Patent Application
20070022711
The subject invention relates to low-slope roofs that are typically found on commercial and industrial buildings and in particular to prefabricated high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover boards and cover board composites and prefabricated roofing panel composites which include high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover boards and low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam insulation boards, for use on such low-slope roofs and to a method of making the cover boards, the cover board composites, and the roofing panel composites.
Commercial and industrial buildings typically have roofs with low-slope roof decks. The roofing systems for these roofs with low-slope roof decks typically include one or more layers of a low-density roofing insulation, a layer of roofing cover boards that overlie the low-density roofing insulation layer(s), and a waterproofing membrane that overlies the layer of cover boards. The layer(s) of low-density insulation, such as a low-density polymer-based foam insulation, if not protected, can be partially crushed or otherwise damaged from worker traffic over the insulation, the placement of heaving objects on the insulation, the weather, and other causes commonly encountered in roofing construction. The layer of roofing cover boards that overlies the one or more layers of low-density insulation, protects the more fragile low density insulation from damage, acts as a fire barrier, provides a suitable substrate for the attachment of the overlying waterproofing membrane, and augments the insulating function of the low-density insulation. The uppermost waterproofing membrane layer overlying the cover board layer protects the underlying cover board and insulation layers from moisture and other adverse climatic conditions. Normally, these three components (the low-density insulation boards, the roofing cover boards, and the waterproofing membrane) of the roofing system are separately manufactured and separately and successively applied to the low-slope roof deck.
While these roofing systems function very well, there has remained a need to provide improved roofing cover boards and prefabricated cover board composites and to provide prefabricated roofing panel composites that include at least an insulation board and the improved roofing cover board, and that, preferably, include an insulation board and prefabricated the roofing cover board composite having a waterproofing membrane. With the use of such improved roofing cover boards and cover board composites and prefabricated roofing panel composites, roofing systems for low-slope roof decks can be improved and/or the time, labor, and other costs associated with the installation of roofing systems on low-slope roof decks can be reduced. The subject invention provides improved roofing cover boards, improved prefabricated roofing cover board and waterproofing membrane composites, improved prefabricated roofing panel cover board and insulation board composites, improved prefabricated roofing panel cover board, insulation board, and waterproofing membrane composites, and improved prefabricated roofing panel cover board, insulation board, baseboard, and waterproofing membrane composites. The subject invention also provides these roofing cover boards, roofing cover board composites, and roofing panel composites with reinforcing patches or strips that increase the per fastener wind uplift pull through rating for the cover boards, cover board composites, and roofing panel composites to thereby further reduce the labor and ultimately the overall installed cost of roofing systems utilizing these cover boards, cover board composites, and roofing panel composites. The subject invention also provides a method for making the improved roofing cover board and the prefabricated roofing panel composites including the improved roofing cover board that is highly productive, relatively economical, and efficient.
The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover boards and cover board composites of the subject invention have high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layers with densities of at least 4 lbs/ft3 and preferably, between 6 lbs/ft3 and 25 lbs/ft3. Preferably, a waterproofing membrane overlies and is bonded to the top major surface of the high-density core layer of the cover board to form a cover board and waterproofing membrane composite. When the cover board and waterproofing membrane composite is laid down and the waterproofing membrane is bonded and sealed to the waterproofing membranes of other cover board and waterproofing membrane composites, the waterproofing membrane protects the high-density core layer of the composite and underlying layers of the roofing system from moisture and other climatic conditions. A separate waterproofing membrane does not have to be applied over the cover board and waterproofing membrane composite at the job site to protect the high-density core layer of the cover board and underlying roofing system layers from moisture, UV radiation, and other climatic conditions. The density and thickness of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board are selected to provide the cover board with the compressive strength to resist deformation so that the cover board protects low-density insulation layers overlaid by the cover board from damage and so that the cover board has surface characteristics that promote the bonding of a top facer, e.g. waterproofing membrane, to the high-density core layer of the cover board. The prefabricated high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board of the subject invention is relatively lightweight and easily cut. This makes the cover board easier to install and increases the productivity of workers installing the cover boards. The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board of the subject invention does not support mold growth and the cover board is not negatively impacted by the application of solvents, hot asphalt, or adhesives.
The prefabricated roofing panel composites of the subject invention each include a cover board or cover board composite of the subject invention with its high density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer that has a density of at least 4 lbs/ft3 and preferably, a density between 6 lbs/ft3 and 25 lbs/ft3 and a low-density insulation board with its low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer that has a density of less than 6 lbs/ft3, preferably a density of less than 2.5 lbs/ft3, and typical a density of about 1.65 lbs/ft3. The bottom major surface of the high-density cover board or cover board composite overlies and is bonded to the top major surface of the low-density foam insulation board and, in a preferred embodiment, the high-density cover board composite includes a waterproofing membrane facer that overlies and is bonded to the top major surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core of the cover board composite. The cover board, cover board composite, and the roofing panel composite may be secured in a roofing system mechanically with screws, nails or other mechanical fasteners and/or adhesively with asphalt or other adhesives. The prefabricated cover boards, cover board composites, and roofing panel composites of the subject invention can be provided with reinforcements to increase the per-fastener wind-uplift pull through rating of the cover boards, cover board composites, and roofing panel composites and further reduce installation time and costs.
