Patent Grant
10461595
Electric machines, such as electric motors and/or electric generators, are used in energy conversion. In the aircraft industry, it is common to find an electric motor having a combination of motor and generator modes, where the electric machine, in motor mode, is used to start an aircraft engine, and, depending on the mode, functions as a generator, too, to supply electrical power to the aircraft systems. Regardless of the mode, the machines typically include a rotor having main windings that are driven to rotate by a source of rotation, such as a mechanical or electrical machine, which for some aircraft may be a gas turbine engine.
In one embodiment, the invention relates to a rotor assembly for an electric machine including a rotor core having a rotatable shaft having hollow interior defining a coolant conduit and at least one post defining a winding pole, a winding wound around the pole and having an end portion extending axially beyond the post to define an end turn segment, and a coolant manifold supported by the shaft and fluidly coupled to the coolant conduit, the manifold having at least a portion in a thermally conductive relationship with at least a portion of the end turn segment, wherein heat from the end turn segment is transferred by conduction to the at least a portion of the coolant manifold.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to an electric motor including a cavity housing a rotor assembly and a stator, the rotor assembly further including a rotor core having at least one post at least partially defining a first face of a winding seat, at least one coolant manifold at least partially defining a second face of the winding seat, at least one coolant tube at least partially defining a second face of the winding seat, and a winding wound around the post and at least partially supported by the winding seat, wherein the winding includes at least one side segment extending axially along the post and at least one end turn segment extending axially beyond the post. A portion of the at least one coolant manifold is in a thermally conductive relationship with at least a portion of the end turn segment and the at least one coolant tube is in a thermally conductive relationship with at least a portion of the side segment.
In the drawings:
While embodiments of the invention may be implemented in any environment using synchronous electric machine or main machine, a specific example of which is a dry-cavity electric motor or generator. The generator is currently contemplated to be implemented in a jet engine environment. Embodiments of the invention may alternatively include a starter/generator and may provide turbine engine starting capabilities, wherein the starter/generator provides the mechanical power to drive the turbine engine through a starting method. A brief summary of the contemplated generator environment should aid in a more complete understanding.
The electrical machine assembly 10 comprises a first machine 12 having an exciter rotor 14 and an exciter stator 16, and a synchronous second machine 18 having a main machine rotor 20 and a main machine stator 22. At least one power connection is provided on the exterior of the electrical machine assembly 10 to provide for the transfer of electrical power to and from the electrical machine assembly 10. Power is transmitted by this power connection, shown as an electrical power cable 30, directly or indirectly, to the electrical load and may provide for a three phase with a ground reference output from the electrical machine assembly 10.
The electrical machine assembly 10 may further comprises a rotatable shaft 32 mechanically coupled to a source of axial rotation, which may be a gas turbine engine, about an axis of rotation 34. The rotatable shaft 32 is supported by spaced bearings 36. The exciter rotor 14 and main machine rotor 20 are mounted to the rotatable shaft 32 for rotation relative to the stators 16, 22, which are rotationally fixed within the electrical machine assembly 10. The stators 16, 22 may be mounted to any suitable part of a housing portion of the electrical machine assembly 10. The rotatable shaft 32 is configured such that mechanical force from a running turbine engine provides rotation to the shaft 32. Alternatively, in the example of a starter/generator, rotation of the rotatable shaft 32 of the electrical machine assembly 10 during a starting mode produces a mechanical force that is transferred through the shaft 32 to provide rotation to the turbine engine.
The rotatable shaft 32 may be hollow, and further include a central coolant passage, or coolant conduit 28 extending axially along the interior of the shaft 32. The coolant conduit 28 allows coolant, for example, oil or air, to flow through the interior of the rotatable shaft 32. In the illustrated embodiment, the second machine 18 is located in the rear of the electric machine assembly 10 and the first machine 12 is positioned in the front of the electric machine assembly 10. Other positions of the first machine 12 and the second machine 18 may be included.
