Patent Application
20140262227
The present invention relates to a ring electrode device and method for generating an electric discharge that produces a high-pressure pulse, typically of relatively long duration, in a dielectric fluid medium.
Fracturing of subterranean geological structures can be useful for assisting in the development of hydrocarbon resources from subterranean reservoirs. In certain types of formations, fracturing of a region surrounding a well or borehole can allow for improved flow of reservoir fluids to the well (e.g., oil, water, gas). A conventional method for causing such fracturing in the geologic structure involves generating hydraulic pressure, which may be a static or quasi-static pressure generated in a fluid in the borehole. Another method includes generation of a shock in conjunction with a hydraulic wave by creating an electrical discharge across a spark gap. For example, pairs of opposing electrodes, such as axial, rod, or pin electrodes, have been used to generate electrical discharges. In such electrode designs, the electrodes (e.g., with diameters ranging from 1 millimeter to approximately 1 centimeter) are typically placed apart (e.g., between one half to several centimeters) depending on the application and the voltage. These electrode configurations are typically for low-energy applications.
In higher-energy applications and with the use of conventional electrode configurations, electrode erosion may occur at the tip of the electrode and increase the spacing between the electrodes. Erosion of metal from the electrodes is roughly proportional to the total charge passing through the electrodes for a given electrode material and geometry. This erosion is usually expressed in terms of mass per charge (e.g., milligrams per coulomb, mg/C). Electrode erosion can also be expressed as eroded axial distance of the electrode per charge (e.g., millimeters per coulomb, mm/C). Thus, mass per charge (e.g., mg/C) is converted to eroded axial distance of the electrode per charge (e.g., mm/C) by expressing the eroded mass in terms of the mass of the electrode (i.e., ρ×area×length, where ρ is the density of the electrode material). The table below is an example of measured erosion rates in water for various materials using a 0.32-cm-radius pin (or rod) electrode.
While not shown in the above table, the measured electrode erosion from the negative electrode was in general higher than the positive electrode by approximately 15% to 25%. As the electrode spacing increases, it becomes more difficult to create a breakdown in the medium (e.g., water) between the electrodes and the electrodes are typically adjusted or replaced to reduce the gap.
For a given electrical pulser's specifications (total delivered charge), the eroded electrode length per shot can be determined. Further, by defining the maximum allowed electrode erosion as the maximum permitted increase in the electrode gap, the lifetime of the electrode system between refurbishment can be identified. This results in an erosion formula in which the variables for a given pulser are the electrode material and the electrode radius. Realistically, the maximum electrode radius is limited by both the required geometric, electric-field enhancement (that drops with an increase in the electrode radius) and the proximity of the pin or rod electrode to the grounded wall of the chamber that encloses the arc. The low levels of field enhancement on the high-voltage, large-diameter electrode (and, simultaneously, the ground electrode) cause a significant increase in the delay time between the application of high voltage to the electrodes and the start of current flow in the arc. At the same time, there is a substantial increase in the jitter at the start of current flow.
Furthermore, for long-pulse, high-energy electrical pulsers, the operational radius can be up to approximately one (1) centimeter. With such a radius size, axial electrodes can experience additional issues. For example, the extremely long time duration of the voltage and current pulses permits the development of many pre-arc “streamers” on the electrodes. In an electrode configuration having low electric-field enhancement, these streamers form with nearly equal probability between the high-voltage and ground electrodes and between the high-voltage electrode and any other ground in the system (e.g., the wall of the generator). This physical limit in electrode radius effectively limits the available mass to be eroded with pin-electrode designs and limits the maximum current rise time of a pin electrode design.
Furthermore, the electrode gap can become a major hindrance at very high (e.g., megajoule, MJ) pulser energies. There are applications require electrical pulsers that store electrical energy up to 1 MJ and deliver a large amount of charge to the load. Such applications may also require many hundreds or thousands of shots between refurbishment. Even with excellent electrode materials, the use of simple pin or rod electrodes may not be feasible due to the rapid increase in electrode gap due to electrode erosion. Additionally, the adjustability of the electrodes leads to a primary failure mode and therefore, MJ-class electrode assemblies typically do not provide adjustment capability in order to maximize reliability.
