Patent Grant
9399829
The present invention relates to pneumatic tires and more particularly to a regrooving rubber composite cord for a tread of a pneumatic tire and to a pneumatic tire, the tread of which incorporates such a regrooving rubber composite cord.
In the vast majority of cases, the tread patterns for pneumatic tires for heavy duty vehicles are provided with straight, zigzag or wavy circumferential grooves, it being possible for these grooves to be joined via transverse grooves and/or incisions. The circumferential grooves generally comprise wear indicators, which are small platforms of vulcanized rubber mixture covering the bottom of these grooves over a certain circumferential length, the indicator indicating the minimum depth of pattern which legally has to remain on the tread in use. Patterns for heavy duty vehicles are regroovable (operation by which fresh grooves can be hollowed out again) and the pneumatic tires having such patterns carry, on their side walls, the wording “Regroovable” or the symbol “U”. The regrooving makes it possible, on the one hand, to extend the grip potential of the heavy duty vehicle pneumatic tire and, on the other hand, to significantly increase the tire life (expressed in kilometers): by 15% to 30%, as the case may be, this being achieved without damaging the possibility of retreading, which is furthermore an essential characteristic of a heavy duty vehicle pneumatic tire.
As known per se, the regrooving of a groove can be carried out using a rounded heated blade, more often handled by an operator. The said blade, connected to a frame which is supported on the tread surface, can be used manually so as to fairly reliably follow the line of the groove on the surface of the tread, even in the case of a groove not following a straight line. However, this regrooving operation requires a number of precautions. The first of them consists in carrying out the regrooving operation when approximately 2 mm of depth of groove remain, the said depth being measured between the tread surface and the radially outer surface of the wear indicators placed at the groove bottom. This precaution makes it possible to easily visualize the pattern design and thus to reproduce it without major difficulty. Knowing the remaining pattern depth and the regrooving depth recommended by the pneumatic tire manufacturer, it is then possible to adjust and set the height of the regrooving blade.
The regrooving depths generally indicated are theoretical depths. While they are, in the majority of cases, satisfactory and make it possible to theoretically set the blade height in order to obtain approximately a certain thickness of rubber between the regrooved groove bottom and the radially upper face of the crown reinforcement, the risks of excessively deep regrooving are not ruled out. In point of fact, an excessively forceful regrooving can cause damage and can compromise the possibility of an economical retreading, that is to say a retreading where only the tread is changed. It can also, in some extreme cases, reveal, at the bottom of the new grooves after regrooving, the plies of the radially underlying crown reinforcement, which is not generally allowed by the legislation in force.
In order to make it possible to carry out a regrooving which accurately keeps to the presence of a minimum thickness of rubber, above the radially outer face of the crown reinforcement, set by the pneumatic tire manufacturer, while making it possible to increase the tire life (expressed in kilometers) as much as possible, U.S. Pat. No. 6,003,576 recommends, in a pneumatic tire comprising a radial carcass reinforcement radially surmounted by a crown reinforcement formed of at least one ply of reinforcing elements, and a tread provided with grooves which can be regrooved, providing the tread parts positioned radially under the regroovable grooves with depth indicators, each indicator comprising at least one means indicating the minimum depth to be reached for effective regrooving and the maximum depth which must under no circumstances be exceeded.
The depth indicators are preferably provided in the form of incisions having a small but non zero width placed at the groove bottom, either parallel to the direction of the said groove, or perpendicular to the said direction, or both simultaneously, the means indicating the minimum and maximum depths then being the geometric shape of the bottom of the depth-indicating incision.
Although having resulted in enormous progress in the art and the way of regrooving a tread, the regrooving indicators do not remove, despite automation and extensive mechanization, the risk of passage of a cutting blade very close to the plies of the crown reinforcement; these indicators do not eliminate the human presence for the depth adjustments. Furthermore, the regrooving is carried out radially under the original grooves, designed according to a new tread thickness, and not according to a tread, the thickness of which has greatly decreased and the optimum pattern design of which is not necessarily the design conceived for the normal tread thickness.
Provision has also been made (U.S. Pat. No. 2,148,343) to incorporate, in the tread of the new pneumatic tire, a plurality of cords positioned inside the said tread in the circumferential direction. As soon as the wear of the tread reaches the cords, the latter are ejected by the centrifugal force and new grooves are thus formed.
The document EP 1 392 497 B1 provides a tread internally comprising interlayers, the external wall of which, seen in meridian cross section, has in part an outline identical to the outline of the wall of a regrooving groove to be created. The interlayers have the property of being non-sticking with the rubber mixture of the tread. These interlayers are provided with orifices in order to create, during the molding of the blank of the pneumatic tire, bridges of rubber mixture between the material of the regrooving groove to be created and the remainder of the tread. These rubber bridges prevent the ejection of the material of the regrooving groove to be created when it comes into contact with the ground by wear of the tread, while allowing it to be extracted by an operator by breaking these bridges made of rubber mixture.
However, the process for the manufacture of this tread is lengthy, complex and expensive since it is necessary in particular to successively place, in the tread blank, the interlayers and then the rubber profiled elements corresponding to the regrooving cords.
In that which follows, the term “cord” or “string” is understood to mean a rubber profiled element having an essentially constant cross section and having a width which is much greater than any other dimension and the term “regrooving cord” is understood to mean a rubber profiled element intended to be inserted in an internal cavity of a tread of a tire during manufacture and then to be withdrawn after wear of the tread in service in order to create a circumferential regrooving groove. The regrooving cord, after insertion in the tread, forms a continuous circumferential ring. This ring can be straight, zigzag or wavy, as the case may be.
