Patent Application
20150018736
The field of the invention is orthotics.
The following description includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
Scoliosis is a medical condition associated with an abnormally curved spine, often thought to be a progressive disease, at least until adulthood. Scoliosis can have severe adverse affects on a patient's life, both physically and physiologically. One possible method of treating or managing scoliosis is surgery. Unfortunately, scoliosis surgery can be very risky. Less invasive methods of treating or managing scoliosis has traditionally included physical therapy, chiropractic therapy, or bracing, among other things.
Some previous braces have been made to provide improved comfort, support, or customizability to individual wearers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,101 to Gold, U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,798 to Graf et al., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2010/044796 to Ogilvie et al., International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2006.068459 to Van Loon et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,313 to Albin, and UK Patent Application GB 2467974 to Mills teach various scoliosis management devices.
All publications or other extrinsic evidence herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Where a definition or use of a term in an incorporated reference is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply.
Unfortunately, none of the above references teach a brace that provides both the desired level of comfort, support and modularity to a wearer. Thus, there is still a need for improved scoliosis braces.
The inventive subject matter provides apparatus, systems and methods in which a scoliosis brace is configured to provide adjustable support to a wearer. The brace preferably comprises a flexible belt configured to wrap entirely around a mid-portion of a wearer, along with various components (e.g, struts, pads, adjustment mechanisms, etc.) configured to removably couple with the flexible belt and thereby provide customizable support to different portions of a wearer's body. A brace of the inventive subject matter can advantageously be configured to add a force or restrict a motion in the sagittal, transverse and coronal planes. By utilizing a belt wrapped around the mid-portion of the wearer, the belt can apply loading from the brace to middle targeted portion of the wearer, for example, a lateral side of the torso of the wearer.
One of the many advantages of a brace of the inventive subjective matter is that no strut is required on the front or back portions. Additionally, the lateral struts can often be covered or hidden beneath the arms of the wearer such that a passerby's attention is not immediately directed to the wearer's brace. Known scoliosis braces have at least one strut that is configured to contact the patient's dorsal and ventral surfaces. This is disadvantageous as these struts can cause extreme discomfort to the wearer (e.g., by pulling on the ribs or hips) and are aesthetically unappealing, making wearers self-conscious.
In one aspect of the inventive subject matter, a scoliosis brace comprises one or more vertical struts having an anchor pad (or base pad), and that is configured to removably couple to the belt, preferably on the belt's interior side of the belt (i.e., the side facing toward the wearer). It is contemplated that the anchor pad or the strut can removably attach to the belt in any commercially suitable manner, including for example, via a hook and loop fastener, snaps, buttons, magnets, and threading. The brace could include one or more vertical struts depending on the wearer's needs. Each of the struts could include one or more pieces without departing from the scope of the invention described herein. For example, the first strut could comprise two struts that are coupled together to form a single strut, or could instead comprise a unitary structure.
As used herein, a “vertical strut” is defined broadly to include a plurality of components (pads, struts, angle or height adjustment mechanisms, etc.) that are coupled with one another to create a single piece. A vertical strut can alternatively consist of a single component, for example, an anchor pad having a fastener to removably couple with a flexible belt of the inventive subject matter. As used herein, a “strut” is a single rod or bar forming a part of a framework. It can generally be preferred that a strut is made from either (1) a rigid material (e.g., a metal, a hard plastic, etc.) that requires more than an average person's force to bend, or (2) a material (e.g., aluminum, etc.) that is sized and dimensioned to be bendable when a strong force is applied. It is contemplated that a material that is bendable when a strong force is applied can additionally be sturdy enough not to deform when subjected to the loads inherent in its use and function.
In some embodiments, the first strut can include a thoracic pad at a first end portion such that the thoracic pad can provide a pressure to a first side of the wearer below the underarm. It is contemplated that the first strut can be composed of one or more pieces and could be configured to allow for adjustment of a height of the first strut to increase a distance between the belt and the thoracic pad. Where the first strut comprises two or more pieces, it is contemplated that the pieces could be movably coupled to one another such that one can rotate or pivot relative to the other.