While conventional electrode configurations have been used successfully to form fractures, there is a continued need for an improved method and apparatus for generating high-pressure pulses in a subterranean medium, thereby causing fracturing to occur.
Embodiments of the invention relate generally to the field of low-erosion, long-lifetime electrodes used in high energy electrical discharges in dielectric fluid media (e.g., water) to generate powerful shocks and very high pressure pulses. In one embodiment, concentric ring electrode configurations that provide extended electrode lifetime for use in very high-energy discharge systems are disclosed. The electrodes can deliver as much as a megajoule (MJ) of energy per pulse to the load and pass up to 80 C of charge. Such electrodes are physically robust and have extended lifetimes for high energy and high-coulomb pulsers (e.g., the electrodes can handle an excess of 15,000 shots with greater than 20 C per shot in embodiments).
As will be described, embodiments of the invention consist of an inner-ring, high-voltage (HV) electrode that is attached to a conducting stalk that delivers the electrical energy to the system. This inner-ring HV electrode is placed above an insulator constructed of materials including, but not limited to, high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Radially outward from the inner-ring HV electrode is an outer-ring ground electrode at ground potential. The heights of the inner-ring HV electrode and the outer-ring electrode are substantially the same (e.g., approximately 6 mm to 10 mm). In one embodiment, the radial gap is greater than or equal to about 2 cm. In one embodiment, the radial gap is greater than or equal to about 3 cm. In one embodiment, the electrode can be driven by a pulser whose stored energy reaches 1 MJ. Such a load electrode assembly is capable of generating pressures in excess of 1 kbar in very large fluid volumes, or much higher pressures in smaller volumes.
Embodiments of the invention can be utilized in a wide range of dielectric fluid media. Examples of dielectric fluid media include water, saline water (brine), oil, drilling mud, and combinations thereof. Additionally, the dielectric fluid media can include dissolved gases such as ammonia, sulfur dioxide, or carbon dioxide. The conductivity of these dielectrics can be relatively high for some situations. In one embodiment, saline water is used as a dielectric fluid. For brevity, the term “water” is occasionally used herein in place of dielectric fluid media.
Referring to
The wellbore 16 can have portions that extend vertically, horizontally, and/or at various angles. Conventional well equipment 22 located at the top of the wellbore 16 can control the flow of fluids in and out of the wellbore 16 and can be configured to control the pressure within the wellbore 16. The wellbore 16 can be at least partially filled with the medium, which is typically a fluid 24 such as water, and the equipment 22 can pressurize the fluid as appropriate.
The pulser 12 is connected to a power source 26, e.g., a device configured to provide electrical power, typically DC. A controller 28 is also connected to the pulser 12 and configured to control the operation of the pulser 12. The pulser 12 can include an electrical circuit that is configured to generate a shaped or tailored electric pulse, such as a pulse having a square (or nearly square) voltage profile, as shown in
A ground of the PFN 34 is connected to the power source 26, and the PFN 34 is configured to be energized by the power source 26. An output 36 of the PFN 34 is connected to the cable 14 through a switch 38, such as a solid-state isolated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or another thyristor, which is connected to the controller 28 and configured to be controlled by the controller 28, so that the controller 28 can selectively operate the pulser 12 and connect the PFN 34 to the cable 14 to deliver a pulse to the electrode assembly 20. In one embodiment, the switch 38 is capable of handling a peak voltage of at least 20 kV, a maximum current of at least 20 kA, and a maximum charge of at least 100 C. The IGBT switches can be assembled by placing commercially available IGBTs in series and parallel in order to obtain the necessary voltage and current handling capabilities. In some cases, other types of switches may be used, such as gas switches of a sliding spark design.
