Patent Application
20130197132
The present invention relates to a rubber composition for a tire, a method of preparing the rubber composition, and a pneumatic tire formed from the rubber composition.
It has been conventionally known that physical properties of rubber compositions can be improved by compounding microfibrillated plant fibers such as cellulose fibers as filler into the rubber compositions. However, when microfibrillated plant fibers are compounded into a rubber composition, the elongation at break tends to be reduced, and the fuel economy also tends to be reduced due to energy loss in the interface between the fibers and the rubber component since microfibrillated plant fibers have poor compatibility with the rubber component. Therefore, unless these properties are improved, microfibrillated plant fibers are difficult to apply to tires used in various uses and in particular those used for a long period of time under harsh conditions.
Patent Literature 1 proposes a technique of enhancing the compatibility of cellulose fibers with the rubber component by chemically treating the surface of cellulose fibers to introduce a hydrophobic group. Further, in recent years, there has been proposed a technique of enhancing the compatibility of pulp with the rubber component by chemically treating the pulp with a silane coupling agent containing an amino group. However, all these techniques require a chemical reaction process, and therefore a simpler technique is desired.
Patent Literature 1: JP-A 2009-84564
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The present invention aims to solve the above problem and provide a rubber composition for a tire, in which while the use of petroleum resources is reduced as much as possible, the compatibility of microfibrillated plant fibers with the rubber component is enhanced by a simple method, which can lead to a balanced improvement in tensile properties, handling stability, and fuel economy; a method of preparing the rubber composition; and a pneumatic tire formed from the rubber composition.
As a result of investigation by the inventor, it has been found that by using a lignin substance (industrial lignin) that is a by-product in a pulp manufacturing process and has hitherto not been used sufficiently, it is possible to surface-treat microfibrillated plant fibers by a simple method while reducing the use of petroleum resources as much as possible, so that the compatibility of microfibrillated plant fibers with the rubber component is enhanced to solve the above problem.
Specifically, the present invention relates to a rubber composition for a tire, containing: a rubber component; microfibrillated plant fibers; and an industrial lignin.
Preferably, the rubber component contains at least one selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, modified natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and modified synthetic rubber.
Preferably, the microfibrillated plant fibers are cellulose microfibrils.
Preferably, the microfibrillated plant fibers have an average fiber diameter of 10 μm or less.
Preferably, the microfibrillated plant fibers are contained in an amount of 1 to 100 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component.
Preferably, the industrial lignin is contained in an amount of 0.1 to 50 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the microfibrillated plant fibers.
The present invention also relates to a method of preparing the rubber composition, including the steps of: (I) mixing the microfibrillated plant fibers with the industrial lignin; and (II) adding the rubber component to the mixture obtained in the step (I) and further mixing them.
The present invention also relates to a pneumatic tire formed from the rubber composition.
The rubber composition for a tire according to the invention contains a rubber component, microfibrillated plant fibers, and an industrial lignin. By a simple method, namely, addition of the industrial lignin, it has improved in the compatibility of microfibrillated plant fibers with the rubber component, and therefore both the rigidity and the elongation at break are satisfied while good fuel economy is maintained. Accordingly, a pneumatic tire can be provided in which the tensile properties, handling stability, and fuel economy are improved in a well-balanced manner. Further, since microfibrillated plant fibers and an industrial lignin are not materials made from petroleum, the use of petroleum resources can be reduced for environmental friendliness.
The rubber composition according to the invention contains a rubber component, microfibrillated plant fibers, and an industrial lignin. The adhesion in the interface between the rubber component and the microfibrillated plant fibers is improved by adding the industrial lignin with high affinity for microfibrillated plant fibers, and therefore the energy loss in the interface is reduced. Further, the contact points where the microfibrillated plant fibers are tangled with one another are reinforced by the industrial lignin, and therefore the breaking strength is enhanced. Due to these effects, both the rigidity and the elongation at break are satisfied while increase in energy loss is suppressed. Accordingly, by using the rubber composition for production of tires, a pneumatic tire can be provided in which the tensile properties, handling stability, and fuel economy are improved in a well-balanced manner.
In addition, since both the microfibrillated plant fibers and the industrial lignin are not materials made from petroleum (namely, they are non-petroleum resources), the use of petroleum resources can be reduced.
The method of preparing the rubber composition according to the invention is not particularly limited, provided that it includes mixing the rubber component, microfibrillated plant fibers, and industrial lignin. For example, a preparation method is suitably employed which includes the steps of: (I) mixing the microfibrillated plant fibers with the industrial lignin; and (II) adding the rubber component to the mixture obtained in the step (I) and further mixing them.