A subject-matter of the invention is a composite cord comprising a rubber core and a rubber sheath surrounding, at least in part, the core, the formulations of the core and of the sheath being distinct, characterized in that the said rubber core is based on at least:
This composite cord can be used as regrooving cord of a tread of a pneumatic tire.
The rubber sheath makes it possible to ensure sufficient mechanical anchoring of the composite cord for it not to be ejected during running and to prevent any relative movement of the composite cord with regard to the remainder of the tread, which movement is the source of frictional actions and thus of heat dissipation at the interface.
The rubber sheath also exhibits the advantage of being able to be manually torn out without specific tooling once the cord is visible by wear of the tread of the pneumatic tire and thus of making possible easy and precise extraction of the composite regrooving cord while keeping intact the rubber core of the cord which is notably more resistant to cracks.
Preferably, each diene elastomer is selected from the group consisting of polybutadienes, natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes, butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers.
According to a preferred aspect, the filler A or the filler A′ comprises carbon black.
The filler A or the filler A′ can also comprise, in addition to the carbon black or as a replacement, an inorganic filler, such as silica.
Advantageously, the amount of filler A′ in the rubber sheath is less than 10 phr and very preferably less than 5 phr.
Advantageously, the amount of filler B in the rubber sheath is greater than 100 phr and very preferably between 200 and 600 phr.
Advantageously, the filler B exhibits a median particle size of between 1 and 200 μm and very preferably between 5 and 100 μm.
The filler B can advantageously be selected from the group consisting of chalk, synthetic calcium carbonates, kaolin and the mixtures of such compounds.
The cords according to one embodiment of the invention are such that their greatest dimension in any cross section is between 3 and 20 mm and preferably between 5 and 15 mm.
These cord dimensions make it possible to create, after they have been removed from the tread, grooves or furrows with an axial width of between 3 and 15 mm, which gives back to the pattern of the pneumatic tire an excellent ability to discharge water when running on wet ground.
Below 3 mm, the efficiency of the cords is no longer sufficient and, above 15 mm, the gain introduced is no longer substantial.
According to one embodiment, the thickness of the rubber sheath is between 0.3 and 1.5 mm and preferably between 0.5 and 1.0 mm.
Preferably, the rubber core and the rubber sheath additionally comprise a vulcanization system and the said composite cord is non-vulcanized.
After placing the non-vulcanized composite cord in a tread cavity of a pneumatic tire blank, it is during the vulcanization operation on the pneumatic tire blank that a mechanical bond is produced between the composite cord and the remainder of the tread by interdiffusion and covulcanization. This mechanical bond of the composite cord with the remainder of the tread has the advantage of being continuous and homogeneous all around the regrooving cord.
According to another embodiment, the rubber core and the rubber sheath additionally comprising a vulcanization system, the said composite cord is prevulcanized.
The term “prevulcanized” means that the composite cord is subjected, before it is incorporated in a tread cavity of a pneumatic tire blank, to a first vulcanization or crosslinking operation sufficient to cause the composite cord to lose the plastic state characteristic of non-vulcanized rubber mixtures. The vulcanization of the composite cord is not complete in order to make possible a good mechanical bond of the rubber sheath with the adjacent tread in the pneumatic tire blank by interdiffusion and covulcanization during the vulcanization operation on the said blank.
This prevulcanized state makes it possible to retain the geometry of the regrooving cord during all the operations of incorporation in the tread, of molding and of vulcanization of the pneumatic tire blank, in particular when the rubber core comprises a butadiene copolymer.
Preferably, the rubber sheath surrounds more than 50% of the external surface of the core. The sheath can also surround all of the core.
The rubber sheath can have an open torus shape. The sheath is then made of just one part but does not completely surround the rubber core in order to leave a region of direct contact between the rubber core and the adjacent material of the tread. This contact region extends axially and promotes a good mechanical bond between the composite cord and the adjacent mixture of the tread and thus reinforces the mechanical strength of the composite cord throughout the use of the pneumatic tire before the extraction of the composite cord.
By way of example, the composite cord can have a square, rectangular or U-shaped cross-sectional outline and the rubber sheath can be positioned along three sides of the square or rectangle or the two branches and the bottom of the U.
The composite cord can also have a substantially circular cross-sectional outline.
According to another embodiment, the composite cord is such that the rubber sheath comprises two unconnected parts. The sheath is thus in two parts and leaves two regions of direct contact between the rubber core and the adjacent mixture of the tread. This embodiment reinforces the mechanical strength of the composite cord throughout the use of the pneumatic tire before the extraction of the cord.
When the composite cord has a square or rectangular or U-shaped cross-sectional outline, the rubber sheath is then preferably positioned along two opposite sides of the square or rectangle, or along the two branches of the U only. This leaves two regions of direct contact, extending axially, between the core and the mixture of the tread.
The cross section of the composite cord can be of any shape, in particular substantially circular.
The rubber sheath can also comprise axial discontinuities. This makes it possible to locally reinforce the mechanical bond of the composite cord with the adjacent material of the tread.
Another subject-matter of the invention is a pneumatic or non-pneumatic tire with a crown with a crown reinforcement surmounted by a tread, characterized in that the said tread comprises, in at least one circumferential cavity of the said tread, a composite cord as described above.
The invention relates in particular to the tires intended to equip industrial vehicles chosen from vans, “heavy-duty vehicles”—that is to say, underground, bus, heavy road transport vehicles (trucks, tractors, trailers) or off-road vehicles, such as agricultural vehicles or civil engineering equipment—or other transportation or handling vehicles. The invention can also apply to the tires of passenger motor vehicles, SUVs (Sport Utility Vehicles), two-wheel vehicles (in particular motorcycles), aircraft, and the like.