It is also appreciated that the pulser 12 can use other energy storage devices, other than the illustrated PFN 34. For example, while the illustrated embodiment uses capacitive energy storage based on a Type B PFN configuration, it is also possible to use a PFN based on inductive energy storage and a solid-state opening switch. An inductive PFN could allow a smaller design and could also allow a lower voltage during the charging phase (e.g., a typical charging voltage of about 1 kV in the inductive PFN instead of a typical charging voltage of about 20 kV in a capacitive PFN) and only operate at high voltage for a short period (such as a few microseconds) during the opening of the switch 38.
The controller 28 can repeatedly operate the pulser 12 to deliver a series of discrete pulses. One typical repetition rate is about one pulse per second, or 1 Hz. In other cases, the pulser 12 can be operated more quickly, e.g., with a repetition rate as fast as 5 Hz or even faster, depending on the need of the particular application. If a much lower repetition rate is acceptable (such as less than 0.1 Hz), then other electrical gas switches that are unable to provide fast repetition may be usable.
The pulser 12 can be actively or passively cooled. For example, as shown in
In one embodiment, the pulser 12 is configured to operate with an output voltage of between 10 kV and 30 kV, such as about 20 kV. The pulser 12 can generate a peak current between 10 kA and 20 kA, such as between 12 kA and 15 kA, depending on the impedance of the impedance of the cable 14 and the impedance of the arc generated in the dielectric fluid. The impedance of the PFN 34 can be matched to the expected load impedance at the electrode assembly 20, e.g., between 0Ω and 1Ω, such as between 0.5Ω and 0.9Ω. In another case, the peak current was kept below about 20 kA and the medium was pressurized, resulting in an impedance between 0.1Ω and 0.4 Ω.
The current can be maintained at a substantially constant level for the duration of the pulse. The pulse can be maintained to achieve a pulse length, or duration, of greater than 100 μs. For example, in embodiments the pulse duration can be maintained between 200 μs and 4 ms. Further, in other embodiments, the pulser 12 can provide a pulse duration of more than 4 ms, e.g., by adding additional capacitors 30a in the first group of capacitors.
Although other configurations of the PFN 34 are possible, the illustrated configuration is known as a pulsed current generator in a Type B PFN configuration, which can provide a substantially constant current pulse to electrode assembly 20 and the art formed therein through the dielectric fluid medium. The PFN-based pulser 12 allows control of the current that drives the discharge.
Although the present invention is not limited to any particular theory of operation, it is believed that the highest value capacitors 30a and inductors 32a can provide or define the basic pulse shape and the pulse duration, and the other capacitors 30b, 30c, 30d (and, optionally, additional capacitors) and inductors 32b, 32c, 32d (and, optionally, additional inductors) reduce the rise time of each pulse provided by the PFN 34. More particularly, the rise time can be determined by the rise time of the first group of capacitors 30a and inductors 32a. The PFN 34 can be designed to have a rise time of less than 100 μs, such as between 20 μs and 75 μs, typically between 25 μs and 50 μs, depending on the inductance of the cable 14, the smallest capacitance in the PFN 34, and the load at the electrode assembly 20. In general, shorter rise times can be effective, while longer times tend to have higher levels of break down jitter and longer delays between the application of voltage to the electrodes and the development of an arc.
An appropriate selection of the values of the capacitors 30 and inductors 32 in the PFN 34 can limit the peak current that the PFN 34 delivers. This is the effect of the impedance of the PFN 34, where the PFN 34 impedance (ZPFN) is given as follows:
where L and C are the inductance and capacitance, respectively, of the PFN 34.
