Patent Application
20090123773
The present invention relates generally to salt-sensitive binders for nonwoven webs, and more particularly to water-soluble binder compositions containing vinyl acetate which are converted from emulsion polymers.
Wet strength is a desirable attribute for many disposable paper products that are required to maintain their wet integrity for an extended period of time prior to and during their intended use. Such products include toilet tissue, diapers, personal care products, and pre-moistened articles such as baby wipes and household cleaning wipes.
Permanent wet strength, however, is often an unnecessary and undesirable characteristic in paper products. Many paper products are disposed of after brief periods of use into landfills, incinerators, etc. which is inconvenient and can pose a significant burden on the solid waste stream. It is therefore preferable in many cases to direct used paper products to municipal sewage treatment facilities or private septic systems. Unfortunately, this procedure is often not available if the product is “unflushable.” Clogging of sewage and septic systems can result if the product permanently retains hydrolysis-resistant strength properties. To address this problem, efforts have been undertaken to make binders that will provide paper products with sufficient “temporary” wet integrity in the presence of saline solutions, but minimal integrity when exposed to large amounts of waste water, such that they traverse plumbing and disintegrate in sewage and/or septic systems.
Specifically, it has been attempted to produce disposable fibrous products which maintain a relatively high wet strength in the presence of solutions with elevated ion concentrations, but become more dispersible when in contact with solutions having a lower ion concentration. These ion sensitive, water dispersible polymer formulations are well known in the art. There is disclosed for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,261 to Lang et al. a polymer formulation comprising a triggerable copolymer of acrylic acid, NaAMPS, butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate as well as a non-crosslinkable co-binder emulsion polymer comprising poly(ethylene—vinyl acetate), wherein the polymer formulation is insoluble in a neutral salt solution containing at least about 1 weight percent salt and wherein the triggerable copolymer is soluble in water containing up to about 200 ppm of one or more multivalent ions. The polymers in Lang are typically prepared by solution polymerization.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,683,129 to Eknoian discloses salt sensitive binders in aqueous emulsions comprising methacrylic acid and acrylate monomers such as butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. The ion-sensitive binders are applied as emulsion compositions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,372 of Mumick et al. discloses ion sensitive binders for fibrous material. A water soluble polymer binder is disclosed that includes about 25 to about 85 weight percent of unsaturated carboxylic acid ester terpolymer; as well as from about 5 weight percent to about 35 weight percent of a divalent ion inhibitor and from about 10 weight percent to about 60 weight percent of a hydrophilic cross-linkable emulsion polymer. The polymer binder is useful for binding absorbent webs of the class used in personal care products such as pre-moistened wipes.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,631,317 to Komatsu et al. discloses a process for producing a self-dispersing and salt-sensitive polymer. The formulations include a) from about 35 to about 65 weight percent of acrylic acid; b) from about 10 to about 45 weight percent of an acrylic ester such as 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate or lauryl (meth)acrylate; and c) from about 20 to about 45 weight percent of a second acrylic ester such as ethyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth)acrylate, or n-butyl (meth)acrylate. The polymers in Komatsu et al. are polymerized in a mixture of water and organic solvent, and the solvent is subsequently evaporated such that the binder is provided in an aqueous dispersion.
Still further references of interest with respect to salt sensitive binders include the following: U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,883 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,317,063 both to Komatsu et al. which disclose water soluble salt sensitive polymers; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,127,593 and 6,433,245, both to Bjorkquist et al. which disclose flushable fibrous structures.
Many of the references discussed above, such as Lang et al. and Komatsu et al., produce ion sensitive binders by solution polymerization. Others, such as Eknoian, employ emulsion polymerization and provide the binders as emulsion compositions. These approaches are typical in salt-sensitive binder applications.
In contrast to the above procedures, emulsion polymers converted into water soluble polymers, whereby the emulsion polymer is put into solution by increasing the pH have not heretofore been used as salt-sensitive binders. Emulsion polymerized, alkali-solubilized polymers have been employed primarily in applications such as thickeners. Thickeners are added to aqueous systems to increase the viscosity to a desired level and are frequently added to materials such as paints, polishing and cleaning compositions, pharmaceuticals, among others. U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,591 to Tsaur discloses a method for producing an alkali soluble emulsion polymer for use as a thickener. The method comprises emulsion-polymerizing in an aqueous media a polymer having an acidic moiety and an amino moiety. The emulsion polymerization occurs in acidic media and then the pH of the emulsion is raised to dissolve the polymer. Tsaur notes that when the pH of the emulsion is increased, the dispersed composition dissolves, and the viscosity rapidly increases.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,096 to Sonnabend discloses a liquid emulsion copolymer containing a carboxylic acid monomer, a monovinyl ester monomer, and a nonionic vinyl surfactant ester monomer. The emulsions are stable as dispersions in solutions with a pH below 5.0, but dissolve as the pH is increased. The dissolved emulsions are said to be useful as thickeners in applications such as latex paint.
Other references of interest include U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,857 to Greenblatt et al. which discloses a hydrophobically-modified alkali soluble emulsion polymer which is neutralized to at least 60% of its acidic groups. The polymer contains as the hydrophobic monomer, a surfactant ester. The polymers in Greenblatt et al. may be used as thickening agents in paints, adhesives, nonwovens, textiles, etc. Likewise, United States Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0151886 to Bobsein et al. discloses a composition for paper coatings which contain 1) a binder copolymer and 2) a hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion polymer. U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,671 to Shay et al. discloses an alkali soluble copolymer containing a monomer with surfactant characteristics and a monomer with carboxyl functionality. Here again, the copolymers are used as thickeners. While the substantial increase in viscosity associated with water-soluble emulsion polymers is beneficial in thickening applications, it is an undesirable property in the field of nonwoven binders because the viscosity must be kept within processable limits.