In the step (I), the microfibrillated plant fibers are mixed with the industrial lignin. By mixing the microfibrillated plant fibers with the industrial lignin in advance as mentioned, when the rubber component is mixed with the mixture obtained in the step (I) in the step (II) described later, the microfibrillated plant fibers can be sufficiently dispersed into the rubber component. In terms of the fact that the microfibrillated plant fibers can be easily mixed with the industrial lignin, in the step (I), it is preferable to mix the microfibrillated plant fibers and industrial lignin in a solvent such as water.
As the microfibrillated plant fibers used in the step (I), cellulose microfibrils are preferred in terms of better reinforcement. Examples of the cellulose microfibrils include those derived from natural products such as wood, bamboo, hemp, jute, kenaf, crop wastes, cloth, recycled pulp, wastepaper, bacterial cellulose, and ascidian cellulose.
The method of preparing the microfibrillated plant fibers is not particularly limited, and for example, a method may be mentioned in which a raw material for the cellulose microfibrils is chemically treated with a chemical such as sodium hydroxide and then mechanically ground or beaten by a machine such as a refiner, a twin-screw kneader (twin-screw extruder), a twin-screw kneading extruder, a high-pressure homogenizer, a media agitating mill, a stone mill, a grinder, a vibrating mill, or a sand grinder. In this method, since lignin is separated from the raw material by chemical treatment, microfibrillated plant fibers containing substantially no lignin are obtained.
The microfibrillated plant fibers preferably have an average fiber diameter of 10 μm or less, more preferably 5 μm or less, further preferably 1 μm or less, and particularly preferably 0.5 μm or less because the balance between rubber reinforcement and elongation at break is good. Although the lower limit of the average fiber diameter of the microfibrillated plant fibers is not particularly limited, it is preferably 4 nm or more from the viewpoint that in the case where a solvent such as water is used in the step (I), deterioration of workability due to deterioration of drainage can be suppressed.
The microfibrillated plant fibers preferably have an average fiber length of 5 mm or less, and more preferably 1 mm or less, but preferably of 1 μm or more, and more preferably 50 μm or more. If the average fiber length is less than the lower limit or if the average fiber length exceeds the upper limit, the same tendency is shown as for the average fiber diameter described above.
The average fiber diameter and the average fiber length of the microfibrillated plant fibers can be measured by image analysis of scanning electron micrographs, image analysis of transmission electron micrographs, analysis of X-ray scattering data, a pore electric resistance method (Coulter principle method), or the like.
In the step (I), it is preferable to use an aqueous dispersion of the microfibrillated plant fibers. This enables the microfibrillated plant fibers and industrial lignin to be uniformly mixed in a short time. The content of microfibrillated plant fibers (solid content) in the aqueous dispersion of the microfibrillated plant fibers is preferably in a range of 2 to 40% by mass, and more preferably of 5 to 30% by mass.
The industrial lignin used in the step (I) is not particularly limited, provided that it contains a component discharged from a pulp manufacturing process. For example, mention may be made of sulfonated lignin (lignosulfonic acid) and lignosulfonates, as obtained by a sulfite pulping method, kraft lignin as obtained by an alkali pulping method, and the like. Among them, lignosulfonic acid and lignosulfonates are preferred because they enable the effects of the invention to be enhanced, and are easily available. Examples of the lignosulfonates include sodium lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, magnesium lignosulfonate, and the like, and preferred is sodium lignosulfonate.
Industrial lignins are isolated by chemically treating a raw material for pulp with a chemical such as sodium hydroxide and have a structure different from that of proto-lignin (lignin in a state of being present in a plant composition). In an industrial lignin, an aromatic ring network of proto-lignin is partially decomposed and forms a hydrophobic and hydrophilic chelate with a metal ion via a sulfo group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, or the like. Hence, an improvement in the compatibility of microfibrillated plant fibers with the rubber component is expected.
In the step (I), it is preferable to compound the components such that they are contained in amounts described later in the rubber composition of the invention. Then the balance between rubber reinforcement, elongation at break, and energy loss becomes favorable.
The method of mixing the components in the step (I) is not particularly limited, and commonly used methods may be used such as agitation by, for example, a propeller mixer, a homogenizer, a rotary mixer, or an electromagnetic mixer, as well as manual agitation.
In the step (II), the rubber component is added to the mixture obtained in the step (I), and they are further mixed. In this step, the microfibrillated plant fibers and the rubber component are combined.