The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board of the subject invention can be made without facers and the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board composite of the subject invention can be made with a top waterproofing membrane facer and/or a bottom facer. When making the prefabricated roofing panel composites in accordance with the method of the subject invention, the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer of the low-density foam insulation board may be formed with the high-density core layer of the high-density cover board or cover board composite being concurrently or subsequently formed over and bonded to a top major surface of the low-density foam insulation board in the same operation. In an alternate version of the method of the subject invention for making the prefabricated roofing panel composite, preformed low-density foam insulation boards may be fed into a production line with the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board or cover board composite being formed over and bonded to the top major surfaces of the preformed low-density foam insulation boards. In the method of the subject invention for making the prefabricated roofing panel composite, no facer or a common facer may be used intermediate the high-density core layer of the cover board and the low-density foam core layer of the foam insulation board.
The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 12 has a top major surface 14 and a bottom major surface 16 that are each defined by the length and the width of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer. The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 12 typically has a width of about four feet or greater and a length of about four feet or greater, preferably, about eight feet or greater and could have lengths that are limited only by the ability to store, transport, and handle the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board 10 prior to installation.
The cover board 10 may have top and/or bottom facers that are not shown in
The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 12 of the cover board 10 may be made of various high-density polymer or predominantly polymer materials [e.g. a high-density polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic material or a high-density material made of a blend of these materials; a high-density polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material or a high-density foam material made of a blend of these materials; a high-density predominantly polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s) or a high-density material made of a blend of these materials with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s); a high-density predominantly polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s) or a high-density foam material made of a blend of these materials with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s), a high-density material made of other thermoset matrix polymers; etc.]. However, a preferred material for the high-density core layer 12 is a high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate material or foam material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic. Examples of various fillers that may be used in the predominantly polymer materials of the high-density core layer 12 include but are not limited to powdered, liquid, and fiber fillers. The high-density polymer and predominantly polymer materials of the core layer 12 may also include fiber reinforcements, fungi growth-inhibiting agents, and fire-retardants to reduce the cost of and/or modify the properties of the high-density core layer 12, such as but not limited to the compressive strength, the toughness, the flexibility, the friability, and the fire resistance of the core layer. Examples of fillers that may be used in the high-density predominantly polymer material core layer 12 are fillers such as but not limited to limestone (CaCO3), fiberglass, recycled polyisocyanurate dust, extenders/plasticizers, ground up foam insulation, ground up rubber, wood dust, etc.
The top facer 22 of the composite 20 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable top major surface for the cover board and facer composite, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, foil, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. A preferred sheet material for the top facer 22 is a nonwoven fiberglass mat that is heavily coated with a mineral coating such as but not limited to a calcium carbonate/clay/SBR latex coating. Where the composite 20 is fully adhered to an underlying roofing layer (e.g. an insulation layer) rather than being secured by mechanical fasteners, a sheet material may be used for the top facer 22 that serves the dual function of providing a facing during the manufacturing process and a waterproofing membrane on the finished product such as but not limited to a bituminous or modified bituminous membrane, or a single ply membrane (e.g. a EPDM, PVC, or TPO membrane). Where the top facer 22 is a waterproofing membrane, the facer may extend beyond the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board 10 on one or more of the four sides of the core layer (e.g. beyond a side edge and an end edge of the top major surface of the core layer) to form membrane overlaps for sealing to the membranes of other composites 20. While not shown, the composite may also include a bottom facer that is bonded to the bottom major surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board. When used, the bottom facer of the composite 20 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable bottom major surface for the cover board and facer composite for bonding to an underlying layer of the roofing system, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc.
In the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30, the cover board 32 has a high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 40. The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 40 of the cover board 32 in the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 has a density of at least 4 lbs/ft3 and preferably, between 6 lbs/ft3 and 25 lbs/ft3. The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 40 of the cover board 32 in the prefabricated roofing panel composite has a thickness of about 0.08 inches or greater and, preferably, a thickness between about 0.25 inches and about 0.75 inches. The density and thickness of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 40 of the cover board 32 are selected to provide the cover board with the compressive strength to resist deformation and protect the low-density insulation board 34 that is overlaid by the cover board from damage, and to provide surface characteristics that promote the bonding of a top facer, e.g. a waterproofing membrane, to the high-density core layer 40 of the cover board.
The insulation board 34 in the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 includes a low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42. The low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42 of the insulation board 34 has a density less than 6 lbs/ft3, preferably less than 4 lbs/ft3, and typically a density of less than 2.5 lbs/ft3. The low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42 has a thickness of about 0.50 inches or greater and, preferably, a thickness between about 0.50 inches and about 6 inches. The density and thickness of the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42 of the insulation board 34 are selected to provide the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 with the desired insulating properties for the roofing system application.
