Patent Application
20240235271
This description relates to telecommunications systems.
A communication system may be a facility that enables communication between two or more nodes or devices, such as fixed or mobile communication devices. Signals can be carried on wired or wireless carriers.
An example of a cellular communication system is an architecture that is being standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). A recent development in this field is often referred to as the long-term evolution (LTE) of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio-access technology. E-UTRA (evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) is the air interface of 3GPP's LTE upgrade path for mobile networks. In LTE, base stations or access points (APs), which are referred to as enhanced Node AP (eNBs), provide wireless access within a coverage area or cell. In LTE, mobile devices, or mobile stations are referred to as user equipment (UE). LTE has included a number of improvements or developments.
A global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the consideration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks, for example. mmWave (or extremely high frequency) may, for example, include the frequency range between 30 and 300 gigahertz (GHz). Radio waves in this band may, for example, have wavelengths from ten to one millimeters, giving it the name millimeter band or millimeter wave. The amount of wireless data will likely significantly increase in the coming years. Various techniques have been used in attempt to address this challenge including obtaining more spectrum, having smaller cell sizes, and using improved technologies enabling more bits/s/Hz. One element that may be used to obtain more spectrum is to move to higher frequencies, e.g., above 6 GHz. For fifth generation wireless systems (5G), an access architecture for deployment of cellular radio equipment employing mmWave radio spectrum has been proposed. Other example spectrums may also be used, such as cmWave radio spectrum (e.g., 3-30 GHz).
According to an example implementation, a method includes at least one of sensing, by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) in a radio network, the reconfigurable intelligent surface including a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by a plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, wherein the plurality of active elements configure the reconfigurable intelligent surface to perform, based on at least one request message, incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and/or steering, by the reconfigurable intelligent surface energy based on the at least one request message, the harvested electromagnetic radiation towards at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
According to an example implementation, an apparatus includes a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) in a radio network, the reconfigurable intelligent surface including a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by a plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, wherein the plurality of active elements configure the reconfigurable intelligent surface to perform, based on at least one request message, at least one of sense incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and/or steer energy of the harvested electromagnetic radiation towards at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
According to an example implementation, an apparatus includes means for at least one of sensing, by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) in a radio network, the reconfigurable intelligent surface including a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by a plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, wherein the plurality of active elements configure the reconfigurable intelligent surface to perform, based on at least one request message, incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and/or steering, by the reconfigurable intelligent surface energy based on the at least one request message, the harvested electromagnetic radiation towards at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
According to an example implementation, a computer program product includes a computer-readable storage medium and storing executable code that, when executed by at least one data processing apparatus, is configured to cause the at least one data processing apparatus to perform at least one of sensing, by a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) in a radio network, the reconfigurable intelligent surface including a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by a plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, wherein the plurality of active elements configure the reconfigurable intelligent surface to perform, based on at least one request message, incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and/or steering, by the reconfigurable intelligent surface energy based on the at least one request message, the harvested electromagnetic radiation towards at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
According to an example implementation, a method includes sending, by a network node of a radio network to at least one active element of a plurality of active elements of a reconfigurable intelligent surface in the wireless network, the reconfigurable intelligent surface including a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by the plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, a request to perform at least one of sensing incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and/or steering the electromagnetic radiation within the at least one frequency range toward at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
According to an example implementation, an apparatus includes at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to cause the apparatus at least to send, by a network node of a radio network to at least one active element of a plurality of active elements of a reconfigurable intelligent surface in the wireless network, the reconfigurable intelligent surface including a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by the plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, a request to perform at least one of sense incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and/or steer the electromagnetic radiation within the at least one frequency range toward at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
According to an example implementation, an apparatus includes means for sending, by a network node of a radio network to at least one active element of a plurality of active elements of a reconfigurable intelligent surface in the wireless network, the reconfigurable intelligent surface including a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by the plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, a request to perform at least one of sensing incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and/or steering the electromagnetic radiation within the at least one frequency range toward at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
According to an example implementation, a computer program product includes a computer-readable storage medium and storing executable code that, when executed by at least one data processing apparatus, is configured to cause the at least one data processing apparatus to send, by a network node of a radio network to at least one active element of a plurality of active elements of a reconfigurable intelligent surface in the wireless network, the reconfigurable intelligent surface including a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by the plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, a request to perform at least one of sense incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and/or steer the electromagnetic radiation within the at least one frequency range toward at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
According to an example implementation, a method includes measuring, by an energy harvesting device in a radio network, electromagnetic radiation energy that has been steered toward the energy harvesting device by a reconfigurable intelligent surface in the radio network; and sending to a network node, by the energy harvesting device, an indication that the at least one energy harvesting device has reached an energy level relative to a threshold for a specified period of time.