A distance of the thoracic pad relative to the central point of the anchor pad can be adjusted via any commercially suitable height adjustment mechanism, including for example, a rack and pinion mechanism, a biasing mechanism, a slidably coupled telescoped component, or any other commercially suitable component. Similar mechanisms can also be provided to adjust a horizontal position of the thoracic pad relative to the central point of the anchor pad.
A brace of the inventive subject matter can also comprise a first hip pad coupled to the first strut, and configured to provide support to a hip area of a wearer. It is contemplated that the first strut could include a height adjustment mechanism (e.g., to adjust a vertical distance of the hip pad relative to the belt or an angle adjustment mechanism (e.g., to adjust a horizontal or vertical position of the hip pad on the wearer relative to the belt).
In another aspect of the inventive subject matter, it is contemplated that the thoracic pad can be coupled to a curved arm configured to at least partially wrap around an upper chest portion of a wearer. The curved arm is preferably coupled to a de-rotation pad that is configured to put pressure on the upper chest wall on one side to cause a force intended to resist forward motion and rotation of that side of the chest when the brace is worn.
One or more straps can be provided and configured to couple with two or more components of the brace. For example, a first strap can be coupled to the belt (e.g., via hook and loop fastener, snaps, buttons, threading, zipper, or other commercially suitable fastener(s) or combinations thereof) and the thoracic pad (e.g., via a carabiner, a buckle, a button, a snap, or other commercially suitable fastener(s) or combinations thereof). A second strap can be configured to couple to at least two of the following, among other components: the de-rotation pad, the rounded arm, the first strut, the anchor pad, or the hip pad.
In preferred embodiments, one or more vertical struts, anchor pads, struts, thoracic pads, de-rotation pads or hip pads can be coupled to the belt such that it provides support equally to a left or right side of the wearer. For example, where a belt is coupled with a right-side vertical strut but lacks a left-side vertical side, it is contemplated that the belt will provide an equal force to left side of a wearer's body to match the force applied to the right side of the wearer's body by the right-side vertical strut. Viewed from a different perspective, it is contemplated that a belt of the inventive subject matter can apply an equal pressure or force on opposing sides of the body regarding of the configurations of the struts and pads provided.
Viewed from another perspective, the inventive subject matter provides apparatuses, systems and methods in which a scoliosis brace includes a flexible belt configured to wrap entirely about a mid-portion, preferably between or about the waist and hip area, of a wearer. In some aspects, the flexible belt can include at least one of a fastener (e.g., a front-closure hook and loop fastener, etc.) and one or more systems that allows a user to adjust a tightness of the belt's fit on the wearer. Thus, the flexible belt can advantageously fit tightly around one or more vertical struts or anchor pads removably attached thereto, and substantially maintain a horizontal and vertical position thereof. As used herein, the term “substantially maintain” in connection with a “position” means that a position can be maintained within one inch of an original position when a brace is used for a two hour period.
Additionally, the flexible belt can at least partially determine a distribution of force that is applied to the right and left sides of a wearer via a brace of the inventive subject matter. For example, the first and second vertical struts could be coupled to the belt such that the first and second struts will be located at the wearer's right side and left side, respectively, when the brace is worn. The first vertical strut could include an anchor pad, a thoracic pad and a hip pad that are each sized and dimensioned to apply a pressure to the right side of the wearer. The second vertical strut could consist of an anchor pad sized and dimensioned to apply a pressure to the left side of the wearer. The belt could distribute the total force between the right side components and the left side components such that substantially the same pressure (i.e., within 10%) is applied to the right and left sides of the wearer, regardless of differences in the areas of the wearer's body to which each of the first and second vertical struts is applied. In this example, the sub-pressures applied to the right side of the wearer via the anchor pad, thoracic pad and hip pad can, in combination, substantially equal the pressure applied to the left side via the anchor pad. It should be appreciated that a length-wise distribution of the pressure applied by one vertical strut can be less than, greater than or substantially equal to a length-wise distribution of the pressure applied by a different vertical strut.
