30′. Still further, the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, can alternatively be configured to provide a visual or audible indication of data transfer when the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′, is not positioned in close proximity to the RFID tag 33 so as not to disrupt communication between the RFID device 30, 30′, and the RFID reader 50 as long as the REID signal capture device 40, 40′, is positioned sufficiently close to the RFID reader 50.
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/581,896, filed Oct. 17, 2006, titled “RFID Protection System, Device, Combination, and Related Methods,” which claims the priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/731,750, filed Oct. 31, 2005, titled “RFID Protection System, Device, Combination, and Related Methods,” each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed a typical preferred embodiment of the invention, and although specific terms are employed, the terms are used in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. The invention has been described in considerable detail with specific reference to these illustrated embodiments. It will be apparent, however, that various modifications and changes can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the foregoing specification. For example, the above and exemplary embodiments generally referred to RFID transponders/tags functioning at 13.56 MHz, it should be understood that applications according to other frequencies such as, for example, 900 MHz, and others, are within the scope of the present invention. Also, for example, although primarily described with respect to a single RFID tag 33 on a single RFID device, applications of the RFID signal capture device 40, 40′ include those to not only protect a single RFID device 30, 30′ carrying a single RFID tag 33, or multiple RFID devices 30, 30′ each carrying a separate single independent RFID tag 33, but also single or multiple RFID devices 30, 30′, each carrying multiple RFID tags 33, having an anti-collision protocol and/or tuned for different frequencies.
This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/581,896, filed Oct. 17, 2006, titled “RFID Protection System, Device, Combination, and Related Methods,” which claims the priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/731,750, filed Oct. 31, 2005, titled “RFID Protection System, Device, Combination, and Related Methods,” each incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 11581896 | Oct 2006 | US |
| Child | 12406744 | US |