According to an example implementation, an apparatus includes at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to cause the apparatus at least to measure electromagnetic radiation energy that has been steered toward the energy harvesting device by a reconfigurable intelligent surface in a radio network; and send, to a network node, an indication that the energy harvesting device has reached an energy level relative to a threshold for a specified period of time.
According to an example implementation, an apparatus includes means for measuring, by an energy harvesting device in a radio network, electromagnetic radiation energy that has been steered toward the energy harvesting device by a reconfigurable intelligent surface in the radio network; and sending to a network node, by the energy harvesting device, an indication that the at least one energy harvesting device has reached an energy level relative to a threshold for a specified period of time.
According to an example implementation, a computer program product includes a computer-readable storage medium and storing executable code that, when executed by at least one data processing apparatus, is configured to cause the at least one data processing apparatus to measure electromagnetic radiation energy that has been steered toward the energy harvesting device by a reconfigurable intelligent surface in a radio network; and send, to a network node, an indication that the energy harvesting device has reached an energy level relative to a threshold for a specified period of time.
The details of one or more examples of implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
The principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “has”, “having”, “includes” and/or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and/or combinations thereof.
A user device (user terminal, user equipment (UE)) may refer to a portable computing device that includes wireless mobile communication devices operating with or without a subscriber identification module (SIM), including, but not limited to, the following types of devices: a mobile station (MS), a mobile phone, a cell phone, a smartphone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a handset, a device using a wireless modem (alarm or measurement device, etc.), a laptop and/or touch screen computer, a tablet, a phablet, a game console, a notebook, a vehicle, and a multimedia device, as examples. It should be appreciated that a user device may also be a nearly exclusive uplink only device, of which an example is a camera or video camera loading images or video clips to a network.
In LTE (as an example), core network 150 may be referred to as Evolved Packet Core (EPC), which may include a mobility management entity (MME) which may handle or assist with mobility/serving cell change of user devices between BSs, one or more gateways that may forward data and control signals between the BSs and packet data networks or the Internet, and other control functions or blocks.
The various example implementations may be applied to a wide variety of wireless technologies, wireless networks, such as LTE, LTE-A, 5G (New Radio, or NR), cmWave, and/or mmWave band networks, or any other wireless network or use case. LTE, 5G, cmWave and mmWave band networks are provided only as illustrative examples, and the various example implementations may be applied to any wireless technology/wireless network. The various example implementations may also be applied to a variety of different applications, services or use cases, such as, for example, ultra-reliability low latency communications (URLLC), Internet of Things (IOT), time-sensitive communications (TSC), enhanced mobile broadband (cMBB), massive machine type communications (MMTC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-device, etc. Each of these use cases, or types of UEs, may have its own set of requirements.
There is a demand for improved coverage (i.e. 30 m indoor and up to 100 m outdoor) and increased device density with ultra-low-cost and power consumption that is not addressed by existing solutions (i.e. RFID that has coverage up to 10 m). The use of Passive IoT devices, i.e., devices that are battery-less or devices that have energy storage capabilities but may not need manual charging over the lifetime of the device are being studied within the 3GPP framework (currently a Rel-19 study item in SA and a potential Rel-19 RAN study item). These devices are expected to have lower complexity, data rate, coverage, cost, and energy consumption than NB-IOT/eMTC devices. The use cases for passive IoT devices include identification, tracking, monitoring, sensing, logistics and supply chain management, transportation, manufacturing (factory automation), healthcare, energy, agriculture, transportation, smart cities, environment, extreme conditions, and hazardous environments in some use cases (environments where devices with batteries is not an option).
The design targets of passive IoT devices include the following:
The wireless propagation environment is random and uncontrollable. Recently, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have been proposed as a means of having some control over them with the help of software-controlled reflections. A conventional RIS consists of a planar array of passive reflecting elements that can reflect the incoming rays with adjustable phase shifts and gains. The passive nature of the reflecting elements results in low hardware costs, low energy consumption, and the ability to naturally operate in full-duplex (FD) mode. A conventional RIS will be a low-profile auxiliary device that can be easily integrated into an existing communication network transparently, providing great flexibility and compatibility in terms of deployment.