Emulsion polymerization offers several advantages in the production of nonwoven binders. For example, emulsion polymerization is cost effective and environmentally safe, allowing for the production of a high-solids composition without the necessity of removing unwanted solvent. However, the present Applicants have observed that emulsion binders may not “trigger” as well as solution binders. “Triggering” is a critical mechanism in salt-sensitive applications whereby the polymer becomes insoluble in concentrated salt solutions, yet remains dispersible when in contact with solutions containing a lower concentration of ions. Also, the film-forming mechanism in emulsion polymers is different and less predictable than solution polymers. On the other hand, solution polymerization is disadvantaged from a processing standpoint because the solvent must be removed and the resulting compositions typically do not achieve as high of a solids content as can be produced with emulsion polymerization.
Thus, despite the contributions in salt-sensitive binders and products incorporating them, there still exists a need for high quality salt-sensitive binders which may be produced safely and efficiently.
It has been discovered in accordance with the present invention that binder solutions having salt-sensitive polymeric resins can be prepared by emulsion polymerizing a copolymer, including vinyl acetate and/or vinyl acetate/ethylene and then neutralizing the emulsion composition to produce a water soluble polymer. Especially preferred are polymers including vinyl acetate (VA), ethylene, acrylic acid (AA), methacrylic acid (MAA) and alkyl acrylates described below.
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to the various examples. Modifications to particular examples within the spirit and scope of the present invention, set forth in the appended claims, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art.
Unless otherwise indicated, terms are to be construed in accordance with their ordinary meaning. Percent, for example, refers to weight percent, on a dry basis, unless context indicates otherwise. Following are some exemplary definitions of terms used in this specification and the appended claims.
The phrase “an amount of emulsifier effective to maintain a stable aqueous emulsion” as the binder polymerizes, refers to an amount of emulsifying agent needed to prevent the polymer and water from separating into non-emulsified phases over at least the polymerization time. As a person of skill in the art will recognize, the effective amounts of emulsifier needed to maintain a stable aqueous emulsion will vary depending on the composition of the polymer and other factors.
“Non-woven,” “non-woven web,” and like terminology, refer to materials formed from loosely assembled fibers, which are bound together, in part, by a polymer binder. The binder plays an important role in the material properties, such as strength of the non-woven material.
The phrase, “binder solution”, and like terminology, refers to an aqueous composition containing an emulsion polymerized binder where the polymer is neutralized with base at least to the point where the composition is no longer opaque. Aqueous polymeric emulsions (also referred to herein as “latexes”), are typically opaque, milky-white liquids. When the emulsion copolymer employed in the present invention is neutralized, it begins to solubilize and the liquid becomes more transparent. For the purposes of the present invention, the emulsion copolymer is preferably neutralized to an optimum point whereby the aqueous composition becomes as clear as possible. Similarly, the phrases “water-solubilized,” and “water soluble,” when used in reference to an emulsion polymerized binder, mean that the polymer has been neutralized with base at least to the point where it would be optically translucent as a 20 weight percent aqueous composition.
“Wet tensile strength” is the tensile strength of a web when wetted. The wet tensile strength as used herein is measured according to the TAPPI UM 656 procedure and is reported in gf/in, consistent with the tests in the Examples illustrated below.
“Wet strength index” as used herein, is defined as the normalized cross-machine wet tensile strength in gf/in (adjusted for basis weight; see Examples below) of a web divided by the amount of binder add-on.
“Characteristic wet strength index” refers to the wet strength index that a binder or binder solution provides to a standard web when subjected to standard conditions, and soaked in a specified solution. For the purposes of this invention, the characteristic wet strength index is a property of the binder which is measured as set forth in the Examples below. Accordingly, the characteristic wet strength index of a binder is determined by finding the average cross-machine wet tensile strength of samples which have been cut from Whatman No. 4 filter paper, provided with an amount of binder solution equivalent to an add-on of from 10-16 percent, dried, and then soaked for 60 minutes in the prescribed solution. The resulting tensile strength is normalized to a basis weight of 112.5 gsm, which is a representative average basis weight for testing purposes. The characteristic wet strength index is then calculated by dividing the normalized wet tensile strength (in units of gf/in) by the percent of binder add-on.
“Salt sensitive,” when used in reference to a binder, refers to the characteristic of a binder to provide a higher wet strength index in concentrated salt solutions as compared to its wet strength index in deionized water. The compositions of the present invention typically exhibit a wet strength index in deionized water of less than 25 and a characteristic wet strength index in an aqueous solution of 10% NaCl that is at least 15 points higher than it exhibits in deionized water, i.e., the binder exhibits at least a 15 point index elevation in solutions with 10% salt. In preferred embodiments, the binder exhibits a wet strength index elevation in an aqueous solution of 10% NaCl of at least 20 points, 35 points or, even more preferably at least 50 points. Thus, the binders employed in the present invention are dispersible in deionized water and non-dispersible in solutions containing high ion concentrations. Although 10% NaCl solutions are used as a reference for concentrated salt solutions, it should be understood that the binders of the present invention will typically be non-dispersible in aqueous solutions having a salt content of at least about 0.5 wt. percent or, perhaps, even lower. The fibrous webs exhibit similar salt-sensitive dispersibility behavior when provided with the binder. The dispersiblity of a web is inversely proportional to the wet tensile strength, i.e., high wet strengths correspond to a low dispersibility.
