Patent Grant
8823235
This non-provisional application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) on Patent Application No. 2009-229617 filed in Japan on Oct. 1, 2009, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
This invention relates to a synchronous permanent magnetic rotating machine, specifically an axial gap-type permanent magnetic rotating machine comprising a rotor comprising a rotating shaft having an axis of rotation, a rotor yoke of disc shape radially extending from the shaft, and a plurality of permanent magnet segments circumferentially arranged on a surface of the rotor yoke, and a stator having a plurality of circumferentially arranged coils and disposed to define an axial gap with the rotor. More particularly, it relates to the rotor in the permanent magnetic rotating machine, which is best suited as electric vehicle motors, power generators, and factory automation (FA) motors capable of high speed rotation.
Sintered Nd-base magnets have a growing range of application due to their excellent magnetic properties. Also in the field of rotating machines including motors and power generators, permanent magnetic rotating machines utilizing sintered Nd-base magnets were developed to meet the recent demand for size, profile and weight reductions, performance enhancement and energy saving.
From the structural aspect, the permanent magnetic rotating machines are classified into radial gap and axial gap structures. The radial gap-type rotating machine comprises a rotor comprising a plurality of circumferentially arranged permanent magnets each having radially directed magnetic poles, and a stator opposed to the permanent magnets. In general, the stator includes an iron core having a plurality of teeth on its surface facing the rotor, with coils wound on the teeth. The use of the iron core allows magnetic fluxes from the poles of the rotor to efficiently interlink the coils. This produces an increased torque in the case of motors or a high voltage in the case of power generators. Since coils are wound in the stator, coil ends axially protrude from the magnetic circuit section of the motor whereby the motor is axially prolonged. When a motor having a reduced axial size is necessary, the radial gap-type rotating machine is inconvenient to use, and the axial gap-type rotating machine is rather advantageous.
Permanent magnets in axial gap-type rotating machines are exposed to high temperature due to the heat generated by windings and cores and have a likelihood of demagnetization by the demagnetizing field from the windings. There thus exists a demand for sintered Nd base magnets in which the coercive force which is an index of heat resistance and demagnetization resistance is above a certain level and the remanence (or residual magnetic flux density) which is an index of the magnitude of magnetic force is as high as possible.
Further, sintered Nd base magnets are conductors having an electric resistance of 100 to 200 μΩ-cm. As the rotor rotates, the magnet undergoes a variation of magnetic flux density, by which eddy currents flow. Effective means for reducing eddy currents is to divide a magnet body to interrupt the eddy current path. While division of a magnet body into smaller pieces leads to a more reduction of eddy current loss, it becomes necessary to take into account such problems as an increase of manufacturing cost and a lowering of output due to a reduction of magnet volume by increased interstices.
The eddy current path runs in a plane perpendicular to the magnetization direction of a magnet, with a higher current density prevailing in an outer peripheral portion. The current density is also higher at a side closer to the stator. That is, the amount of heat generated by eddy currents is greater near the magnet surface, so that the magnet surface region assumes a higher temperature and becomes prone to demagnetization. To suppress demagnetization by eddy currents, a sintered Nd base magnet in which the coercive force which is an index of demagnetization resistance is higher in the magnet surface region than in the magnet interior is required.
Several measures are known to improve the coercive force.
An increase in the remanence of sintered Nd base magnet is achieved by increases in the volume fraction of Nd2Fe14B compound and the degree of crystal orientation, and various improvements in process have been made therefor. As to an increase in coercive force, there are known various approaches including formation of crystal grains of finer size, use of an alloy composition having an increased Nd content, and addition of an effective element. Of these, the currently most common approach is the use of an alloy composition having Dy or Tb substituted for part of Nd. By substituting such elements for Nd of Nd2Fe14B compound, the compound is increased in anisotropic magnetic field as well as coercive force. On the other hand, the substitution of Dy or Tb decreases the saturation magnetic polarization of the compound. Accordingly, the attempt to increase the coercive force by the above approach fails to avoid a lowering of remanence.
In sintered Nd base magnets, the coercive force is given by the magnitude of an external magnetic field created by nuclei of reverse magnetic domains at grain boundaries. Creation of nuclei of reverse magnetic domains is largely dictated by the structure of the grain boundary in such a manner that any disorder of grain structure in proximity to the boundary invites a disturbance of magnetic structure, helping creation of reverse magnetic domains. It is generally believed that a magnetic structure extending from the grain boundary to a depth of about 5 nm contributes to an increase of coercive force (See K. D. Durst and H. Kronmuller, “COERCIVE FIELD OF SINTERED AND MELT-SPUN NdFeB MAGNETS,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 68 (1987), 63-75).