The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 40 of the cover board 32 may be made of various high-density polymer or predominantly polymer materials [e.g. a high-density polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic material or a high-density material made of a blend of these materials; a high-density polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material or a high-density foam material made of a blend of these materials; a high-density predominantly polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s) or a high-density material made of a blend of these materials with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic fillers); a high-density predominantly polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s) or a high-density foam material made of a blend of these materials with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s), a high-density material made of other thermoset matrix polymers; etc.]. However, a preferred material for the high-density core layer 40 is a high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate material or foam material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or filler(s) such as but not limited to those listed above in connection with the cover board 10.
The low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42 of the insulation board 34 may be made of various low-density polymer or predominantly polymer foam materials [e.g. a low-density polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material or a low-density foam material made of a blend of these materials; a low-density predominantly polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s) or a low-density foam material made of a blend of these materials with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or filler(s), a low-density foam material made of other thermoset matrix polymers; etc.]. However, a preferred material for the low-density core layer 42 is a low-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate foam material up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s).
When the high-density core layer 40 is made of a predominantly polymer material, the high-density predominantly polymer material of the core layer 40 may contain various powdered, liquid, and fiber fillers, fiber reinforcements, fire-retardants, fungi growth-inhibiting agents, etc. to reduce the cost and/or modify the properties of the high-density core layer 40 (such as but not limited to the compressive strength, the flexibility, the friability, the fire resistance of the core layer). When the low-density core layer 42 is made of a predominantly polymer material foam, the low-density predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42 may contain various powdered, liquid, and fiber fillers, fiber reinforcements, fire-retardants, fungi growth-inhibiting agents, etc. to reduce the cost and/or modify the properties of the low-density predominantly polymer material foam core layer. Examples of fillers that may be used in the high-density core layer 40 of the cover board 32 and the low-density core layer 42 of the insulation board 34 are fillers such as but not limited to limestone (CaCO3), fiberglass, recycled polyisocyanurate dust, extenders/plasticizers, ground up foam insulation, ground up rubber, wood dust, etc.
While, as shown in
The top facer 52 of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50 is bonded to and overlies the entire or substantially the entire top surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board 32. The top facer 52 of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable top major surface for the cover board of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, foil, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. A preferred sheet material for the top facer 52 is a nonwoven fiberglass mat that is heavily coated with a mineral coating such as but not limited to a calcium carbonate/clay/SBR latex coating. Where the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50 is fully adhered to an underlying roofing layer (e.g. an insulation layer) rather than being secured by mechanical fasteners, a sheet material may be used for the top facer 52 that serves the dual function of providing a facing during the manufacturing process and a waterproofing membrane on the finished product such as but not limited to a bituminous or modified bituminous membrane, or a single ply membrane (e.g. a EPDM, PVC, or TPO membrane). Where the top facer 52 is a waterproofing membrane, the facer may extend beyond the high-density core layer of the cover board 32 on one or more of the four sides of the core layer, e.g. beyond a side edge and an end edge of the top major surface of the core layer to provide overlaps for sealing with the membranes of adjacent panels.
While, as shown in
In the prefabricated roofing panel composite 60, the cover board 62 has a high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 72 and the baseboard 66 has a high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 74. The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layers 72 and 74 each have a density of at least 4 lbs/ft3 and preferably, between 6 lbs/ft3 and 25 lbs/ft3. The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 72 of the cover board 62 and the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 74 of the baseboard 66 each have a thickness of about 0.08 inches or greater and, preferably, a thickness between about 0.25 inches and about 0.75 inches. The density and thickness of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 72 of the cover board 62 are selected to provide the cover board with the compressive strength to resist deformation and protect the low-density insulation board 64 that is overlaid by the cover board from damage, and to provide surface characteristics that promote the bonding of a top facer, e.g. a waterproofing membrane, to the core layer 72 of the cover board.
The insulation board 64 in the prefabricated roofing panel composite 60 includes a low-density polymer or predominantly polymer foam core layer 76. The low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 76 of the insulation board 64 has a density less than 6 lbs/ft3, preferably less than 4 lbs/ft3, and typically a density of less than about 2.5 lbs/ft3. The low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 76 has a thickness of about 0.50 inches or greater and, preferably, a thickness between about 0.50 inches and about 6 inches. The density and thickness of the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 76 of the insulation board 64 are selected to provide the prefabricated roofing panel composite 60 with the desired insulating properties for the roofing system application.
