Patent Application
20240090512
The present invention is in the field of agricultural compositions, and specifically to formulations for delivery of agriculturally active agents, such as gene silencing polynucleotides.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a gene regulation mechanism also known as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants. This mechanism is sequence-specific due to its dependency on double strand RNA (dsRNA) precursors to trigger the process. In plants, RNase III-like enzyme, Dicer-like (DCL) protein, processes dsRNA into 21-24 base pair (bp) short interfering RNA (siRNA) which guide transcript recognition and degradation downstream. Unlike in mammalian cells, DCL protein preferably processes long dsRNA precursors followed by an apparent siRNA mobility between plant cells via plasmodesmata, hence, RNAi is attributed as potentially successful in applying systemic resistance to plant viruses. In order to utilize RNAi, dsRNA needs to enter cells' cytoplasm via a delivery pathway. Foliar application of naked dsRNA dangers its stability and results in a short silencing period, while standard delivery methods (e.g., Agrobacterium and/or DNA vectors) hold limitations of their own, for example, suppression of off-target genes.
The viral grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is a non-limiting example for the need of agriculturally acceptable compositions useful for delivery of gene silencing polynucleotides. The wine industry in both ancient and modern times depends greatly on healthy vines and fine grapes. In recent decades, GLD pose a major threat on wine production around the globe by reducing crop yield and hampering berry quality indices such as cluster size, pH, sugar level and color, thus leading to major economic impact. Among various viruses associated with GLD, grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is the most prevalent and severe strain inducing strong symptoms of the disease as well as decreasing plant vigor and longevity. In New Zealand, GLRaV-3 strongly delays the onset of ripening for Sauvignon blanc berries and reduces their titratable acidity. In Benton Harbor, Michigan, USA, yield per vine along with soluble solids content were damaged in infected Cabernet Franc cultivar in comparison to healthy vines. GLRaV-3 belongs to Ampelovirus genus and consists of helical monopartite, positive sense, single stranded RNA genome nearly 18.5 kb in size. It contains 12 open reading frames coding for replication and structure related proteins such as RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and coat protein (CP), respectively, among other essential proteins. Despite practical strategies implemented for managing GLD manifested by documenting, mapping and uprooting infected vines through control of mealybug vector and up to provision of certified planting material, most of them were not effective considering the challenges in controlling virus transmission and distribution.
There is still a great need for new technological approaches in order to deliver polynucleotides (e.g., gene silencing polynucleotides) in an agriculturally acceptable form.
In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a delivery platform for long dsRNA based on a polycationic nanoparticle (NP).
The present invention is based, in part, on the findings that dsRNA-PEI NPs described herein achieved knockdown of a pathogenic agent (e.g., GLRaV-3) in consecutive field experiment following foliar administration.
The present invention is also based, in part, on the findings that synthesis of the NPs described herein is facile, rapid, and scalable resulting in stable NPs in ambient conditions.
The present invention is also based, in part, on the findings that the NPs provided herein present a passive delivery through leaves (e.g., grapevine leaves) transportation system alongside sequence protection from nuclease degradation.
Therefore, the present invention, in some embodiments, discloses a delivery platform for long dsRNA based on lipid-modified Polyethylenimine (lmPEI) NPs for efficient systemic treatment of viral infections, including but not limited to GLD induced by GLRaV-3.
According to a first aspect, there is provided a nanoparticle comprising: (a) an amphiphilic co-polymer comprising an ionizable polymer covalently bound to a hydrophobic domain; and (b) a polynucleotide comprising 60 to 500 nucleobases; wherein the ionizable polymer comprises an amine group; wherein a nitrogen to phosphate (N:P) molar ratio within the nanoparticle ranges from 2:1 to 7:1, wherein the polynucleotide is non-covalently bound to the ionizable polymer, and wherein the hydrophobic domain comprises an alkyl chain having a length sufficient to stabilize the nanoparticle in an aqueous solution for a time period of at least 1 hour.
According to another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising a plurality of nanoparticles disclosed herein, and an agriculturally acceptable carrier.
According to another aspect, there is provided a method for introducing a polynucleotide to a plant, the method comprising contacting the plant or a part thereof with a therapeutically effective amount of: (a) the nanoparticle disclosed herein; or (b) the composition disclosed herein, thereby introducing a polynucleotide to the plant.
According to another aspect, there is provided a method for preventing or treating a viral infectious disease in a plant, the method comprising contacting the plant or a part thereof with a therapeutically effective amount of: (a) the nanoparticle disclosed herein; or (b) the composition disclosed herein, thereby preventing or treating a viral infectious disease in the plant.
In some embodiments, the alkyl chain comprises between 10 and 14 carbon atoms.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle has a particle size between 100 nm and 500 nm.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle has a particle size between 150 nm and 350 nm.
In some embodiments, the amine group is any one of a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, a tertiary amine group, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer is polyethyleneimine (PEI).
In some embodiments, the PEI comprises a branched PEI.
In some embodiments, the branched PEI comprises a branched alkylated PEI.
In some embodiments, the branched alkylated PEI comprises an alkyl chain of 12 carbon atoms at most.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle further comprises a biologically active agent.
In some embodiments, non-covalently bound is electrostatically bound.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises 100 to 350 nucleobases.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a plurality of polynucleotide types.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises RNA.
In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a double stranded RNA (dsRNA).
In some embodiments, the RNA comprises at least 70% complementarity to any one of: (i) at least one RNA molecule derived from a pathogen; and (ii) at least one RNA molecule derived from a plant cell.
In some embodiments, the pathogen is a plant pathogen.
In some embodiments, the pathogen is a virus.
In some embodiments, the plurality of nanoparticles is characterized by a polydispersity index (PDI) ranging from 1 to 1.5.
In some embodiments, the plurality of nanoparticles is characterized by a mean Zeta potential ranging from −5 mV to 40 mV.
In some embodiments, the carrier is selected from the group consisting of: a solvent, a surfactant, a dispersant, a sticking agent, a spreading agent, a synergist, a penetrant, a compatibility agent, a buffer, a defoaming agent, a thickener, a drift retardant, and any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for administration by spraying, drenching, dipping, soaking, injecting, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the viral infectious disease comprises grapevine leafroll disease (GLD).
In some embodiments, the viral disease is induced by a virus belonging to the genus Ampelovirus.
In some embodiments, the viral disease is induced by a virus selected from the group consisting of grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaV).
In some embodiments, the viral disease is induced by the virus GLRaV-3.
In some embodiments, the treating comprises reducing a titer of a virus inducing the viral infectious disease in the plant or a part thereof.
In some embodiments, the treating comprises reducing any one of: number of curled leaves of the plant, rate of downward curling or cupping of leaves of the plant, and a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the contacting comprises spraying, drenching, dipping, soaking, injecting, or any combination thereof, the plant or the part thereof.
In some embodiments, the plant part comprises foliage of the plant.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and/or scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of the invention, exemplary methods and/or materials are described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting.
Further embodiments and the full scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
According to some embodiments, there is provided a nanoparticle comprising an amphiphilic co-polymer. In some embodiments, the amphiphilic co-polymer comprises an ionizable polymer covalently bound to a hydrophobic domain. In some embodiments, the amphiphilic co-polymer is or comprises a graft-copolymer. In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer comprises an amine group.
In some embodiments, the length of the hydrophobic domain of the amphiphilic co-polymer substantially predetermines a size of the nanoparticle of the invention, wherein the size is as described herein. In some embodiments, a weight ratio between the hydrophobic domain and the ionizable polymer predetermines the size, polynucleotide loading and/or stability of the nanoparticle of the invention. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic domain has a length sufficient to stabilize the nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic domain of the amphiphilic co-polymer has a length sufficient so as to result in a stable nanoparticle. In some embodiments, a stable nanoparticle is referred to a physical or chemical stability of the nanoparticle of the invention. In some embodiments, a stable nanoparticle is substantially devoid of disintegration. In some embodiments, a stable nanoparticle is substantially devoid of polynucleotide leakage therefrom. In some embodiments, a stable nanoparticle is substantially devoid of disintegration in a solution (e.g., an aqueous solution). In some embodiments, a stable nanoparticle is substantially devoid of aggregation.
In some embodiments, a nanoparticle of the invention is referred to as stable, when at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, by weight of the particles retain at least 90% of the particle size, including any range therebetween. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle of the invention is referred to as stable, when at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, by weight of the particles remain at least 90% of the particle size within a solution (e.g., an aqueous solution) for a time period of at least 1 h, at least 3 h, at least 5 h, at least 10 h, at least 24 h, at least 2 d, at least 10 d, at least 20 d, at least 1 m, at least 6 m, at least 1 year, including any value and range therebetween. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, a nanoparticle of the invention is referred to as stable, when at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, by weight of the particles retain at least 80% of the initial polynucleotide content.
In some embodiments, a nanoparticle of the invention is referred to as stable, when at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, by weight of the nanoparticles stably encapsulate the polynucleotide therewithin.
In some embodiments, the hydrophobic domain comprises an alkyl group (branched or linear). In some embodiments, the alkyl group is an alkyl chain comprising between 10 and 27, between 10 and 12, between 12 and 13, between 13 and 14, between 14 and 15, between 15 and 16, between 16 and 17, between 17 and 19, between 10 and 20, between 12 and 25, between 15 and 22, between 17 and 24, between 19 and 25, or between 25 and 27 carbon atoms, including any range between. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
A skilled artisan will appreciate that the exact number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain (or alkyl group) may vary, depending on the chemical composition and molecular weight of the ionizable polymer.
In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer comprises a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, a tertiary amine group, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer is capable of undergoing ionization (positive ionization) within a solution having a pH value below the pKa value of the amine group of the ionizable polymer. In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer is capable of undergoing protonation within a solution having a pH value below the pKa value of the amine group of the ionizable polymer. In some embodiments, at least 50% by weight of the ionizable polymer is positively charged (or protonated) within a solution having a pH value below the pKa value of the amine group of the ionizable polymer. In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer is a polycationic polymer. In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer undergoes multiple protonation within a solution, wherein the solution is as described herein.
In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer comprises a polycation. In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer comprises a polyamine. In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer comprises any one of a polylysine, a polyarginine, a polyhistidine, chitosan, and polyethyleneimine (PEI) or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the ionizable polymer comprises polyethyleneimine (PEI).
In some embodiments, the PEI comprises a linear PEI. In some embodiments, the PEI comprises a branched PEI. In some embodiments, the PEI comprises a conjugated PEI. In some embodiments, the PEI comprises branched and alkylated PEI. In some embodiments, the branched alkylated PEI is prepared from a branched PEI having a number average molar mass (Mn) of about 600 g/mol (PEI600).
In some embodiments, the amphiphilic co-polymer of the invention comprises a branched alkylated PEI. In some embodiments, the branched alkylated PEI comprises an alkyl chain having between 12 and 16 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the branched alkylated PEI comprises an alkyl chain having 14 carbon atoms at most. In some embodiments, there is provided a nanoparticle comprising a branched conjugated PEI600.
In some embodiments, PEI comprises or is a lipid-modified PEI (lmPEI).
The terms “PEI” and “lmPEI” are used herein interchangeably.
As used herein, the term “polymer” refers to molecule comprising at least 5 repeating units (or monomers), wherein the repeating units maybe the same or different (e.g. same or different amino acids).