In a typical case, values of ZPFN are roughly in the range of 0.5Ω to 1Ω. Typically, the rise time of the current pulse from the PFN 34 is proportional to the square root of the LC of the individual elements of the PFN 34. For a load impedance greater than the impedance of the PFN 34, the rise time (trise) can be about ¼ the LC period, given as follows:
The peak current (Ipeak) of an element of the PFN 34 can be proportional to the voltage on the capacitor (V0), the square root of the capacitance in inversely proportional to the square root of the inductance of the element of the PFN 34 (if the impendence of the PFN 34 is larger than the load impedance), as follows:
In the illustrated embodiment, the PFN 34 is modified to have smaller capacitors 30b, 30c, 30d and inductors 32b, 32c, 32d precede the main set of capacitors 30a and inductors 32a to provide shorter duration current rise time. Thus, the smaller-value capacitors 30b, 30c, 30d and smaller-value inductors 32b, 32c, 32d can be selected with values that are sized to maintain the same value of current, but will provide a smaller time to peak current as the first few elements in the PFN 34. By using this approach, the modified PFN can be made to have a rise time less than 50 μs and yet having a total duration ranging from about 200 μs to several ms. The total energy (E) stored in the PFN 34 can be the sum of the energies stored in all of the capacitors of the PFN 34 and is expressed as follows:
The energy coupled to the dielectric medium discharge can reach or even exceed 500 kJ for reasonable PFN 34 parameters and charge voltages. The number of capacitors 30 and inductors 32 in the PFN 34 can determine the pulse length of the current pulse delivered to the arc. The pulse width of the PFN 34 can be determined by the sum of the capacitances and inductances of the entire PFN 34. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the duration of each pulse, or pulse width (tpw), of the PFN 34 is given as follows:
In one example, the pulse width is between about 1 ms and 4 ms, the total capacitance of the PFN 34 is between about 1 mF and 4 mF, the peak current is about 15-18 kA, and the total inductance of the PFN 34 is between about 0.4 mH and 1.6 mH. In other cases, where less energy is required and a shorter pulse is desirable, the number of stages of first-group capacitors 30a and first-group inductors 32a can be reduced to decrease the pulse length and stored energy. One such embodiment would use only 5 capacitors 30a and 5 inductors 32a in the first group, together with the faster stages (30b, 30c, 30d and 32b, 32c, 32d) to generate a 1-ms pulse.
The total energy of the pulse can also be varied according to the fracturing needs of a particular reservoir. In some cases, the total energy of each pulse can be between 50 kJ and 500 kJ (e.g., 450 kJ). The total energy per pulse can be reduced, if needed, by reducing the number of the capacitors 30a in the first group of the PFN 34, or the energy per pulse can be increased by adding to the number of the capacitors 30a in the first group of the PFN 34.
It is appreciated that the pulser 12 can be optimized to provide a pulse length (e.g., by adjusting the number of groups of capacitors 30 and inductors 32 in the PFN 34), rise time (e.g., by adjusting the size of the smaller-value capacitors 30b, 30c, 30d and inductors 32b, 32c, 32d in the PFN 34), maximum voltage, and repetition rate depending on the specific application and manner of use. Generally, it is believed that a current greater than about 20 kA for pulses in water may result in arc impedances that are too low for efficient energy coupling. On the other hand, arc currents that are too low may be subject to uncontrolled arc quenching for longer pulses. The electrode assembly 20 is connected to the cable 14 and configured to create one or more electric arcs when the electric pulse is delivered via the cable 14.
In embodiments, the concentric ring electrode assembly has a typical operating voltage of 20 kV and is capable of handling the energy and charge delivered by a large capacitor bank or pulse forming network that stores up to 1 MJ. The thickness or height of the inner-ring HV electrode 21 is 1 cm. The thickness or height of the outer-ring ground electrode 22 is 1 cm. The choice of height is a tradeoff between maximizing the erodible electrode mass and maintaining sufficient electric field enhancement for reliable operation with low jitter and delay. The initial outer diameter of the inner-ring HV electrode 21 is 4.5 cm. The initial, inner diameter of the outer-ring ground electrode is 8.5 cm. This gives an initial electrode gap of 2 cm. The inner-ring HV electrode 21 has an initial surface area of 13.3 cm2. The outer-ring ground electrode 22 has an initial surface area of 25.3 cm2. The ring-electrodes can have a gap of about 3 cm, and therefore, the design of the electrode assembly accepts approximately 0.5 cm of erosion from each electrode. The inner-ring HV electrode is in positive polarity and the outer-ring ground electrode is in negative polarity. Because the erosion from the negative electrode is typically 15-25% larger than a positive electrode, by placing the smaller, inner-ring HV electrode in positive polarity, the larger erosion rate is shifted to the more massive outer-ring ground electrode.