The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layers 72 and 74 of the cover board 62 and the baseboard 66 may be made of various high-density polymer or predominantly polymer materials [e.g. a high-density polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic material or a high-density material made of a blend of these materials; a high-density polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material or a high-density foam material made of a blend of these materials; a high-density predominantly polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s) or a high-density material made of a blend of these materials with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s); a high-density predominantly polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s) or a high-density foam material made of a blend of these materials with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s), a high-density material made of other thermoset matrix polymers; etc.]. However, a preferred material for the high-density core layers 72 and 74 is a high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate material or foam material up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s).
The low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 76 of the insulation board 64 may be made of various low-density polymer or predominantly polymer foam materials [e.g. a low-density polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material or a low-density foam material made of a blend of these materials; a low-density predominantly polyisocyanurate, polyurethane, polystyrene, or phenolic foam material with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s) or a low-density foam material made of a blend of these materials with up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s), a low-density material made of other thermoset matrix polymers; etc.]. However, a preferred material for the low-density core layer 76 is a low-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate foam material up to 40% by weight, but typically between about 1% and about 25% by weight organic and/or inorganic filler(s).
When the high-density core layers 72 and 74 are made of a predominantly polymer material, the high-density predominantly polymer material of the core layers 72 and 74 may contain various powdered, liquid, and fiber fillers, fiber reinforcements, fire-retardants, fungi growth-inhibiting agents, etc. to reduce the cost and/or modify the properties of the high-density core layers 72 and 74 (such as but not limited to the compressive strength, the flexibility, the friability, the fire resistance of the core layer). When the low-density core layer 76 is made of a predominantly polymer material foam, the low-density predominantly polymer material foam core layer 76 may contain various powdered, liquid and fiber fillers, fiber reinforcements, fire-retardants, fungi growth-inhibiting agents, etc. to reduce the cost and/or modify the properties of the low-density foam core layer. Examples of fillers that may be used in the high-density core layers 72 of the cover board 62 and the baseboard 66 and the low-density core layer 76 of the insulation board 64 are fillers such as but not limited to limestone (CaCO3), fiberglass, recycled polyisocyanurate dust, extenders/plasticizers, ground up foam insulation, ground up rubber, wood dust, etc.
While, as shown in
The top facer 82 of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 80 is bonded to and overlies the entire or substantially the entire top surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board 62. The top facer 82 of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 80 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable top major surface for the cover board and facer composite, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, foil, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. A preferred sheet material for the top facer 82 is a nonwoven fiberglass mat that is heavily coated with a mineral coating such as but not limited to a calcium carbonate/clay/SBR latex coating. Where the prefabricated roofing panel composite 80 is fully adhered to an underlying roofing layer (e.g. an insulation layer) rather than being secured by mechanical fasteners, a sheet material may be used for the top facer 82 that serves the dual function of providing a facing during the manufacturing process and a waterproofing membrane on the finished product such as but not limited to a bituminous or modified bituminous membrane, or a single ply membrane (e.g. a EPDM, PVC, or TPO membrane). Where the top facer 82 is a waterproofing membrane, the facer may extend beyond the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board 62 on one or more of the four sides of the core layer, e.g. beyond a side edge and an end edge of the top major surface of the core layer to provide membrane overlaps for sealing with the membranes of adjacent panels.
While, as shown in
The first forming station 102 for forming the low-density foam insulation board 34 includes a conventional dispenser 108 for dispensing a low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor 110 (e.g. a low-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate foam precursor) onto a facer, when used, overlying a conveyor 112 of two spaced-apart opposed forming conveyers 112 and 114 or directly onto the conveyor 112. As the foam precursor 110 passes between the forming conveyors 112 and 114, foams and at least partially sets, the forming conveyors 112 and 114 cooperate to set the thickness of the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42 of the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer foam insulation board 34 formed from the precursor 110. The first forming station 102 also includes supplies (e.g. rolls) of facer materials 116 and 118 that can be fed over and/or beneath the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor 110 to form a common facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50 and a bottom facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50.
The second forming station 104 of the production line 100 for forming the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board 32 of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50 includes a conventional dispenser 120 for dispensing a high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material or foam precursor 122 (e.g. a high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate foam precursor) onto the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42 or, when used, a common facer overlying the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42. With the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 122 overlying the low-density foam core layer 42 or, when used, the common facer, the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 122 and the low-density foam core layer 42 pass between two spaced-apart opposed forming conveyers 112 and 124 where the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 38 is formed and bonded directly to the low-density foam core layer 42 or to the common facer overlying the low-density foam core layer 42. The spaced-apart opposed forming conveyors 112 and 124 cooperate to set the thickness of both the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 40 and the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50. The second forming station 104 also includes supplies (e.g. rolls) of a facer material 126 that is fed over the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 122 to form the top facer 52 of both the high-density cover board 32 and the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50.
With the high-density core layer 40 and the low-density foam core layer 42 of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50 bonded together in the second forming station 104 to form a continuous length of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50, the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50 is then cut to length to complete the formation of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50. In the cutting station 106 a cutter, such as but not limited to a reciprocating cutter 128, cuts the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50 coming from the second forming station 104 to length.