In addition to passive elements, a conventional RIS can have reconfigurable active elements, where it can be connected to an RF chain by a switch as shown in Error! Reference source not found.2. These active elements can be used for different functions such as
Passive elements will reflect the incoming signals, and phases of the passive elements can be configured to steer the incoming signals in the desired direction.
Ambient energy is composed of different signals at various frequencies. However, it is difficult to implement an RIS that supports phase adjustment for incoming signals at different frequency bands simultaneously. There is a focus on frequency reconfigurable antennas in the current state-of-the-art research. A similar approach can be used to facilitate RIS to support phase adjustment at different frequencies, while a specific frequency can be set for a group of elements at a given time.
There can be different RF signals that can power RF energy harvesting devices (ex. TV, radio, cellular, and Wi-Fi signals). However, energy availability is random and can be interrupted due to different factors as given below.
A blockage scenario is illustrated in
A complication is the fact that ambient energy consists of signals of different frequencies, and it is important to filter frequencies that an RIS can reflect and cause more energy harvesting at the passive IoT device.
In contrast to the above-described conventional RIS which may have problems routing RF energy to EH devices in the presence of obstacles, an improved RIS has reconfigurable EH elements that are configured to 1) measure electromagnetic radiation levels over a set of frequency ranges and 2) report the energy levels to a gNB or BS to which the RIS communicates. The gNB may then determine whether to use the RIS to steer energy toward an energy harvesting device based on the report. For example, if the energy report indicates that the energy levels at the RIS in a frequency range of interest to an EH device are sufficiently high, the gNB may select that RIS if the RIS has capacity to allocate passive EH elements at the frequency range of interest. If the EH elements report low energy levels, the gNB may select another RIS to steer energy to that EH device.
Advantageously, the improved RIS is able to steer energy to an EH device more robustly, e.g., in the presence of obstacles. The new signaling between the gNB and RIS allows the gNB to decide whether the RIS has the ability to steer energy toward an EH device in the network—and select another RIS if that is not the case. The improved RIS can also form groups of passive EH elements that steer energy within a particular frequency range (e.g., a mean frequency and a bandwidth about the mean frequency) toward an EH device using a phase shift. Moreover, the improved RIS can perform a beam refinement procedure that can select a beam along which an appropriate amount of energy in the frequency range of interest can be transmitted to the EH device.
Accordingly, a solution to the problem of energy harvesting in the presence of obstacles is proposed based on the RIS with reconfigurable EH elements to enable measurement of energy arriving at different frequencies and subsequently energy steering towards EH devices at a desired frequency based on the measurements. In addition to active and passive elements at the RIS, a concept of reconfigurable energy harvesting elements is proposed that have energy harvesting circuitry connected to antenna elements, which are used to do the following.
In addition, two different phases or modes of RIS are proposed, namely energy sensing and energy steering mode. In the energy sensing mode, measurements are taken from EH elements to estimate energy arrival at the RIS. In the energy steering mode, incoming energy is steered toward the EH devices. The RIS elements are divided into several groups and each group will serve a user (EH device/user equipment (UE)) with a specific priority corresponding to the energy arrival at that group.
As mentioned above, the RIS provides an energy arrival at RIS report to the BS, which will be used by the BS to select an RIS with which to link the low energy EH device based on the EH device's frequency (or frequency range) of operation. An overall example mode of operation for a RIS is as follows.
Additionally, the RIS has the ability to reconfigure the operating frequency range of different elements, thus enabling energy sensing and energy steering at different frequencies.
There are two methods to assign a frequency range for different groups:
There can be different example cases based on the implementation. The simplest case would be to utilize different frequency panels while each panel having a fixed frequency, where frequency tuning will not be needed. Another example case is an implementation, where the frequency of the panels is reconfigured based on the frequency tuning method.
The RIS operates in two modes: an energy sensing mode and an energy steering mode.
In the case of different frequency panels 710(1) and 710(2), while each panel has a fixed frequency, a fixed measurement gap (i.e. configured by the network) can be used to enable incoming energy measurements. But in case the frequency of the panels is reconfigurable, the RIS 700 requires a separate measurement gap for each frequency (i.e. configured by the network) to identify and measure each frequency's incoming energy. During these measurements, the EH elements of the RIS 700 will stop energy harvesting and measure only the required frequency.