It is preferable that the rubber component used in the step (II) should contain at least one selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, modified natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and modified synthetic rubber. As the rubber component, for example, diene rubbers may be mentioned, and specific examples thereof include natural rubber (NR), butadiene rubber (BR), styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber (IR), butyl rubber (IIR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-isoprene copolymer rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene copolymer rubber, isoprene-butadiene copolymer rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, and modified natural rubber such as epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), hydrogenated natural rubber, and deproteinized natural rubber. Further, examples of rubber materials other than diene rubbers include ethylene-propylene copolymer rubber, acrylic rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, polysulfide rubber, silicone rubber, fluororubber, urethane rubber, and the like. These rubber materials may be used alone, or may be used as a blend of two or more species. With respect to the blending ratio of the blend, rubber materials may appropriately be blended according to the particular applications. Among the examples, NR, BR, SBR, IR, IIR, and ENR are preferred because they are advantageous in terms of versatility and cost and because good workability is shown at the time of mixing with the microfibrillated plant fibers. From the viewpoint of reducing the use of petroleum resources for environmental friendliness, NR and ENR, which are materials derived from non-petroleum resources, are more preferred.
Also, in terms of the fact that the microfibrillated plant fibers and the rubber component can be uniformly mixed in a short time, the rubber component is preferably used in the state of latex. The content of the rubber component (solid content) in rubber latex is preferably in a range of 30 to 80% by mass, and more preferably of 40 to 70% by mass.
In the step (II), it is preferable to compound the components such that they are contained in amounts described later in the rubber composition of the invention. Then the balance between rubber reinforcement, elongation at break, and energy loss becomes favorable, and the yields of the materials and workability also become favorable.
The method of mixing the components in the step (II) is not particularly limited, and the same methods as in the step (I) may be used.
As a result of the steps (I) and (II), a masterbatch with microfibrillated plant fibers dispersed uniformly in a rubber matrix is prepared. In the case where the mixture obtained in the step (II) is in a slurry state, the mixture is solidified and dried by known methods, and then kneaded by a Banbury mixer or the like, whereby a masterbatch can be prepared.
The rubber composition according to the invention can be prepared from the masterbatch by a known method. For instance, the rubber composition can be prepared by, for example, a method in which the masterbatch and other components are kneaded by a Banbury mixer, a kneader, an open roll mill, or the like, and then vulcanized. Examples of other compounding ingredients include reinforcing agents (e.g. carbon black, silica), silane coupling agents, vulcanizing agents, stearic acid, vulcanization accelerators, vulcanization acceleration aids, oil, hardening resin, wax, antioxidants, etc.
In the rubber composition according to the invention, the microfibrillated plant fibers are preferably contained in an amount of 1 part by mass or more, and more preferably 5 parts by mass or more, but preferably in an amount of 100 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 20 parts by mass or less, per 100 parts by mass of the rubber component. When the amount is in the range, the microfibrillated plant fibers are favorably dispersed, so that the tensile properties, handling stability, and fuel economy can be improved in a well-balanced manner.
In the rubber composition according to the invention, the industrial lignin is preferably contained in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass or more, and more preferably 1 part by mass or more, but preferably in an amount of 50 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 20 parts by mass or less, per 100 parts by mass of the microfibrillated plant fibers. When the amount is in the range, the microfibrillated plant fibers are favorably dispersed, so that the tensile properties, handling stability, and fuel economy can be improved in a well-balanced manner.
The content of non-petroleum resources is preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and further preferably 97% by mass or more, based on 100% by mass of the rubber composition. According to the invention, since the above components are used in combination, even when the content of non-petroleum resources is large, the tensile properties, handling stability, and fuel economy are satisfied in a well-balanced manner.
Here, the content of non-petroleum resources can be determined for example by measuring the amount of [14C] carbon dioxide present in exhaust gas resulting from the combustion of a rubber composition, and comparing the differences in 14C from a material derived from non-petroleum resources and a material derived from petroleum resources.
The rubber composition according to the invention is usable for tire components and can be suitably used especially for treads and sidewalls.
The pneumatic tire according to the invention can be formed from the rubber composition by a known method. Specifically, an unvulcanized rubber composition with additives compounded as needed is extruded and processed into the shape of a tire component, and then molded in a tire building machine by a usual method to form an unvulcanized tire. The unvulcanized tire is heated and pressurized in a vulcanizer to produce a tire.
The pneumatic tire according to the invention can be suitably used for passenger cars, trucks and buses, and the like.
The invention will be more specifically described, referring to examples. However, the invention is not limited only thereto.
Hereinafter, chemicals used in the examples, comparative example, and reference example will be collectively described.
Natural rubber latex: HYTEX HA (natural rubber latex manufactured by Golden Hope Plantations, solid content: 60% by mass, average particle size: 1 μm)
Microfibrillated plant fibers: CELISH KY-100G manufactured by Daicel Corporation (average fiber length: 0.5 mm, average fiber diameter: 0.02 μm, solid content: 10% by mass)
Industrial lignin: VANILLEX N (sodium lignosulfonate) manufactured by Nippon Paper Chemicals Co., Ltd.
