Patent Application
20070277770
The present invention relates to a valve for a rotary valve internal combustion engine and manufacture thereof. In particular it relates to axial flow rotary valves with internal cooling and incorporating both an inlet port and an exhaust port in the same valve.
The present invention relates to axial flow rotary valves incorporating an inlet and an exhaust port in the same valve. These ports terminate as openings in the periphery of the valve. During rotation these openings periodically align with a similar window in the cylinder head allowing the passage of gas from the valve to the cylinder and vice versa.
Rotary valves which run with a small predetermined clearance to the cylinder head bore were developed to address the problem of thermal and mechanical deflection of the valve, which had plagued rotary valve development for the most part of the 20th century. Rotary valves were traditionally sealed by the use of a close fitting stationary sleeve around the outer diameter of the valve. These sleeves function to gas seal the combustion chamber, and in the case of valves incorporating both inlet and exhaust ports to seal between the ports. These arrangements failed because they were unable to cope with the inevitable thermal and mechanical distortion of the valve which invariably resulted in seizure of the valve in the sleeve. Although many attempts were made to design sleeves that overcome this problem, none were commercialised.
In order to address these problems, the valve was designed to run with a small clearance to the cylinder head bore and the combustion chamber was sealed by means of a floating array of seals arranged around the window in the cylinder head. One of the first of these arrangements is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,532 (Bishop). In this arrangement the valve incorporated both an inlet and exhaust port in the same valve. Flow of gas between the inlet and exhaust port was controlled by making the radial clearance between the valve and the cylinder head bore small. The combination of this small clearance and small pressures in the inlet and exhaust ports limit the flow of gases between the ports.
The existence of a small clearance between the outer diameter of the valve and the cylinder head bore enabled a small amount of thermal and mechanical distortion to occur without the valve making contact with the bore. This change was a major step forward in rotary valve design. However, in order to be able to capitalise on this advance valves needed to be developed that had minimal thermal and physical distortion. The smaller the distortion, the smaller is the required radial clearance and the better the sealing between the inlet and exhaust ports.
Thermal distortion generally results in a “permanent” distorted valve shape that rotates with the valve. If a thermally induced high point on the valve makes contact with the cylinder head bore the contact point will rotate with the valve generating considerable heat in the valve at the point of contact. This type of contact typically results in seizure of the valve in the cylinder head bore.
Axial flow rotary valves incorporating both inlet and exhaust ports in the same valve are the most demanding category of rotary valve from a thermal distortion perspective. At one end of the valve is the hot exhaust port at the other end is the cool inlet port and the periphery is part subject to combustion, part subject to exhaust flow and part subject to inlet flow. Further, the presence of two ports in the same valve dramatically reduces the space available for valve cooling passages.
Mechanical distortion occurs as a result of cylinder pressure acting on the periphery of the valve that is blocking the window during the compression and power strokes. The distortion is approximately proportional to the cylinder pressure. In the event that some operating conditions result in higher than normal cylinder pressure which deflects the valve into contact with the cylinder head bore, this contact will only be momentary as the peak cylinder pressure occupies only a very small portion of the cycle. In most cases the valve will be able to rub momentarily against the bore without seizure.
Thus unlike the case of mechanical distortion where there is latitude for the valve to make occasional contact with the cylinder bore, there is no latitude in the case of thermal distortion.
Cooling passages are an essential requirement for all rotary valves with the possible exception of those with very low power outputs. However, some prior art patent documents only show the rotary valve constructional and cooling details schematically, as these details were not relevant to the disclosure. A typical example of this is U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,386 (Wallis et al).