The salt-sensitive binder compositions provided in the present invention comprise water and an emulsion polymerized, water-solubilized binder composition which includes a copolymer comprising from about 5 to about 80 wt. percent of carboxylic acid monomer units and from about 10 to about 95 wt. percent of ethylenically unsaturated comonomer units.
The carboxylic acid monomers used in the inventive binder compositions typically comprise methacrylic acid. While acrylic acid may be used in certain embodiments, it has been surprisingly discovered that polymers of the invention which include methacrylic acid generally have superior salt-sensitive properties compared to those made with acrylic acid. Without intending to be bound by any theory, it is believed that methacrylic acid exhibits substantially improved results compared to acrylic acid, because the emulsion polymerization/neutralization process of the invention is less compatible with more hydrophilic monomers, such as acrylic acid.
Additional carboxylic acid monomers which may be suitable include one or more of the following C3-C8 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers: maleic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, aconitic acid, vinyl sulfonic acids and vinyl phosphonic acids, acryloxypropionic acid, methacryloxypropionic acid, beta-carboxy ethyl acrylate, monomethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, monomethyl fumarate, monomethyl itaconate and the like, fatty acids such as lauroleic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, laconic acid, gadoleic acid, arachidonic acid, erucic acid, clupanodonic acid, nisinic acid, and combinations thereof. The carboxylic acid may be present in the copolymer an amount of from 5 to 80 wt. percent, or from about 20 to about 55 wt. percent.
Suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers units in addition to vinyl acetate are well known in the art. These monomers may comprise (meth)acrylates, maleates, (meth)acrylamides, itaconates, vinyl esters, styrenics, acrylonitrile, nitrogen functional monomers, alcohol functional monomers, and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the ethylenically unsaturated monomer units also comprise hydrophobic monomers and/or hardening monomers, as is discussed in detail below.
The ethylenically unsaturated comonomer units may include alkyl acrylate monomers. The alkyl acrylate monomers used in the polymer composition may include alkyl and hydroxyl alkyl esters of acrylic acid, where the alkyl moiety has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The alkyl acrylates suitably have from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety. Exemplary alkyl acrylate monomers include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl acrylate, and the like. Butyl acrylate monomer is especially preferred. The copolymer generally comprises from about 30 to 70 wt. percent of alkyl acrylate monomers. In some embodiments, the copolymer consists essentially of alkyl acrylate monomers and carboxylic acid monomers, such that other components are not present in amounts that affect the basic and novel characteristics of the inventive binders—namely their salt-sensitivity. Also, while it is recognized that butyl acrylate and like lower alkyl acrylates may be somewhat hydrophobic, they are not considered a “hydrophobic monomer” for the purposes of this invention.
As noted above, the ethylenically unsaturated monomers may optionally comprise hydrophobic monomers in amounts such that the salt-sensitive copolymer includes from 2 to 55 wt. percent of hydrophobic monomer units. The presence of a hydrophobic monomer may improve the triggering properties of the binder, particularly in applications where hard water dispersibility is desired. The hydrophobic monomer is optionally selected from alkyl (meth)acrylamides having from 2 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, straight chained or branched alkyl methacrylates having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, straight chained or branched alkyl acrylates having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate, and combinations thereof.
The optional alkyl (meth)acrylamide component includes alkyl and carbonyl alkyl (meth)acrylamides having from 2 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, and preferably from 4-12, or 6-10 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety. Exemplary monomers include those such as tertiary butyl acrylamide, N-tertiary octyl acrylamide, isopropyl acrylamide, and N-(1,1,-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide. A preferred alkyl acrylamide is N-tertiary octyl acrylamide (8 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety) which may have the following structures.
The hydrophobic monomer units may further comprise an alkyl methacrylate which should generally have from 4 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, preferably from 4 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety. Suitable alkyl methacrylate monomers include n-butyl methacrylate.
The hydrophobic monomer units may also include straight chained or branched alkyl acrylates which have from 5 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety. Exemplary alkyl acrylates of this type include hexyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2EHA). However, while hydrophobic alkyl methacrylate or alkyl acrylate monomers may be suitable in many embodiments, the salt-sensitive copolymer used in the invention preferably has less than 5 wt. percent of straight or branched chain alkyl (meth)acrylates that have from 8 to 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, e.g. 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. Indeed, typically the copolymer is substantially free of hydrophobic monomers such as 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
If the hydrophobic monomer units comprise a cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate, (including bi-cycloalkyl (meth)acrylates), it should contain from 4 to 20 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl moiety. Suitable cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate monomers include isobornyl acrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the monomer is a bi-cycloalkyl (meth)acrylate with from 6 to 12 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl moiety; isobornyl methacrylate which has the following structure, is especially preferred:
The ethylenically unsaturated monomers used in the salt-sensitive copolymer may also include hardening monomers in amounts such that the copolymer includes from 2 to 55 wt. percent of hardening monomer units. More preferably, the hardening monomer units are present in the ranges of from 10 to 50 wt. percent, or from 15 to 45 wt. percent. As used herein, “hardening monomers” refers to monomers having a glass transition temperature (based on a homopolymer of that monomer) of at least −40° C. Preferably the hardening monomer has a glass transition temperature of greater than 0° C., and suitably in the ranges of 40° C.-140° C. or 80° C.-120° C. It should be understood, of course, that many monomers used in the invention may be characterized as both a hardening monomer and a hydrophobic monomer. Most preferably, the hardening monomer comprises methyl methacrylate which has a glass transition temperature of about 105° C. It is believed that the addition of monomers which raise the glass transition temperature of the salt-sensitive polymer may also favorably affect the triggering properties of the binder.