Each pole 48 of the rotor assembly 40 further comprises a cap 52, at least partially overlaying each post 44, pole 48, and rotor winding 46. Each cap 52 may be formed or comprised by a plurality of laminations, for instance, cobalt laminations, and/or it may be integrally formed with the core 42. In this instance, cobalt laminations may comprise the cap 52 due to its high magnetic and electrical resistance properties, and thus, its ability to minimize eddy currents at the surface of each pole 48. Cobalt laminations are merely one example of a material used to construct the cap 52, and alternate material composition or compositions may be included.
Each rotor winding 46, while continuous, can be thought of as having axial segments 49 that run along opposite sides of the pole, with opposing end turn segments 50 on opposite ends of the rotor core 42 connecting the axial segments 49. The end turn segments 50 can be thought of as the portion of the winding that extends beyond the ends of the pole 48 and/or post 44. While only one example of a single rotor winding 46 is illustrated, embodiments of the invention may include having multiple sets or rotor windings configured about one or more posts 44.
The rotor assembly 40 may further include at least one cooling system 53 supported by the rotatable shaft 32 and fluidly coupled with the coolant conduit 28. At least a portion of the cooling system 53 may extend axially along at least a portion of the rotor assembly 40, and may be positioned proximate to at least a portion of the rotor windings 46. As illustrated, the post 44 at least partially defines a first face 56 for receiving at least a portion of the axial segment 49 of the rotor windings 46.
The coolant manifold 51 further comprises a series of manifold passageways 66 extending from the interface of the manifold 51 and rotatable shaft 32, and radially aligned with access openings 68 of the shaft 32, such that the manifold passageways 66 and coolant conduit 28 are fluidly coupled. Coolant that traverses or is pumped through the coolant conduit 28 may thus traverse through the access openings 68, through the manifold passageways 66, and into the passageways 62 of the coolant tube 54. While only a one coolant manifold 51 is shown and described as receiving coolant from the coolant conduit 28, each manifold 51 may be similarly configured such that the opposing manifold 51 may receive the coolant from the passageways 62 of the coolant tube 54, receive the coolant through the manifold passageways 66, and provide the coolant to the coolant conduit 28 via the access openings 68. In this sense, the coolant tubes 54, radial manifold passageways 66, and coolant conduit 28 at least partially define a coolant loop or path (illustrated by dotted arrows) wherein coolant may fluidly traverse, flow, or be forcibly pumped from the coolant conduit 28, through the access openings 68 and corresponding manifold passageways 66 of one of the opposing manifolds 51. The coolant may further traverse through the coolant tubes 54, and returned to the coolant conduit 28 through the other of the corresponding manifolds 51. Alternative flows, paths, and loops of the coolant through the coolant tubes 54, manifolds 51, and coolant conduit 28 may be included. The coolant traversing the coolant path may, for example, remove heat from at least one of the coolant tubes 54 and/or coolant manifolds 51 via convection.
As shown, the end turn segments 50 of the windings 46 are in a thermally conductive relationship or thermal contact with the manifold 51 such that heat from the end turn segment 50 may be transferred, for example by conduction, to at least a portion of the coolant manifold 51. The coolant manifold 51 may further transfer heat to coolant traversing the manifold passageways 66. In the illustrated example, a four pole rotor assembly 40 may include multiple end turn segments 50, with at least a portion of each or fewer than all segments 50 in thermal contact with multiple sides or faces of the coolant manifold 51. As shown, the manifold 51 is in thermal contact with at least a portion of each of the end turn segments 50. While the opposing coolant manifold 51 is not shown, embodiments may include a substantially similar configuration such that the at least a portion of at each or fewer than all opposing end turn segments 50 are also in thermal contact with the opposing manifold 51. Embodiments of the invention may further include, for example, end turn supports to structurally hold the end turn segments 50 against the manifold 51 during rotation of the rotor assembly 40 to ensure an effective thermal contact between the segments 50 and manifold 51.