A rotary valve constructed similarly to that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,386 (Wallis et al) is shown in
The constraints introduced by the necessity to adequately support the ceramic core during the casting process means the valve shown in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,532 (Bishop) shows some details of the cooling passage of another prior art axial flow rotary valve. In this arrangement, as is common with this category of prior art valve, there are no cooling passages adjacent the exhaust trailing edge. During a substantial portion of the exhaust process, hot exhaust gas flows over the exhaust trailing edge. As a result this edge becomes extremely hot and suffers considerable local thermal distortion which damages the axial seals used to seal the combustion gases in the cylinder. It is an essential requirement for all rotary valves that the exhaust trailing edge is cooled. Localised cooling of this area cannot be provided by means of a separate core as the cross-section of the core is very small and the area it has to span relatively long. This particular problem is addressed in the prior art valve shown in
U.S. Pat. No. 2,158,386 (Sykes) shows cooling details of an axial flow rotary valve incorporating both inlet and exhaust ports in the same valve. Cooling is provided in a manner similar to that of the prior art rotary valve shown in
This illustrates the problem facing manufacturers of axial flow rotary valves incorporating both inlet and exhaust ports in the same valve. The greater the cross-sectional areas allocated to the cooling passages the easier the casting, but the smaller port size and the lower the flow capacity of the valve. For rotary valves to be competitive with modern poppet valves they require large port sizes which minimises the allowable cross-section for the cooling passages, and makes the casting extremely difficult to manufacture and expensive. In addition these valves often require additional components welded onto the valve casting to give the valve adequate structural integrity.
This issue could potentially be addressed by increasing the outside diameter of the valve. However, this is not a realistic option as in rotary valve technology the diameter of the valve is the critical design issue as it determines the position of the spark plug and the shape of the combustion chamber. The greater the valve diameter the further the sparkplug must be located from the centre of the cylinder. From a combustion perspective the optimum spark plug position is the centre of the cylinder.
Prior art rotary valves of the type shown in
Finally, prior art rotary valves of the type shown in
The rotary valve in
This low stiffness problem can be best illustrated when one considers how movement of port dividing walls 41 towards outer wall 39 is reacted in the prior art valve shown in
The thinner the outer and/or inner wall the greater the problem created by this circumferentially long axial passage. A convenient method of quantifying this issue is aspect ratio. For the purposes of this application the aspect ratio of an axially extending passage is defined as the maximum circumferential length of the passage divided by the minimum radial height between the radial extremities of the axial passage and the adjacent surface of either the inner or outer wall, which ever is the closer.
In the rotary valve shown in
There are several issues that must be considered when designing a rotary valve. Firstly, the outside diameter of the valve must be a minimum consistent with the required minimum flow area in both the inlet and exhaust ports. Secondly, the valve must be sufficiently stiff such that under maximum combustion load the deflection is less than the predetermined small clearance. Thirdly, the valve cooling and the valve construction must be such to ensure that the thermal distortion is less than the predetermined small clearance. Finally, the valve cooling and construction must be such that valve distortion due to mechanical load does not add to the thermal distortion. Otherwise, the predetermined small clearance would have to be larger than necessary.
The present invention seeks to overcome one or more of the disadvantages associated with the abovementioned prior art rotary valves that have internal cooling passages cast therein.
In a first aspect, the present invention consists of an axial flow rotary valve for an internal combustion engine, said valve being adapted to rotate about an axis within a bore in the cylinder head of said engine, one end of said valve being an inlet end and the other end being an exhaust end, said valve comprising a centre portion having a cylindrical periphery, an inlet portion smaller in diameter than said centre portion, extending between said centre portion and said inlet end, an exhaust portion smaller in diameter than said centre portion, extending between said centre portion and said exhaust end, an inlet port extending from said inlet end and terminating as an inlet opening in the periphery of said centre portion, and an exhaust port extending from said exhaust end and terminating as an exhaust opening in the periphery of said centre portion, characterised in that said centre portion has at least one elongate passage communicating between said inlet portion and said exhaust portion, said passage being disposed circumferentially outside said openings and radially outside at least one of said inlet and exhaust portions.
Preferably, said passage has an aspect ratio smaller than 10:1.