Monomers with substantial irreversible cross-linking characteristics should generally not be used with the polymers of the present invention because a significant amount of cross-linking will adversely affect the dispersibility of the copolymer in water. The copolymer should generally contain less than about 1.0 wt. percent, suitably less than 0.25 wt. percent of pre-crosslinkable monomers. Desirably, the copolymer should also contain less than 0.25 wt. % of post-crosslinkable monomers, and preferably should contain no post-crosslinkable monomers. Pre-crosslinkable monomers crosslink with themselves during the polymerization to build polymer molecular weight, and would include monomers containing at least two vinyl end groups such as divinyl benzene, among others. Post-crosslinkable monomers crosslink with themselves after the polymer has been formed. Post-crosslinkable monomers generally require a catalytic or thermal inducement to crosslink, and can often times also crosslink with cellulosic substrates. Examples of post-crosslinkable monomers include methylol containing monomers such as methylol acrylamide. In most embodiments, the copolymer employed in the present invention contains less than 0.1%, and preferably no monomers which exhibit significant cross-linking ability.
The copolymers employed in the present invention are produced by emulsion polymerization. A general method for emulsion polymerization is disclosed in United States Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0164476 to Guo et al. The emulsion polymerization is typically carried out in an aqueous medium at a pH of lower than about 5.0, preferably at about 2.0 and at temperatures of less than 100° C., and preferably in the range of 40° C. to 80° C. Typically, a seeded or unseeded process is utilized to copolymerize the monomers in water with a surfactant. The polymerization occurs once the monomer and the initiator are added to the charge. The polymerization may be carried out batchwise, stepwise or continuously with batch and/or continuous addition of the monomer in the conventional manner.
Suitably, at least one emulsifier is present in the polymerization. The emulsifier is present in an amount that is effective to maintain a stable aqueous emulsion of the copolymer as it polymerizes. Emulsifying agents may include surfactants and/or protective colloids. Emulsifiers perform many functions in emulsion systems including solubilizing hydrophobic monomers, determining the size of the latex particles (typically, more emulsifier results in smaller latex particles), lessening the latex sensitivity to electrolytes and providing stability to the emulsion both during and after polymerization. The amount of emulsifying agent is typically about 0.05 wt. percent to about 10 wt. percent, preferably from 0.1 to 5 percent based on the total solids weight. For salt-sensitive binders, the emulsifier should generally be present in low enough amounts such that the salt-sensitive properties of the binder are not materially affected by the emulsifying agent; it is known, for example, that excess surfactant can impede the triggering mechanism of the resin.
The emulsifiers used in the invention are preferably either anionic, non-ionic, or cationic surfactants. Suitable anionic surfactants include fatty acid soaps, sulfonated fatty acids, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, alkali metal alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkali metal alkyl sulfates, sulfonated alkyl esters, alkylaryl disulfonates, sulfates of hydroxylalkanols, sulfates and phosphates of polyethoxylated alkanols and alkyphenols, as well as esters of sulfosuccinic acid; specific examples include sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium disecondary-butylnaphtalne sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, disodium dodecyldiphenyl ether disulfonate, disodium n-octadecylsulfosuccinate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, among others. Non-ionic surfactants include the addition products of 5 to 50 moles of ethylene oxide adducted to straight-chained and branch-chained alkanols with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, or alkylphenols, of higher fatty acids, or higher fatty acid amides, or primary and secondary higher alkyl amines; as well as block copolymers of propylene oxide with ethylene oxide and mixtures thereof. Poly(vinyl alcohol) may also be used as a nonionic stabilizer. Cationic surfactants may include alkyl quaternary ammonium salts and alkyl quaternary phosphonium salts, such as: alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, dieicosyldimethyl ammonium chloride, didocosyldimethyl ammonium chloride, dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium chloride; dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium methosulphate, ditetradecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, and naturally occurring mixtures of above fatty groups, e.g., di(hydrogenated tallow) dimethyl ammonium chloride; di(hydrogenated tallow) dimethyl ammonium methosulfate, ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, and dioleyldimethyl ammonium chloride. Cationically modified polyvinyl alcohol and cationically modified starch may also be used as emulsifying agents. Preferably, the surfactants used in the present invention are primarily anionic ether sulfate surfactants. Preferred surfactants are Disponil FES 993 or Standapol ES-40, available commercially from the Cognis Corporation.
The emulsifying agent may be a surfactant monomer that is polymerized into the polymer backbone. Using a polymerizable surfactant is advantageous because when the emulsifying agent is polymerized into the backbone, there is essentially no free surfactant in the water phase of the emulsion; this is desirable because the presence of free surfactants may negatively affect the triggering mechanism of the inventive binder.