While the production line 100, as shown, is capable of applying three facer materials 116, 118, and 126 to the insulation board 34 and the cover board 32 to form the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50. The application of any one, any two, or all of the facing materials 116, 118 and 126 to the insulation board and cover board can be omitted to form the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 and all but the top facing material can be omitted to form the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50 with the desired number of facers. The facers 116, 118 and 126 normally prevent the polymer or predominantly polymer layers from sticking to the conveyors. However, with a shift in the chemistry of the precursors 110 and 122 to affect the tackiness of the layers produced so that they do not stick to the surfaces of the conveyors or by applying release films or coatings to the surfaces of the conveyers that will not allow the layers produced to stick to the surfaces of the conveyors, when desired, any one or all of the facing materials are not needed for and could be eliminated from the manufacturing process.
The low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam insulation boards 34 may include a top facer that, when used, forms a common facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50 and may include a bottom facer that, when used, forms a bottom facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites. Preferably, the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam insulation boards 34 are fed into the forming station 204 lengthwise with the ends of successive insulation boards 34 in the continuous series of insulation boards abutting each other.
The forming station 204 of the production line 200 for forming the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board 32 of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 includes a conventional dispenser 208 for dispensing the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 210 (e.g. a high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate precursor) directly onto the low-density foam core layers 42 of the insulation boards 34 or, when used the common facers overlying the low-density foam core layers of the low-density foam insulation boards. With the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 210 directly overlying the low-density foam core layers 42 of the insulation boards or the common facers 36 carried by the low-density foam insulation boards 34, the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 210 and the low-density foam insulation boards 34 pass between two spaced-apart opposed forming conveyers 212 and 214 where the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layers 38 of the cover boards 32 are formed and bonded directly to the low-density foam core layers 42 of the insulation boards 34 or to the common facers overlying the low-density foam insulation board 34. The spaced-apart opposed forming conveyors 212 and 214 cooperate to set the thickness of both the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 40 and the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50. The forming station 204 also includes supplies (e.g. rolls) of a facer material 216 that is fed over the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 210 to form the top facer 52 of both the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board 32 and the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50.
With the high-density core layer 40 and the low-density foam core layer 42 of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50 bonded together in the forming station 204 to form a continuous length of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50, the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50 is then cut to length to complete the formation of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50. In the cutting station 206 a cutter, such as but not limited to a reciprocating cutter 218, cuts the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 coming from the forming station 204 to length.
The production line 200, as shown, is capable of making the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 by feeding preformed low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam insulation boards 34 into the forming station 204 and omitting the application of the facer material 216 to the cover board 32 and is capable of making the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50 by feeding preformed low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam insulation boards 34 into the forming station 204 and applying of the facer material 216 to the cover board 32. The facer 216 normally prevents the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material layer from sticking to the conveyor 212. However, with a shift in the chemistry of the precursor 210 to affect the tackiness of the layer produced so that the layer does not stick to the surface of the conveyor 212 or by applying a release film or coating to the surface of the conveyer 212 that will not allow the layer produced to stick to the surface of the conveyor, when desired, the facing materials 216 is not needed for and could be eliminated from the manufacturing process.
The first forming station 302 for forming the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material baseboard 56 includes a conventional dispenser 310 for dispensing a high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 312 (e.g. a high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate precursor) onto a facer, when used, overlying a conveyor 314 of two spaced-apart opposed forming conveyers 314 and 316 or directly onto the conveyor 314. As the precursor 310 passes between the forming conveyors 314 and 316, forms and at least partially sets, the forming conveyors 314 and 316 cooperate to set the thickness of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 74 of the high-density baseboard 66 formed from the precursor 310. The first forming station 302 also includes supplies (e.g. rolls) of facer materials 318 and 320 that may be fed over and/or beneath the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 310 to form, when used, a common facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 60 and 80 and a bottom facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 60 and 80.
The second forming station 304 of the production line 300 for forming the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam insulation board 64 of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 60 and 80 includes a conventional dispenser 322 for dispensing a low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor 324 (e.g. a low-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate foam precursor) directly onto the high-density core layer 74 or, when used, onto a common facer overlying the high-density core layer 74 of the baseboard 66. With the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor 324 directly overlying high-density core layer 74 or the common facer overlying the high-density core layer 74 of the baseboard 66, the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor 324 and the high-density core layer 74 pass between two spaced-apart opposed forming conveyers 314 and 326 where the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 76 of the insulation board 64 is formed and bonded to the high-density core layer 74 or the common facer overlying the high-density core layer 74 of the baseboard 66. The spaced-apart opposed forming conveyors 314 and 326 cooperate to set the thickness of the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 76 of the insulation board 64. The second forming station 304 also includes supplies (e.g. rolls) of a facer material 328 that can be fed over the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor 324 to form a common facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 60 and 80.