Preferably, at least one end of said centre portion has an annular valve seat extending radially inwards from said cylindrical periphery and at least a portion of said passage is radially outside the inside diameter of said annular valve seat.
Preferably, said centre portion has at least one annular cavity, axially outside said inlet and exhaust openings, having an annular opening radially inside of said annular valve seat, and an end of said passage terminates at said cavity.
Preferably, said at least one elongate passage comprises a plurality of circumferentially spaced apart elongate passages.
Preferably, at least one of said passages is adjacent the trailing edge of said exhaust opening.
Preferably, each of said passages has a substantially circular section and extends in a substantially axial direction.
Preferably, said inlet and exhaust ports are separated by a common wall having no internal passages.
Preferably, said elongate passage is a coolant passage.
In one preferred embodiment, said valve is manufactured from a single solid piece of material.
In another preferred embodiment, said valve is manufactured from an inner body and at least one outer body, said outer body at least partially surrounding said inner body and attached thereto such that said passage is formed at the interface between said bodies.
In a second aspect, the present invention consists of a method of manufacturing a rotary valve in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, from an unfinished valve having an oversize centre portion stepping radially inwards at both ends, comprising the steps of:
In a third aspect, the present invention consists of a rotary valve assembly for an internal combustion engine, comprising a rotary valve in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, a cylinder head having a bore in which said valve is supported by bearing means and rotates with a small predetermined clearance between said bore and said centre portion of said valve, said inlet and exhaust openings of said valve periodically communicating with a window in said bore, and first and second sealing rings flexibly sealed to said bore and biased axially inwards against first and second valve seats respectively formed by opposite ends of said centre portion.
Preferably, said rotary valve assembly further comprising a heat insulation barrier in the exhaust port of said valve covering at least a portion of the common wall separating said inlet and exhaust ports of said valve.
Preferably, there is an air gap between said insulation barrier and said common wall.
Cylinder head 2 is mounted on top of cylinder block 12. Piston 13 reciprocates in cylinder 14. As valve 1 rotates in cylinder head 2, inlet opening 6 and exhaust opening 7 periodically communicate with window 15 in cylinder head 2, allowing the passage of fluids between valve 1 and cylinder 14.
Valve cooling and lubricating oil is prevented from entering the zone between the periphery of centre portion 5 and the bore 11 by two face seal arrangements comprising valve sealing rings 18, O-rings 20, annular valve seats 17 and face seal springs 19. Centre portion 5 extends axially a small distance past the axial extremities of window 15. Valve 1 steps radially inward either side of centre portion 5 forming radial faces that form valve seats 17 against which valve sealing rings 18 are axially inwardly preloaded by face seal springs 19. Valve sealing rings 18 are slidingly sealed against cylinder head bore 11 by means of O-rings 20.
A plurality of small axially extending elongate axial passages 21 allow cooling oil to pass through valve 1 close to the surface of centre portion 5. Passages 21 extend axially beyond the axial extremities of inlet opening 6 and exhaust opening 7, and communicate between inlet portion 9 and exhaust portion 16. Cooling oil enters and exits the centre portion 5 through the annular gaps between the inside diameter of valve seats 17 and the radially adjacent valve surfaces 24. Immediately axially inboard of valve seats 17 are annular cavities 22 providing access to axial passages 21. Axial passages 21 terminate at annular cavities 22, and each annular cavity 22 has an annular opening radially inside of valve seats 17. Annular cavities 22 are axially outside of inlet opening 6 and exhaust opening 7.
Axial passages 21 have a small aspect ratio. In the event axial passages 21 are formed by drilled holes, typically the hole diameter is 2 mm and the radial wall thickness between the radial extremity of the hole and the adjacent surface is 1.5 mm giving axial passages 21 an aspect ratio of 1.33 (ie. 2 mm/1.5 mm). This ensures that the inner and outer walls are always effectively tied together and act as a very efficient beam. Unlike the prior art valves any movement of the common wall 23 is directly reacted by both the inner and outer walls.