The composite cords according to the invention can be used for pneumatic tires, that is to say tires inflated with air, but also for non-pneumatic tires, that is to say tires for which the load bearing is provided structurally and non-pneumatically.
In the present description, unless expressly indicated otherwise, all the percentages (%) shown are percentages by weight.
Furthermore, any interval of value denoted by the expression “between a and b” represents the range of values extending from more than a to less than b (that is to say, limits a and b excluded), whereas any interval of value denoted by the expression “from a to b” means the range of values extending from a up to b (that is to say, including the strict limits a and b).
The term “phr” is understood to mean: parts by weight per hundred parts of an elastomer.
The expression “composition based on” is understood to mean a composition comprising the mixture and/or the reaction product of the various constituents used, some of these base constituents being capable of reacting or intended to react with one another, at least in part, during the various phases of manufacture of the composition, in particular during the manufacture and the crosslinking or vulcanization thereof.
The (weight-)average size of the nanoparticles, denoted dW, is measured conventionally after dispersion, by deagglomeration with ultrasound, of the filler to be analyzed in water or an aqueous solution comprising a surfactant.
For an inorganic filler, such as silica, the measurement is carried out using an XDC (X-rays Disc Centrifuge) X-ray detection centrifugal sedimentometer, sold by Brookhaven Instruments, according to the following procedure. A suspension of 3.2 g of sample of inorganic filler to be analyzed in 40 ml of water is produced by the action, lasting 8 minutes, at 60% power (60% of the maximum position of the “output control”), of a 1500 W ultrasound probe (Vibracell ¾ inch sonicator, sold by Bioblock); after sonication, 15 ml of the suspension are introduced into the rotating disc; after sedimentation for 120 minutes, the weight distribution of the particle sizes and the weight-average size of the particles dW are calculated by the XDC sedimentometer software (dW=Σ(ni×di5)/Σ(ni×di4) with ni the number of objects of the size or diameter class di).
For carbon black, the procedure was carried out with an aqueous solution comprising 15% of ethanol and 0.05% of a nonionic surfactant (% by volume). The determination is carried out using a centrifugal photosedimentometer of DCP type (Disc Centrifuge Photosedimentometer, sold by Brookhaven Instruments). A suspension of 10 mg of carbon black is prepared beforehand in 40 ml of an aqueous solution comprising 15% of ethanol and 0.05% of a nonionic surfactant (% by volume) by the action, lasting 10 minutes, at 60% power (i.e., 60% of the maximum position of the “tip amplitude”), of a 600 W ultrasound probe (Vibracell ½ inch sonicator, sold by Bioblock). During the sonication, a gradient composed of 15 ml of water (comprising 0.05% of a nonionic surfactant) and 1 ml of ethanol is injected into the rotating disc of the sedimentometer at 8000 revolutions/min, in order to form a “step gradient”. Subsequently, 0.3 ml of the carbon black suspension is injected at the surface of the gradient; after sedimentation lasting 120 min, the weight distribution of the particle sizes and the weight-average size dW are calculated by the sedimentometer software, as indicated above.
With regard to the measurement of the size of the microparticles (non-reinforcing particles), use may simply be made of an analysis of the particle size by mechanical sieving. The operation consists in sieving a defined amount of sample (for example 200 g) on a vibrating table for 30 min with different sieve diameters (for example, with a series of 10 to 15 mesh sizes gradually varying from 5 to 300 μm); the oversize collected on each sieve is weighed on a precision balance; the % of oversize for each mesh diameter, with respect to the total weight of product, is deduced therefrom; the weight-median size (or apparent median diameter) is finally calculated in a known way from the histogram of the particle size distribution.
These tests make it possible to determine the elasticity stresses and the properties at break of the rubber mixtures. Unless otherwise indicated, they are carried out in accordance with French Standard NF T 46-002 of September 1988. The nominal secant moduli (or apparent stresses, in MPa) are measured in second elongation (i.e., after an accommodation cycle at the extension rate provided for the measurement itself) at 10% elongation (denoted M10). The nominal stresses (in MPa) and the elongations at break (EB in %) are also measured. All these tensile measurements are carried out under the standard conditions of temperature (23±2° C.) and hygrometry (50±5% relative humidity), according to French Standard NF T 40-101 (December 1979).
The rubber composite cord according to a subject-matter of the invention has the essential characteristic of comprising a rubber core based on at least one diene elastomer to and more than 30 phr of a filler A, the particles of which are nanoparticles having a weight-average size of less than 500 nm, and a rubber sheath based on at least one diene elastomer identical to or different from the first, from 0 to less than 30 phr of filler A′ and more than 70 phr of a filler B, the particles of which are microparticles having a weight-median size of greater than 1 μm.
It may also be said that the core of the rubber composite cord comprises at least one diene elastomer and more than 30 phr of a filler A composed of nanoparticles and that the rubber sheath comprises at least one diene elastomer, from 0 to less than 30 phr of filler A′ and more than 70 phr of filler B.
The term “diene elastomer” or “diene rubber” should be understood as meaning, in a known way, an (one or more is understood) elastomer resulting at least in part (i.e., a homopolymer or a copolymer) from diene monomers (monomers bearing two conjugated or non-conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds).