The polymerizable surfactant monomers are typically compositions having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups, and a polymerizable group. Polymerizable groups include allyl, acryl, methallyl or methacryl groups. Suitable polymerizable surfactant monomers may include anionic surfactants such as sulphates, phosphates, sulphosuccinate half esters, and sulphosuccinate diesters bearing copolymerizable reactive groups and nonionic surfactant monomers such as nonylphenoxy propenyl polyethoxylated alcohols. Additionally, ammonium or metal salts of unsaturated C6 to C30 organic acids may be suitable; these may be used alone or in combination with the above surfactants. Suitable polymerizable surfactants are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,854 to Yokota et al., and European Patent No. 1479699, the entireties of which are incorporated herein by reference. Preferred polymerizable surfactants include Hitenol BC 1025 (Montello Incorporated), Trem LF-40 (a sodium dodecyl allyl sulfosuccinate surfactant available from the Henkel Corporation), and Adeka Reasoap Series Surfactants such as SR-10 (Asahi Denka Co., Ltd.). It is believed Hitenol BC and SR-10 have the following respective structures:
The general structures of exemplary polymerizable surfactants are illustrated in Table 1, below:
Surfactants have a tendency to lower the surface tension in water, which normally has a surface tension of about 73 dyne/cm. Typically, the surfactants used in the present invention reduce the surface tension of water by at least 30 percent when measured at 10% solids in water. Preferably, the surfactants reduce the surface tension of the water by at least 40, or even 50 percent when measured in 10% aqueous solutions. The surface tensions of water and 10% aqueous solutions of sodium AMPS, Hitenol BC 1025, and Hitenol BC 05 are listed in Table 2, below.
As can be seen from Table 2, NaAMPS reduced the surface tension in water by only about 19%; thus, AMPS compounds are preferably not used as the primary emulsifying agent.
Protective colloids may also be used as a stabilizing agent. Examples of suitable protective colloids are polyvinyl alcohols, starch and cellulose derivatives, and vinylpyrrolidone copolymers. Protective colloids may also be used in conjunction with other emulsifying agents.
Initiators are typically added to the aqueous medium to stimulate polymerization. The initiators are commonly water-soluble and may decompose by high temperature or through redox reactions. The Guo reference noted above describes suitable thermal initiators and suitable redox initiator systems. Exemplary initiators include peroxygen compounds such as ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate; peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide; organic hydroperoxides, such as cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide; organic peroxides, such as benzoyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, peracetic acid, and perbenzoic acid; and azo-type compounds such as azodiisobutyl nitrile, azobisdimethyl valeronitrile, azobisisobutyl nitrile, azodiisobutyl amide, azobis(alpha-ethylbutyl nitrile) and azobis(alpha, gamma-dimethylcarponitrile).
A chain transfer agent may also be added to control the molecular weight of the polymer. The chain transfer agent may be present in amounts ranging from 0% to about 5% based on the total weight of the monomers, and is preferably from about 0.2% to about 1.2%. The amount of chain transfer agent in the polymerization is inversely proportional to molecular weight; thus, if more chain transfer agent is added, the molecular weight will be lower. The chain transfer agent may include any compound which is able to transfer free radicals. Suitable chain transfer agents include carbon tetrachloride, bromoform, bromotrichloromethane, triphenyl methane, mercapto propionic acid, alkyl mercaptans and thioesters such as n-dodecyl mercaptan, t-dodecyl mercaptan, octyl mercaptan, tetradecyl mercaptan, hexadecyl mercaptan, butyl thioglycolate, isooctyl thioglycolate, and dodecyl thioglycolate.
Other ingredients may be used in the emulsion polymerization that are well known in the art including chelating agents, buffering agents, inorganic salts and pH adjusting agents.
The emulsions thus prepared will generally have a solids content of from about 20 to about 60%, and preferably about 40%. Prior to neutralization, the emulsion may be diluted with water until it has a solids content ranging from about 10 to about 35%, preferably from 15 and 25%. Alternatively, the composition may be neutralized into solution and then diluted to the desired solids content or, perhaps, not diluted at all. Generally, the salt-sensitive copolymer(s) should comprise from about 25 to 100 weight percent, preferably 50 to 99.9 weight percent of the total solids in binder composition. Water should be the primary medium in the binder composition although organic solvents may be present in lesser amounts, i.e. less than about 20%.
The molecular weight of the copolymers is not particularly limited, though it does affect the salt-sensitive properties of the polymer. The desired molecular weight range will depend on the specific monomer components and the desired application of the binder. Typically, however, the molecular weight of the polymer should be about 40,000 g/mol to about 500,000 g/mol, and preferably about 60,000 g/mol to about 250,000 g/mol. In general, the copolymers made according to the present invention exhibit a decrease in solubility as the molecular weight goes up, as is illustrated more completely in the examples which follow.
The emulsion polymer typically has a particle size of from 10 to 1000 nm, preferably about 50 to 300 nm. The morphology of the polymer may vary from spheres to core-shell structures, voids, half-moons, and the like. When monomers of drastically different solubility or hydrophobicity are polymerized in an emulsion process, a wide variety of morphologies may result.
As stated above, the copolymer must be neutralized into solution in order to prepare the water-solubilized latex binder. To neutralize the copolymer, base is added to the emulsion until the composition becomes optically transparent; the pH is recorded at this point. Preferably, enough base is added just until the point where the emulsion becomes as translucent as possible. Typically, about 5 to about 55 mole % of the carboxylic acid units in the emulsion are neutralized. Suitable bases include NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, and the like. Preferably, the base should be non-volatile and contain only monovalent ions.
The emulsions typically become water-solubilized when the solution reaches a pH of from 4.0 to 9.0, preferably from about 6.0 to 8.0, and even more preferably from about 6.0 to 7.0. Control of neutralization and final solution pH is an important part of the process. Polymers that are over-neutralized can experience problems with viscosity or may exhibit excess base leeching into wetting solutions. Using a relatively mild pH value in the inventive compositions is of great advantage in disposable consumer applications. Such pHs are desirable because they are compatible with a user's skin and will not likely cause irritation upon contact. It is, however, possible to utilize salt-sensitive, solubilized polymers with pH values outside the desired range. To make a fibrous web more compatible with a user's skin in such circumstances, the polymer may be applied to a fibrous web and the web may be treated with acidic agents, buffers, or the like.