Referring to
Axial passages 21 are small in diameter and are typically less than 2 mm diameter. As there is no known means of casting such passages they must be machined into valve 1. Axial passages 21 must be close to the surface of cylindrical portion 5 to minimize the heat path between the surface of the valve subject to heat input from the combustion chamber and axial passages 21.
The two walls separated by a cooling passage found in conventional arrangements are replaced by a single wall with axial passages 21 running though the centre of this wall. Conventional arrangements using production style processes would typically require a radial thickness in the order of 11 mm (two 3 mm walls separated by a 5 mm thick core) compared to 4 to 5 mm in the case of the present embodiment. This potentially reduces the required valve outer diameter by 12 mm or more.
Axial passages 21 can easily be provided adjacent exhaust trailing edge 34. In prior art arrangements this was only possible by extending the cooling passage between the inlet and exhaust port. A single common wall 23 separates the inlet port 3 from the exhaust port 4, replacing the typical prior art arrangement of two walls separated by an internal cooling passage with a consequent saving of material and weight.
The requirement to position axial passages 21 close to the surface of centre portion 5 is in conflict with the requirement to form valve seats 17 of adequate radial depth at both ends of centre portion 5. Preferably, the radial extremities of axial passages 21 are located radially within 1.5 mm of the periphery of centre portion 5. Typically, valve seats 17 require a radial depth greater than 3 mm to function satisfactorily as face seals. As such, at least a portion of each axial passage 21 is radially outside the inside diameter of valve seats 17, as can be seen in
Using this manufacturing process, axial passages 21 can be machined into valve 1 radially outboard of the inner diameter of valve seats 17 whilst providing sufficient radial thickness for valve seats 17 to ensure correct functioning of the face seal.
The radial gap between the inside diameter of valve seat 17 and its radially adjacent surface 24 forms a coolant opening to cavities 22. This gap must be sufficient to ensure the required oil flow to the axial passages 21 can pass to and from cavities 22 without excessive pressure drop. The diameter of the radial adjacent surface 24 determines the size of inlet port 3 and exhaust port 4, and therefore the breathing capacity of valve 1. The maximum allowable port diameter adjacent this surface 24 is the diameter of the radial adjacent surface 24, minus twice the minimum allowable wall thickness.
Bearing surface 25 is the surface against which the rolling elements of bearings 8 roll and is typically designed to be no smaller in diameter than that of the radial adjacent surface 24, as this would unnecessarily reduce the size of inlet port 3 and exhaust port 4. The diameter of bearing surface 25 cannot be larger than the inner diameter of the valve sealing ring 18 as it must be able to be assembled over this diameter.
For a given valve diameter, a given required radial depth of the valve seat 17 and a given cooling oil flow this arrangement produces rotary valves with the greatest possible flow areas in both inlet port 3 and exhaust port 4.
The number of axial passages 21 and their distribution depends on design details of the engine and its application. Their number and distribution are determined by two considerations. Firstly, they should be positioned to maximise the heat removal from the hottest areas on the valves periphery. Secondly, they should be positioned to minimise the thermal distortion of the valve. The optimum arrangement is generally established experimentally.
Certain areas of the periphery of centre portion 5 are subjected to greater heat loads than others. For example the portion of the periphery exposed to combustion sees a greater heat load than the portion of the periphery exposed to the combustion chamber during compression. Bridge 32 adjacent to exhaust trailing edge 34 is also subject to high heat load whilst the area of bridge 32 adjacent to leading inlet leading edge 33 has very little heat load. In general axial passages 21 are positioned adjacent those areas on the surface of the valve subject to high heat load. In some applications where weight is particularly important, as many axial passages as possible may be provided to minimise the valve weight. Some of these axial passages 21 may subsequently be blocked to isolate the cooling oil flows to those areas discussed above.