Masterbatches 1 to 4: prepared in the following Preparation Examples
Antioxidant: NOCRAC 6C manufactured by Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.
Stearic acid: stearic acid “TSUBAKI” manufactured by NOF Corporation
Zinc oxide: zinc oxide #2 manufactured by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.
Sulfur: powder sulfur manufactured by Tsurumi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Vulcanization accelerator: NOCCELER DM manufactured by Ouchi Shinko Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.
According to the composition in Table 1, microfibrillated plant fibers and an industrial lignin were agitated and dispersed in water for 1 hour at 24,000 rpm by using a high-speed homogenizer (batch homogenizer T65D Ultra-Turrax (Ultra-Turrax T25) manufactured by IKA), and subsequently natural rubber latex was added thereto and further agitated and dispersed for 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was solidified with a 5% by mass aqueous solution of formic acid, washed with water, and then dried in an oven heated at 40° C. to give a masterbatch 1.
A masterbatch 2 was obtained in the same manner as for the masterbatch 1 except that the amount of the industrial lignin was changed.
A masterbatch 3 was obtained in the same manner as for the masterbatch 1 except that no industrial lignin was used.
A masterbatch 4 was obtained by solidifying natural rubber latex as it is with a 5% bymass aqueous solution of formic acid, washing it with water, and then drying it in an oven heated at 40° C.
According to the composition in Table 2, each masterbatch was mixed and kneaded with chemicals other than the vulcanization accelerator and sulfur for 3 minutes at 88 rpm by using a 250 cc internal mixer heated to 135° C., and then the kneaded rubber composition was discharged. To the rubber composition were added the vulcanization accelerator and sulfur and they were kneaded for 5 minutes by a 6-inch open roll mill at 60° C. and 24 rpm to give an unvulcanized rubber composition. By press-heating the thus obtained unvulcanized rubber compositions at 150° C., vulcanized rubber compositions corresponding to Example 1, Example 2, Comparative Example 1, and Reference Example 1 were obtained.
Evaluations shown below were performed on the vulcanized rubber compositions prepared by the above method. Here, indices in the property data shown in Table 2 were calculated by the formulae described later, with Reference Example 1 being taken as a reference composition. In Table 2, the content of non-petroleum resources refers to the content (% by mass) of non-petroleum resources based on 100% by mass of the rubber composition.
The tensile stress at 100%, tensile stress at 300%, breaking stress, elongation at break, and breaking energy were measured according to JIS K 6251 “Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic—Determination of tensile stress-strain properties”. The indices of tensile stress at 100%, of tensile stress at 300%, of tensile strength, of elongation at break, and of breaking energy were calculated by the following formulae:
(Index of tensile stress at 100%)=(Tensile stress at 100% in each composition)/(Tensile stress at 100% in reference composition)×100;
(Index of tensile stress at 300%)=(Tensile stress at 300% in each composition)/(Tensile stress at 300% in reference composition)×100;
(Index of tensile strength)=(Breaking stress of each composition)/(Breaking stress of reference composition)×100;
(Index of elongation at break)=(Elongation at break of each composition)/(Elongation at break of reference composition)×100;
(Index of breaking energy)=(Breaking energy of each composition)/(Breaking energy of reference composition)×100.
The larger the index is, the more favorably the vulcanized rubber composition is reinforced, which indicates higher mechanical strength of rubber, and better tensile properties.
Test pieces for measurement were cut from 2 mm-thick rubber slab sheets of the vulcanized rubber compositions prepared by the above method, and the E* (complex modulus) and tan δ (loss tangent) of each test piece for measurement were measured using a viscoelastic spectrometer VES (manufactured by Iwamoto Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) under the conditions of temperature 70° C., initial strain 10%, dynamic strain 2%, and frequency 10 Hz. The indices of handling stability and of rolling resistance were calculated by the following formulae:
(Index of handling stability)=(E*of each composition) /(E*of reference composition)×100;
(Index of rolling resistance)=(tan δ of each composition) /(tan δ of reference composition)×100.
As the index of handling stability increases, the handling stability becomes better when the rubber composition is used for a pneumatic tire. As the index of rolling resistance decreases, the properties in terms of rolling resistance (fuel economy) become better when the rubber composition is used for a pneumatic tire.
As shown in Table 2, in Comparative Example 1 in which microfibrillated plant fibers were contained but no industrial lignin was contained, the tensile stress and the like were improved compared with Reference Example 1; however, the elongation at break and fuel economy were inferior. In contrast, in Examples 1 and 2 in which microfibrillated plant fibers and an industrial lignin were contained, compared with Comparative Example 1, the elongation at break was improved while the fuel economy was maintained. In addition, other performances were also more excellent than those of Comparative Example 1.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012-017253 | Jan 2012 | JP | national |