It should be understood that the degree of neutralization required for the binder solutions to exhibit the desired properties (e.g., solubility, viscosity, salt-sensitivity) will vary depending on the composition and properties of the polymer. Such factors will include things such as the amount of acid monomer in the polymer chain and the molecular weight of the polymer.
The viscosity of the binder solution will also depend on many factors, e.g., the monomer content of the polymer. However, regardless of the makeup of the solution, the viscosity can generally be controlled by regulating one or more of the following aspects: 1) the amount of solids content in the emulsion; 2) the molecular weight of the polymer; 3) the extent that the composition is diluted either before or after neutralization; and 4) the extent of neutralization. The viscosity of the composition should be controlled so that it may be applied to a fibrous web by normal means, and also so that the composition adequately impregnates the web, thereby at least partially binding the fibers together. Thus, the viscosity of the binder composition should be below about 2,000 cps at room temperature (23° C.). Preferably it should be below, 1000 cps, 500 cps, 200 cps and even more preferably below 150 cps at room temperature.
Other adjuvants may also be incorporated into the binder solution as dictated by the nature of the desired composition as well known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of additives traditionally used include plasticizers, surfactants, tackifiers, thickeners, fillers, humectants, fragrances, pigments, titanium dioxide or other opacifiers, colorants, antifoams, bactericides, bacteriostats, and encapsulated components which may be employed in conventional amounts.
The fibrous webs employed in the present invention are non-woven webs. The non-woven structures of the present invention comprise the polymeric binder in combination with fibers. The non-woven is formed by any process known in the art, such as, but not limited to, airlaid, wetlaid, drylaid, or carded fiber. The webs may be creped or double re-creped (“DRC”) webs as are known in the art. The fiber web typically has a basis weight of from 20-200 grams per square meter (gsm). The fibers in the non-woven material may be oriented isotropically, or be aligned with respect to a processing direction. Thicker non-wovens may additionally have fiber oriented in the z-direction of the article, i.e. perpendicular to the fabric plane. In addition to a binder material, the fibers in the non-woven materials may be interlocked mechanically to provide strength and cohesion.
In the manufacture of nonwoven webs, the fibers are typically dispersed in a medium (air for air-laid and liquid for wet-laid) and deposited in sheet form on a support base. In air-laid processes the fibers and other optional materials are typically suspended in air within a forming system and deposited as a sheet-like structure onto a moving forming screen or a rotating cylinder, prior to application of the binder. Wet-laid processes include providing an aqueous slurry and drying the slurry to form the web.
Fibers from any source and of any suitable length may be used in the present invention. Fibers include those known in the art including cellulosic fibers from woody plants such as deciduous and coniferous trees; non-woody plants, such as cotton, flax, esparto grass, milkweed, straw, jute and bagasse; and synthetic fibers, such as those derived from polyester, polypropylene, poly-ethylene, polyamides, polyacrylics, and rayon. Other fiber materials used in the art, and mixtures of any fibers, can be used in the present invention. Preferred fibers are those typically used in non-wovens, especially wood pulp fibers having a length of less than 0.5 cm such as kraft fibers. For wet-laid webs, the fibers should generally be less than a maximum of 5 cm long and most preferably less than 2 cm long. For air-laid webs, the fibers should be less than 8 mm long, preferably less than 6 mm long. Such fibers provide good biodegradable breakdown and dispersion characteristics. Fibers are present in the web at from 50 to 98 percent by weight, depending on the end use of the disposable article. For many uses, fibers make up about 70 to 85 percent by weight of web.
Generally, the fiber web is formed or at least partially formed prior to application of binder. The binder solution is combined with the fibers by contacting the fibers with the composition by means known in the art such as, printing, spraying with or without air, saturation, creping, and foam-application. The polymer may be combined with the fibers in the wet-end of the papermaking process (e.g., by addition to the paper furnish) or, preferably, after the paper product is substantially formed (e.g., via dry end addition). After application, the fibrous web is typically subjected to a drying step to remove water and/or other liquid. Drying may be accomplished by subjecting the paper product to elevated temperatures, e.g., in the range of from about 85° C. to about 125° C. for a time sufficient to achieve the desired level of dryness, typically to constant weight.
The amount of binder composition that remains on the fibers is referred to as “add-on.” The percent add-on can be calculated as follows:
The fiber weight is the weight of the fibers before any binder composition is applied. The fiber/binder weight is the weight of the dried (dry to the touch) product. The fibrous webs will generally have an add-on value of from 2 to 50 percent by weight, preferably from 10 to 30 percent by weight.
The binder has temporary wet strength in the presence of salt. Depending on the application, it may be desirable to apply the salt to the fibrous web during production. In such cases, the salt may be applied to the article during manufacture by conventional means such as spraying, coating, dipping, etc. Generally, the water-solubilized binder composition and the salt should not be mixed together before they are added to the fibers. The reason for this is that the salt has a tendency to precipitate the polymer if the two are combined prior to addition to the fibers. Thus, the disposable article that is being treated with the polymer binder is preferably subjected to the drying step to remove water and/or any other liquid prior to the addition of salt. Upon drying, the salt component can be added to the fiber/binder substrate to develop the in-use strength. The salt is typically applied to the web in a solution containing at least about 0.5 wt. percent salt to ensure the web maintains its temporary wet strength. It is preferred to employ salts with monovalent cations such as NaCl, as opposed to salts having multivalent cations which tend to affect the dispersibility characteristics of the binder.