In embodiments, the electrode material is Elkonite™ 50W-3. Elkonite™ 50W-3 is composed of 10% copper and 90% tungsten. As much as 120 g of Elkonite™ from each electrode can be eroded before replacement, which translates to a lifetime of greater than 5000 shots for a typical electrical pulser storing hundreds of kJ.
The inner-ring HV electrode 21 is assembled to prevent routine shots from loosening the mechanical and electrical connections. There are huge mechanical shocks applied to the inner-ring HV electrode during each shot and the impact of hundreds or thousands of shots can play a toll on all mechanical connections. In embodiments, no mechanical adjustments are provided as such connections impart failure points. For example, typical bolted connection using the best locking washers and thread locking compounds are likely to fail due to the shots. In embodiments, locking pins are used. However, locking pins can weaken the HV electrode stalk 23 and result in a higher probability of mechanical failure. In embodiments, inner-ring HV electrode 21 is compressed between the base of the HV electrode stalk 23 and the washer 24. After compression, the washer 24 is TIG welded to the electrode stalk 23. Here, the electrode assembly has a lifetime that is governed by the erosion of the inner-ring HV electrode 21. The welded, high-compression connection also makes an excellent electrical contact between the HV electrode stalk 23 and the inner-ring HV electrode 21. In embodiments, low-resistance contacts for the electrodes are utilized because of the very high currents and the large charges carried by the electrodes. In particular, the HV electrode 21, the HV electrode stalk 23, and the HV electrode washer 24 is modular and are designed to minimize contact resistance. Replacement is a simple task that takes only a few minutes.
In embodiments, the outer-ring ground electrode 22 is sandwiched between the lip 26 that is mounted to the housing 20 and spacer ring 27. The insulator system 25 compresses the spacer ring 27 and the outer-ring ground electrode 22 against the lip 26. The outer-ring ground electrode 22 and the stainless-steel spacer ring 27 are lightly press fit into the housing 20. The outer-ring ground electrode 22 can be replaced easily during refurbishment of the tool.
In embodiments, the HV electrode assembly (21, 23, & 24) is supported by a large, robust insulator system 25. The up to MJ energies used with the electrode assembly utilize a physically large, mechanically strong insulator. The typical outer diameter of the insulator 25 is approximately 12 cm. The length of the insulator is determined by the strength requirements and is typically equal to or greater than the diameter. Slightly ductile insulators such as Teflon™, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and nylon tend to be more reliable than more brittle insulators (polycarbonate—Lexan™, acrylic—Plexiglas™, ceramic such as alumina, etc.). In embodiments, HDPE or ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW PE) are used as the insulating material. The diameter of the HV electrode stalk 23 can be maximized to better distribute the mechanical forces from the water arcs that are delivered to the inner-ring HV electrode 21 over the area of the insulator 25. The inner-ring HV electrode 21 and the HV electrode stalk 23 are mounted to the insulator 25 in such a manner to avoid mechanical stress build up.
The magnitude of the electric field is determined by the gap between the inner-ring HV electrode 41 and the pin ground electrodes 42, and the height (vertical thickness) of the inner-ring HV electrode 41 and the pin ground electrodes 42 (field enhancement). In embodiments, outer pin ground electrodes 42 are approximately 1.5 cm thick. The multiple pin ground electrodes 42 reduce cost compared to a custom-machined massive outer ring and increases electric field enhancement on the pin electrode tips due their smaller diameter. In embodiments, the number of pins and the diameter of the pins are chosen to keep the total erodible mass of the pin ground electrodes 42 at least 15% greater than the mass of the inner-ring HV electrode 41. In embodiments, forty-two (42) 6.35-mm-diameter Elkonite™ pins are used as the ground electrode. In this case, the erodible mass of the Elkonite™ pin ground electrodes 42 is comparable to the mass on the inner-ring HV electrode 41. The higher field enhancement with these Elkonite™ pins allows a working gap as large as 3.5 cm.