In some embodiments, the branched alkylated PEI comprises an alkyl chain of 14 carbon atoms at most, 13 carbon atoms at most, 12 carbon atoms at most, 11 carbon atoms at most, 10 carbon atoms at most, 9 carbon atoms at most, 8 carbon atoms at most, 7 carbon atoms at most, 6 carbon atoms at most, 5 carbon atoms at most, 4 carbon atoms at most, 3 carbon atoms at most, or 2 carbon atoms at most, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the alkyl chain is covalently bound to PEI. In some embodiments, the alkyl chain is covalently bound to PEI via a C—N bond. In some embodiments, the alkyl chain is covalently bound to PEI via an amide bond. In some embodiments, the alkyl chain is covalently bound to a nitrogen atom of PEI. In some embodiments, the alkyl chain is covalently bound to an amino group of PEI. In some embodiments, the alkyl chain is covalently bound to an amino group of PEI, wherein the amino group comprises a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the alkyl chain is covalently bound to a primary amine, a secondary amine or both. In some embodiments, the alkyl chain comprises a hydroxy substituent.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of the amines within the PEI are substituted (or covalently bound) to the alkyl chain, wherein the alkyl chain is as described herein.
In some embodiments, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 70%, at least 90%, at least 95% including any range therebetween, of amino groups are alkyl substituted, wherein the amino groups comprise a primary amine, a secondary amine, a tertiary amine or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the alkylated PEI is synthesized by reacting a non-substituted (or pristine) PEI with an alkyl bearing a reactive group, wherein the reactive group is capable of undergoing a reaction (such as a nucleophilic addition or a nucleophilic substitution reaction) with an amino group of PEI. In some embodiments, the reactive group comprises any of epoxy, halo, carboxy, ester, an activated ester (such as NHS-ester) or any combination thereof. Other reactive groups capable of reacting with an amino group of PEI so as to form a stable covalent bond are well known in the art.
As used herein, “alkyl” or “alkylated” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 14 carbon atoms (“C1-14 alkyl”). In some embodiments, “alkyl” or “alkylated” refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 28 carbon atoms (“C1-28 alkyl”). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has C5-26 alkyl, C6-27 alkyl, C7-19 alkyl, C8-24 alkyl, C9-22 alkyl, C10-26 alkyl, C11-27 alkyl, C12-26 alkyl, C13-25 alkyl, C14-23 alkyl, C15-20 alkyl, C1-23 alkyl, C1-21 alkyl, C1-19 alkyl, C1-17 alkyl, C1-16 alkyl, C1-15 alkyl, C1-13 alkyl, C1-9 alkyl, C1-8 alkyl, C1-7 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl, or C1-2 alkyl. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the alkyl chain consists of 14 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises an alkyl chain consisting of 14 carbons.
In some embodiments, a molar ratio between alkylated amines and non-alkylated amines within the alkylated PEI is between 100:1 to 1:3, between 100:1 to 90:1, between 90:1 to 80:1, between 80:1 to 70:1, between 70:1 to 60:1, between 60:1 to 40:1, between 40:1 to 20:1, between 20:1 to 10:1, between 10:1 to 5:1, between 5:1 to 3:1, between 3:1 to 1:1, between 1:1 to 1:3, between 1:1 to 1:2, between 1:2 to 1:3, including any value therebetween.
In some embodiments, a molar ratio between the alkyl chain and a non-modified PEI within the alkylated PEI is between 50:1 and 1:10, between 50:1 and 40:1, between 40:1 and 30:1, between 30:1 and 20:1, between 20:1 and 15:1, between 15:1 and 10:1, between 10:1 and 8:1, between 8:1 and 5:1, between 5:1 and 4:1, between 4:1 and 3:1, between 3:1 and 2:1, between 2:1 and 1:1, between 1:1 and 1:2, between 1:2 and 1:3, between 1:3 and 1:4, between 1:4 and 1:5, between 1:5 and 1:7, between 1:7 and 1:10, including any value therebetween.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticles comprises nitrogen to phosphate (N:P) molar ratio ranging from 1:1 to 9:1, 1:1 to 8:1, 1:1 to 7:1, 1:1 to 6:1, 1:1 to 5:1, 1:1 to 4:1, 1:1 to 3:1, 1:1 to 2:1, 1:1 to 15:1, 1:1 to 13:1, 1:1 to 12:1, or 1:1 to 10:1. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle of the invention is devoid of a sterol. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle of the invention does not comprise a sterol. In some embodiments, a sterol is or comprises cholesterol.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle has a particle size between 100 nm and 500 nm, 150 nm and 500 nm, 200 nm and 475 nm, 150 nm and 350 nm, 175 nm and 400 nm, or 200 nm and 390 nm. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle has a particle size between 100 nm and 300 nm.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle has a particle size of at least 100 nm, at least 150 nm, at least 200 nm, at least 250 nm, at least 300 nm, at least 350 nm, at least 400 nm, at least 450 nm, at least 475 nm, or at least 500 nm. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle has a particle size of 100 nm at most, 150 nm at most, 200 nm at most, 250 nm at most, 300 nm at most, 350 nm at most, 400 nm at most, 450 nm at most, 475 nm at most, or 500 nm at most. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, “particle size” comprises a diameter of the particle. In some embodiments, a diameter comprises an average diameter of a population of nanoparticles.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle is a polycationic nanoparticle.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a single lamella. In some embodiments, the particle comprises a plurality of lamellae. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle is a unilamellar or a multilamellar nanoparticle.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is bound to the nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is bound to a plurality of lamellae of the multilamellar nanoparticle. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is bound to at least 2 lamellae of a multilamellar nanoparticle. In some embodiments, bound is via an electrostatic interaction. In some embodiments, bond is electrostatically bound.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is bound to a plurality of lamellae so as to form a plurality of inner domains within the particle. In some embodiments, the plurality of lamellae are bound to the polynucleotide so that a distance between the adjacent lamellae ranges from 1 to 20 nm, from 1 to 5 nm, from 5 to 7 nm, from 7 to 9 nm, from 9 to 15 nm, from 15 to 20 nm, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is bound to a plurality of lamellae so as to form a polyplex, wherein the polyplex is as described herein. In some embodiments, the distance between the adjacent inner domains (or polyplexes) within the particle ranges from 1 to 20 nm, from 1 to 5 nm, from 5 to 7 nm, from 7 to 9 nm, from 9 to 15 nm, from 15 to 20 nm, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is layered on top or in between lipids of the nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is covered or wrapped by lipids of the nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the lipids of the nanoparticle cover or wrap the polynucleotide in a spiral shape.
In some embodiments, the distance between the adjacent inner domains (or polyplexes) within the particle is between 5 and 9 nm including any range therebetween.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises 60 to 500 nucleobases, 60 to 450 nucleobases, 60 to 400 nucleobases, 60 to 350 nucleobases, 60 to 250 nucleobases, 90 to 500 nucleobases, 90 to 375 nucleobases, 100 to 500 nucleobases, 100 to 350 nucleobases, or 150 to 450 nucleobases. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of 100 to 350 nucleobases.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises at least 60 nucleobases, at least 100 nucleobases, at least 200 nucleobases, at least 250 nucleobases, at least 300 nucleobases, at least 350 nucleobases, at least 400 nucleobases, at least 450 nucleobases, at least 475 nucleobases, or at least 500 nucleobases. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises 70 nucleobases at most, 100 nucleobases at most, 200 nucleobases at most, 250 nucleobases at most, 300 nucleobases at most, 375 nucleobases at most, 425 nucleobases at most, 475 nucleobases at most, 500 nucleobases at most, 750 nucleobases at most, 1,000 nucleobases at most, 1,250 nucleobases at most, 1,750 nucleobases at most, or 2,500 nucleobases at most. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises a plurality of polynucleotide types. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises a plurality of polynucleotide types. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a plurality of nanoparticle types, each type of nanoparticle comprises a specific polynucleotide.
In some embodiments, a specific polynucleotide comprises a plurality of polynucleotide molecules harboring the same or an identical nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, a specific polynucleotide comprises a plurality of polynucleotide molecules harboring essentially the same nucleic acid sequence.
As used herein, the term “plurality” encompasses any integer equal to or greater than 2. In some embodiments, a plurality comprises at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, or at least 10, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
As used herein, the term “polynucleotide types” refers to a plurality of polynucleotides each of which comprises a nucleic acid sequence differing from any one of the other polynucleotides of the plurality of polynucleotides by at least 1 nucleobase, at least 1 nucleobase, at least 1 nucleobase, at least 1 nucleobase, at least 1 nucleobase, or at least 10 nucleobases, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises RNA, DNA, a synthetic analog of RNA, a synthetic analog of DNA, DNA/RNA hybrid, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle of the invention comprises a polynucleotide selected from: RNA, DNA, a synthetic analog of RNA, a synthetic analog of DNA, DNA/RNA hybrid, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises or consists of RNA.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises an inhibitory nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises an antisense oligonucleotide.
As used herein, an “antisense oligonucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is reversed and complementary to a DNA or RNA sequence.
As referred to herein, a “reversed and complementary nucleic acid sequence” is a nucleic acid sequence capable of hybridizing with another nucleic acid sequence comprised of complementary nucleotide bases. By “hybridize” is meant pair to form a double-stranded molecule between complementary nucleotide bases (e.g., adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine (T) (or uracil (U) in the case of RNA), and guanine (G) forms a base pair with cytosine (C)) under suitable conditions of stringency. (See, e.g., Wahl, G. M. and S. L. Berger (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:399; Kimmel, A. R. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:507). For the purposes of the present methods, the inhibitory nucleic acid need not be complementary to the entire sequence, only enough of it to provide specific inhibition; for example, in some embodiments the sequence is 100% complementary to at least nucleotides (nts) 2-7 or 2-8 at the 5′ end of the microRNA itself (e.g., the ‘seed sequence’), e.g., nts 2-7 or 20.
In some embodiments of the inhibitory nucleic acid has one or more chemical modifications to the backbone or side chains. In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid has at least one locked nucleotide, and/or has a phosphorothioate backbone.
Non-limiting examples of inhibitory nucleic acids useful according to the herein disclosed invention include, but are not limited to: antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, modified bases/locked nucleic acids (LNAs), antagomirs, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), and other oligomeric compounds or oligonucleotide mimetics which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acids include antisense RNA, antisense DNA, chimeric antisense oligonucleotides, antisense oligonucleotides comprising modified linkages, interference RNA (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA); a micro, interfering RNA (miRNA); a small, temporal RNA (stRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induced gene activation (RNAa); small activating RNAs (saRNAs), or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid is an RNA interfering molecule (RNAi). In some embodiments, the RNAi is or comprises double stranded RNA (dsRNA).