Pre-moistened products produced according to present invention, such as wet wipes, may contain a wetting composition. The wetting composition should desirably contain at least 0.5 percent by weight of an inorganic salt. The wetting composition may contain one or more additives, which include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride or sodium sulfate solution, preservatives, boric acid, bicarbonates, moisturizers, emollients, surfactants, humectants, alcohols, water, and fragrances. The wetting composition may be present at up to 500 percentage by weight based on the weight of the non-woven material, and preferably up to 350 percent. The wetting composition is generally added as a secondary treatment of the non-woven web. This wet solution treatment can occur just prior to packaging, or after the non-woven has been placed in the final container. Prepared in this manner, wet-use products will have a stable wet strength of measurable tensile value and integrity, yet disperse when placed in tap water, allowing the product to be flushed in sewer or septic systems without blockage. The fiber typically begins dispersing immediately in water. The rate of dispersion can be tailored for different applications by varying factors such as the composition of the polymer, the molecular weight, the degree of neutralization, the pH of the solution, or the type of fiber web.
The inventive binders are particularly suitable for applications involving pre-moistened articles because the articles may be stored in a solution containing about 0.5 wt. percent or more of salt, whereby the articles maintain a high wet strength until disposed. Pre-moistened articles include those such as wet wipes, household wipes, pre-moistened baby wipes, pre-moistened toilet tissue, and pre-moistened household wipes. The inventive binder solutions may also be suitable for other disposable applications which employ salt sensitive binders such as diapers, incontinent garments, feminine care products, and the like.
The fibrous webs of the present invention should be non-dispersible in solutions containing more than 0.5% salt, yet readily dispersible in typical wastewater. The fibrous webs used in the disposable articles of the present invention have binders that typically provide a characteristic wet strength index of at least about 40 in a 10% aqueous solution of NaCl, and preferably at least about 80, and more preferably at least about 100. Some binder compositions may provide wet strength indexes of over 120 in 10 wt. percent NaCl solutions. In addition, the binders generally provide a characteristic wet strength index in deionized water of less than 25, and preferably less than 10, and even more preferably less than 5.
The following examples are presented to further illustrate and explain the present invention and should not be taken as limiting in any respect.
Following the emulsion polymerization procedures described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/339,216, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, a series of methacrylic acid/butyl acrylate copolymers were prepared with and without vinyl acetate and methyl methacrylate. Compositions appear in Table 3 below, referring to parts per hundred weight monomer in the polymerization mixture.
The binder solutions were then applied to pulp substrates and tested for tensile strength after being wetted with three aqueous solutions having varying ion concentrations. The wet tensile strengths and wet strength index values are reported for each sample in each solution.
The procedure for preparing the saturated pulp substrate is as follows: a pulp substrate is dip-nip saturated with binder solution and then thermally dried and post-treated to simulate temperature conditions in commercial pulp manufacturing. Whatman #4 Qualitative Filter Paper sheets, commercially available from Whatman, Inc., are the pulp base stock and are stored under controlled temperature (23° C.) and humidity (50%) conditions before use. The pulp is cut to approximately 11.5×57 cm strips and weighed to 0.01 gm.
The Whatman pulp is dip-nip saturated by passing the pulp through a binder bath and then passing the saturated sheets through the pressurized nip rolls of a dual roller saturator (Werner Mathis VFM or a similar saturator) to squeeze off the excess polymer solution. The saturated sheet is then placed into a heated drum drier (Adirondack or a similar drier) set at 100° C. until dry to the touch (usually about 2-3 passes). After initial drying, the pulp is placed into an oven set at 130° C. for two minutes. The saturated dried sheet is re-conditioned at controlled temperature and humidity conditions for a minimum of one hour. The sheet is reweighed to 0.01 gm and then calculated for % add-on. The examples below have add-on values ranging from about 10% to about 16%.
The procedure for preparation of tensile strips and soak solutions is as follows: The saturated pulp is cut into 1×4 inch cross-machine tensile strips using a precision paper cutter (Test Machines, Inc. or similar cutter). The tensile strips are weighed and the weight is used to calculate basis weight in grams/square meter. Test solutions are prepared as follows:
Tensile testing and normalization is performed as follows: The test strips are soaked in the various solutions and then measured for wet strength. The solutions represent the type of environments which the pulp may be exposed to, e.g., concentrated salt conditions for in-use storage (10%) and various water conditions for disposal (200 ppm for hard water disposal and deionized for softer water disposal).
The raw tensile strength is normalized to a standard basis weight in order to marginalize the effects of variations in the fabric weight. First, a tensile tester (Instron 5542 or a similar tester) is set to the following parameters: a) pneumatic grips using 1×1 inch facings; b) a gap or 2 inches between the top and the bottom facings; c) a crosshead speed of 1 inch/minute; and d) a load cell capable of measuring up to 20,000 gm/inch. Tensile strips are soaked (4-6 strips per soak solution) for 60 minutes in the specified soak solution with an emphasis placed on ensuring that full wetting of the strips occurs. The level of soak solution used is as follows: a) 125 gm 10% NaCl salt solution per tensile group (4-6 strips); and b) 45 gm of hard water and deionized water per tensile strip soaked. Upon removal from the soak solution, the tensile strip is placed onto absorbent paper toweling to remove excess solution and then immediately tested for tensile strength. The average tensile strength (gf/inch) is then normalized and reported to a basis weight of 112.5 gsm using the following formula:
All tests results are reported at a normalized tensile strength of 112.5 gsm.
The wet strength index is then calculated for each example in order to minimize the differences in wet strength due to varying levels of binder add-on. It is calculated according to the following formula:
The wet strength index of each example was calculated in deionized water and in a 10% NaCl solution.