Turning now to
At least one of the winding seat 60 and/or the rotor windings 46, may further comprise at least a thermally conductive layer provided for separating the rotor windings 46 from the coolant tube 54. As shown, the interface may comprise a thermally conductive, electrically insulating slot liner 74 configured about the rotor windings 46. The configuration of the slot liner 74 is arranged to physically separate the windings 46 from the post 44, cap 52, and/or coolant tube 54.
The slot liner 74 is configured to provide a thermally conductive relationship between the rotor windings 46 and the coolant tubes 54 such that the slot liner 74 is capable of conducting heat from the windings 46 to the coolant tubes 54 via conduction; however, additional functionality may be included, such as electrical isolation of the windings 46 from additional components, or from additional windings 46. Also shown are wedges 72, and a restraining element 76 which may bias the windings 46 toward the coolant tubes 54 to ensure a reliable thermal contact during rotation of the rotor assembly 40. For example, a wedge 72 may be configured between the cap 52 and rotor windings 46 to bias the winding 46 away from the cap 52 and toward the coolant tube 54, while a second wedge 72 is configured between the restraining element 76 and the post 44 to bias the winding 46 away from the restraining element 76 and into the winding seat 60. In the illustrated example, the restraining element 76 is secured in place between respective cap 52 ends. The slot liner 74, wedges 72, and restraining element 76 are merely one non-limiting example of a configuration of the rotor windings 46 relative to the post 44 and coolant tubes 54, and alternative configurations with more or fewer of the above-mentioned elements may be included. Furthermore, embodiments of the invention may include a slot liner 74 that extends about all portions of the winding, including the end turn segments 50.
The cross section of the coolant tube 54 further illustrates a first face 80 and a second face 82 of the coolant tube 54. The coolant tube 54 may also include auxiliary coolant passages 84 fluidly coupled with the passageways 62 of the coolant tube 54, and configured to spread the coolant traversing the coolant tube 54 over a larger surface area proximate to at least one of the first face 80 and/or second face 82. In this sense, the coolant traversing the auxiliary passages 84 and passageways 62 of the coolant tube 54 may effectively remove more heat from either of the first and/or second faces 80, 82 during operation. The cross-sectional area of the auxiliary passages 84 may be, for example, configured based on the expected flow rate and/or amount of coolant pumped through the coolant loop, or may be configured based on the thermal removal requirements of the rotor assembly 40. Additionally, alternative geometric configurations of the coolant tube 54, passageways 62, and/or auxiliary passages 84 may be included.
This configuration provides that a single coolant tube 54 may provide the first face 80 in thermal contact with a first winding 46 and the second face 82 in thermal contact with a second winding 46. Thus, in a four pole rotor assembly 40, four coolant tubes 54 may be in thermal contact with, respectively, axial segments 49 of two different windings 46. The coolant tube 54 is also shown in thermal contact with the rotor core 42. Additional configurations may be included to provide for increased thermal conduction, or increased surface area contact, between the rotor windings 46 and the coolant tubes 54. For example, embodiments of the invention may be included wherein, for example, thermal fins in conductive contact with the windings 46 may be configured to confront an additional face of the coolant tube 54. While only a single cross-sectional area is shown, embodiments may include the thermally conductive layer extending along at least a portion of the axial segments 49 of the rotor windings 46, as well as at least a portion of the length of the end turn segments 50, and provides for similar increased thermal conduction, or increased surface area contact, between the windings 46 and the coolant manifold 51.
Alternative thermally conductive layer formations and assemblies may be included, such as adhesion by glue, mechanical fastening, etc., to provide for a thermally conductive relationship between the windings 46 and the coolant tubes 54. For example, the thermally conductive layer may be, formed by a thermally conductive coating applied to the winding seat 60 and confronting the coolant tube 54. Additionally, embodiments of the invention may include a thermally conductive relationship comprising an air gap between the rotor windings 46 and the coolant tubes 54, as well as embodiments wherein the thermally conductive relationship does not include an air gap between the windings 46 and tube 54.