Each diene elastomer of the rubber core and of the rubber sheath is preferably selected from the group of the highly unsaturated diene elastomers consisting of polybutadienes (BRs), synthetic polyisoprenes (IRs), natural rubber (NR), butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers and the mixtures of these elastomers. Such copolymers are more preferably selected from the group consisting of butadiene/styrene copolymers (SBRs), isoprene/butadiene copolymers (BIRs), isoprene/styrene copolymers (SIRs) and isoprene/butadiene/styrene copolymers (SBIRs).
Suitable in particular are polybutadienes having a content (molar %) of 1,2-units of between 4% and 80% or those having a content (molar %) of cis-1,4-units of greater than 80%, polyisoprenes, butadiene/styrene copolymers and in particular those having a Tg (glass transition temperature, measured according to ASTM D3418) between 0° C. and −70° C. and more particularly between −10° C. and −60° C., a styrene content of between 5% and 60% by weight and more particularly between 20% and 50%, a content (molar %) of 1,2-bonds of the butadiene part of between 4% and 75% and a content (molar %) of trans-1,4-bonds of between 10% and 80%, butadiene/isoprene copolymers, in particular those having an isoprene content of between 5% and 90% by weight and a Tg of −40° C. to −80° C., or isoprene/styrene copolymers, in particular those having a styrene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and a Tg of between −25° C. and −50° C.
In the case of butadiene/styrene/isoprene copolymers, those having a styrene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and more particularly of between 10% and 40%, an isoprene content of between 15% and 60% by weight and more particularly between 20% and 50%, a butadiene content of between 5% and 50% by weight and more particularly of between 20% and 40%, a content (molar %) of 1,2-units of the butadiene part of between 4% and 85%, a content (molar %) of trans-1,4-units of the butadiene part of between 6% and 80%, a content (molar %) of 1,2-plus 3,4-units of the isoprene part of between 5% and 70% and a content (molar %) of trans-1,4-units of the isoprene part of between 10% and 50%, and more generally any butadiene/styrene/isoprene copolymer having a Tg of between −20° C. and −70° C., are suitable in particular.
According to a specific embodiment, the diene elastomer is predominantly (i.e., for more than 50 phr) an SBR, whether an SBR prepared in emulsion (“ESBR”) or an SBR prepared in solution (“SSBR”), or an SBR/BR, SBR/NR (or SBR/IR), BR/NR (or BR/IR) or also SBR/BR/NR (or SBR/BR/IR) blend (mixture). In the case of an SBR (ESBR or SSBR) elastomer, use is made in particular of an SBR having a moderate styrene content, for example of between 20% and 35% by weight, or a high styrene content, for example from 35% to 45%, a content of vinyl bonds of the butadiene part of between 15% and 70%, a content (molar %) of trans-1,4-bonds of between 15% and 75% and a Tg of between −10° C. and −55° C.; such an SBR can advantageously be used as a mixture with a BR preferably having more than 90% (molar %) of cis-1,4-bonds.
According to another specific embodiment, the diene elastomer is predominantly (preferably for more than 50 phr) an isoprene elastomer. The term “isoprene elastomer” is understood to mean, in a known way, an isoprene homopolymer or copolymer, in other words a diene elastomer selected from the group consisting of natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IRs), the various copolymers of isoprene and the mixtures of these elastomers. Mention will in particular be made, among the isoprene copolymers, of isobutene/isoprene copolymers (butyl rubber—IIR), isoprene/styrene copolymers (SIRs), isoprene/butadiene copolymers (BIRs) or isoprene/butadiene/styrene copolymers (SBIRs). This isoprene elastomer is preferably natural rubber or a synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene; use is preferably made, among these synthetic polyisoprenes, of the polyisoprenes having a content (molar %) of cis-1,4-bonds of greater than 90%, more preferably still of greater than 98%.
According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the rubber core and/or the rubber sheath comprise(s) a blend of a (one or more) “high Tg” diene elastomer exhibiting a Tg of between −70° C. and 0° C. and of a (one or more) “low Tg” diene elastomer exhibiting a Tg of between −110° C. and −80° C., more preferably between −105° C. and −90° C. The high Tg elastomer is preferably selected from the group consisting of S-SBRs, E-SBRs, natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes (exhibiting a content (molar %) of cis-1,4-enchainments preferably of greater than 95%), BIRs, SIRs, SBIRs and the mixtures of these elastomers. The low Tg elastomer preferably comprises butadiene units according to a content (molar %) at least equal to 70%; it preferably consists of a polybutadiene (BR) exhibiting a content (molar %) of cis-1,4-enchainments of greater than 90%.
According to another specific embodiment of the invention, the composition of the rubber core and/or of the rubber sheath comprises, for example, from 30 to 100 phr, in particular from 50 to 100 phr, of a high Tg elastomer as a blend with 0 to 70 phr, in particular from 0 to 50 phr, of a low Tg elastomer; according to another example, it comprises, for the whole of the 100 phr, one or more SBR(s) prepared in solution or in emulsion.
According to another specific embodiment of the invention, the diene elastomer of the compositions of the core and/or of the sheath comprises a blend of a BR (as low Tg elastomer) exhibiting a content (molar %) of cis-1,4-enchainments of greater than 90% with one or more S-SBRs or E-SBRs (as high Tg elastomer(s)).
The compositions formulated according to the invention can comprise a single diene elastomer or a mixture of several diene elastomers, it being possible for the diene elastomer or elastomers to be used in combination with any type of synthetic elastomer other than a diene elastomer, indeed even with polymers other than elastomers, for example thermoplastic polymers.
