Patent Application
20120070666
The present invention relates to a rounded-particle plastic powder, particularly for use in laser sintering, to a method for producing such a powder as well as to a laser sintering method for producing a three-dimensional object using this powder.
Plastic powders develop directly during polymerisation of corresponding monomers (for example in suspension polymerisation), by mechanical comminution in a mill appropriate for the respective plastic and for the required degree of comminution, by spraying a solution or melt of the plastic by means of an appropriate nozzle through which the solution/melt is pressed under high pressure, and by dissolving of the plastic in an appropriate solvent and precipitation by reduction of the temperature and/or increase of the polymer concentration in the solution.
As applications of such precipitated powders made of polyamide 11 and polyamide 12 the literature (handbook of plastics “Polyamide”, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich Vienna, 1998, chapter 4.14, pages 746-756) mentions: coating of metals by dip coating in a fluidised bed; electrostatic powder coating; and addition to coil-coating varnishes. Further, the use of polyamide powders in cosmetics is known (described in the firm brochure concerning Orgasol of the firm Atofina; obtainable in the internet at www.atofina.com with the keyword Orgasol Cosmetics).
For a person skilled in the art, it is perspicuous that a high bulk density and a high pourability are important for the mentioned applications of these powders. Moreover, they shall have a small BET-surface measured according to DIN ISO 9277. These characteristics depend on the shape of grains. Therefore, those shapes of grains are favoured which are free of sharp edges (spherical) and which are not porous. This demand is also and particularly valid for laser sintering for which the advantages of the powder according to the invention will be described in detail.
The demand is only fulfilled by such plastic powders formed directly during polymerisation. Powders formed by milling or precipitation according to the prior art do not fulfil the demand.
Milled powders additionally comprise the disadvantage of a broad distribution of grains. As a result, since the applications require limited bands of grains, they must comprise a subsequent classifying process in which part of the powder has to be removed as a worthless by-product.
Precipitated powders, sprayed powders or powders attained from melt dispersion often have grain size distributions necessary for the envisaged application. For example, EP 863 174 discloses a method for producing polyamide powders for coatings wherein a homo-polyamide or a co-polyamide is precipitated from an alcoholic solution. A polyamide powder produced by this method has an upper grain size limit of 100 μm, a D0.9-value below 90 μm, a D0.1-value below 32 μm and a BET-surface below 10. However, the porosity expressed as BET-surface is still high. Thereby, the process of precipitation arrives at its limits, since with constant or decreasing mean grain, only a defined range for adjusting the BET exists.
In laser sintering of plastic powders, as is known from DE 44 10 046, for example, three-dimensional objects are manufactured in a layerwise manner by applying layers of a powder and bonding them to each other by selective solidification at positions corresponding to cross-sections of the objects. According to the method characteristic, specific demands are put onto the powder.
To provide for a high precision in detail and quality of surface of the objects to be produced, plastic powders are required to have an upper grain size limit of 100 μm and a 90%-fraction (D0.9-value) below 90 μm. Furthermore, to provide for a stable application of layers, the powders must have a 10%-fraction (D0.1-value) of less than 32 μm. Furthermore, the particles should have a spherical grain shape. This grain shape is also necessary to provide for a smooth and even surface.
When using plastic powders for laser sintering, a low porosity of the particles, expressed as BET-surface, is required, since thereby the density of the powder bed can be increased and the reaction tendency and aging of the powder are strongly decreased. The last mentioned characteristics are very important in laser sintering, since high temperatures occur during the process and the process time may be very long which, depending on the type of plastic, may lead to build-up and decomposition processes and thus may complicate the recyclability of the powder. The latter shows in a high refreshing factor, which, in recycling of powder, is given by the percentage of fresh powder that has to be added to the recycled powder to avoid a variation in the laser sintering and object characteristics compared to a laser sintering process using fresh powder only.
By the large BET-surface, ageing of the unexposed powder during the sintering process is promoted whereby a high refreshing factor becomes necessary to prevent occurrence of drawbacks in surface quality and mechanical properties of the sintered objects.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide a powder optimised with respect to pourability and porosity which is particularly suitable for laser sintering, and to provide a laser sintering method using this powder as a build-up material.
Further developments of the invention are specified in the subordinate claims, respectively.
Further features and advantages of the invention will arise from the description of embodiments with reference to the figures, of which:
a and 2b show SEM recordings 10000× of a PA12 precipitated powder (a) before the treatment and (b) after the treatment, and
As can be seen from
Above container 1 and the operating plane 6, respectively, a supply device 10 is provided for applying a powder material 11 to be solidified onto the carrier surface 5 or onto a layer previously solidified. Furthermore, above operating plane 6 an irradiating apparatus in form of a laser 7 is arranged, emitting a directed light beam 8 which is deflected in the direction to the operating plane 6 as a deflected beam 8′ by a deflection device 9, e.g. a rotatable mirror.
In manufacturing the three-dimensional object 3, the powder material 11 is applied onto the carrier 4 or onto a layer previously solidified in a layerwise manner and is solidified by the laser beam 8′ at the positions of each powder layer that correspond to the object. Thereby, the carrier 4 is lowered layerwise.