As used herein “an interfering RNA” refers to any double stranded or single stranded RNA sequence, capable—either directly or indirectly (i.e., upon conversion)—of inhibiting or down regulating gene expression by mediating RNA interference. Interfering RNA includes but is not limited to small interfering RNA (“siRNA”) and small hairpin RNA (“shRNA”). “RNA interference” refers to the selective degradation of a sequence-compatible messenger RNA transcript.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is chemically modified. In some embodiments, the chemical modification is a modification of a backbone of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the chemical modification is a modification of a sugar of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the chemical modification is a modification of a nucleobase of the polynucleotide. In some embodiments, the chemical modification increases stability of the polynucleotide in a cell. In some embodiments, the chemical modification increases stability of the polynucleotide in vivo. In some embodiments, the chemical modification increases the stability of the polynucleotide in vitro, such as, in the open air, field, on a surface exposed to air, etc. In some embodiments, the chemical modification increases the polynucleotide's ability to induce silencing of a target gene or sequence, including, but not limited to an RNA molecule derived from a pathogen or an RNA derived from a plant cell, as described herein. In some embodiments, the chemical modification is selected from: a phosphate-ribose backbone, a phosphate-deoxyribose backbone, a phosphorothioate-deoxyribose backbone, a 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate backbone, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino backbone, a peptide nucleic acid backbone, a 2-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate backbone, a constrained ethyl backbone, an alternating locked nucleic acid backbone, a phosphorothioate backbone, N3′-P5′ phosphoroamidates, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-β-d-arabino nucleic acid, cyclohexene nucleic acid backbone nucleic acid, tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA) nucleic acid backbone, ligand-conjugated antisense, and a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the RNA comprises at least 70% complementarity, at least 80% complementarity, at least 90% complementarity, at least 95% complementarity, at least 97% complementarity, at least 99% complementarity, or is 100% complementary to at least one RNA molecule derived from a pathogen, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility presents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises 70-95% complementarity, 80-100% complementarity, or 75-99% complementarity to at least one RNA molecule derived from a pathogen. Each possibility presents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the RNA is complementary to any location along a target sequence. In some embodiments, the RNA is complementary to a 3′ end of a target sequence. In some embodiments, the RNA is complementary to a sequence within the 3′ untranslated region of a target sequence. In some embodiments, the target sequence is a gene or a transcript thereof. In some embodiments, a transcript comprises a pre-mRNA, a mature mRNA, an alternatively spliced mRNA, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the RNA comprises at least 70% complementarity, at least 80% complementarity, at least 90% complementarity, at least 95% complementarity, at least 97% complementarity, at least 99% complementarity, or is 100% complementary to at least one at least one RNA molecule derived from a plant cell, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility presents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises 70-95% complementarity, 80-100% complementarity, or 75-99% complementarity to at least one at least one RNA molecule derived from a plant cell. Each possibility presents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle comprises or is a polyplex. In some embodiments, the polyplex comprises a polynucleotide in contact with or bound to the amphiphilic copolymer. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is bound to the amphiphilic copolymer via a non-covalent bond. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is bound to the amphiphilic copolymer via an electrostatic interaction.
In some embodiments, the nanoparticle of the invention further comprises a biologically active agent.
As used herein, the term “biologically active agent” refers to any compound capable of eliciting a direct physiological response in a cell or an organism.
In some embodiments, a biologically active agent is an antibiotic compound. In some embodiments, a biologically active agent is anti-fungal compound.
In some embodiments, a w/w ratio of the biologically active agent within the nanoparticle is between 0.1 and 20%, between 0.1 and 1%, between 1 and 5%, between 5 and 10%, or between 10 and 20%, including any range between. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, a w/w ratio of the biologically active agent and the polynucleotide within the nanoparticle is between 0.1 and 20%, between 0.1 and 1%, between 1 and 5%, between 5 and 10%, or between 10 and 20%, including any range between. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
According to some embodiments, there is provided a composition comprising the nanoparticle of the invention, and an agriculturally acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention comprises a plurality of nanoparticles.
In some embodiments, the composition of the invention comprises a plurality of nanoparticles of the invention and an agriculturally acceptable carrier.
In some embodiments, there is provided an agricultural composition comprising the nanoparticle of the invention and an acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, there is provided an agricultural composition comprising an agriculturally effective amount of the nanoparticles of the invention. In some embodiments, there is provided an agricultural composition comprising an agriculturally effective amount of the polynucleotide of the invention. In some embodiments, agriculturally effective amount comprises therapeutically effective amount. In some embodiments, therapeutically effective amount is directed to an agricultured organism or crop. In some embodiments, the sensitive organism or crop comprises a plant.
In some embodiments, the carrier is an agriculturally acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, an agriculturally acceptable carrier comprises an environmentally acceptable carrier. Such carriers can be any material that an animal, a plant or the environment to be treated can tolerate. In some embodiments, the carrier comprises any material, which can be added to the particle of the invention, or a composition comprising same, without causing or having an adverse effect on the environment, or any species or an organism other than the pathogen. Furthermore, the carrier must be such that the nanoparticle or composition comprising same, remains effective for introducing a polynucleotide to a plant and/or preventing or treating a viral infectious disease in a plant.
In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable carrier is selected from a group of: a solvent, a surfactant, a dispersant, a sticking agent, a spreading agent, a synergist, a penetrant, a compatibility agent, a buffer, a defoaming agent, a thickener, a drift retardant, or any combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the agriculturally acceptable carrier is or comprises a surfactant.
In some embodiments, the w/w concentration of the agriculturally acceptable carrier within the composition is between 0.1 and 99%, between 0.1 and 1%, between 1 and 10%, between 10 and 20%, between 20 and 30%, between 30 and 50%, between 50 and 60%, between 60 and 80%, or between 80 and 90%, including any range between. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the carrier is a liquid carrier. In some embodiments, the carrier is configured to spraying and/or aerosol applications.
In some embodiments, any one of the nanoparticles of the invention, or a composition comprising same is characterized by having a mean Zeta potential ranging from 1 mV to 10 mV, 1 mV to 20 mV, 1 mV to 30 mV, 1 mV to 40 mV, 5 mV to 25 mV, or 5 mV to 35 mV. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the plurality of nanoparticles of the invention is characterized by a polydispersity index (PDI) between 1 and 1.5, including any value and range therebetween. In some embodiments, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the plurality of nanoparticles within the composition of the invention is devoid of particles having a particle size of less than 100 nm, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% of the plurality of nanoparticles is devoid of particles having a particle size of greater than 500 nm, or any value and range therebetween. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for administration by spraying. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for administration as a spray or an aerosol. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for administration by spraying, drenching, dipping, soaking, or injecting.
According to some embodiments, there is provided a method for introducing a polynucleotide to a plant.
In some embodiments, the method utilizes a nanoparticle as disclosed herein, or a composition comprising same.
Agricultural pests cause major yield and economic losses worldwide. Pests can develop resistance to chemical pesticides and breeding strategies faster than can be engineered for, hence there is an urgent need for alternatives in pest management strategies.
Development of RNAi biopesticides delivered by a nanoparticle carrier, which in turn is up-taken and delivered to the pest by the plant, could give an alternative to broad-spectrum chemical-based control measures for pests and pathogens, which would instead be targeted accurately and specifically with minimal off-target effects. Rapidly changing pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses, could be quickly characterized, sequenced, and included in an RNAi biopesticide—a clear advantage over standard pest control practices today which take a few years to breed resistance or engineer chemical protections for.
According to some embodiments, the herein disclosed nanoparticle and method of using same, are directed to pathogen or pest control. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a plant pathogen. According to some embodiments, there is provided a method for preventing or treating a viral infectious disease in a plant.
Non-limiting examples of pests include but are not limited to, insects, mites, ticks (and other arthropods), mice, rats, and other rodents, slugs, snails, nematodes, cestodes (and other parasites), weeds, fungi, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens.
In some embodiments, the pathogen is selected from: a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan (such as but not limited to zoosporic protozoa), a nematode, or an arthropod.
As used herein, the term “pathogen” and “pest” are interchangeable.
In some embodiments, the pathogen is a virus. In some embodiments, the pathogen is an arthropod. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a nematode. In some embodiments, the pathogen is a protozoan. In some embodiments, the virus is transmitted via any one of: arthropod, a nematode, a protozoan.
In some embodiments, the arthropod comprises an insect or an arachnid, including any developmental stage thereof, e.g., larvae, nymph, etc.
In some embodiments, the virus comprises a virus being transmitted by the obscure or tubber mealybug (e.g., Pseudococcus viburni)
Plant pathogens and/or pest are common and would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In some embodiments, the virus comprises a genome comprising DNA, RNA, or a hybrid thereof. In some embodiments, the virus comprises a single stranded genome (e.g., the genomic matter, is made of a single stranded nucleic acid molecule). In some embodiments, the virus comprises a double stranded genome (e.g., the genomic matter, is made of two antiparallel nucleic acid molecules hybridized to one another).
In some embodiments, the virus belongs to the genus Ampelovirus.
Postharvest handling and control of fruit have become critical in reducing supply chain waste, increasing fruit quality, farming profitability, and overall fruit availability during any given time. The technology of RNAi targeting via a nanoparticle carrier can be used for the metabolic control of plant genes in order to improve the value of agricultural food crops.
According to some embodiments, the herein disclosed nanoparticle and method of using same, are directed to plant metabolic control.
One example of the issues in the postharvest arena is banana browning, which occurs due to chilling injury and physical stress and is responsible for a significant decrease in its commercial value. Browning occurs mainly due to increased production of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzymes. RNAi induced silencing of the genes responsible for PPO and PAL enzymes could ensure a safety net of sorts throughout the supply chain. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle of the invention comprises an RNA polynucleotide comprising at least 70% complementarity to an RNA molecule encoding PPO, PAL, or a combination thereof, derived from a plant cell. Another area of interest in postharvest control of fruit is in tomato ripening and storage fitness. Lycopene has been shown to rapidly accumulate with a significant correlation to red color values and tomato firmness. Lycopene is produced from terpenoid precursors and is constantly broken down into β-carotene by lycopene cyclase. Before ripening, lycopene cyclase inhibits lycopene accumulation, hence the tomato stays green. As lycopene cyclase is suppressed during ripening, the tomato turns redder and softer. Thus, RNAi induced silencing of lycopene cyclase could affect the accumulation of lycopene and trigger the ripening of tomatoes. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle of the invention comprises an RNA polynucleotide comprising at least 70% complementarity to an RNA molecule encoding lycopene cyclase derived from a plant cell.
RNAi technology can also influence plant metabolism during its agricultural growth cycle. Using RNAi to effectively target genomes and change the resulting phenotype without genetically modifying the plant is a strategy with limitless potential to combat increasingly important issues such as climate change, market demand, or regulatory barriers. One such example of actively silencing plant genes is to directly reduce the activity of certain genes responsible for certain unwanted metabolite production and accumulation in crops. For instance, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) accumulation in the cultivation of cannabis as “hemp” is an unwanted byproduct in scenarios where the crop is grown for the purposes of alternative cannabinoids, fiber, grain, or aromatic terpenes. Selective RNAi silencing of cannabinoid synthases such as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) and cannabichromenic acid synthase (CBCAS), or even silencing of enzymes responsible for overall cannabinoid production such as aromatic prenyltransferases (PT) producing cannabigerol (CBG), can lead to the growth of lower THC or cannabinoid-free hemp which can stay compliant within strict regulatory cultivation guidelines and be used for alternative and more efficient production of terpenes, fiber, grain, and minor cannabinoids. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle of the invention comprises an RNA polynucleotide comprising at least 70% complementarity to an RNA molecule encoding THCAS, CBCAS, PT, or any combination thereof, derived from a plant cell. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle of the invention comprises an RNA polynucleotide comprising at least 70% complementarity to an RNA molecule encoding a cannabinoidogenesis related gene derived from a plant cell. Another example targets the use of RNAi technology not to directly silence plant genes creating certain compounds, but rather to silence side-reactions inside of biosynthetic pathways in order to actively redirect carbon flux and “upregulate” other pathways. For instance, Patatin is a potato tuber protein which is facing increased demand worldwide due to its use as a non-animal-based food texturizer and coagulator in alternative meat solutions. RNAi silencing of targets such as acetyl-CoA-carboxylase or ketoacyl ACP synthase, involved in reactions producing side products like lipids, can potentially cause an upregulated carbon flux towards wanted gene targets and enzymes such as PEPC, driving metabolic accumulation of favored products and resulting in increased Patatin or other protein content by weight. Such solutions are critical in taking advantage of current production capacity of commodities and allowing for more efficient production of desirable products. In one embodiment, the nanoparticle of the invention comprises an RNA polynucleotide comprising at least 70% complementarity to an RNA molecule encoding an acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, ketoacyl ACP synthase, or a combination thereof, derived from a plant cell.