The third forming station 306 of the production line 300 for forming the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board 62 of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 60 and 80 includes a conventional dispenser 330 for dispensing a high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 332 (e.g. a high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate precursor) directly onto the low-density foam core layer 76 or the common facer overlying the low-density foam core layer 76 of the insulation board 64. With the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 332 overlying the low-density foam core layer 76 or the common facer overlying the low-density foam core layer 76, the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 332, the low-density foam insulation board 64, and the high-density baseboard 66 pass between two spaced-apart opposed forming conveyers 314 and 334 where the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 72 of the cover board 62 is formed and bonded to the low-density foam core layer 76 or the common facer overlying the low-density foam core layer 76 of the insulation board 64. The spaced-apart opposed forming conveyors 314 and 334 cooperate to set the thickness of both the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 72 and the prefabricated roofing panel composite 60 or 80. The third forming station 306 also includes supplies (e.g. rolls) of a facer material 336 that is fed over the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 332 to form the top facer 82 of both the high-density cover board 62 and the prefabricated roofing panel composite 80.
With the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material cover board 62, the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam insulation board 64, and the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material baseboard 66 of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 60 or 80 bonded together in the third forming station 306 to form a continuous length of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 60 or 80, the prefabricated roofing panel composite 60 or 80 is then cut to length to complete the formation of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 60 or 80. In the cutting station 308 a cutter, such as but not limited to a reciprocating cutter 338, cuts the continuous prefabricated roofing panel composite 60 or 80 coming from the third forming station 306 to length.
While the production line 300, as shown, is capable of applying four facer materials 318, 320, 328, and 336 to the baseboard 66, the insulation board 64 and the cover board 62 to form the prefabricated roofing panel composites 60 and 80. The application of any one, any two, any three or all of the facing materials 318, 320, 328, and 336 to the baseboard, the insulation board and the cover board can be omitted to form the prefabricated roofing panel composite 60 and all but the top facing material can be omitted to form the prefabricated roofing panel composite 80 with the desired number of facers. The facers 318, 320, 328, and 336 normally prevent the composite layers from sticking to the conveyors. However, with a shift in the chemistry of the precursors 312,324, and 332 to affect the tackiness of the layers produced so that they do not stick to the surfaces of the conveyors or by applying release films or coatings to the surfaces of the conveyers that will not allow the layers produced to stick to the surfaces of the conveyors, when desired, any one or all of the facing materials are not needed for and could be eliminated from the manufacturing process.
The forming station 402 for forming the low-density foam insulation board 34 and the high-density cover board includes a conventional dispenser 406 for dispensing a low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor 408 (e.g. a low-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate foam precursor) onto a facer, when used, overlying a conveyor 410 of two spaced-apart opposed forming conveyers 410 and 412 or directly onto the conveyor 410. The forming station 402 also includes a conventional dispenser 414 for dispensing a high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 416 (e.g. a high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate material precursor) onto the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor of the core layer 42 or, when used, a common facer overlying the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor of the core layer 42. As the layers of precursor 408 and 416 pass between the forming conveyors 410 and 412, the precursors form and at least partially set, the forming conveyors 410 and 412 cooperate to set the thickness of the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam core layer 42 of insulation board 34 formed from the precursor 408, the thickness of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer 40 of cover board 32 formed from the precursor 416, and the thickness of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50. The forming station 402 also includes supplies (e.g. rolls) of facer materials 418, 420, and 422 that can be fed over and/or beneath the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursor 408 to form a common facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50 and a bottom facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50 and that can be fed over the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursor 416 to form a top facer of the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50.
With the high-density core layer 40 and the low-density foam core layer 42 of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50 bonded together to form a continuous length of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50, the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50 is then cut to length to complete the formation of the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50. In the cutting station 404 a cutter, such as but not limited to a reciprocating cutter 424, cuts the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 or 50 coming from the forming station 402 to length.
While the production line 400, as shown, is capable of applying three facer materials 418, 420 and 422 to the insulation board 34 and the cover board 32 to form the prefabricated roofing panel composites 30 and 50. The application of any one, any two, or all of the facing materials 418, 420, and 422 to the insulation board and cover board can be omitted to form the prefabricated roofing panel composite 30 and all but the top facing material can be omitted to form the prefabricated roofing panel composite 50 with the desired number of facers. The facers 418, 420, and 422 normally prevent the layers of the composite from sticking to the conveyors. However, with a shift in the chemistry of the precursors 408 and 416 to affect the tackiness of the layers produced so that they do not stick to the surfaces of the conveyors or by applying release films or coatings to the surfaces of the conveyers that will not allow the layers produced to stick to the surfaces of the conveyors, when desired, any one or all of the facing materials are not needed for and could be eliminated from the manufacturing process.