Different methods of subsequent treatment of plastic powders were examined to improve their characteristics with respect to laser sintering. Thereby, it was the intention to attain smoothing of the surface characterised by a lower BET-surface by application of mechanical or mechanical-thermal energy.
As base material, a PA12 precipitated powder produced according to the prior art of EP 863 174 was used having a 10%-fraction below 38 μm (D0.1<38 μm), a 50%-fraction below 57 μm (D0.5<57 μm) and a 90%-fraction below 77 μm (D0.9<77 μm), as well as a BET-surface of 6 m2/g.
All of the following examples of powder treatment provide a polymer powder for producing a three-dimensional object according to the invention.
The base powder was subsequently treated in a commercially available powder treatment machine NHS-1 of the company Nara in the style of a method described in the patent EP 555 947. The duration of treatment was one minute; the number of revolutions was 8000 rpm.
The base powder was treated as in Example 1 but the duration of treatment was three minutes instead of one minute.
The base powder was subsequently treated in a commercially available mixer by shear mixing. Thereby, the number of revolutions of the agitator was adjusted for the powder to heat-up to 140° C. within ten minutes. Then, the number of revolutions was lowered in so far as to hold the temperature constant at 140° C. for another time period of five minutes.
The base powder was treated as in Example 3 but the duration of the holding period was ten minutes.
The numbers of revolutions, durations of treatments and temperatures used in Examples 1 to 4 are summarised in Table I.
a shows a SEM recording of the PA12 precipitated base powder.
Table I shows the BET-surfaces and grain size distributions determined for the powders subsequently treated according to Examples 1 to 4. Thereby, the grain size distributions of the powders were each determined by light-scattering in the laser beam and the BET-surfaces by adsorption of nitrogen. D0.1 gives the diameter in μm for which, according to laser scattering, 10% of the powder volume is below this diameter in the integral grain distribution, D0.5 gives the diameter in μm for which, according to laser scattering, 50% of the powder volume is below this diameter in the integral grain distribution, and D0.9 gives the diameter in μm for which, according to laser scattering, 90% of the powder volume is below this diameter in the integral grain distribution.
Thereby, in
It can be seen that by choice of the conditions of the subsequent treatment, the BET-surface was reduced up to a factor of 7.5, without considerably altering the grain size distribution by the subsequent treatment.
The reduction of the BET-surface led to a refreshing rate of the treated powders clearly lower as compared to the untreated powder. In an application of the powder treated according to Example 1 (reduction of the BET-surface: 1.67 times) and of the powder treated according to Example 3 (reduction of the BET-surface: 3.16 times), in recycling of the powder a refreshing factor having a value of 30% and 20% followed, respectively, compared to a value of 50% when using an untreated powder.
The effects of the grain rounding and surface smoothing are not limited to the described PA12 precipitated powder but also occur in PA12 powders produced according to other methods as well as in other plastic powders. Particularly, if the start material is a milled powder, the surface smoothing is associated with grain rounding.
Not only for the durations of treatments and temperatures given above, the above-attained low values for the BET-surface in combination with the attained grain distributions are attainable.
Particularly advantageous results are attainable when the duration of treatment is longer than one minute. Furthermore, the desired powder characteristics are attainable when performing the treatment at room temperature (>15° C.) as well as at an elevated temperature, as long as this temperature is below the melting point of the powder.
In the method according to claim 2, particularly advantageous results are also attainable when the temperature differs from 140° C. by ±20 degrees and the duration of treatment is longer than 5 minutes.
The powder treatment methods described above may also be applied in the purpose of an improved mixing of powders consisting of plural components. With the above treatment, agglomerates of one powder component can be dispersed in an improved manner. Furthermore, the methods are applicable for producing coated powders wherein particles of a coating material (additive or polymer powder) are solely melted onto the surface of the base material.
This opens the introduction of new materials in the field of laser sintering; the range of usable powder materials can thereby become strongly enlarged. The facilitated production of composite powders leads to the characteristics of the manufactured three-dimensional objects being influenceable in a simple manner by correspondingly composed powders. In this way, for example the stiffness, the colour, the electric properties of the objects or the fire retardance can be influenced.
Although the powder treatment methods described in this application are described in connection to laser sintering, the advantageous powder characteristics attained by these methods are of use in other industrial processes as well, as for example in powder coating operations or the production of cosmetics, sinter powders, additives for coil-coating varnishes.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10256097.8 | Dec 2002 | DE | national |
The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/493,017 filed Jun. 26, 2009, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/537,415 filed Feb. 17, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,422, which is a U.S. National Phase Application pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2003/011032 filed Oct. 6, 2003 which claims priority to German Application No. 10256097.8 filed Dec. 2, 2002. The entire disclosure contents of these applications are herewith incorporated by reference into the present application.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12493017 | Jun 2009 | US |
| Child | 13303796 | US | |
| Parent | 10537415 | Feb 2006 | US |
| Child | 12493017 | US |