The elastomers can have any microstructure which depends on the polymerization conditions used, in particular on the presence or absence of a modifying to and/or randomizing agent and on the amounts of modifying and/or randomizing agent employed. The elastomers can, for example, be block, random, sequential or microsequential elastomers and can be prepared in dispersion or in solution; they can be coupled and/or star-branched or also functionalized with a coupling and/or star-branching or functionalization agent. For coupling with carbon black, mention may be made, for example, of functional groups comprising a C—Sn bond or of aminated functional groups, such as benzophenone, for example; for coupling with a reinforcing inorganic filler, such as silica, mention may be made, for example, of silanol functional groups or polysiloxane functional groups having a silanol end (such as described, for example, in FR 2 740 778 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,718), of alkoxysilane groups (such as described, for example, in FR 2 765 882 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,238), of alkoxysilane groups bearing an amine group (such as described, for example, in US 2005/0203251, JP 2001158834, JP 2005232367, EP 1 457 501 A1 or WO 09/133,068), of carboxyl groups (such as described, for example, in WO 01/92402 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,473, WO 2004/096865 or US 2006/0089445) or of polyether groups (such as described, for example, in EP 1 127 909 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,973). Mention may also be made, as other examples of functionalized elastomers, of the elastomers (such as SBR, BR, NR or IR) of the epoxidized type.
When the diene elastomer is natural rubber, the latter may have been subjected to a physical or chemical modification or treatment directly on its production site or also subsequently, before or during the preparation of the rubber composition. These operations are well known to a person skilled in the art and can, by way of example, consist of an enzymatic treatment or a chemical modification by addition of specific compounds.
The composite cord according to a subject-matter of the invention has the essential characteristic of comprising, on the one hand, a rubber core with more than 30 phr of reinforcing filler A and, on the other hand, a rubber sheath with from 0 to less than 30 phr of reinforcing filler A′.
Use may be made of any type of reinforcing filler known for its abilities to reinforce a rubber composition which can be used for the manufacture of tire treads, for example an organic filler, such as carbon black, a reinforcing inorganic filler, such as silica, or also a blend of these two types of filler, in particular a blend of carbon black and silica.
All carbon blacks are suitable as carbon blacks, in particular the blacks conventionally used in the treads of tires (“tire-grade” blacks). Among the latter, mention will more particularly be made of the reinforcing carbon blacks of the 100, 200 or 300 series (ASTM grades), such as, for example, the N115, N134, N234, N326, N330, N339, N347 or N375 blacks, or also, depending on the applications targeted, the blacks of higher series (for example N660, N683 or N772). The carbon blacks might, for example, be already incorporated in the elastomer in the form of a masterbatch (see, for example, Application WO 97/36724 or WO 99/16600).
Mention may be made, as examples of organic fillers other than carbon blacks, of functionalized polyvinylaromatic organic fillers, such as described in Applications WO-A-2006/069792 and WO-A-2006/069793.
The term “reinforcing inorganic filler” should be understood as meaning, in the present patent application, by definition, any inorganic or mineral filler (whatever its color and its origin (natural or synthetic)), also known as “white” filler, “clear” filler, indeed even “non-black” filler, in contrast to carbon black, capable of reinforcing, by itself alone, without means other than an intermediate coupling agent, a rubber composition intended for the manufacture of tires, in other words capable of replacing, in its reinforcing role, a conventional tire-grade carbon black; such a filler is generally characterized, in a known way, by the presence of hydroxyl (—OH) groups at its surface.
The physical state under which the reinforcing inorganic filler is provided is not important, whether it is in the form of a powder, of microbeads, of granules, of balls or any other appropriate densified form. Of course, the term “reinforcing inorganic filler” is also understood to mean mixtures of different reinforcing inorganic fillers, in particular of highly dispersible siliceous and/or aluminous fillers as described below.
Suitable in particular as reinforcing inorganic fillers are mineral fillers of the siliceous type, in particular silica (SiO2), or of the aluminous type, in particular alumina (Al2O3). The silica used can be any reinforcing silica known to a person skilled in the art, in particular any precipitated or fumed silica exhibiting a BET specific surface and a CTAB specific surface which are both less than 450 m2/g, preferably from 30 to 400 m2/g. Mention will be made, as highly dispersible precipitated silicas (“HDSs”), for example, of the Ultrasil 7000 and Ultrasil 7005 silicas from Degussa, the Zeosil 1165MP, 1135MP and 1115MP silicas from Rhodia, the Hi-Sil EZ150G silica from PPG, the Zeopol 8715, 8745 and 8755 silicas from Huber or the silicas having a high specific surface as described in Application WO 03/16387.
The reinforcing inorganic filler used, in particular if it is silica, preferably has a BET specific surface of between 45 and 400 m2/g, more preferably of between 60 and 300 m2/g.
Preferably, for the rubber core, the total content of reinforcing filler A (carbon black and/or reinforcing inorganic filler, such as silica) is greater than 30 phr and preferably between 40 and 100 phr; this makes it possible to provide the rubber core of the composite cord with good resistance to cracking while retaining a low hysteresis.
Preferably, for the rubber sheath, the total content of reinforcing filler A′ is less than 10 phr, more preferably between 2 and 5 phr. This makes it possible to provide the rubber sheath with good behavior in the raw state, without conferring significant tensile strength.
Preferably, the (weight-)average size of the nanoparticles is between 20 and 200 nm, more preferably between 20 and 150 nm.
Use is made, in a known way, in order to couple the reinforcing inorganic filler to the diene elastomer, of an at least bifunctional coupling agent (or bonding agent) intended to provide a satisfactory connection, of chemical and/or physical nature, between the inorganic filler (surface of its particles) and the diene elastomer, in particular bifunctional organosilanes or polyorganosiloxanes.