Preferably, the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material foam precursors 110, 324, and 408 are low-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polymer foam precursors. Preferably, the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursors 122, 210, 312, 332, and 416 are high-density polyisocyanurate or predominantly polyisocyanurate material precursors. The high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material precursors 122, 210, 312, 332, and 416 can be formulated to produce high-density materials or foams by significantly reducing or eliminating the blowing agent(s) from the precursors 122, 210, 312, 332, and 416. Pentane (HFC), micro-spheres, CO2 and water (as well as other materials) will act as blowing agents for the precursors. The relatively high-density layers produced using these types of precursors have improved strength characteristics over the low-density foams normally produced for insulation products. As the amount of blowing agent is reduced in the precursors 122, 210, 312, 332, and 416, the density and the compressive strength of the high-density layers produced increase. These types of high-density core layers are much more resistant to deformation than the typical low-density foam core layers.
The top facer 522 that is bonded to the top major surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board composite 520 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable top major surface for the cover board composite, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, foil, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. A preferred sheet material for the top facer 522 is a nonwoven fiberglass mat that is heavily coated with a mineral coating such as but not limited to a calcium carbonate/clay/SBR latex coating. Where the cover board composite 520 is fully adhered to an underlying roofing layer (e.g. an insulation layer) rather than being secured by mechanical fasteners, a sheet material may be used for the top facer 522 that serves the dual function of providing a facing during the manufacturing process and a waterproofing membrane on the finished product such as but not limited to a bituminous or modified bituminous membrane, or a single ply membrane (e.g. a EPDM, PVC, or TPO membrane). Where the top facer 522 is a waterproofing membrane, the facer may extend beyond the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board 10 on one or more of the four sides of the core layer (e.g. beyond a side edge and an end edge of the top major surface of the core layer) to form membrane overlaps for sealing to the membranes of other composites 520. The bottom facer 524 is bonded to and typically coextensive with the bottom major surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board composite 520. The bottom facer 524 of the composite 520 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable bottom major surface for the cover board composite 520, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. However, a preferred bottom facer 524, is a coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven fiberglass mat such as but not limited to the preferred top facer 522.
The wind-uplift reinforcements, e.g. the wind-uplift reinforcement patches 526 (such as but not limited to the wind-uplift reinforcement patches shown in
When a cover board composite is subjected to wind-uplift forces from high winds during service, the wind-uplift forces exerted on a cover board composite, if not controlled, will tend to place the top portion of the composite in compression and the bottom portion of the composite in tension at the fastener locations to thereby place the composite under stress at these locations. Repeated cycles of stress exerted on a cover board composite at the fastener locations during service can result in a failure of the composite at one or more of the fastener locations. The wind-uplift reinforcements of the subject invention, e.g. the wind-uplift reinforcement patches 526 or reinforcement strips 528, greatly increase the pressures that the cover board composite can withstand before failure at a fastener location. While the cover board composite still flexes, the wind-uplift reinforcements of the subject invention extend or increase the load the bottom facer can withstand before the bottom facer 524 fails at a fastener location. The wind-uplift reinforcements, e.g. the wind-uplift reinforcement patches 526 (such as but not limited to the wind-uplift reinforcement patches shown in
The top facer 542 that is bonded to the top major surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board 32 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable top major surface for the cover board/insulation board panel composite 540, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, foil, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. A preferred sheet material for the top facer 542 is a nonwoven fiberglass mat that is heavily coated with a mineral coating such as but not limited to a calcium carbonate/clay/SBR latex coating. The bottom facer 544 is bonded to and typically coextensive with the bottom major surface of the low-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the insulation board 34. The bottom facer 544 of the composite 540 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable bottom major surface for the cover board/insulation board composite 540, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. However, a preferred bottom facer 544, is a coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven fiberglass mat such as but not limited to the preferred the top facer 542.
The wind-uplift reinforcements, e.g. the wind-uplift reinforcement patches 546 (such as but not limited to the wind-uplift reinforcement patches shown in
The top facer 562 that is bonded to the top major surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the cover board 62 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable top major surface for the cover board/insulation board/baseboard panel composite, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, foil, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. A preferred sheet material for the top facer 522 is a nonwoven fiberglass mat that is heavily coated with a mineral coating such as but not limited to a calcium carbonate/clay/SBR latex coating. The bottom facer 564 is bonded to and typically coextensive with the bottom major surface of the high-density polymer or predominantly polymer material core layer of the baseboard 66. The bottom facer 564 of the composite 560 may be any sheet material that provides a suitable bottom major surface for the cover board/insulation board/baseboard composite 560, such as but not limited to coated or uncoated paper, coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven mats made of fiberglass or other fibers or filaments, scrims, etc. However, a preferred bottom facer 564, is a coated or uncoated woven or nonwoven fiberglass mat such as but not limited to the preferred top facer 562.