In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting a plant or a part thereof with a therapeutically effective amount of: the nanoparticle of the invention or a composition comprising same, as described herein.
In some embodiments, a polynucleotide introduced into a plant or a part thereof is introduced into at least one cell of the plant. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide introduced into at least one cell of the plant is capable of inducing or activating an RNA expression modifying enzyme or complex in the at least one cell. In some embodiments, RNA expression modifying enzyme or complex comprises an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) or any functional analog thereof.
In some embodiments, a polynucleotide introduced into a plant or a part thereof is capable of inducing the silencing of a plant endogenous gene. Polynucleotide introduced into a plant or a part thereof is capable of inducing the silencing and/or degradation of an RNA molecule derived from a pathogen infecting, residing within the plant (e.g., at least one cell of the plant), feeding of the plant, or any combination thereof.
As used herein, the term “RISC analog” refers to any peptide or protein capable of inhibiting RNA translation, reducing RNA stability, increasing RNA degradation, in response to the presence of an exogenous RNA (inclusive of double stranded RNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence of an endogenous gene or sequence).
In some embodiments, a viral infectious disease comprises grapevine leafroll disease (GLD).
In some embodiments, the viral infectious disease is induced by or involves a virus listed under Table 1 herein below.
Ophiovirus
Citrus psorosis ophiovirus
Citrus sp.
Ophiovirus
Mirafiori lettuce big-vein
Lactuca sativa
Cytorhabdovirus
cytorhabdovirus
Fragaria × ananassa
Cytorhabdovirus
Zea mays
Anonna muricata
Cytorhabdovirus
Cytorhabdovirus (unidentified)
Arracacia xanthorhiza
Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla
Callistephus chinensis
Phaseolus vulgaris
Pisum sativum
Pogostemum patchouly
Tapeinochilus ananassae
Triticum aestivum
Dichorhavirus
Citrus chlorotic spot
dichorhavirus
Citrus sp.
Dichorhavirus
Citrus leprosis N dichorhavirus
Citrus sp.
Dichorhavirus
Clerodendrum chlorotic spot
dichorhavirus
Anonna muricata
Clerodendrum × speciosum
C. thomsonae, C. splendens
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Malvaviscus arboreus
Spathiphyllum wallisii
Dichorhavirus
Coffea arabica
Coffea spp.
Psilanthus ebracteolatus
Spathiphyllum wallisii
Dichorhavirus
Dichorhavirus
Dichoravirus unidentified
Allamanda cathartica
Bidens pilosa
Cestrum nocturnum
Gardenia jasminoides
Monstera deliciosa
Mussaenda erythrophylla
Piper callosum
Piper nigrum
Ruellia chartacea
Solanum violaefolium
Nucleorhabdovirus
nucleorhabdovirus
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Nucleorhabdovirus
nucleorhabdovirus
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana
Nucleorhabdovirus
nucleorhabdovirus
Bidens pilosa
Cotyledon orbiculata
Nucleorhabdovirus
Gomphrena virus
Gomphrena globosa
Joa yellow blotch virus
Solanum aculeatissimum
Nucleorhabdovirus
Nucleorhabdovirus (unidentified)
Ananas comosus
Carica papaya
Chrysanthemum morifolium
Clerodendrum × speciosum
Coreopsis lanceolata
Cosmos sulphureus
Cucurbita moschata × C. maxima
Lactuca sativa
Manihot esculenta
Passiflora edulis
Pogostemum patchouly
Porophyllum ruderale
Raphanus sp.
Varicosavirus
varicosavirus
Lactuca sativa
Sonchus oleraceus
Emaravirus
Ficus carica
Tenuivirus putative
Triticum aestivum
Orthotospovirus
orthotospovirus
Phaseolus vulgaris
Orthotospovirus
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis
orthotospovirus
Alstroemeria sp.
Bouvardia sp
Callistephus chinensis
Chrysanthemum morifolium
Eustoma grandiflorum
Gerbera jamesonii
Senecio douglasii
Sinningia speciosa
Solanum lycopersicum
Orthotospovirus
Arachis hypogaea
Boerhavia coccinea
Caesalpinia echinata
Callistephus chinensis
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum baccatum
Citrullus lanatus
Coriandrum sativum
Cucumis sativus
Eustoma grandiflorum
Guibourtia hymenifolia
Hippeastrum sp.
Lactuca sativa
Nicotiana tabacum
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongena
Solanum sessiliflorum
Orthotospovirus
Allium cepa
Orthotospovirus
Bouvardia sp
Caesalpinia echinata
Callistephus chinensis
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum baccatum
Cichorium endivia
Dieffenbachia spp
Eryngium phoetidum
Gerbera jamesonii
Lactuca sativa
Mirabilis jalapa
Nicotiana tabacum
Physalis peruviana
Solanum aethiopicum
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum sessiliflorum
Spylanthes oleracea
Orthotospovirus
Alstroemeria sp.
Arachis hypogaea
Bouvardia sp
Caesalpinia echinata
Campanula medium
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum baccatum
Capsicum chinense
Capsicum frutescens
Cicer arietinum
Dieffenbachia spp
Emilia sagittata
Eucharis grandiflora
Eustoma grandiflorum
Lactuca sativa
Lens culinaria
Nicotiana tabacum
Pisum sativum
Senecio douglasii
Sinningia speciosa
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongena
Solanum tuberosum
Orthotospovirus
Citrullus lanatus
Cucumis anguria
Cucumis melo
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbita moschata
Cucurbita pepo var. Caserta
Orthotospovirus
putative
Amaranthus sp.
Bidens pilosa
Capsicum annuum
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Chrysanthemum morifolium
Cichorium intybus
Commelina spp.,
Dahlia variabilis
Glycine max
Gnaphalium spicatum
Petunia × hybrida
Portulaca oleracea
Sesamum indicum
29ensiti.
Solanum mammosum
Spylanthes oleracea
Tropaeolum majus
Comovirus
Solanum aethiopicum
Solanum melongena
Solanum sisymbriifolium
Solanum tuberosum
Comovirus
Glycine max
Phaseolus vulgaris
Comovirus
Calopogonium mucunoides
Canavalia ensiformes
Centrosema pubescens
Crotalaria juncea
Crotalaria paulinea
Glycine max
Macroptilium lathyroides
Phaseolus lunatus
Phaseolus vulgaris
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Pueraria sp.
Vigna luteola
Vigna mungo
Vigna radiata
Vigna unguiculata
Vigna
unguiculata Subsp. Sesquipedalis
Vigna vexillata
Comovirus
Citrullus lanatus
Cucumis anguria
Cucumis melo
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbita moschata × C. maxima
Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbita pepo var. Caserta
Comovirus
Eruca sativa
Nepovirus
Vitis vinifera
Nepovirus
Hibiscus latent ringspot virus
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Nepovirus
Cucurbita pepo var. Caserta
Nepovirus
Rubus spp.
Solanum tuberosum
Waikavirus
Brachiaria sp.
Panicum sp.
Dioscorea mosaic associated
Dioscorea spp.
Fragaria × ananassa
Lactuca sativa
Allexivirus
Allium sativum
Allexivirus
Allium sativum
Allexivirus
Allium sativum
Allexivirus
Allium sativum
Allexivirus
Allium sativum
Allexivirus
Allium sativum
Potexvirus
Angelonia sp.
Helichrysum sp.
Portulaca oleracea
Salvia splendens
Scutellaria sp.
Torenia sp.
Potexvirus
Bambusa vulgaris
Potexvirus
Potexvirus
Manihot esculenta
Potexvirus
Potexvirus
Hydrangea macrophylla
Potexvirus
Malva parviflora
Potexvirus
Potexvirus
Solanum tuberosum
Potexvirus
Solanum tuberosum
Potexvirus
Potexvirus
Trifolium sp.
Potexvirus
Potexvirus
Caladium bicolor
Potexvirus
Pogostemum patchouly
Potexvirus
Senna occidentalis
Carlavirus
Armoracia rusticana
Brassica spp.
Carlavirus
Glycine max
Phaseolus vulgaris
Carlavirus
Allium sativum
Carlavirus
Cucumis melo
Carlavirus
Solanum tuberosum
Carlavirus
Solanum tuberosum
Carlavirus
Allium sativum
Carlavirus
Ipomea batatas
Carlavirus
Ipomea batatas
Carlavirus
Cassia macranthera
Cassia sylvestris
Carlavirus
Carlavirus (unidentif.)
Allium ascalonicum
Alstroemeria sp.
Hevea brasiliensis
Foveavirus
Malus sp.
Pyrus communis
Foveavirus
Vitis vinifera
Capillovirus
Citrus spp.
Malus sp.
Trichovirus
Malus sp.
Vitivirus
Arracacia xanthorhiza
Vitivirus
Passiflora alata
Vitis vinifera
Vitivirus
Vitis vinifera
Maculavirus
Vitis vinifera
Marafivirus
Citrus spp.
Marafivirus
Zea mays
Marafivirus
Vitis vinifera
Tymovirus
Peperomia obtusifolia
Solanum lycopersicum
Tymovirus
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
Tymovirus
Petunia × hybrida
Tymovirus
tymovirus
Nicotiana tabacum
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum violifolium
Tymovirus
Cassia hoffmannseggii
Tymovirus
Cassia macranthera
Tymovirus
Tymovirus (unident.)
Lactuca sativa
Amalgavirus
Amalgavirus (unident.)
Solanum lycopersicum
Benyvirus
Beta vulgaris L., subsp. Vulgaris
Benyvirus
Oryza sativa
Alfamovirus
Carica papaya
Glycine max
Mendicago sativa
Solanum tuberosum
Stizolobium aterrimum
Trifolium sp.
Bromovirus
Triticum aestivum
Cucumovirus
Acmella oleracea
Aeschynanthus pulmer
Allamanda cathartica
Alstroemeria sp.
Andira vermifuga
Anthurium spp.
Arachis repens
Asclepias curassavica
Brassica napus
Caesalpinia echinata
Calopogonium mucunoides
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum frutescens
Catharanthus roseus
Citrullus lanatus
Cleome affinis
Commelina spp
Cucumis anguria
Cucumis melo
Cucumis metuliferus
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbita pepo var. Caserta
Cyclanthera pedata
Desmodium sp.
Eucharis grandiflora
Eustoma grandiflorum
Gladiolus × hortulanus
Gloxinia sylvatica
Impatiens spp.
Justicia sp.
Lactuca sativa
Lilium sp.
Momordica charantia
Musa spp.
Nasturtium officinale
Nematanthus sp.
Nicotiana tabacum
Ocimum campechianum
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
Peperomia caperata
Phaseolus lunatus
Phaseolus vulgaris
Piper nigrum
Pisum sativum
Salvia splendens
Solanum americanum
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum nigrum
Solalnum paniculatum
Spinacia oleracea
Strelitzia reginae
Tetragonia expansa
Tradescantia diuretica
Vanilla planifolia
Vigna unguiculata
Zea mays
Zeyheria tuberculosa
Zingiber officinale
Ilarvirus
Prunus persica
Prunus persica var. nucipersica
Ilarvirus
Prunus persica
Prunus persica var. nucipersica
Ilarvirus
Prunus persica
Prunus salicina
Rosa spp.