Use is made in particular of silane polysulphides, referred to as “symmetrical” or “unsymmetrical” according to their specific structure, such as described, for example, in Applications WO 03/002648 (or US 2005/016651) and WO 03/002649 (or US 2005/016650).
Suitable in particular, without the definition below being limiting, are silane polysulphides known as “symmetrical”, corresponding to the following general formula (I):
Z-A-Sx-A-Z, in which: (I)
Mention will more particularly be made, as examples of silane polysulphides, of bis(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) or bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)polysulphides. Use is in particular made, among these compounds, of bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphide, abbreviated to TESPT, or bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)disulphide, abbreviated to TESPD. Mention will also be made, as preferred examples, of bis(mono(C1-C4)alkoxyldi(C1-C4)alkylsilylpropyl)polysulphides (in particular disulphides, trisulphides or tetrasulphides), more particularly bis(monoethoxydimethylsilylpropyl)tetrasulphide, such as described in Patent Application WO 02/083782 (or US 2004/132880).
Mention will in particular be made, as coupling agent other than an alkoxysilane polysulphide, of bifunctional POSs (polyorganosiloxanes) or else of hydroxysilane polysulphides (R2═OH in the above formula I), such as described in Patent Applications WO 02/30939 (or U.S. Pat. No. 6,774,255) and WO 02/31041 (or US 2004/051210), or else of silanes or POSs carrying azodicarbonyl functional groups, such as described, for example, in Patent Applications WO 2006/125532, WO 2006/125533 and WO 2006/125534.
In the rubber core compositions according to a subject-matter of the invention, the content of coupling agent is preferably between 4 and 12 phr, more preferably between 3 and 8 phr.
A person skilled in the art will understand that a reinforcing filler of another nature, in particular organic nature, might be used as filler equivalent to the reinforcing inorganic filler described in the present section, provided that this reinforcing filler is covered with an inorganic layer, such as silica, or else comprises, at its surface, functional sites, in particular hydroxyls, requiring the use of a coupling agent in order to form the connection between the filler and the elastomer.
The rubber sheath of the composite cord has the second essential characteristic of comprising, as non-reinforcing filler (denoted filler B), more than 70 phr of microparticles having a (weight-)average size of greater than 1 μm.
Below the above minima, both for the content and for the size of the microparticles, the targeted technical effect is not obtained; an excessively high resistance to cracking is then observed for the rubber sheath of the composite cord and an operator can no longer withdraw the regrooving cord from its cavity without a specific tool.
The content of microparticles is preferably greater than 100 phr, more preferably between 200 and 600 phr, and their median size is preferably between 1 and 200 μm, more particularly between 5 and 100 μm. Above the maxima indicated, both for the content and for the size of the microparticles, a risk arises of insufficient cohesion in service of the rubber sheath, which may then no longer guarantee in service good continuous and homogeneous anchoring of the regrooving cord in the cavity of the tread.
For all the reasons indicated above, the content of the microparticles is more preferably between 300 and 500 phr and their median size is more preferably between 10 and 50 μm.
The non-reinforcing fillers which can be used as filler B are known to a person skilled in the art; mention will in particular be made of:
More preferably, use is made of microparticles of filler B selected from the group consisting of chalk, synthetic calcium carbonates, kaolin and the mixtures of such compounds.
Mention may be made, as examples of such preferred and commercially available fillers B, for example, of the chalk sold under the name “Omya BLS” by Omya and the kaolins sold under the name “Polwhite KL” by Imerys.
The compositions of the rubber core and of the rubber sheath can also comprise all or a portion of the usual additives generally used in elastomer compositions intended for the manufacture of tires, such as, for example, pigments, protection agents, such as antiozone waxes, chemical antiozonants or antioxidants, antifatigue agents, reinforcing resins, methylene acceptors (for example, phenolic novolac resin) or methylene donors (for example, HMT or H3M), such as described, for example, in Application WO 02/10269, a crosslinking system based either on sulphur, or on sulphur donors and/or on peroxide and/or on bismaleimides, vulcanization accelerators or vulcanization activators.
The addition of pigments has the advantage of clearly indicating when the level of wear reaches the regrooving cord.
The rubber core can also comprise, in addition to the coupling agents, coupling activators, covering agents for the inorganic fillers or more generally processing aids to capable, in a known way, by virtue of an improvement in the dispersion of the filler in the rubber matrix and of a lowering in the viscosity of the compositions, of improving their ease of processing in the raw state, these agents being, for example, hydrolysable silanes, such as alkylalkoxysilanes, polyols, polyethers, primary, secondary or tertiary amines or hydroxylated or hydrolysable polyorganosiloxanes.
The rubber core can also comprise, as preferred non-aromatic or very weakly aromatic plasticizing agent, at least one compound selected from the group consisting of naphthenic oils, paraffinic oils, MES oils, TDAE oils, ester plasticizers (for example, glycerol trioleates), hydrocarbon resins exhibiting a high Tg preferably of greater than 30° C., such as described, for example, in Applications WO 2005/087859, WO 2006/061064 and WO 2007/017060, and the mixtures of such compounds. The overall content of such a preferred plasticizing agent is preferably between 10 and 100 phr, more preferably between 20 and 80 phr, in particular within a range from 10 to 50 phr.
Mention will in particular be made, among the above plasticizing hydrocarbon resins (it should be remembered that the name “resin” is reserved by definition for a solid compound), of α-pinene, β-pinene, dipentene, polylimonene or C5 fraction homo- or copolymer resins, for example C5 fraction/styrene copolymer resin or C5 fraction/C9 fraction copolymer resin, which can be used alone or in combination with plasticizing oils, such as, for example, MES or TDAE oils.