In embodiments, an 8.5-cm-ID, outer-ring ground electrode (22, 32, 42, 52, 62) and a 4.5-cm-OD HV inner-ring HV electrode (21, 31, 41, 51, 61) are utilized. In this case, the outer electrode (22, 32, 42, 52, 62) has an inner surface area that is nearly two times larger than the outer surface area of the inner-ring HV electrode (21, 31, 41, 51, 61). In some embodiments, the diameter of both electrodes is increased. For example, the outer-ring ground electrode (22, 32, 42, 52, 62) could have an ID in the range of 8.5 cm to 16 cm and the inner-ring HV electrode (21, 31, 41, 51, 61) could have an OD in the range of 4.5 cm to 12 cm. In embodiments, the electrode gap is initially set to 2 cm. In embodiments, the electrode gap is initially set to between 1.5 and 3 cm. In the largest diameter option above, the area ratio is 1.3 and is nearly optimal for balancing erosion. In this case the erodible electrode mass is 328 g with Elkonite™ electrodes. The lifetime of this electrode assembly is in excess of 18,000 shots with >20 C per shot.
While the above-described embodiments show the outer-ring or pin ground electrode (22, 32, 42, 52, 62) sandwiched between the welded lip (26, 36, 46, 56, 66) and a spacer ring (27, 37, 47, 57, 67), one skilled in the art will recognize other configurations are possible. For example, the spacer ring (27, 37, 47, 57, 67) could be machined with an interference-fit recess that accepts the outer-ring or pin ground electrode (22, 32, 42, 52, 62). The smaller outer-ring ring or pin electrode (22, 32, 42, 52, 62) could then be hydraulically pressed into the spacer ring (27, 37, 47, 57, 67), and this single-piece assembly could be sandwiched between the insulator system (25, 35, 45, 55, 65) and the welded lip (26, 36, 46, 56, 66).
In the above-described embodiments, the electric field enhancement in ring electrodes is much greater than that of a pin electrode of comparable erodible mass. Accordingly, for equivalent erodible mass per unit length, the ring electrode will break down more reliably and do so at a lower voltage. The available mass per radial unit of length is also much greater than pin electrodes mass per axial length. Thus, ring electrodes will last for more shots with less increase in gap. The large inner area of the electrodes creates a huge increase in the statistical breakdown probability of the electrode resulting in significant reductions in delay and jitter of the electrical breakdown. In water arcs, the breakdown jitter and delay is dependent on the total area of the electrodes. The mass available on the outer ground (negative) electrode is naturally larger than the inner electrode by the ratio of diameters and compensates nicely for the approximately 15% to 25% higher erosion measured on the negative polarity electrode. The pressure pulse in the water that is generated by the ms-duration arc reflects off of the insulator underneath the radial arc and, after reflection, pushes the arc away from the electrodes and, on our ms-time scale, increases the length and, hence, increasing the resistance of the arc during the pulse. Furthermore, the primary arc path is radial between the electrodes (i.e., the nearest location of a grounded conductor in the axial direction is 10's of cm away and never arcs). The radial switch operates reliably over a larger range of radial gap than the axial gap of a pin switch. Finally, the ring electrode configuration operates with low delay and jitter at static pressures up to 150 bars. In contrast, pin or rod electrodes typically become unreliable at water pressures greater than 50 bars.
To compare erosion rates of ring electrodes with various materials, an initial outer diameter (OD) of the inner-ring HV electrode is set to 4.5 cm while the inner diameter (ID) of the outer-ring ground electrode is set to 8.5 cm. A wide range of dimensions are possible, however, an initial radial electrode gap of 2 cm is used for sufficient electrical coupling. Erosion rates of ring electrodes with various materials at these physical dimensions are provided below:
Various materials can be used for the electrodes that are known to those skilled in the art. In general, such materials should minimize erosion. Examples of such materials include steels (e.g., stainless and hard carbon steels), refractory metals (e.g., tungsten, tantalum, tungsten alloys), nickel alloys (e.g., Hastelloy) and carbon (e.g., graphite, carbon-carbon composites). The electrode material can vary based on the application (e.g., trade-offs between cost and performance). In embodiments, stainless steel is used because it is a relatively inexpensive electrode material per shot. In embodiments, Elkonite™ 50W-3 is used as the electrode material as it provides an improved lifetime (i.e., minimal erosion). Of course, other Elkonite™ alloys could alternatively be used in other embodiments.