During electrical machine 10 operation, the rotor assembly 40 is rotated about the axis of rotation 34 by a mechanical force, such as a turbine engine, coupled with the rotatable shaft 32. During rotation, the rotor windings 46 and end turn segments 50 are energized to create an energized pole 48 from, for example, DC power from a rectified AC power output of the exciter rotor 14. The rotation of the pole 48 relative to the main machine stator 22 generates a power output, such as an AC power output, which is then transmitted by the electrical power cable 30 to an electrical system, for instance, a power distribution node.
The DC current transmitted through the energized rotor windings 46 and end turn segments 50 generates heat in the windings 46 and segments 50. The heat generated in the rotor windings 46 and end turn segments 50 is thermally conducted away from the windings 46 via the thermally conductive layer, such as the slot liner 74, to the coolant tubes 54 that underlay the axial segments 49 of the windings 46, and the coolant manifold 51 that underlay the end turn segments 50 of the windings 46. The rotor assembly 40 is further configured to remove heat conducted to the manifolds 51 and coolant tubes 54 via coolant traversing through the above described coolant paths and loops.
As the rotor assembly 40 rotates at the anticipated high rotations per minute (RPMs), the centrifugal forces tend to push the rotor windings 46 radially outward, but the windings 46 are fixed in place by, for example, the wedges 72 and restraining element 76, which in turn, ensures a firm thermal conduction interface with the windings 46. Additionally, the collective configuration of the cap 52 and post 44 of the rotor assembly 40 tend to oppose the centrifugal forces on the rotor windings 46, and help improve the thermal transfer from the windings 46 to the coolant via conduction, by ensuring the winding 46 stays in place and in contact with the tubes 54 and/or thermally conductive layer.
Many other possible embodiments and configurations in addition to that shown in the above figures are contemplated by the present disclosure. For example, one embodiment of the invention contemplates more or fewer of the electrical machine assembly 10 components mentioned, such as poles 48, caps 52, rotor windings 46, etc. Additionally, the design and placement of the various components may be rearranged such that a number of different in-line configurations could be realized.
The embodiments disclosed herein provide a rotor assembly for an electric machine. One advantage that may be realized in the above embodiments is that the above described embodiments have significantly improved thermal conduction to remove heat from the assembly. The improved thermal conductivity between the rotor windings and the coolant tubes coupled with the coolant paths and/or loops provide for heat removal in a much more effective fashion from the windings to the coolant. Additionally, the thermal contact of the manifold along the end turn segments of the rotor windings provides increased thermal conductivity between the windings and the coolant. Another advantage of the above embodiments if that a higher level of power generation may be achieved without having to use a wet-cavity configuration.
Yet another advantage of the above embodiments is that the thermally conductive layer provides improved mechanical integrity, along with improved thermal conductivity. The thermally conductive layer, as described, may also provide for a plurality of faces in thermal conduction with the faces of the coolant tubes and manifolds, providing even yet improved thermal conductivity and thus, a more effective heat removal from the windings to the coolant. The increased thermal dissipation of the rotor assembly allows for a higher speed rotation, which may otherwise generate too much heat. The higher speed rotation may result in improved power generation or improved generator efficiency without increasing generator size. The described embodiments are also capable of cooling the windings and end turn segments which further reduces thermal losses created in the rotor. Reduced thermal losses in the windings allow for greater efficiency and greater power density of the generator.
When designing aircraft components, important factors to address are size, weight, and reliability. The above described rotor assemblies have a decreased number of parts, making the complete system inherently more reliable. This results in possibly a lower weight, smaller sized, increased performance, and increased reliability system. The lower number of parts and reduced maintenance will lead to a lower product costs and lower operating costs. Reduced weight and size correlate to competitive advantages during flight.
To the extent not already described, the different features and structures of the various embodiments may be used in combination with each other as desired. That one feature may not be illustrated in all of the embodiments is not meant to be construed that it may not be, but is done for brevity of description. Thus, the various features of the different embodiments may be mixed and matched as desired to form new embodiments, whether or not the new embodiments are expressly described. All combinations or permutations of features described herein are covered by this disclosure.
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
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