By concentrating trace Dy or Tb only in proximity to the grain boundaries to increase the anisotropic magnetic field only in proximity to the boundaries, the coercive force can be increased while suppressing any decline of remanence (see JP-B 5-31807). Subsequently, the inventors established a production method comprising separately preparing a Nd2Fe14B compound composition alloy and a Dy or Tb-rich alloy, mixing them and sintering the mixture (see JP-A 5-21218). In this method, the Dy or Tb-rich alloy becomes a liquid phase during the sintering and is distributed so as to surround the Nd2Fe14B compound. As a consequence, substitution of Dy or Tb for Nd occurs only in proximity to grain boundaries in the compound, so that the coercive force can be effectively increased while suppressing any decline of remanence.
However, since the two types of alloy fine powders in the mixed state are sintered at a temperature as high as 1,000 to 1,100° C., the above-described method has a likelihood that Dy or Tb diffuses not only to the boundaries, but also into the interior of Nd2Fe14B grains. An observation of the structure of an actually produced magnet shows that Dy or Tb has diffused to a depth of about 1 to 2 μm from the boundary in a grain boundary surface layer, the diffused area reaching 60% or more, calculated as volume fraction. As the distance of diffusion into grains becomes longer, the concentration of Dy or Tb near the boundaries becomes lower. An effective measure for positively suppressing the excessive diffusion into grains is by lowering the sintering temperature. However, this measure cannot be practically acceptable because it compromises densification by sintering. An alternative method of sintering at lower temperatures while applying stresses by means of a hot press or the like enables densification, but poses the problem of extremely reduced productivity.
On the other hand, it is reported that coercive force can be increased by machining a sintered magnet to a small size, depositing Dy or Tb on the magnet surface by sputtering, and heat treating the magnet at a temperature lower than the sintering temperature, thereby causing Dy or Tb to diffuse only to grain boundaries (see K. T. Park, K. Hiraga and M. Sagawa, “Effect of Metal-Coating and Consecutive Heat Treatment on Coercivity of Thin Nd—Fe—B Sintered Magnets,” Proceedings of the Sixteen International Workshop on Rare-Earth Magnets and Their Applications, Sendai, p. 257 (2000); and K. Machida, H. Kawasaki, T. Suzuki, M. Ito and T. Horikawa, “Grain Boundary Tailoring of Sintered Nd—Fe—B Magnets and Their Magnetic Properties,” Proceedings of the 2004 Spring Meeting of the Powder & Powder Metallurgy Society, p. 202). These methods allow for more effective concentration of Dy or Tb at grain boundaries and succeed in increasing the coercive force without a substantial loss of remanence. As the magnet becomes larger in specific surface area, that is, the magnet body becomes smaller, the amount of Dy or Tb fed becomes larger, indicating that this method is applicable to only compact or thin magnets. However, there is still left the problem of poor productivity associated with the deposition of metal coating by sputtering or the like.
WO 2006/043348 discloses means for efficiently improving coercive force which has solved the foregoing problems and lends itself to mass-scale production. When a sintered R1—Fe—B magnet body, typically sintered Nd base magnet body is heated in the presence of a powder on its surface, the powder comprising one or more of R2 oxides, R3 fluorides, and R4 oxyfluorides wherein each of R1 to R4 is one or more elements selected from among rare earth elements inclusive of Y and Sc, R2, R3 or R4 contained in the powder is absorbed in the magnet body, whereby coercive force is increased while significantly suppressing a decline of remanence. Particularly when R3 fluoride or R4 oxyfluoride is used, R3 or R4 is efficiently absorbed in the magnet body along with fluorine, resulting in a sintered magnet having a high remanence and a high coercive force.
An object of the present invention is to provide a rotor for use in an axial gap-type permanent magnetic rotating machine having a high output and heat resistance.
The inventors have found that in an axial gap-type rotating machine using a plurality of permanent magnet segments, better results are obtained when each of the permanent magnet segments is constructed as an assembly of two or more divided permanent magnet pieces (simply referred to as magnet pieces), and the coercive force or heat resistance near the surface of the magnet piece is higher than that in the interior of the magnet piece. In this connection, the inventors presumed that the methods of Machida et al. and WO 2006/043348 are suited for high-output rotating machines because of no loss of remanence, and since the coercive force near the surface of magnet pieces can be increased, the magnet pieces, when used in rotors in axial gap-type rotating machines, are expected to minimize demagnetization due to heat generation by eddy currents. The inventors have found that application of such a method to individual magnet pieces of the permanent magnet assembly is effective in achieving the object of the invention, especially that a sintered Nd base magnet is used and divided into pieces for minimizing the heat generation by eddy currents, that the magnet pieces are used as the magnet for a rotor in an axial gap-type permanent magnetic rotating machine, and that magnet pieces in which the coercive force near their surface is higher than that in their interior, and in which heat resistance near their surface is improved are effective for use in a rotor in an axial gap-type permanent magnetic rotating machine.