The following compositional abbreviations are used in the examples:
The binder in Example 1 is the (vinyl acetate free) control. The binders in examples 2-3 contain vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, and methacrylic acid and the binder in example 4 further contain 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. These examples are neutralized to between 6.5-7%. The tensile results (Table 4) confirm the trigger affect of polymers containing vinyl acetate. In these examples, the percent sodium hydroxide used to neutralize the polymer is based on weight percent of the dry polymer, i.e. (solids/solids).
It is seen that vinyl acetate is suitably employed with other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, for example 2EHA to produce the salt-sensitive binders and nonwovens of the present invention.
Following the procedures set forth above and generally in U.S. Pat. No. 7,056,847 to Walker et al, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, a series of binders having the composition set forth in Table 5 with ethylene incorporated into the binder resin copolymer backbone may be prepared, neutralized and utilized as a binder in a nonwoven structure.
There is thus provided in accordance with the present invention a method for producing a salt-sensitive polymeric binder solution for a nonwoven article. The method includes preparing an emulsion composition by emulsion polymerizing in an aqueous medium, a copolymer resin containing from about 5 to about 40 wt. percent of a carboxylic acid derived repeat units and from about 60 to about 95 wt. percent of comonomer repeat units derived from other ethylenically unsaturated monomers including vinyl acetate and optionally ethylene. The emulsion is converted into solution by neutralizing the copolymer resin with a base until the resin is water soluble and the viscosity of the solution is controlled to be less than about 2000 cps at 23° C. Generally the emulsion composition is diluted to a solids level of from about 10% to about 35% prior to neutralizing the copolymer resin. Typically, the emulsion composition is diluted to a solids level of from about 15 to 25% prior to neutralizing the copolymer resin. So also, the viscosity of the solution is controlled to be less than about 1000 cps at 23° C. such as less than about 500 cps at 23° C. Perhaps most preferably, the viscosity of the solution is controlled to be less than about 200 cps at 23° C.
In one preferred embodiment, the copolymer resin includes from about 40 to about 75 wt. percent of repeat units derived from vinyl acetate and about 5 to about 25 wt. percent of repeat units derived from ethylene. Optionally, the copolymer resin includes repeat units derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or both.
In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of making a nonwoven web with a polymeric binder. The method includes: preparing an emulsion composition by emulsion-polymerizing in an aqueous medium a copolymer resin containing from about 5 to about 40 wt. percent of carboxylic acid derived repeat units and from about 60 to about 95 wt. percent of comonomer repeat units derived from other ethylenically unsaturated monomers including vinyl acetate and optionally ethylene. The emulsion composition is converted to solution by neutralizing the copolymer resin with a base until it is water soluble. The method further includes providing a fibrous web and applying the binder solution to the fibrous web wherein the binder provides a characteristic wet strength index of less than 10 in deionized water and a characteristic wet strength index elevation of at least 15 points in a 10% aqueous solution of NaCl. Here again, the copolymer resin includes in a preferred embodiment from about 40 to about 75 wt. percent of repeat units derived from vinyl acetate and from about 5 to about 25 wt. percent of repeat units derived from ethylene. Optionally included are repeat units derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or both.
In still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a salt-sensitive binder composition including from about 5 to about 20 wt. percent of repeat units derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or combinations thereof; from about 2 to about 20 wt. percent of repeat units derived from alkyl acrylates having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety; from about 40 to about 75 wt. percent of repeat units derived from vinyl acetate; and optionally including from about 5 to about 25 wt. percent of repeat units derived from ethylene wherein the binder polymer is neutralized such that it is water soluble. Typically, the alkyl acrylate repeat units include repeat units derived from butyl acrylate. The salt-sensitive binder composition of the invention optionally includes from about 5 to about 25 wt. percent of repeat units derived from ethylene in this aspect of the invention. The ratio, wt:wt of acrylic acid derived repeat units:methylacrylic acid derived repeat units is generally from about 2:1 to about 15:1 in many preferred embodiments.
In still yet another aspect of the invention there is provided an aqueous binder solution for a nonwoven web including: water; a water-solubilized resin composition as noted above; and an amount of emulsifier effective to maintain a stable emulsion during polymerization of the polymer, wherein the binder provides a characteristic wet strength index of less than 10 in deionized water and a characteristic wet strength index elevation of at least about 15 points in a 10% aqueous solution of NaCl. Typically, the emulsifier is present in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 10 wt. percent based on the total solid weight in the solution. From about 0.2 to about 5 wt. percent of emulsifier based on the solid weights, is typical. The emulsifier optionally includes one or more polymerizable surfactants that are polymerized into the backbone of the copolymer.
In a still yet further aspect of the invention, there is provided a disposable article including a nonwoven web which has a salt-sensitive polymeric binder wherein the improvement includes an emulsion-polymerized, water solubilized resin composition as described above.
The above examples are intended to more fully explain the invention as defined by the claims, below. Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, increasing or decreasing the various monomer ratios can influence the tensile performance of a web, as can changing the level of neutralization. Other factors can also affect the dispersibility of a web such as the type of fibers, the structure of the substrate, and the amount of binder used. Of course, it will also be understood that the specific wet strength properties should vary depending on the desired application. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the invention is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.
In view of the foregoing discussion, relevant knowledge in the art and references discussed above in connection with the Background and Detailed Description, the disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference, further description is deemed unnecessary.
This application relates, in part, to the subject matter of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/339,216 (United States Patent Application Publication No. US 2007/0173594), entitled “Salt-Sensitive Binders for Nonwoven Webs and Method of Making Same”, filed Jan. 25, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