At 910, the UE (EH device) status is defined in terms of UE parameters, including location, priority, and frequency range.
At 920 and 930, the BS checks as to whether the UE is in RIS coverage; if not, the BS selects another RIS.
At 940, the BS checks as to whether the RIS has an unoccupied element group with sufficient energy arrival for UE priority and frequency; if not, the BS selects another RIS.
At 950, if an RIS element group is found, then the BS will configure the RIS to steer energy to the UE at the corresponding frequency.
At 1001, the RIS performs measurements and reports the energy arrival to gNB per group of elements if there is a change of energy status or, in some implementations, once per preconfigured period.
At 1002, if the EH device/UE has low energy continuously for a specified period of TP1 (which we assumed to be known at BS by means of periodic or trigger-based energy level reporting), a RIS will be selected and activated based on the RIS energy arrival report at the BS.
At 1003, the BS transmits a request to the RIS to approach the UE; in some implementations, the request includes UE location, priority, and frequency or frequency range.
At 1004, in the allocation check at RIS, the reconfigurable EH elements check the energy arrival at the reported frequency and determine if a passive element group can be allocated at that frequency. The allocation check follows one of two procedures based on the method of frequency tuning (i.e., maximum energy-based or network triggered). If success, then the procedure goes to 1005, otherwise the request is rejected.
At 1005, the RIS accepts the request. In some implementations, the RIS reports its energy arrival to the BS if there is a change in its energy status.
At 1006, the BS transmits a message to the RIS to begin the beam refinement procedure. Here, the beam along which the electromagnetic radiation is transmitted to the UE is selected; the UE will report the energy arrival along that beam to the BS. This beam refinement procedure is repeated until a desired energy status is achieved. If the beam refinement procedure fails to reach the target energy, the RIS will reject the request, and the BS will try another option, i.e. another RIS.
At 1007, the RIS steers electromagnetic radiation energy toward the UE.
At 1008, the UE periodically measures the energy arrival and sends a low energy arrival indication to the BS if the energy falls below a threshold.
At 1009, the BS increments a counter if a low energy arrival indication is received or if any energy report is not received at all. If the counter value is greater than a threshold L, then the BS may reconfigure another RIS for steering energy to the UE.
At 1010, the BS transmits a message to the RIS to release resources allocated for the UE.
At 1011, the RIS releases the allocated passive EH element group.
As stated above, the RIS allocation check at 1004 (
At 1110, the RIS receives a request from the BS, the request including location, priority, frequency/frequency range of a UE in the wireless network.
At 1120, the RIS checks whether there are free groups of passive EH elements capable of reflecting the electromagnetic radiation at the frequency or within the frequency range. If not, the RIS rejects the request 1130.
At 1140, the RIS checks whether the UE is reachable, i.e., whether the UE is within RIS coverage. If not, the RIS rejects the request 1130.
At 1150, the group of passive EH elements with maximum energy arrival of all free groups is allocated.
At 1210, the RIS receives a request from the BS, the request including location, priority, frequency/frequency range of a UE in the wireless network.
At 1220, the RIS checks whether there are free groups of passive EH elements capable of reflecting the electromagnetic radiation at the frequency or within the frequency range. If not, the RIS rejects the request 1230.
At 1240, the RIS checks whether the UE is reachable, i.e., whether the UE is within RIS coverage. If not, the RIS rejects the request 1230.
At 1250, the RIS measures the energy at the free groups of passive EH elements of the RIS at the UE frequency/frequency range.
At 1260, the RIS checks whether there is a free group of passive EH elements of the RIS with a sufficient energy level at the UE frequency/frequency range. If not, the RIS rejects the request 1230.
At 1270, the network-triggered group of passive EH elements is allocated.
At 1310, the BS transmits a message to the RIS, the message indicating that the RIS is to begin the beam refinement procedure 1300.
At 1320, the RIS, in response, begins the beam refinement procedure 1300 by selecting a first beam of the plurality of beams and adjusting phase shifts corresponding to that beam.
At 1330, the UE receives energy from that selected beam and reports an energy level to the BS.
At 1340, if the energy level is insufficient, the BS sends a NACK to the RIS.
At 1350, in response to the NACK, the RIS selects another beam of the plurality of beams and adjusts phase shifts corresponding to that beam.