The appended figures illustrate a machine for producing a tread with incorporated regrooving cord and also such treads:
The compositions of the rubber core and of the rubber sheath are manufactured in appropriate mixers, using two successive phases of preparation well known to a person skilled in the art: a first phase of thermomechanical working or kneading (“non-productive” phase) at high temperature, up to a maximum temperature of between 110° C. and 190° C., preferably between 130° C. and 180° C., followed by a second phase of mechanical working (“productive” phase) down to a lower temperature, typically of less than 110° C., for example between 40° C. and 100° C., during which finishing phase the crosslinking system is incorporated.
The process for preparing a composition of the rubber core and/or of the rubber sheath comprises, for example, at least the following stages:
By way of example, the non-productive phase is carried out in a single thermomechanical stage during which, in a first step, all the necessary base constituents (diene elastomer, fillers and coupling agent, if necessary, plasticizing system) are introduced into an appropriate mixer, such as a standard internal mixer, followed, in a second step, for example after kneading for one to two minutes, by the other additives, optional additional covering agents or processing aids, with the exception of the crosslinking system. The total duration of the kneading, in this non-productive phase, is preferably between 1 and 15 min.
After cooling the mixture thus obtained, the crosslinking system is then incorporated in an external mixer, such as an open mill, maintained at a low temperature (for example between 40° C. and 100° C.). The combined mixture is then mixed (productive phase) for a few minutes, for example between 2 and 15 min.
The crosslinking system is preferably a vulcanization system based on sulphur and on an accelerator. Use may be made of any compound capable of acting as accelerator of the vulcanization of diene elastomers in the presence of sulphur, in particular of those selected from the group consisting of 2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulphide (abbreviated to “MBTS”), N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “CBS”), N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “DCBS”), N-(tert-butyl)-2-benzothiazolesulphenamide (abbreviated to “TBBS”), N-(tert-butyl)-2-benzothiazolesulphenimide (abbreviated to “TBSI”) and the mixtures of these compounds. Preferably, a primary accelerator of the sulphenamide type is used.
Additional to this vulcanization system may be various known secondary vulcanization accelerators or vulcanization activators, such as zinc oxide, stearic acid, guanidine derivatives (in particular diphenylguanidine), and the like, incorporated during the first non-productive phase and/or during the productive phase. The sulphur content is, for example, between 0.5 and 3.0 phr and that of the primary accelerator is between 0.5 and 5.0 phr.
The final compositions of the rubber core and of the rubber sheath can subsequently be calendered, for example in the form of sheets or plaques. These intermediate products are subsequently extruded in one or more operations and preferably coextruded in one operation, to give the final geometry of the composite cord, suited to its incorporation in a cavity of a pneumatic tire tread. The composite cords can then be wound around spools.
The cords described above can be used to be positioned in any tread internal cavity of pneumatic tires for a motor vehicle, such as a vehicle of two-wheel, passenger or industrial type.
Of course, any axial and circular combination of the free regions 87, 88, 97, 98 and 102 is possible. Other cross-sectional forms of the cords are also possible.
According to a first embodiment known per se, a tread with composite cord incorporated in one or more cavities is produced by co-extrusion. The cords and the tread in which they are embedded are thus extruded together.
The cords are produced as indicated above prior to the formation of the rubber tread and separately from the latter. It is then sufficient to position them in the furrow and to close the latter. The cords are thus buried in the rubber subsequent to the formation thereof. This process limits the amount of scrap from manufacturing failings due to the fact that it makes it possible to dispense with the stages of stabilization of the process at the start-up of each manufacturing series.
Preferably, for each section of the tread, the section is extruded and the furrow is formed in the section simultaneously.
A description will now be given, with reference to
An illustration has been given, in
The tread 4 comprises a main body formed of rubber, which conventionally comprises a mixture of natural and synthetic elastomers and various products and adjuvants.
The tread 4 additionally comprises several cords or strings 8 which are, in the case in point, five in number, this number not being limiting. The cords each have a wire form, with a circular cross section, as in the case in
The nose 10 of the extrusion machine comprises a frame 12 comprising two vertical uprights 14 of planar form positioned in parallel to one another and facing and at a distance from one another. The majority of the devices of the nose extend in the space provided between the two uprights 14.
The nose comprises a conduit 16, illustrated in particular in the right-hand part of
With reference to
The blade 26 additionally comprises a support 38 carrying ploughshares 40, the number of which equals that of the cords 8 which the tread is intended to receive, in the case in point five. As illustrated in particular in
The blade 26 comprises, for each ploughshare 40, means for rigidly attaching to the body 28, which means are formed, in the case in point, for each ploughshare by two attachment screws 42 which pass through a part of the support and tighten the ploughshare against an internal face of the support. This arrangement makes it possible to adjust the position of the ploughshare with respect to the body 28 along the abovementioned direction and thus to adjust the depth of the furrow 44 produced by the corresponding ploughshare in the tread 4, for example depending on the model of pneumatic tire being manufactured.
The furrows 44 themselves are generated by the penetration of the base or small side of the “L” of each ploughshare 40 into the extruded material forming the rubber tread. The furrows are generated by the fact that the base of each ploughshare projects from the face 36 of the body 28 or more specifically from certain regions of this face, as illustrated in
The face 36 exhibits at right angles with each ploughshare a cavity 45 extending beyond the ploughshare on each side of the latter. Each of these cavities makes it possible to form, on either side of the furrow, respective protruding beads 46 forming surpluses of rubber projecting from the main part of the face 6. Each furrow 44 thus extends between the two associated beads 46 which are contiguous with it.