Ilarvirus
Alstroemeria sp.
Ambrosia polystachya
Apium graveolens
Cynara scolymus
Dahlia variabilis
Eustoma grandiflorum
Fragaria × ananassa
Glycine max
Gossypium hirsutum
Helianthus annuus
Nicotiana tabacum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum tuberosum
Talinum patense
Ilarvirus unclassif.
Ilarvirus (unidentif.)
Chrysanthemum morifolium
Euphorbia splendens
Ampelovirus
Vitis vinifera
Ampelovirus
Vitis vinifera
Ampelovirus
Vitis vinifera
Ampelovirus
Ananas sativus
Ampelovirus
Ananas sativus
Ampelovirus
Ananas sativus
Ampelovirus
Vitis vinifera
Ampelovirus
Vitis vinifera
Closterovirus
Citrus spp.
Closterovirus
Vitis vinifera
Closterovirus
Closterovirus unident.
Arracacia xanthorhiza
Crinivirus
Ipomea batatas
Crinivirus
Capsicum annuum
Eruca sativa
Physalis angulata
Raphanus sp.
Solanum aethiopicum
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongena
Solanum tuberosum
Alphaendornavirus
Phaseolus vulgaris
alphaendornavirus 1
Phaseolus vulgaris
Alphaendornavirus
Phaseolus vulgaris
alphaendornavirus 2
Phaseolus vulgaris
Cilevirus
Citrus leprosis virus C
Citrus spp.
Cilevirus putative
Ligustrum leprosis virus
Ligustrum spp.
Cilevirus putative
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
Cilevirus putative
Solanum violifolium ringspot
Solanum violifolium
Unxia kubitzki
Cilevirus putative
Cilevirus (unidentified)
Anthurium spp.
Beaumontia grandifolia
Brunfelsia uniflora
Clerodendrum spp.
Cordyline terminalis
Dracaena marginata
Eugenia uniflora
Hedera canariensis
Hibiscus spp.
Lysimachia congestiflora
Pelargonium hortorum
Plumbago auriculata
Salvia leucantha
Schefflera actinophylla
Spathiphyllum wallisii
Thunbergia erecta
Enamovirus
putative
Citrus spp.
Enamovirus
putative
Vitis vinifera
Luteovirus
Avena sativa
Triticum aestivum
Polerovirus
Raphanus raphanistrum
Polerovirus
Daucus carota
Polerovirus
Gossypium hirsutum
Polerovirus
Zea mays
Polerovirus
Cucumis melo
Polerovirus
Ambrosia elatior
Bidens pilosa
Capsicum annuum
Conyza canadensis
Datura stramonium
Galinsoga parviflora
Physalis floridana
Solanum aculeatissimum
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongena
Solanum nigrum
Solalnum paniculatum
Solanum tuberosum
Solanum variabile
Solanum viarum
Vernonia polyantes
Polerovirus
Saccharum officinarum
Polerovirus
putative
Gossypium hirsutum
Cotton vein mosaic virus
Gossypium hirsutum
Apscaviroid
Citrus spp.
Apscaviroid
Vitis vinifera
Coleviroid
Coleus blumei viroid 1
Coleus blumei
Hostuviroid
Vitis vinifera
Pospiviroid
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid
Chrysanthemum sp.
Chrysanthemum morifolium
Citrus spp.
Vitis vinifera
Pospiviroid
Citrus exocortis viroid
Citrus spp.
Vitis vinifera
Brambyvirus
Stylosanthes mosaic associated
putative
Stylosanthes guianensis
Brambyvirus
Stylosanthes mosaic associated
putative
Stylosanthes guianensis
Brambyvirus
Stylosanthes mosaic associated
putative
Stylosanthes guianensis
Bymovirus
Triticum aestivum
Ipomovirus
Ipomea batatas
Macluravirus
Cynara scolymus
Potyvirus
Alstroemeria mosaic virus
Alstroemeria sp.
Potyvirus
Arracacha mottle virus
Arracacia xanthorhiza
Potyvirus
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
Lens culinaria
Phaseolus vulgaris
Senna occidentalis
Vigna radiata
Potyvirus
Arachis hypogaea
Gladiolus × hortulanus
Glycine max
Hippeastrum sp.
Lilium sp.
Lupinus alba
Phaseolus vulgaris
Pisum sativum
Potyvirus
Arracacia xanthorhiza
Bidens pilosa
Coreopsis lanceolata
Galinsoga parviflora
Helianthus annuus
Lactuca sativa
Pisum sativum
Zinnia elegans
Potyvirus
Brugmansia suaveolens mottle
Brugmansia suaveolens
Potyvirus
Canna yellow streak virus
Canna paniculata
Potyvirus
Daucus carota
Potyvirus
Catharanthus mosaic virus
Catharanthus roseus
Potyvirus
Apium graveolens
Petroselinum sativum
Potyvirus
Arachis hypogaea
Canavalia ensiformes
Canavalia rosea
Cassia hoffmannseggii
Crotalaria juncea
Desmodium sp.
Glycine max
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
Passiflora coccinea × P. setacea
Phaseolus lunatus
Phaseolus vulgaris
Senna occidentalis
Sesamum indicum
Thunbergia alata
Vigna unguiculata
Vigna
unguiculata subsp. Sesquipedalis
Potyvirus
Alocasia macrorhizos
Amorphophallus konjac
Anthurium spp.
Caladium bicolor
Colocasia esculenta
Dieffenbachia amoena
Syngonium wendlandii
Xanthosoma atrovirens
Zantedeschia aethiopica
Potyvirus
Hippeastrum mosaic virus
Eucharis grandiflora
Hippeastrum sp.
Potyvirus
Hyacinth mosaic virus
Hyacinthus orientalis
Potyvirus
Brachiaria sp.
Panicum maximum
Pennisetum purpureum
Sorghum bicolor
Zea mays
Potyvirus
Konjac mosaic virus
Zamioculcas zamiifolia
Potyvirus
Allium sativum
Potyvirus
Cichorium endivia
Erigeron bonariensis
Galinsoga parviflora
Lactuca sativa
Sonchus asper
Sonchus oleraceus
Potyvirus
Zea mays
Potyvirus
Malva parviflora
Potyvirus
Allium cepa
Allium fistulosum
Allium sativum
Potyvirus
Carica papaya
Citrullus lanatus
Cucumis anguria
Cucumis melo
Cucumis metuliferus
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbita maxima
Cucurbita moschata
Cucurbita pepo var. Caserta
Cyclanthera pedata
Fevillea trilobata
Luffa operculata
Psiguria triphylla
Zeyheria tuberculosa
Potyvirus
Pisum sativum
Potyvirus
Arachis hypogaea
Arachis pintoi
Potyvirus
Capsicum frutescens
Potyvirus
Caesalpinia echinata
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum baccatum
Capsicum chinense
Solanum lycopersicum
Potyvirus
Pfaffia mosaic virus
Pfaffia glomerata
Potyvirus
Solanum tuberosum
Potyvirus
Amaranthus sp.
Bidens pilosa
Caesalpinia echinata
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum baccatum
Capsicum frutescens
Conyza canadensis
Emilia sonchifolia
Galinsoga parviflora
Gnaphalium spicatum
Nicandra physaloides
Nicotiana tabacum
Physalis angulata
Physalis peruviana
Phytolacca decandra
Solanum aculeatissimum
Solanum americanum
Solanum atropurpureum
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongena
Solanum nigrum
Solanum palinacanthum
Solalnum paniculatum
Solanum tuberosum
Solanum viarum
Sonchus oleraceus
Vernonia polyantes
Viola odorata
Zanthosylum rhoifolium
Zeyheria tuberculosa
Potyvirus
Glycine max
Senna occidentalis
Potyvirus
Cymbopogon winterianus
Saccharum officinarum
Sorghum bicolor
Zea mays
Potyvirus
Zinnia elegans
Potyvirus
Ipomea batatas
Potyvirus
Ipomea batatas
Potyvirus
Ipomea batatas
Potyvirus
Ipomea batatas
Potyvirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Potyvirus
Lilium sp.
Potyvirus
Armoracia rusticana
Brassica carinata
Brassica oleracea
B. rapa
Brassica napus
Nasturtium officinale
Raphanus raphanistrum
Sinapsis alba
Spinacia oleracea
Tropaeolum majus
Potyvirus
Caesalpinia echinata
Citrullus lanatus
Cucumis melo
Cucurbita moschata
Cucurbita pepo var. Caserta
Cybistax antisyphilitica
Potyvirus
Dioscorea spp.
Potyvirus
Dioscorea spp.
Potyvirus
Benincasa hispida
Caesalpinia echinata
Cayaponia tibiricae
Citrullus lanatus
Cucumis anguria
Cucumis melo
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbita pepo var. Caserta
Cybistax antisyphilitica
Luffa cylindrica
Sicana odorifera
Trichosanthes cucumerina
Tritimovirus
Triticum aestivum
Pennisetum purpureum
Cotylendon Y virus
Cotyledon orbiculata
Cassia macranthera
Cassia sylvestris
Potyviridae unidentified
Allium ascalonicum
Alternanthera tenella
Centrosema pubescens
Chrysanthemum frutescens
Cichorium intybus
Clitoria ternatea
Commelina spp
Crinum sp.
Crotalaria juncea
Cucurbita pepo var. Caserta
Digitaria sanguinalis
Heliconia stricta
Hypochaeris brasiliensis
Impatiens spp.
Kalanchoe sp.
Macroptilum atropurpureum
Paspalum conjugatum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Pogostemum patchouly
Rhoe discolor
Stylosanthes guianensis
Stylosanthes scabra
Tulipa sp.
Fijivirus
Zea mays
Fijivirus
Digitaria decumbens
Manihot esculenta
Vitis vinifera
Sobemovirus
Papaya lethal yellowing virus
Carica papaya
Sobemovirus
Glycine max
Phaseolus vulgaris
Sobemovirus
Chenopodium murale
Alphacarmovirus
Dianthus caryophyllus
Alphanecrovirus
Bidens pilosa
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
Carica papaya
Fragaria × ananassa
Helianthus annuus
Manihot esculenta
Nicotiana tabacum
Pogostemum patchouly
Solanum lycopersicum
Alphanecrovirus
putative
Cucurbita pepo
Betacarmovirus
Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus
Hibiscus rosa sinensis
Umbravirus
Papaya meleira virus 2
putative
Carica papaya
Totivirus putative
Papaya meleira virus
Carica papaya
Furovirus
Triticum aestivum
Hordeivirus
Hordeum vulgare
Tobamovirus
Hibiscus latent Fort Pierce virus
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Tobamovirus
Tobamovirus
Caesalpinia echinata
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum frutescens
Couroupita guianensis
Eriotheca pubescens
Matayba ealeagnoides
Psycothria mapourioides
Sclerolobium melinonii
Tobamovirus
Cicer arietinum
Crotalaria juncea
Tobamovirus
Caesalpinia echinata
Capsicum annuum
Dieffenbachia amoena
Impatiens hawkeri
Nicotiana tabacum
Petunia × hybrida
Solanum lycopersicum
Zinnia elegans
Tobamovirus
Capsicum annuum
Hemerocallis sp.