More particularly, the inventors have found the following. When a permanent magnetic rotating machine is loaded with magnet pieces into which a magnet has been divided for minimizing the heat generation by eddy current, the magnet pieces show a locally elevated temperature near their surface due to eddy current heat generation. For enhancing the heat resistance of magnet, it is effective to increase the coercive force near the surface of magnet whose temperature becomes elevated. Particularly for enhancing the coercive force near the surface of magnet, it is effective to use a sintered Nd base magnet having a coercive force profile from the surface toward the interior that is created by letting Dy or Tb diffuse from the magnet surface toward the interior. The diffusion of Dy or Tb from the surface toward the interior of magnet takes place mainly via grain boundaries. For example, the method of applying a Dy or Tb oxide powder, Dy or Tb fluoride powder or Dy or Tb-containing alloy powder to the magnet surface and letting Dy or Tb diffuse at a high temperature is effective as the diffusion reaction of Dy or Tb from the surface toward the interior of magnet.
The invention relates to an axial gap-type permanent magnetic rotating machine comprising a rotor comprising a rotating shaft having an axis of rotation, a rotor yoke of disc shape radially extending from the shaft, and a plurality of permanent magnet segments arranged on a surface of the rotor yoke and circumferentially about the axis of rotation such that each permanent magnet segment may have a magnetization direction parallel to the axis of rotation, and a stator having a plurality of coils arranged circumferentially about the axis of rotation, the rotor and the stator being disposed to define an axial gap therebetween.
One embodiment is the rotor wherein each of the permanent magnet segments is an assembly of two or more divided permanent magnet pieces, each of the divided permanent magnet pieces has a coercive force at a surface and an interior, and the coercive force near the surface of the magnet piece is higher than that in the interior of the magnet piece.
Another embodiment is the rotor wherein each of the permanent magnet segments is an assembly of two or more divided permanent magnet pieces, each of the divided permanent magnet pieces has heat resistance at a surface and an interior, and the heat resistance near the surface of the magnet piece is higher than that in the interior of the magnet piece.
In a preferred embodiment, the magnet pieces are of a sintered Nd base rare earth magnet. In a more preferred embodiment, each piece of sintered Nd base rare earth magnet has a coercive force profile from the surface toward the interior, which is created by letting Dy or Tb diffuse from the surface toward the interior of the magnet piece, specifically mainly via grain boundaries. Preferably the step of letting Dy or Tb diffuse from the surface toward the interior of the sintered Nd base rare earth magnet piece includes applying a Dy or Tb oxide powder, a Dy or Tb fluoride powder or a Dy or Tb-containing alloy powder to surfaces of the magnet piece, then holding the magnet piece at a high temperature sufficient to diffuse Dy or Tb.
The invention is successful in providing a permanent magnetic rotating machine having a high output and heat resistance, the rotor of the machine being loaded with a permanent magnet, typically a sintered Nd base magnet, which has been divided into magnet pieces having a high remanence and a high coercive force, especially at an outer peripheral portion thereof, suited for use in rotors in axial gap-type rotating machines.
The invention pertains to an axial gap-type permanent magnetic rotating machine comprising a rotor comprising a rotating shaft having an axis of rotation, a rotor yoke of disc shape radially extending from the shaft, and a plurality of permanent magnet segments arranged on or in a surface of the rotor yoke and circumferentially about the axis of rotation such that each permanent magnet segment may have a magnetization direction parallel to the axis of rotation, and a stator having a plurality of coils arranged circumferentially about the axis of rotation. The rotor and the stator are disposed to define an axial gap therebetween. In the rotor, each permanent magnet segment is an assembly of two or more divided permanent magnet pieces (simply referred to as magnet pieces), each magnet piece has a coercive force or heat resistance at a surface and an interior, and the coercive force or heat resistance near the surface of the magnet piece is higher than the coercive force or heat resistance in the interior of the magnet piece.
As used herein, the term “axial” direction refers to the axis of rotation of the rotor.