As the number of furrows is equal to five in the case in point, ten beads are present. The furrows 44 are intended to receive the cords and then to be filled in, as will be seen later. The face 36 is also configured in order to form furrows 50, in the case in point three in number, intended to visibly persist on the tread and on the final pneumatic tire, in contrast to the furrows 44. All the abovementioned furrows extend parallel to one another and in the longitudinal direction of the tread 4.
As illustrated in
The extrusion machine comprises means 55 for receiving spools 9 on which the respective cords are wound. These means are arranged so as to allow the spools to unwind as the manufacturing operation proceeds.
The stitching assembly 30 (see
The small wheels 32 are mounted on a common gantry attached to the frame, the vertical position of which is adjustable in order to cause the small wheels to penetrate more or less deeply into the furrows and thus to insert the corresponding cords more or less into the latter. In the case in point, no motorized drive is provided for the small wheels 32, the latter being driven in rotation by the forward progression of the tread and of the cords inserted into this tread at the same peripheral speed as the latter. It is possible to provide an intermediate guiding part, such as a tube, traversed along its axis by the cords in order to guide them from the spools 9 as far as the assembly 30.
With reference to
Each device 60 comprises, at a lower end of the strut, an arm 68 carrying two small toothed wheels 70 mounted in rotating fashion on the arm via respective axes of rotation 72 which are coplanar but intersecting and arranged so that the small wheels have an open configuration towards the upstream side with reference to the direction of forward progression of the tread. The small wheels are positioned so as to be supported against the respective beads 46 associated with the furrow under consideration, so as to turn down the to material forming these protrusions into the furrow over the cord 8 for the purpose of filling the furrow 44. The cord is thus buried, covered and embedded in the tread, as illustrated in
The process for the manufacture of the tread is carried out in the following way by means of this machine. The material forming the rubber is brought into the nose via the conduit 16 according to the arrow 71 and then passes into the chamber 25, where it is pressurized before being extruded through the extrusion orifice formed by the blade 26 and the roll 18. During this operation, which in particular gives the form to the upper face 6 of the tread, the ploughshares 40 produce longitudinal furrows 44 in the face 6 and also two beads 46 situated on either side of each furrow. The ploughshares are present in a rear part in a region of the machine where the pressure is reduced with respect to the pressure prevailing in the chamber 25.
The spools 9 carrying the cords unwind and the cords, guided and supported by the small wheels 32, pass between these and the blade 26 in order to be inserted at the bottom of the respective furrows 44 in the thickness of the tread. The cords unwind from the spools under the effect of the tread being driven along, which also drives the small wheels 32. The spool is not slowed down by any actuator during its movement.
The material forming the tread is still hot and soft at this stage. When the tread passes under the stitching assembly 34, the wheels 70 turn down the material of the beads 46 into the corresponding furrow, thus embedding the associated composite cord in the thickness of the tread. The furrow is thus blocked and filled.
These operations take place successively for each section of tread under consideration. They take place at the same time for the whole of the tread, the treads being manufactured continuously.
Cords were produced and incorporated in treads of pneumatic tires as described above. The formulations of the rubber core and of the rubber sheath are given in Table 1. The amounts are expressed as parts per 100 parts by weight of elastomer (phr).
The materials of the sheath S1 and of the core C1 exhibit comparable stiffnesses at low strain (10%) as well as elongations at break which are also comparable. On the other hand, the material of the sheath S1 has a breaking stress which is very markedly lower than that of the material of the core C1. It is this which allows the regrooving cord to be extracted manually without specific tooling.
Pneumatic tires for a heavy duty vehicle of 315/70 R 22.5 size were produced comprising, in circumferential cavities of their tread, U-shaped cords with a similar geometry to the cord 90 of
The same pneumatic tires also comprised, in other similar cavities of the tread, a cord composed only of a rubber mixture similar to that of the sheath of the composite cord according to the invention.
These pneumatic tires were first of all subjected, for 2000 km, to a test on a stressing rolling drum for the tread, where high-load and high-drift rolling operations are alternated with straight-line high-load rolling operations. The tires and their treads resisted well.
The treads of the pneumatic tires were subsequently planed down, that is to say that the tread was machined in order to reduce its thickness until the sheaths of the regrooving cords are revealed. The pneumatic tires were subsequently subjected to behavioral tests on tracks in the dry state and on tracks covered with a thickness of water.
These tests consisted of running operations of a few tens of km at a normal speed of 90 km/h and then at a limiting speed of 125 km/h on a circuit in the dry state. Subsequently, the pneumatic tires were tested on a circuit comprising numerous bends and covered with water in order to confirm whether the water does not detrimentally affect the hold of the cord in the cavity.
During all these tests, the rubber cords according to the invention remained in place in their cavities. Their anchoring was sufficient to prevent any relative movement between the cords and the adjacent material of the tread before and after planing down the treads. The cords were subsequently able to be removed manually without specific tooling and all at once. The grooves thus created in the tread were suitable.
On the other hand, the rubber cords composed only of a similar mixture to that of the sheath of the composite cord according to the invention did not withstand the tests carried out after planing down the tread. Pieces of varied sizes were gradually torn off and others remained caught in their cavities.
The regrooving cords according to the invention thus have the advantage of making possible good control of their geometry before and after the preparation of the pneumatic tire, of restoring a suitable appearance of the pattern after they have been extracted and of having great ease of industrial implementation.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11 54317 | May 2011 | FR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/059030 | 5/15/2012 | WO | 00 | 1/16/2014 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012/156407 | 11/22/2012 | WO | A |
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