Solanum lycopersicum
Tobamovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Tobamovirus
Tobamovirus (unidentif.)
putative
Calibrachoa sp.
Ocimum basilicum
Physalis angulata
Rhoe discolor
Torenia sp.
Verbena sp.
Tobravirus
Capsicum annuum
Cynara scolymus
Eustoma grandiflorum
Gerbera jamesonii
Gloxinia sylvatica
Pogostemum patchouly
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum tuberosum
Solanum violifolium
Tobravirus
Solanum tuberosum
Badnavirus
Musa spp.
Badnavirus
Bougainvillea chlorotic vein
Bougainvillea glabra
Badnavirus
Dioscorea bacilliform AL virus
Dioscorea spp.
Badnavirus
Piper nigrum
Badnavirus
Schefflera ringspot virus
Schefflera actinophylla
Badnavirus
Saccharum officinarum
Badnavirus
Saccharum officinarum
Badnavirus
putative
Saccharum officinarum
Badnavirus
putative
Saccharum officinarum
Badnavirus
Badnavirus (unident.)
putative
Yucca elephantipes
Caulimovirus
Brassica oleracea, B. rapa
Brassica napus
Matthiola incana
Nasturtium officinale
Sinapsis alba
Caulimovirus
Dahlia mosaic virus
Dahlia variabilis
Caulimovirus
Fragaria × ananassa
Caulimovirus
Caulimovirus (Unidentif.)
putative
Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Psidium guajava
Cavemovirus
Manihot esculenta
Cavemovirus
Ipomea batatas
Petuvirus
Petunia vein clearing virus
Petunia × hybrida
Begomovirus
Abutilon mosaic Brazil virus
Abutilon striatum
Begomovirus
Galactia striata
Glycine max
Macroptilium erythroloma
Macroptilium lathyroides
Macroptilium longepedunculatum
Phaseolus lunatus
Phaseolus vulgaris
Begomovirus
Blainvillea yellow spot virus
Blainvillea rhomoboidea
Begomovirus
Centrosema yellow spot virus
Centrosema brasilianum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Cleome leaf crumple virus
Cleome affinis
Begomovirus
Cnidoscolus mosaic leaf
Cnidoscolus urens
Begomovirus
Gossypium hirsutum
Begomovirus
Vigna unguiculata
Begomovirus
Euphorbia mosaic virus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus
Euphorbia heterophyla
Glycine max
Macroptilum atropurpureum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Begomovirus
Macroptilium yellow spot virus
Calopogonium mucunoides
Canavalia sp.
Macroptilium lathyroides
Phaseolus vulgaris
Begomovirus
Melochia mosaic virus
Melochia sp.
Begomovirus
Melochia yellow mosaic virus
Melochia sp.
Begomovirus
Glycine max
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
Begomovirus
Pavonia mosaic virus
Pavonia spp.
Begomovirus
Pavonia yellow mosaic virus
Pavonia spp.
Begomovirus
Sida angular mosaic virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida bright yellow mosaic virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida chlorotic mottle virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida chlorotic vein virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida common mosaic virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida golden mosaic Brazil virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida micrantha mosaic virus
Abelmoschus esculentus
Capsicum chinense
Glycine max
Malva sp.
Nicotiana tabacum
Oxalis latifolia
Phaseolus vulgaris
Sida spp
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Sida mosaic Alagoas virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida mottle Alagoas virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida mottle virus
Glycine max
Sida spp
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Sida yellow leaf curl virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida yellow mosaic Alagoas virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida yellow net virus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Ipomea batatas
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Capsicum annuum
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongena
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum melongena
Begomovirus
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum baccatum
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Campomanesia adamantium
Canavalia ensiformes
Capsicum annuum
Chenopodium album
Glycine max
Nicandra physaloides
Nicotiana tabacum
Phaseolus vulgaris
Solanun commersonii
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum tuberosum
Begomovirus
Leonurus sibiricus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Nicandra physaloides
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Triumfetta semitriloba
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Gaya yellow mosaic virus
Gaya guerkeana
Begomovirus
Hyptis sp. Rugose mosaic virus 1
Hyptis sp.
Begomovirus
Abelmoschus esculentus
Althaea rosea
Glycine max
Gossypium hirsutum
Luehea grandiflora
Malva parviflora
Malvastrum coromandelianum
Oxalis oxyptera
Pavonia spp.
Phaseolus vulgaris
Phenax sonneratii
Sida spp
Solanum lycopersicum
Triumfetta sp.
Waltheria indica
Begomovirus
Macroptilium yellow net virus
Macroptilium lathyroides
Begomovirus
Malvaviscus yellow mosaic virus
Malvaviscus arboreus
Begomovirus
Malva sp.
Begomovirus
Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa
Begomovirus
Physalis yellow spot virus
Physalis sp.
Begomovirus
Sida golden yellow mosaic virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Sida yellow spot virus
Sida spp
Begomovirus
Glycine max
Begomovirus
Ipomea batatas
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Macroptilum atropurpureum
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Solanum lycopersicum
Begomovirus
Begomovirus (unident.)
Cardiopetalum calophyllum
Clitoria fairchildiana
Corchurus hirtus
Herissantia crispa
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
Ipomea sp.
Lippia alba
Macroptilium lathyroides
Malva parviflora
Physalis angulata
Salvia splendens
Sida spp
Sidastrum micranthum
Vigna luteola
Curtovirus putative
Acanthospermum hispidum
Capsicum annuum
Nicotiana tabacum
Portulaca oleracea
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum tuberosum
Gemycircularvirus
gemycircularvirus 1
Momordica charanthia
Malus sp.
Pyrus communis
Vitis vinifera
Passiflora edulis
Mimosa 62ensitive mosaic virus
Mimosa sensitiva
Beaucarnea recurvata
Caryocar brasiliense
Diascia sp.
Citrus zonate chlorosis
Citrus spp.
Citrus cristacortis
Citrus spp.
Citrus rumple
Citrus spp.
Citrus vein enation
Citrus spp.
Citrus leaf curl
Citrus spp.
Vitis vinifera
Vitis vinifera
Cydonia oblonga
Ruta graveolens
Senna bicapsularis
In some embodiments, the viral infectious disease is induced by or involves a virus selected from: Picornavirales Secoviridae, Comovirus Cowpea mosaic virus, Fabavirus Broad bean wilt virus 1, Nepovirus Tobacco ringspot virus, Cheravirus Cherry rasp leaf virus, Sadwavirus Satsuma dwarf virus, Sequivirus Parsnip yellow fleck virus, Torradovirus Tomato torrado virus, Waikavirus Rice tungro spherical virus, Unassigned Black raspberry necrosis virus, Unassigned Chocolate lily virus A, Unassigned Dioscorea mosaic associated virus, Unassigned Strawberry latent ringspot virus, Unassigned Strawberry mottle virus, Tymovirales Alphaflexiviridae Allexivirus Shallot virus X, Lolavirus Lolium latent virus, Mandarivirus Indian citrus ringspot virus, Platypuvirus Donkey orchid symptomless virus, Potexvirus Potato virus X, Tymovirales Betaflexiviridae Carlavirus Carnation latent virus, Foveavirus Apple stem pitting virus, Robigovirus Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus, Unassigned Banana mild mosaic virus, Unassigned Banana virus X, Unassigned Sugarcane striate mosaic associated virus, Capillovirus Apple stem grooving virus, Chordovirus Carrot Ch virus 1, Citrivirus Citrus leaf blotch virus, Divavirus Diuris virus A, Prunevirus Apricot vein clearing associated virus, Tepovirus Potato virus T, Trichovirus Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, Vitivirus Grapevine virus A, Wamavirus Watermelon virus A, Tymovirales Tymoviridae Maculavirus Grapevine fleck virus, Marafivirus Maize rayado fino virus, Tymovirus Turnip yellow mosaic virus, Unassigned Poinsettia mosaic virus, Unassigned Benyviridae Benyvirus Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, Unassigned Botourmiaviridae Ourmiavirus Ourmia melon virus, Unassigned Bromoviridae Alfamovirus Alfalfa mosaic virus, Anulavirus Pelargonium zonate spot virus, Bromovirus Brome mosaic virus, Cucumovirus Cucumber mosaic virus, Ilarvirus Tobacco streak virus, or Oleavirus Olive latent virus 2.
In some embodiments, a viral disease is induced by or involves a virus belonging to the genus Ampelovirus.
In some embodiments, the viral disease is induced by a virus selected from grapevine leafroll associated viruses (GLRaV).
In some embodiments, the virus is: GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GLRaV-4, or GLRaV-7.
In some embodiments, the disease is induced by the virus GLRaV-3.
In some embodiments, preventing or treating the disease comprises contacting a plant or a part thereof with a nanoparticle of the invention or a composition comprising same, the nanoparticle comprising a polynucleotide molecule configured to hybridize and/or silence the expression of a nucleic acid molecule derived from the virus GLRaV-3.
In some embodiments, preventing or treating the disease comprises contacting a plant or a part thereof with a nanoparticle of the invention or a composition comprising same, the nanoparticle comprising a polynucleotide molecule configured to hybridize and/or silence the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding RdRp (SEQ ID NO: 13) derived from the virus GLRaV-3.
In some embodiments, preventing or treating the disease comprises contacting a plant or a part thereof with a nanoparticle of the invention or a composition comprising same, the nanoparticle comprising a polynucleotide molecule configured to hybridize and/or silence the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding CP (SEQ ID NO: 14) derived from the virus GLRaV-3.
In some embodiments, preventing or treating the disease comprises contacting a plant or a part thereof with a nanoparticle of the invention or a composition comprising same, the nanoparticle comprising a polynucleotide molecule configured to hybridize and/or silence the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding p19.7 RNA silencing suppressor derived from the virus GLRaV-3.
In some embodiments, p.19.7 silencing repressor is encoded by a nucleic acid comprising or consisting of the sequence:
In some embodiments, preventing or treating comprises reducing: a titer of a virus in the circulation of a plant or a part thereof, in a cell of a plant, or a combination thereof, the number of viral particles in a the circulation of a plant or a part thereof, in a cell of a plant, or a combination thereof, the number and/or stability of RNA molecules encoding a viral peptide, such as, but not limited to RdRp, CP, or both, the expression levels of RNA molecules encoding a viral peptide, such as, but not limited to RdRp, CP, or both, in the circulation of a plant or a part thereof, in a cell of a plant, or a combination thereof, the amount of a viral peptide, such as, but not limited to RdRp, CP, or both, in the circulation of a plant or a part thereof, in a cell of a plant, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, preventing or treating comprises reducing the survival of a pathogen. In some embodiments, preventing or treating comprises reducing the replication rate of a pathogen. In some embodiments, preventing or treating comprises reducing the tolerability of a pathogen to standard therapy and/or prophylactics. In some embodiments, preventing or treating comprises increasing the susceptibility and/or vulnerability of a pathogen to standard therapy and/or prophylactics.
In some embodiments, preventing or treating comprises reducing: number of curled leaves of a plant, rate of downward curling or cupping of leaves of a plant, or any combination thereof.
Methods for determining a plant is afflicted with GLD are common and would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
In some embodiments, contacting comprises spraying the plant or a part thereof. In some embodiments, contacting comprises spraying in a vicinity of a plant or a part thereof. In some embodiments, contacting comprises spraying a growth medium comprising a plant. In some embodiments a growth medium comprise soil.