At 1360, if the energy level is sufficient, the BS sends an ACK to the RIS and the beam refinement procedure 1300 is terminated.
Example 1-1:
Example 1-2: According to an example implementation of example 1-1, wherein the at least one request message is originated from one of: a network node of the radio network or the at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
Example 1-3: According to an example implementation of example 1-2, wherein at least one of the plurality of passive elements include an array of antennae operating over a plurality of frequency ranges having respective connections to at least one of: sensors, energy harvesting circuitry, switching circuitry, phase shifter circuitry, and a communication interface.
Example 1-4: According to an example implementation of examples 1-1 to 1-3, further includes causing to perform, based on the at least one request message, the sensing of the harvested electromagnetic radiation energy or the steering of the harvested electromagnetic radiation energy towards the at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network by processing circuitry of the at least one of the plurality of active elements.
Example 1-5: According to an example implementation of example 1-4, wherein causing the reconfigurable intelligent surface to sense the harvested energy includes one or a combination of measuring, by the sensors or the energy harvesting circuitry, a respective energy level of the harvested electromagnetic radiation over the at least one frequency range; and sending, by the communication interface to a network node in the radio network, a first report message indicating the respective energy level of the harvested electromagnetic radiation measured over the at least one frequency range.
Example 1-6: According to an example implementation of example 1-5, wherein steering the harvested electromagnetic radiation energy towards the at least one energy harvesting device in a radio network based on the at least one request message includes steering, by selecting at least one best beam, and transmitting the harvested energy over the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network, in response to the at least one request message and when the measured energy level of the harvested electromagnetic radiation over the at least one frequency range is greater than a threshold.
Example 1-7: According to an example implementation of example 1-6, wherein steering the one or more best beam toward an energy harvesting device includes electronically steering the harvested energy through phase shifting the passive elements; and transmitting the harvested energy through an antenna array.
Example 1-8: According to an example implementation of examples 1-6 to 1-7, further includes, in response to receiving the at least one request message, performing an allocation check operation to determine whether there is a group of passive elements of the reconfigurable intelligent surface that is available to be used to steer the harvested energy within the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 1-9: According to an example implementation of example 1-8, further includes determining the harvested energy over the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device from the group of passive elements that is able to be received by the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 1-10: According to an example implementation of examples 1-8 to 1-9, further includes, in response to determining that there is a group of passive elements of the reconfigurable intelligent surface available to be used to steer the harvested energy over the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device, allocating the group of passive elements of the reconfigurable intelligent surface for steering the harvested energy within the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device; adjusting phase shifts of the passive elements of the group of passive elements of the reconfigurable intelligent surface to produce a first beam of a plurality of beams of harvested energy for steering the electromagnetic radiation; and sending a second report message to the network node indicating that the request message is accepted.
Example 1-11: According to an example implementation of example 1-10, wherein the second report message further indicates a change in the respective level of energy of the harvested energy over the at least one frequency range.
Example 1-12: According to an example implementation of examples 1-5 to 1-11, further includes receiving, from the network node, a third message indicating that the reconfigurable intelligent surface release resources allocated for the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 1-13: According to an example implementation of examples 1-2 to 1-12, further includes performing a beam refinement operation to determine at least one beam of a plurality of beams for steering the harvested energy over the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 1-14: According to an example implementation of example 1-13, further includes adjusting phase shifts of a group of passive elements of the reconfigurable intelligent surface to form the at least one beam of the plurality of beams of the electromagnetic radiation and enable steering the harvested energy over the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 1-15: According to an example implementation of example 1-14, wherein the at least one beam of the plurality of beams of electromagnetic radiation is formed in response to receiving a second message from the network node indicating that the harvested energy received by the at least one energy harvesting device from the at least one beam is not sufficient.
Example 1-16: According to an example implementation of example 1-14, further includes sending, to the network node, a first indication message that the respective energy level of the electromagnetic radiation received from the first beam is less than a level threshold required by the at least one energy harvesting device; and receiving, from the network node, a second indication message that the respective energy level of the electromagnetic radiation received from the first beam being insufficient and more energy from a second beam should be steered toward the at least one energy harvesting device
Example 1-17: According to an example implementation of example 1-14, further includes receiving, from the network node, a release message indicating that at least one active element of the first reconfigurable intelligent surface to release resources allocated for the energy harvesting device.