Minimising the number of axial passages 21 that have cooling oil flowing through them maximises the velocity of the cooling oil flow through the axial passages 21 for a given oil flow through the valve. This higher velocity improves the ability of the oil to cool the valve surface. Distributing the axial passages 21 that carry cooling oil as described above ensures heat is more efficiently removed from those surfaces with high heat input, for a given cooling oil flow.
In general the heat input to surface 26 (refer to
Exhaust port 4 has some surfaces directly exposed to axial passages 21. These axial passages 21 are subject to heat input from both the outer surface of the valve and the inner surface of exhaust port 4 and are subject to a disproportionate heat load.
In some arrangements where the heat load from the exhaust is high or the predetermined small clearance is small or a combination of both these, it is necessary to limit the heat input to common wall 23 and to axial passages 21 from exhaust port 4. This can be achieved by various methods. Walls of the exhaust port 4 can be sprayed with an insulating layer. Alternatively, a heat barrier in the form of a sheet metal baffle 30 (refer to
By careful radial positioning of axial passages 21 carrying coolant close to the outside diameter of centre portion 5, and by insulating the internal surfaces of exhaust port 4 from the exhaust gas, valve distortion can be maintained at a level which can be accommodated by a predetermined small clearance, whose size does not adversely affect the engine's performance, even under the most arduous conditions.
From a mechanical stiffness aspect it has been found that this design has a high stiffness to weight ratio. The low aspect ratio of axial passages 21 ensures that common wall 23 effectively ties the outer surfaces on opposite sides of valve 1 together much more effectively than if the outer surfaces of valve 1 were separated from the common wall by a cooling passage.
Axial cooling passages 21 are limited to an area immediately radially adjacent the outside diameter of valve 1. This arrangement has the great advantage that it can be manufactured from a casting into which the axial cooling passages 21 are subsequently machined. Such a casting is very easy to cast due to the absence of complex internal cooling passages. This arrangement has the added benefit that such valves may be machined from a solid billet of material. This is particularly important in the manufacture of prototype valves where even simple casting require long lead times.
By placing axial passages 21 immediately radially outboard of the peripheries of inlet portion 9 and exhaust portion 16, immediately radially inboard of periphery of centre portion 5, and embedding them in the centre of the valve's outside wall, the diameter and weight of the valve 1 is minimised for any given port flow area and its stiffness maximised. By deforming the outer diameter of valve 1 during manufacture an adequate valve seat 17 may be obtained without having to increase the valve outside diameter. Finally by appropriate placement of the axial passages carrying coolant and insulation of the exhaust port a valve with minimal distortion is obtained.
However, axial passages 21 are relatively expensive to machine due to their small diameter and long length. This issue is addressed by the second embodiment of the present invention shown in
Valve outer body 29 is shrunk over valve inner body 28 and welded to valve inner body 28. At a minimum, valve outer body 29 must be welded to valve inner body 28 adjacent to inlet opening 6 and exhaust opening 7 in centre portion 5, to ensure that cooling oil does not leak into inlet port 3 or exhaust port 4. Additional welding of valve outer body 29 to the valve inner body 28 in the zone between the axial cooling passages will stiffen up the completed valve. In this arrangement, valve inner body 28 may for example be produced as a casting and valve outer body 29 may for example be manufactured from extruded tube.
If the minimum valve diameter is to be achieved the outer diameter of the valve will need to be deformed and machined in a similar fashion to the first embodiment described earlier with reference to
In both of the abovementioned embodiments it should be understood that “small aspect ratio” for axial passages 21, is defined as one that is less than ten to one (10:1).
The term “comprising” as used herein is used in the inclusive sense of “including” or “having” and not in the exclusive sense of “consisting only of”.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004904983 | Sep 2004 | AU | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/AU05/01310 | 8/31/2005 | WO | 2/8/2007 |