The stator 31 is disposed between the rotor yokes 23 and 23 to define axial gaps therebetween. The stator 31 includes coils 32 and an annular coil support 33. The coils 32 are circumferentially spaced apart as viewed in an axial direction. The circumference where the coils 32 are arranged is concentric with the circumference where the permanent magnet segments 12 are arranged on the rotor yoke 23. The coils 32 are mounted on the support 33 which is fixedly secured to a case 41. The case 41 is configured to accommodate the rotor 21 and the stator 31 therein. Disposed between the case 41 and the rotating shaft 22 are bearings 42 by which the shaft 22 is supported for rotation. As the permanent magnet segments 12 which are opposed to the coils 32 are rotated together with the rotating shaft 22, alternating magnetic fields may interlink the coils 32.
As shown in
With the structure described above, a motor with a reduced axial size is available because the coils do not axially protrude from the magnetic circuit section constituting the motor body, and because the output is obtained by radial enlargement of the motor. Particularly when a sintered Nd—Fe—B base magnet is used, a high-output rotating machine that takes advantage of such a strong permanent magnet can be provided.
According to the invention, the permanent magnet segment 12 is an assembly of a plurality of divided permanent magnet pieces 12a as shown in
The magnet pieces 12a are preferably of sintered Nd base rare earth magnet. The sintered Nd base rare earth magnet used herein may be obtained by coarsely pulverizing a mother alloy, finely pulverizing, compacting and sintering in a standard way. As mentioned above, the invention uses a discrete sintered magnet in which a coercive force or heat resistance near the surface thereof is higher than a coercive force or heat resistance in the interior thereof, which can be produced by letting Dy or Tb diffuse from the magnet surface toward the interior, and mainly via grain boundaries. More specifically, use is made of a magnet piece which is obtained by a procedure including depositing Dy or Tb on surfaces of a magnet piece by sputtering and heat treating the magnet piece at a temperature lower than the sintering temperature, thereby letting Dy or Tb diffuse only to grain boundaries, or another procedure including applying a powder of Dy or Tb oxide, fluoride or oxyfluoride to surfaces of a magnet piece and heat treating the magnet piece and powder in vacuum or inert gas at a temperature lower than the sintering temperature. More preferably, the desired magnet piece may be obtained by applying a Dy or Tb oxide powder, Dy or Tb fluoride powder or Dy or Tb-containing alloy powder to surfaces of a magnet piece and then holding the magnet piece at a high temperature for letting Dy or Tb diffuse.
The permanent magnet (magnet piece) for use in the axial gap-type rotating machine is obtained by machining a sintered magnet block into a predetermined shape using a grinding wheel, machining blade, wire saw or the like. The cross-sectional shape of the magnet piece is often a rectangular shape as shown in
The size of a magnet piece is not particularly limited. For diffusion treatment of a magnet piece with Dy or Tb, the proportion of diffusion of Dy or Tb increases as the specific surface area of a magnet piece becomes larger, i.e., the size of a magnet piece becomes smaller. It is then preferred that in
According to the invention, a starting magnet block is machined into permanent magnet pieces having the desired properties. The number of division of a permanent magnet segment is at least 2 pieces, preferably in the range of 2 to 50 pieces, and more preferably 4 to 25 pieces, and if necessary, divided magnet pieces are bonded with an adhesive to form an assembly. The assembly may be any of various embodiments including an assembly constructed by stacking a plurality of magnet pieces 12a of parallelepiped plate shape, with their W direction (longitudinal direction) aligned with a horizontal direction, as shown in
The assembly of stacked magnet pieces is mounted on the rotor yoke, constructing an axial gap-type rotor.
In the axial gap-type rotating machine, the magnetic flux passing across the permanent magnet varies momentarily with rotation of the rotor, and this variation of magnetic field causes eddy currents to generate within the magnet. Eddy currents flow in a plane perpendicular to the magnetization direction of the magnet.
Even in the magnet piece 12a, eddy currents flow in a plane perpendicular to the magnetization direction. The flow of eddy currents and the temperature distribution within the magnet pieces are summarized in the schematic view of
As a result of diffusion/absorption treatment with an element having an extraordinary effect of enhancing magnetocrystalline anisotropy, Dy or Tb from surfaces of a sintered Nd base magnet body, the coercive force of the sintered Nd base magnet is efficiently increased without a substantial loss of remanence. Thus the sintered magnet body has a coercive force distribution.
Examples are given below for illustrating some embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereby.