Example 1-18: According to an example implementation of examples 1-1 to 1-17, wherein the passive elements on the reconfigurable intelligent surface are partitioned into multiple regions, each region configured to be controlled by at least one respective active element to sense, harvest and steer the electromagnetic radiation energy over a respective frequency range towards the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 1-19: According to an example implementation of example 1-18, wherein each of the multiple regions on the reconfigurable intelligent surface is configured to be independently and simultaneously controlled by the respective active elements to sense, harvest and steer harvested energy over a same frequency range or different frequency ranges towards the at least one energy harvesting device according to energy levels and available electromagnetic radiation frequency ranges.
Example 1-20: An apparatus includes means for performing a method of any of examples 1-1 to 1-19.
Example 1-21: A computer program product including a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and storing executable code that, when executed by at least one data processing apparatus, is configured to cause the at least one data processing apparatus to perform a method of any of examples 1-1 to 1-19.
Example 2-1:
Example 2-2: According to an example implementation of example 2-1, wherein the reconfigurable intelligent surface includes a plurality of passive elements which are controlled by the at least one active element of a plurality of active elements distributed among the plurality of passive elements, wherein the at least one request message causes the reconfigurable intelligent surface to perform at least one of sensing incident electromagnetic radiation harvested over the at least one frequency range by the passive elements; and steering the electromagnetic radiation within the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network.
Example 2-3: According to an example implementation of examples 2-1 and 2-2, wherein the request message is sent in response to receiving from the at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network, an indication that the at least one energy harvesting device has an energy level below a threshold for a specified period of time.
Example 2-4: According to an example implementation of example 2-3, wherein the steering of the electromagnetic radiation within the at least one frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device in the radio network is based on receiving, from the reconfigurable intelligent surface, a first report message indicating a respective level of energy of electromagnetic radiation harvested by the reconfigurable intelligent surface over the at least one frequency range being greater than a threshold.
Example 2-5: According to an example implementation of example 2-4, wherein the request message includes values of parameters including at least one of a location of the at least one energy harvesting device, priority level, and target frequency of the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 2-6: According to an example implementation of example 2-5, further includes receiving a reply message from the reconfigurable intelligent surface indicating that the at least one request message has been accepted.
Example 2-7: According to an example implementation of examples 2-3 to 2-6, wherein the at least one request message message instructs the reconfigurable intelligent surface to adjust phase shifts of a group of passive elements of the reconfigurable intelligent surface to form at least a first beam to enable steering the electromagnetic radiation within the frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 2-8: According to an example implementation of example 2-7, further includes receiving, from the at least one energy harvesting device, a first indication message that the respective energy level of the electromagnetic radiation received from the first beam is less than a level threshold required by the at least one energy harvesting device; and in response to the first indication message, sending, to the reconfigurable intelligent surface, a second indication message that the respective energy level of the electromagnetic radiation received from the first beam being insufficient and more energy from a second beam should be steered toward the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 2-9: According to an example implementation of examples 2-3 to 2-8, further includes receiving, from the at least one energy harvesting device, a low energy indication; in response to the low energy indication, incrementing a low energy retry counter; and in response to the low energy retry counter being greater than a threshold, sending, to a second reconfigurable intelligent surface, a second request message to steer the second electromagnetic radiation within the frequency range toward the at least one energy harvesting device.
Example 2-10: According to an example implementation of example 2-8, further includes sending, to the first reconfigurable intelligent surface, a release message indicating that at least one active element of the first reconfigurable intelligent surface to release resources allocated for the energy harvesting device.
Example 2-11: An apparatus includes means for performing a method of any of examples 2-1 to 2-10.
Example 2-12: A computer program product including a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and storing executable code that, when executed by at least one data processing apparatus, is configured to cause the at least one data processing apparatus to perform a method of any of examples 2-1 to 2-10.
Example 3-1:
Example 3-2: An apparatus includes means for performing a method of example 3-1.
Example 3-3: computer program product including a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and storing executable code that, when executed by at least one data processing apparatus, is configured to cause the at least one data processing apparatus to perform a method of example 3-1.