In some embodiments, vicinity is at a distance of 10 cm to 50 cm, 1 cm to 100 cm, 10 cm to 1 m, 0.5 m to 2.5 m, 1 m to 50 m, 0.1 m to 30 m. each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention.
In some embodiments, a plant part comprises at least one leaf of the plant. In some embodiments, a plant part comprises one or more leaves of the plant. In some embodiments, a plant part comprises at least a portion of the foliage of the plant. In some embodiments, a plant part comprises the foliage of the plant.
As used herein, the terms “treatment” or “treating” of a disease, disorder or condition encompasses alleviation of at least one symptom thereof, a reduction in the severity thereof, or inhibition of the progression thereof. Treatment need not mean that the disease, disorder, or condition is totally cured. To be an effective treatment, a useful composition herein needs only to reduce the severity of a disease, disorder, or condition, reduce the severity of symptoms associated therewith, or provide improvement to a patient or subject's quality of life. In some embodiments, alleviated symptoms of the disease, disorder or condition.
As used herein, the term “prevention” of a disease, disorder, or condition encompasses the delay, prevention, suppression, or inhibition of the onset of a disease, disorder, or condition. As used in accordance with the presently described subject matter, the term “prevention” relates to a process of prophylaxis in which a subject is exposed to the presently described compositions or composition prior to the induction or onset of the disease/disorder process. The term “suppression” is used to describe a condition wherein the disease/disorder process has already begun but obvious symptoms of the condition have yet to be realized. Thus, the cells of an individual may have the disease/disorder, but no outside signs of the disease/disorder have yet been clinically recognized. In either case, the term prophylaxis can be applied to encompass both prevention and suppression. Conversely, the term “treatment” refers to the clinical application of active agents to combat an already existing condition whose clinical presentation has already been realized in a patient.
As used herein, “treating” comprises ameliorating and/or preventing.
In some embodiments, ameliorating comprises alleviating at least one symptom associated with a disease as described herein.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges, and are also encompassed within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the invention.
As used herein, the term “about” when combined with a value refers to plus and minus 10% of the reference value. For example, a length of about 1,000 nanometers (nm) refers to a length of 1,000 nm±100 nm.
It is noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a polynucleotide” includes a plurality of such polynucleotides and reference to “the polypeptide” includes reference to one or more polypeptides and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely”, “only” and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements or use of a “negative” limitation.
In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B”.
It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. All combinations of the embodiments pertaining to the invention are specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every combination was individually and explicitly disclosed. In addition, all sub-combinations of the various embodiments and elements thereof are also specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every such sub-combination was individually and explicitly disclosed herein.
Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to one ordinarily skilled in the art upon examination of the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting. Additionally, each of the various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below finds experimental support in the following examples.
Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples.
Generally, the nomenclature used herein, and the laboratory procedures utilized in the present invention include molecular, biochemical, microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques are thoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, “Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual” Sambrook et al., (1989); “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Volumes I-III Ausubel, R. M., ed. (1994); Ausubel et al., “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology”, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Maryland (1989); Perbal, “A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al., “Recombinant DNA”, Scientific American Books, New York; Birren et al. (eds) “Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series”, Vols. 1-4, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998); methodologies as set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057; “Cell Biology: A Laboratory Handbook”, Volumes I-III Cellis, J. E., ed. (1994); “Culture of Animal Cells—A Manual of Basic Technique” by Freshney, Wiley-Liss, N. Y. (1994), Third Edition; “Current Protocols in Immunology” Volumes I-III Coligan J. E., ed. (1994); Stites et al. (eds), “Basic and Clinical Immunology” (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, C T (1994); Mishell and Shiigi (eds), “Strategies for Protein Purification and Characterization—A Laboratory Course Manual” CSHL Press (1996); all of which are incorporated by reference. Other general references are provided throughout this document.
Branched Polyethylenimine (Mw=800 gr/mol, Sigma-Aldrich—Merck) was conjugated with 1,2-Epoxytetradecane (Tokyo chemical industry co.) to formulate 14 carbon lipid-conjugated branched PEI. Conjugation was conducted through an epoxide ring opening reaction, maintaining a 3:1 molar ratio (Epoxide:bPEI) mixture. Briefly, 4.75 gr of bPEI were dissolved in 150 mL of pure ethanol and heated to reach homogenous solution. Next, pre-calculated epoxide volume was added to the solution while keeping vigorous mixing. Mixture was incubated for 4 hours while maintaining constant heating (90° C.) and mixing (600 rpm) using a thermocouple. After reaction was completed, verification of successful reaction was performed by loading 2 μl of 20-fold diluted reaction product on a silica-coated thin-layer chromatography plate (Biotage) with Chloroform:n-Hexane volume per volume (v/v) ratio of 1:1, as the mobile phase.
dsRNA-lmPEI Complexation
Complexation based on electrostatic interaction between dsRNA and lmPEI was conducted by applying ethanol injection technique. N:P ration is defined as the ration between positively charged amine groups to negatively charged phosphate groups and plays an important role in complexation calculations. In general, pre-heated dsRNA and lmPEI were added to 25 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH=5.2) in 1:1 v/v ratio, keeping a 2:1 N:P molar ratio. lmPEI injection occurred while mixing solution vigorously. Subsequently, mixture was incubated in an Eppendorf shaker for 20 minutes at 40° C. and 1,000 rpm. Nanoparticles' characteristics, such as size distribution, stability and mean diameter, and charge were further determined at room temperature by dynamic light scattering using Nano ZSP (Malvern, United Kingdom).
dsRNA Retention and Release
Evaluation of dsRNA complexation together with its release was assessed using Heparin release assay. Heparin is a strong negatively charged molecule that can compete with dsRNA for electrostatic interactions, thus, releasing it from NPs. Following NPs formation, 1 μl of diluted Heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to approximately 250 ng of complexed dsRNA and incubated for 20 minutes at 35° C. Subsequently, 2% gel agarose (Hy-Labs) in TAE (×1) with Ethidium Bromide (Hy-labs) was visualized under UV light after 35-minute run at 100 V.
Nanoparticle ability to protect dsRNA from degradation was examined using Rnase A (Thermo-Scientific, Cat. EN0531) and RiboLock Rnase Inhibitor (Thermo-Scientific, Cat. E00381). Briefly, 20 μl of dsRNA-lmPEI NPs (approximately 700 ng dsRNA) were incubated with 2 ng Rnase A for 2 hours at 37° C. following enzyme inactivation through incubation with RiboLock Rnase Inhibitor (20 units per 70 ng of complexed dsRNA) for 1 hour at 37° C. Next, solution was incubated for another 20 minutes at 37° C. with diluted Heparin to release dsRNA from NPs. Solution was applied with adequate controls to a 2% agarose gel electrophoresis for 35 minutes at 100 V.
Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) imaging was performed at the Technion Center for Electron Microscopy of Soft Matter (TCEMSM) on a Thermo-Fisher Talos F200C, FEG-equipped high resolution-TEM, operated at 200 kV. Specimens were transferred into a Gatan 626.6 cryo-holder and equilibrated below −170° C. Micrographs were recorded by a Thermo-Fisher Falcon III direct detector camera, at a 4k×4k resolution. Specimens were examined at TEM nanoprobe mode using volta phase plates for contrast enhancement. Imaging was performed at a low dose mode of work to minimize the exposure of the imaged area to electrons. Images were acquired using the TEM Imaging and Acquisition (TIA) software. Inter-fiber spacing was deduced by performing radial integration on FFT of the relevant obtained images. Integration was done using FIJI software plugin by Paul Baggethun, 2009 version.
In order to visualize NPs under microscopy instrumentation, amine-reactive red emitting fluorescent dye Cyanine5 NHS ester (Ex/Em: 646/662, Abcam) was conjugated to lmPEI prior dsRNA complexation through carbodiimide reaction using NHS as a coupling reagent. After the epoxide ring opening reaction, that was described previously, the Cy5 NHS ester and lmPEI were reacted in 1:4 (Cy5:NH2) molar ratio and incubated for 90 minutes at 37° C., and 600 rpm to yield Cy5-lmPEI. One step size exclusion procedure was held using G-10 Sephadex beads (Sigma Aldrich) to isolate desired product from raw reactants and other byproducts. Each step of the process was verified using thin layer chromatography (TLC) with Chloroform:Methanol 1:1 v/v as the mobile phase.
To investigate nanoparticle uptake by vine leaves following spray and immersion administration routes, Cy5-labeled dsRNA-lmPEI were synthesized and complexed as described above. In addition, free Cy5 was treated the same as labeled NPs to be administered as control. Vine leaves were divided into five treatment groups (N=5 per group) as follows: (i) 25 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH—5.2), (ii) sprayed NPs, (iii) spray control, (iv) immersion NPs, and (v) immersion control. Immersion leaves' petioles were embedded into 600 μl of infiltrate treatment, whereas sprayed leaves were sprayed with treatment to reach seepage (˜10 mL). Each group was imaged at different time points (0, 20, 50, and 120 minutes) and six different locations were chosen within each leaf to best average total image signal. Samples were exposed for 400 ms and images were obtained using Olympus SZX16 fluorescent binocular equipped with DP72 CCD camera combined with ×1.6 0.3 NA objective lens and Olympus mCherry filter (Excitation: 542-582, Emission: 603-678). Nanoparticle Biodistribution
To prove NP distribution within vines, a rare earth metal, EuCl3 (12-20 ppm) was encapsulated within 95±25 nm sized liposomes and vine leaves were embedded into infiltrate solution for a 72 hour period. Leaves were taken from treated and untreated vines at different distances from application point and dehydrated in an oven (BIFA Electro-therm MS8 multi stage laboratory furnace, Middlesex, UK) for 2 hours at 105° C. Dry matter was weighted and cremated for 5 hours at 550° C. Ash samples were dissolved in 1% HNO3, collected into 10 mL tubes, filtered (0.45 pm filter) and analyzed for Europium presence by ICP-OES apparatus, using pre-prepared calibration curve obtained with Eu ICP standard (Sigma Aldrich).
RNA Extraction and cDNA Production
Random shoots were pruned, leaves were disposed, and periderm was peeled off using a scalpel exposing inner tissues. Next, xylem was peeled out retaining the green phloem immediately transferred to −80° C. A hundred and fifty (150) mg of frozen phloem were crushed to a powder-like material in liquid nitrogen using mortar and pestle. Nine hundred (900) μl of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB—Sigma Aldrich—Merck) mixture were heated to 65° C., and β-mercaptoethanol was added to a final concentration of 2%. The mix was added to the crushed shoots and soaked in a bath at 65° C. for 10 minutes. Additional 900 μl of chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1) (Sigma-Aldrich—Merck) was added to the tube and mixed vigorously by hand. The tubes were centrifuged at 11,000 g for 10 minutes at 4° C. The upper layer was collected from the tubes. This step was repeated once, and Chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1) was added and the upper layer collected. One third (⅓) of the mixture volume of LiCl 10 M was added and incubated on ice for 30 minutes, to let the RNA precipitate. After precipitation, the tubes were centrifuged at 21,000 g for 20 minutes at 4° C., the supernatant discarded. One (1) ml of SSTE buffer, preheated to 65° C., was added to the tubes, followed by strong vortexing. Additional 1 ml of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) (Sigma-Aldrich—Merck) was added and the tubes were centrifuged at 11,000 g for 10 minutes at 4° C. The upper layer was then collected into a new tube, and the volume was measured. The RNA was then precipitated by adding a 0.7-equivalent volume of ice-cold isopropanol and the tubes were inverted and immediately centrifuged at 21,000 g for 15 minutes at 4° C. The isopropanol was removed, and the pellet was washed with 300 μl of 70% cold ethanol and centrifuged again at 21,000 g for 3 minutes. All the ethanol was removed using a loading tip and the tubes were left open on ice for 30 minutes to evaporate residual ethanol. The pellet was resuspended in 30 μl of Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC, Sigma-Aldrich—Merck)-treated ddH2O. After RNA was extracted from the shoots, total cDNA was generated, using Maxima First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit for RT-qPCR (Thermo Fisher Ltd), following the manufacturer's protocol.
cDNA was amplified using specific primers (see Table 2 below) for various GLRaV strains by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 2×PCRBIO Taq Mix Red (PCRBIOSYSTEMS) PCR kit was used. PCR products were sent to HyLabs IL Ltd for Sanger sequencing, without further purification.