The erosion rate of ring electrodes is much lower than typical axial rod or pin electrodes. The electrode dimensions (height, inner electrode OD, outer electrode ID) can have significant effects on performance for the following reasons:
A ring electrode design lends itself to robust mechanical construction (e.g., ring electrode having no measurable damage after many hundreds of shots at energy levels above 100 kJ). In embodiments, the outer-ring ground electrode is radially contained by the steel housing of the shock generating assembly. The force generated by the discharge is directly radially outward on the outer-ring ground electrode. The small height of the outer-ring ground electrode minimizes torque on the electrode that might be induced by an arc above the center-line of the ring electrodes. The inner-ring HV electrode is fixed to a relatively large diameter shaft that is supported by the insulator. The inner-ring HV electrode is also mounted close to the insulator, again minimizing the cantilever torque on the electrode shaft, maximizing the shaft length supported by the insulator, and minimizing the potential damage to the electrode or the insulator.
In embodiments, approximately 20 shots are applied to condition the electrodes. During this conditioning sequence there can be a significant jitter in the delay time for arc formation. The conditioning acts to roughen the surface of the electrode and erode off any sharp edges that were in the original electrodes. Once the electrodes are conditioned, the operational characteristics are extremely stable. For example, the electrodes can then be used for thousands of shots with no maintenance. In general, erosion of an electrode first smoothes any sharp edges that may be on a freshly machined electrode and roughens up the surfaces of the opposing electrodes. After several dozen shots on a ring electrode configuration, the inner surface of the outer-ring ground electrode and the outer surface of the inner-ring HV electrode are typically very rough. These rough surfaces act as initiation points for streamer formation and the resultant future water arcs. Overtime, the ring electrode configuration may alter the erosion pattern (i.e., the arcs can move from the surfaces closest to one another to the top surface of the ring electrodes away from the insulator). While not wishing to be bound by a particular theory, it is believed that such an arc motion occurs for current pulses whose length is greater than approximately 1 ms and appears to be caused by the pressure build up under the arc between the arc and the insulator. The motion of the arc on the electrodes serves to reduce the erosion on the surface of the electrode by reducing the peak temperature attained by the electrode material.
In embodiments, the life of an electrode assembly is extended by stacking ring electrodes. This is a pancake arrangement increases electrode mass by allowing multiple electrodes in parallel. However, this multiple electrode approach might be limited at some point as the arcs and the pressure pulses generated by them might become “buried” inside the electrode stack. In embodiments, stack height consists of two to five sets of electrodes.
As used in this specification and the following claims, the terms “comprise” (as well as forms, derivatives, or variations thereof, such as “comprising” and “comprises”) and “include” (as well as forms, derivatives, or variations thereof, such as “including” and “includes”) are inclusive (i.e., open-ended) and do not exclude additional elements or steps. Accordingly, these terms are intended to not only cover the recited element(s) or step(s), but may also include other elements or steps not expressly recited. Furthermore, as used herein, the use of the terms “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with an element may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” Therefore, an element preceded by “a” or “an” does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements.
The use of the term “about” applies to all numeric values, whether or not explicitly indicated. This term generally refers to a range of numbers that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider as a reasonable amount of deviation to the recited numeric values (i.e., having the equivalent function or result). For example, this term can be construed as including a deviation of ±10 percent of the given numeric value provided such a deviation does not alter the end function or result of the value. Therefore, a value of about 1% can be construed to be a range from 0.9% to 1.1%.
While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for the purpose of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to alteration and that certain other details described herein can vary considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention. For example, the above-described system and method can be combined with other fracturing techniques.
This application claims benefit under 35 USC 119 of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/801,304 with a filing date of Mar. 15, 2013 and 61/868,391 with a filing date of Aug. 21, 2013, the disclosures are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61801304 | Mar 2013 | US | |
| 61868391 | Aug 2013 | US |