The wind-uplift reinforcements, e.g. the wind-uplift reinforcement patches 566 (such as but not limited to the wind-uplift reinforcement patches shown in
Tests were conducted to determine fastener pull through strength for a 0.25 inch thick polyisocyanurate cover board: a) with only a coated nonwoven glass fiber bottom facer bonded to and substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board; b) with a coated nonwoven glass fiber bottom facer bonded to and substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board and a scrim reinforcement interposed between the bottom facer and the bottom major surface of the cover board and also substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board; c) with a coated nonwoven glass fiber bottom facer bonded to and substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board and six inch wide scrim reinforcement strips interposed between the bottom facer and the bottom major surface of the cover board, running the length of the cover board, and having longitudinal centerlines centered over the fastener penetration locations; d) with a coated nonwoven glass fiber bottom facer bonded to and substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board and three inch wide scrim reinforcement strips interposed between the bottom facer and the bottom major surface of the cover board, running the length of the cover board, and having longitudinal centerlines centered over the fastener penetration locations; e) with a coated nonwoven glass fiber bottom facer bonded to and substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board and six inch square scrim reinforcement patches interposed between the bottom facer and the bottom major surface of the cover board and centered over the fastener penetration locations; and f) with a coated nonwoven glass fiber bottom facer bonded to and substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board and two layers of six inch square scrim reinforcement patches interposed between the bottom facer,and the bottom major surface of the cover board and centered over the fastener penetration locations. The scrim material used in the tests was a fiberglass scrim having a tensile strength of 105 lbs per linear inch. The scrim material was 10 grams/ft2 with 8×8 strands per inch wherein the mean diameter of the strands was 0.019 inches. The measured per fastener wind-uplift pull through strengths for these composites was:
a) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer alone −160 lbf (pounds of force);
b) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and scrim reinforcement that is substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board −300 lbf;
c) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and six-inch wide scrim reinforcement strips −275 lbf;
d) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and three-inch wide scrim reinforcement strips −250 lbf;
e) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and six inch square scrim reinforcement patches −240 lbf; and
f) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and two layers of six-inch square scrim reinforcement patches −350 lbf.
The coverage rate of the scrim reinforcement (area of the bottom major surface of a cover board or other roofing panel composite covered by scrim reinforcement) for the scrim reinforcement embodiments set forth immediately above will vary with the fastener location pattern utilized. However, for the scrim reinforcement embodiments set forth immediately above, an eight fastener location pattern on a four by eight foot cover board or other roofing panel composite (i.e. a cover board or other roofing panel composite with a 32 ft2 bottom major surface) results in the following coverage rates:
a) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer alone −0 ft2 coverage;
b) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and scrim reinforcement that is substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of the cover board −32 ft2 coverage;
c) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and six inch wide scrim reinforcement strips −8 ft2 coverage;
d) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and three inch wide scrim reinforcement strips −4 ft2 coverage;
e) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and six inch square scrim reinforcement patches −2 ft2 coverage; and
f) coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and two layers of six inch square scrim reinforcement patches −2 ft2 coverage with 4 ft2 of scrim utilized.
With embodiment “f”(coated nonwoven glass fiber facer and two layers of six inch square scrim reinforcement patches −2 ft2 coverage with 4 ft2 of scrim utilized) a 90 pounds/ft2 wind-uplift rating may be achieved for a cover board using only eight fasteners to secure the cover board whereas for embodiment “a” (coated nonwoven glass fiber facer alone) sixteen fasteners must be utilized to achieve a 90 pound/ft2 wind-uplift rating for the cover board. Fasteners and their installation commonly represent approximately 40% of cover board installation costs. The scrim reinforcements of the subject invention enable a reduction in the number of fasteners required to achieve a specific wind-uplift rating for an installed cover board. Thus, for a roofing system with a specific wind-uplift rating, the scrim reinforcements of the subject invention can significantly reduce the labor and ultimately, the overall installed cost of the roofing system. Of course, an installer can retain the normal number of fasteners utilized per cover board and significantly increase the wind-uplift rating for the installed cover board. In addition, while the use of a scrim reinforcement that is substantially coextensive with the bottom major surface of a cover board or other roofing panel composite can significantly increase the per fastener wind-uplift pull through rating, the scrim reinforcement of the subject invention can substantially reduce the square footage of scrim reinforcement required to significantly increase the per fastener wind-uplift pull through rating (e.g. 32 ft2 for full scrim reinforcement coverage vs. 8 ft2, 4 ft2, or 2 ft2 coverage for reinforcements of the subject invention for an eight fastener location pattern on a four by eight foot cover board or other roofing panel composite).
In describing the invention, certain embodiments have been used to illustrate the invention and the practices thereof. However, the invention is not limited to these specific embodiments as other embodiments and modifications within the spirit of the invention will readily occur to those skilled in the art on reading this specification. For example, the prefabricated roofing panel composites could be in an upside down orientation to that shown and described in connection with FIGS. 7 to 9. Thus, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, but is to be limited only by the claims appended hereto.
This patent application is a continuation-in-part of patent application No. 10/984,122, Griffin et al, filed Nov. 9, 2004.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10984122 | Nov 2004 | US |
| Child | 11519042 | Sep 2006 | US |