List of example abbreviations:
Processor 1704 may also make decisions or determinations, generate slots, subframes, packets or messages for transmission, decode received slots, subframes, packets or messages for further processing, and other tasks or functions described herein. Processor 1704, which may be a baseband processor, for example, may generate messages, packets, frames or other signals for transmission via wireless transceiver 1702 (1702A or 1702B). Processor 1704 may control transmission of signals or messages over a wireless network, and may control the reception of signals or messages, etc., via a wireless network (e.g., after being down-converted by wireless transceiver 1702, for example). Processor 1704 may be programmable and capable of executing software or other instructions stored in memory or on other computer media to perform the various tasks and functions described above, such as one or more of the tasks or methods described above. Processor 1704 may be (or may include), for example, hardware, programmable logic, a programmable processor that executes software or firmware, and/or any combination of these. Using other terminology, processor 1704 and transceiver 1702 (1702A or 1702B) together may be considered as a wireless transmitter/receiver system, for example.
In addition, referring to
In addition, a storage medium may be provided that includes stored instructions, which when executed by a controller or processor may result in the processor 604, or other controller or processor, performing one or more of the functions or tasks described above.
According to another example implementation, RF or wireless transceiver(s) 1702A/1702B may receive signals or data and/or transmit or send signals or data. Processor 1704 (and possibly transceivers 1702A/1702B) may control the RF or wireless transceiver 1702A or 1702B to receive, send, broadcast or transmit signals or data.
The embodiments are not, however, restricted to the system that is given as an example, but a person skilled in the art may apply the solution to other communication systems. Another example of a suitable communications system is the 5G concept. It is assumed that network architecture in 5G will be quite similar to that of the LTE-advanced. 5G uses multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) antennas, many more base stations or nodes than the LTE (a so-called small cell concept), including macro sites operating in co-operation with smaller stations and perhaps also employing a variety of radio technologies for better coverage and enhanced data rates.
It should be appreciated that future networks will most probably utilise network functions virtualization (NFV) which is a network architecture concept that proposes virtualizing network node functions into “building blocks” or entities that may be operationally connected or linked together to provide services. A virtualized network function (VNF) may include one or more virtual machines running computer program codes using standard or general type servers instead of customized hardware. Cloud computing or data storage may also be utilized. In radio communications this may mean node operations may be carried out, at least partly, in a server, host or node operationally coupled to a remote radio head. It is also possible that node operations will be distributed among a plurality of servers, nodes or hosts. It should also be understood that the distribution of labour between core network operations and base station operations may differ from that of the LTE or even be non-existent.
Implementations of the various techniques described herein may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Implementations may be implemented as a computer program product, i.e., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of, a data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. Implementations may also be provided on a computer readable medium or computer readable storage medium, which may be a non-transitory medium. Implementations of the various techniques may also include implementations provided via transitory signals or media, and/or programs and/or software implementations that are downloadable via the Internet or other network(s), either wired networks and/or wireless networks. In addition, implementations may be provided via machine type communications (MTC), and also via an Internet of Things (IOT).
The computer program may be in source code form, object code form, or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored in some sort of carrier, distribution medium, or computer readable medium, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. Such carriers include a record medium, computer memory, read-only memory, photoelectrical and/or electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package, for example. Depending on the processing power needed, the computer program may be executed in a single electronic digital computer or it may be distributed amongst a number of computers.
Furthermore, implementations of the various techniques described herein may use a cyber-physical system (CPS) (a system of collaborating computational elements controlling physical entities). CPS may enable the implementation and exploitation of massive amounts of interconnected ICT devices (sensors, actuators, processors microcontrollers, . . . ) embedded in physical objects at different locations. Mobile cyber physical systems, in which the physical system in question has inherent mobility, are a subcategory of cyber-physical systems. Examples of mobile physical systems include mobile robotics and electronics transported by humans or animals. The rise in popularity of smartphones has increased interest in the area of mobile cyber-physical systems. Therefore, various implementations of techniques described herein may be provided via one or more of these technologies.
A computer program, such as the computer program(s) described above, can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit or part of it suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
Method steps may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing a computer program or computer program portions to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. Method steps also may be performed by, and an apparatus may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).
Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer, chip or chipset. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. Elements of a computer may include at least one processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer also may include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.
To provide for interaction with a user, implementations may be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a user interface, such as a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.
Implementations may be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation, or any combination of such back-end, middleware, or front-end components. Components may be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN) and a wide area network (WAN), e.g., the Internet.
While certain features of the described implementations have been illustrated as described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes and equivalents will now occur to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall as intended in the various embodiments.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2216686.2 | Nov 2022 | GB | national |