A thin plate of alloy was prepared by a so-called strip casting technique, specifically by weighing predetermined amounts of Nd, Co, Al and Fe metals having a purity of at least 99% by weight and ferroboron, high-frequency heating in an argon atmosphere for melting, and casting the alloy melt on a copper single roll in an argon atmosphere. The resulting alloy was composed of 13.5 atom % Nd, 1.0 atom % Co, 0.5 atom % Al, 5.8 atom % B, and the balance of Fe and is designated Alloy A. Alloy A was hydrided and then heated at 500° C. for partial dehydriding while evacuating to vacuum. By this so-called hydriding pulverization, the alloy was pulverized into a coarse powder having a size of up to 30 mesh. Another alloy was prepared by weighing predetermined amounts of Nd, Tb, Fe, Co, Al and Cu metals having a purity of at least 99% by weight and ferroboron, high-frequency heating in an argon atmosphere for melting, and casting. The resulting alloy was composed of 20 atom % Nd, 10 atom % Tb, 24 atom % Fe, 6 atom % B, 1 atom % Al, 2 atom % Cu, and the balance of Co and is designated Alloy B. Using a Brown mill in a nitrogen atmosphere, Alloy B was coarsely pulverized to a size of up to 30 mesh.
Subsequently, Alloy A powder and Alloy B powder were weighed in amounts of 90% and 10% by weight, respectively, and mixed together for 30 minutes on a V blender which had been purged with nitrogen. On a jet mill using high-pressure nitrogen gas, the mixed powder was finely pulverized to an average particle size of 4 μm. The resulting fine powder was compacted in a nitrogen atmosphere under a pressure of about 1 ton/cm2 while being oriented in a magnetic field of 15 kOe. The green compact was then placed in a sintering furnace in an argon atmosphere where it was sintered at 1,060° C. for 2 hours, obtaining a permanent magnet block. Using a diamond grinding wheel, the permanent magnet block was machined on all surfaces into parallelepiped magnet pieces as shown in
Next, dysprosium fluoride having an average particle size of 5 μm was mixed with ethanol at a weight fraction of 50%, in which the parallelepiped magnet pieces were immersed for one minute with ultrasonic waves being applied. The magnet pieces were pulled up and immediately dried with hot air. At this point, the filling factor of dysprosium fluoride in the magnet surface-surrounding space was 45%. The magnet pieces were subjected to absorption treatment in an argon atmosphere at 900° C. for one hour, then to aging treatment at 500° C. for one hour, and quenched, obtaining parallelepiped magnet pieces M1 (Example 1). For comparison purposes, only heat treatment was carried out to produce parallelepiped magnet pieces P1 (Comparative Example 1).
The magnetic properties of these magnet pieces were measured by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). For magnetic property measurement, cubic samples of 1 mm one side were cut out so that the magnetic properties of surface and central regions of a magnet piece were evaluated. Magnet piece M1 showed a remanence Br of 1.415 T at the surface and 1.420 T at the center, and a coercive force Hcj of 1500 kA/m at the surface and 1000 kA/m at the center. Magnet piece P1 showed a Br of 1.420 T and a Hcj of 1000 kA/m both at the surface and the center.
As compared with the coercive force of magnet piece P1 not subjected to dysprosium absorption treatment, permanent magnet piece M1 marked a coercive force increase of 500 kA/m at the outermost periphery. Since the magnet interior was at a distance of 9 mm from the surface, the interior absorbed no dysprosium, with its coercive force kept unchanged. A distribution of coercive force was precisely determined, finding coercive force increases in a subsurface region extending 6 mm from the surface. The permanent magnet piece within the scope of the invention had a decline of remanence which was as small as 5 mT.
By backscattered electron image under SEM and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of magnet piece M1, Dy and F were observed in the magnet. Since the magnet prior to the treatment does not contain Dy and F, the presence of Dy and F in magnet piece M1 is attributable to the absorption treatment. Dy absorbed concentrates only near grain boundaries. On the other hand, fluorine (F) is also present in the grain boundary portion and bonds with oxides (contained in the magnet prior to the treatment as incidental impurities) to form oxyfluorides. The distribution of Dy enabled to increase the coercive force while minimizing a decline of remanence.
Next, magnet pieces M1 of Example 1 and magnet pieces P1 of Comparative Example 1 were incorporated in axial gap-type motors, whose performance was evaluated. The permanent magnet motor tested is an axial gap-type motor as shown in
As shown in
While Examples refer to permanent magnet motors, permanent magnet power generators have the same advantages because they are of the same structure.
Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-229617 is incorporated herein by reference.
Although some preferred embodiments have been described, many modifications and variations may be made thereto in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described without departing from the scope of the appended claims.
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