Field trials (2018-2019) were conducted at ‘Bravdo’ vineyard located near Carmi Yossef, Israel. Vines showed various symptoms consistent with GLRaV3 infection, from small red dots on leaves to leaves that are completely red and curled inwards. At the first experiment (June-September 2018), a total of 28 vines were selected and divided into seven treatment groups (N=4) as follows: (1) Untreated healthy vines; (2) Untreated infected vines; (3) Infected vines treated with 25 mM sodium acetate buffer; (4) Infected vines treated with lmPEI solution; (5) Infected vines treated with naked RdRp sequence; (6) Infected vines treated with RdRp-lmPEI NPs; and (7) Infected vines treated with both RdRp-lmPEI and CP-lmPEI NPs. To improve infiltrate's uptake, two administration methods were employed—(i) selected leaves were brushed with 5 mL of treatment solution, and (ii) trimmed shoots were embedded in 20 mL of treatment solution for 24-hour period. Shoots and berries were harvested for further analysis 6, 10, and 21 days post treatment, and 8, and 9 weeks post treatment, respectively. At the following year (June-September 2019), administration methods used were canopy spraying and shoot immersion. A total of 47 vines were distributed to construct the following treatment groups (N=10, except group number 4 where N=7): (1) Untreated healthy vines; (2) Untreated infected vines; (3) Healthy vines sprayed with lmPEI solution; (4) Infected vines' trimmed shoots immersed within both RdRp-lmPEI and CP-lmPEI NPs; and (5) Infected vines sprayed with both RdRp-lmPEI and CP-lmPEI NPs. Shoots were sampled every two weeks until harvest, whereas berry collection took place three times after veraison.
RNA dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRp) sequence design included the following nucleic acid sequence:
Coat protein (CP) sequence design included the following nucleic acid sequence:
Using primers specific to conserved RNA dependent RNA polymerase and Hsp70 like protein sequences of GLRaV-3 (shown below), real-time RT-PCR was performed using Power SYBR™ Green PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Ltd, Applied Biosystems™) and qPCR BIO SyGreen Mix (PCRBIOSYSTEMS) implemented according to manufacturer's instructions in a Corbett Rotor-Gene™ 6000 PCR machine. Specific primers used are as follows:
Berries were tested for brix (sugar) levels, weight, pH levels, color density, tannin index, and softness ratio. Berries were weighed, and the number of berries needed to reach 132 grams (to calculate the average berry weight) was counted. Pure ethanol was added, and the berries were crushed. Mixture was filtered using a strainer to measure brix. For acidity measurement, 10 mL of the same mixture were taken and tittered using 0.1 N NaOH until pH reached 8.15. The volume of NaOH needed was used to calculated total acid content as follows: 0.75×NaOH volume. Tartaric acid correction was done to mimic wine's natural acidity level. After 48 hours precipitation, color density, tannin index, and softness ratio were measured as showed below. Mixture was centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes and diluted 25-fold. Supernatant's optical density (OD) was measured using a spectrophotometer at 520 nm and 420 nm. Color density was calculated as follow: (25×OD420 nm)+(25×OD520 nm). To measure tannin index (total phenols), mixture was diluted 100-fold, then measured using spectrophotometer at 280 nm. Tannin index was calculated as follows: 100×OD280 nm. Lastly, softness ratio was calculated: Softness ratio=10×(Color density/Tannin index).
During the harvest of summer 2019, the total weight of the grapes harvested from each vine was measured as well.
Data is presented as mean values and error bars indicate SD. Statistical studies such as two-tailed paired t-test in
The inventors synthesized lmPEI as an RNA carrier and tested its effect on GLRaV-3 titer in grapevines. Briefly, 14-carbon lipid was conjugated to branch PEI in a 3:1 (epoxide tail:PEI head group) molar ratio to form lmPEI. The product was purified using multiple phase separation steps, and 1HNMR spectra revealed a peak at 3.62 ppm corresponding to a hydroxyl functional group that confirms the successful conjugation of lipids tails to the PEI (
To be effective, the dsRNA-lmPEI particle must bind, protect, and release the RNA at the target site. Since binding and release rely on lmPEI electrostatic affinity to dsRNA, they can be controlled through the N:P ratio. In the current study, the N:P ratio is defined as the molar ratio between positively charged amine groups present in lmPEI and negatively charged phosphate groups present on the dsRNA backbone. To determine this ratio, a constant weight of dsRNA was converted to its equivalent phosphate mole and lmPEI was conjugated accordingly to reach the desired mole of protonated amines. Increasing the N:P ratio elevated the particle's surface charge (
The inventors evaluated the ability of dsRNA-lmPEI particles to be up taken and distribute within vines. lmPEI carrier was labeled with Cyanine 5 (Cy5) dye to be further complexed with dsRNA. Treatment groups (N=5 leaves per group) received five different treatments: (1) 25 mM sodium acetate buffer (control), Free Cy5—(2) spray and (3) immersion and Cy5 labeled particles—(4) spray and (5) immersion. Treatments were given for different time points after leaves were imaged under fluorescent binocular at six different locations and signal was quantified. Basal autofluorescence was seen at initial time and Cy5 signal was present in both spray and immersion administrations after 2-hour treatment as presented in
To quantify the biodistribution of the particles in the plant tissue, lmPEI particles were covalently conjugated to Gadolinium (GdCl3) using a DOTA chelator group. Then, Gd-labeled particles were administered to vine leaves by submersion for 72 h. Gd concentration was quantified in the plant tissues (leaves, petioles, stem, and roots) located up to 25 cm above or below the application point, using elemental analysis (
The inventors further examined the effect of the lipid component on particle uptake into transgenic Arabidopsis roots expressing a plasma membrane-localized fusion protein GFP-LTI6b to mark the cell surface. Lipidated and non-lipidated PEI was complexed with RNA to form nanoparticles, which were then administered hydroponically to the roots before live imaging. The uptake of the particles was traced by covalently labeling the Cy5 dye to the PEI backbone, and then using confocal microscopy to image the roots over time. Treatment groups (N=4 per group) included five different treatments: 1) Cy5-labeled lipidated and 2) non-lipidated particles; 3) non-labeled lipidated and 4) non-lipidated particles and 5) free Cy5 (control). Roots were placed on an optical plate under a semi-permeable medium followed by an administration of a 20 μL treatment solution. Particles' accumulation was imaged and quantified at initial time and after 3 h (
To gain further knowledge regarding particle penetration pathways into the plant, lower (abaxial) and upper (adaxial) sides of an infected leaf were imaged via high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). Stomata are seen scattered throughout abaxial surface epidermal tissue (
To facilitate efficient knockdown, the RNA payload needs to be protected from degradation until reaching the target site. The inventors tested the ability of the lmPEI carrier to protect dsRNA from RNase-A (ribonuclease) degradation. More specifically, the inventors assessed the protection capacity of the complex against RNase-A before and after releasing the dsRNA from the particles and demonstrated that complexation with lmPEI protected the RNA from degradation (
The inventors had examined the ability of dsRNA-lmPEI NPs to knockdown GLRaV-3 in infected vines. To achieve this objective, two field experiments (2018-2019) were conducted in a vineyard located in the Judean foothills in central Israel throughout the summer months (June-September) of each of the aforementioned years. Experiments took place in a Cabernet Sauvignon plot (31° 50′17″N, 34° 53′57″E, 140 meters above sea level) grafted upon Ruggeri rootstock planted in soil mainly composed of clay, sand, and silt. Vines were randomly divided into treatment groups by creating spaced blocks and those were spread across each row evenly. To follow GLD symptoms throughout the experiments, an infection severity assessment table (
The inventors further characterized physical and chemical characteristics of the lm-PEI NP of the inventions.
When examining the effect of different N:P ratios on complexation and RNA release, the methods were as described hereinabove, with the exception of using a ratio of 2:1 which was obtained accordingly by adding adequate amounts of lmPEI to reach different N:P ratios.
Two branched Polyethyleneimine batches (LOT #MKCG7251 and #MKCJ2767) were used to synthesize lmPEI, as described herein.
The results show that ratios ranging between 2:1-7:1 are preferable for branched PEI (
Further, the inventors have compared alkyl chains of varied lengths.
When examining the effect of different lipid lengths on particle uptake, the synthesis method is as described hereinabove, with the exception of altering 1,2-Epoxytetradecane (C14) to alkyl chains of: C10. C12, C16, and C18.
Confocal microscopy validated particle uptake into eGFP-trangenic Arabidopsis roots via steps as described herein.
The results show that C12-lmPEI provided significantly higher uptake ratios into roots, compared to, for example, C14, C16, and C18 (
The inventors further examined the stability of the lm-PEI NP of the invention over time and across different temperatures.
The inventors show that the lm-PEI NP of the invention are stable for a period of about 14 days in various temperatures, e.g., 4° C., room temp, and 54° C., as reflected by their mean diameter (
The inventors have examined stability and complexation aspects of particles characterized by different N:P ratios. Specifically, when complexes were formed at N:P ratios lower than 2:1 (and specifically exemplified using 1:1 ratio), complexation occurred only partially. In this regard, only 80% of the dsRNA was actually integrated into the particles, whereas the remaining 20% was detected as naked dsRNA residues. This observation was further verified by analyzing complex sample using a Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) device. Clearly, such particles are less favorable for use (˜20% loss of the active ingredient even prior to application).
In sharp contrast, when complexes were formed at higher N:P ratios, such as 7:1, strong electrostatic interactions prevented a full release of dsRNA (the active functional molecule/ingredient) from the complexes. This observation was obtained using a gel electrophoresis image and further supported by Zeta potential measurements showing high (+40 mV) surface charge values. Such N:P ratio rage (2:1 to 7:1) is important and advantageous so as to obtain a particle having increased carrying capacity and stability, that are required for subsequent applications.
To conclude, the herein disclosed findings show that dsRNA-lmPEI NPs are stable entities able to carry, protect and distribute within grapevines' transportation system, therefore providing a potent delivery system for long dsRNA. Although known for several decades, GLRaV-3 continues to infect and damage new vineyards with no proper solution in sight. The herein disclosed study proposes dsRNA-lmPEI NPs as a biological contender to solve this problem by inducing GLRaV-3 knockdown in infected vines following foliar application. These findings may also be leveraged for a broader platform to introduce any polynucleotide to a plant cell, such as to modify endogenous gene expression, treat viral infections in any plant, or to replace pest control as we know it today.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/139,904, titled “RNAI NANOPARTICLES AND METHODS OF USING SAME IN AGRICULTURE”, filed Jan. 21, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IL2022/050086 | 1/20/2022 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63139904 | Jan 2021 | US |