It is also contemplated that in some embodiments a belt of the inventive subject matter will distribute the total force such that the distribution of pressure applied to the right and left sides of the wearer corresponds to at least one of the surface area, length or width of the vertical struts that are applied to the different sides of the wearer.
One or more vertical struts can be removably coupled to the flexible belt at various positions that align with a wearer's body at different areas when the brace is worn. In some embodiments, a first vertical strut can be coupled to the belt at a position that aligns with the wearer's side (i.e., at least a portion of the vertical strut overlies the coronal plane of the wearer). Additionally or alternatively, the first vertical strut could comprise a top portion including a thoracic pad (or any other suitable pad), and a bottom portion including a hip pad (or any other suitable pad). The top portion can extend above the belt, and the bottom portion can extend below the belt such that at least portion of the pads are not confined under the belt when the brace is worn. Additionally or alternatively, a pad can couple to the belt such that the entire surface area of the pad is beneath the belt when worn by a user.
In some aspects of the inventive subject matter, a belt could substantially maintain a vertical position of one or more vertical struts relative to at least one of a wearer's mid-line and the belt's mid-line when the brace is worn. The vertical position of a vertical strut can include a vertical position of a top portion, a vertical position of a bottom portion or a vertical position of any other suitable components of the vertical strut. Additionally or alternatively, the belt could substantially maintain a horizontal position of the one or more vertical struts and its components.
In other aspects of the inventive subject matter, the one or more vertical struts of a brace could comprise a strut coupled to at least one of (1) a strut and a pad, and (2) a pad and a pad, and include or act as at least one of a height adjustment mechanism and an angle adjustment mechanism. A height adjustment mechanism can allow a user to adjust a distance between one or more components of a vertical strut (e.g., between a thoracic pad and an anchor pad or hip pad, etc.). An angle adjustment mechanism can allow a user to adjust an angle formed between a wearer's transverse or sagittal plane and a strut or other component.
In embodiments described herein where a second, third or even fourth vertical strut is provided, it is contemplated that the additional strut(s) can be positioned in any suitable manner to align with any desired portion of the wearer's body relative to the first vertical strut. For example, a second strut can be provided to predominantly support a side of the wearer opposite the first strut. The second strut can comprise or consist of, for example, a second anchor, a second thoracic pad, a second hip pad, one or more struts, or any combination thereof. The additional struts could further include a second de-rotation pad coupled to the second thoracic pad via a second rounded arm or any other suitable component(s).
Alternatively or additionally to being movably coupled to one another, each of the struts, straps, and pads can be removably coupled with, or attached to, another strut, pad, belt or other component of the inventive subject matter. Where a strut, pad or other component is moved from a first location to a second location, it is contemplated that the locations can be completely distinct or partially overlapping. For example, it is contemplated that a strut, pad or other component can be moved by as little as 5 cm, 2 cm, or even 1 cm or less, or can be moved by as much as 6 cm, 10 cm, or even 20 cm or even more.
Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the inventive subject matter will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, along with the accompanying drawing figures in which like numerals represent like components.
The following discussion provides many example embodiments of the inventive subject matter. Although each embodiment represents a single combination of inventive elements, the inventive subject matter is considered to include all possible combinations of the disclosed elements. Thus if one embodiment comprises elements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements B and D, then the inventive subject matter is also considered to include other remaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitly disclosed.
It is contemplated that a brace of the inventive subject matter can utilize one or more of the components discussed in co-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,001,348 and 8,142,377, and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2012/0232450 and 2012/0245502. For example, it is contemplated that a brace can utilize a pulley system as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,001,348.
Anchor pad 170 comprises a hook or loop fastener 171 that is configured to removably attach to a belt (not shown). Contemplated pads can comprise any commercially suitable material(s), including for example, foam, silicon, nylon, cotton, mesh, or any other suitable material.
In some contemplated embodiments, strut 190 can be coupled to angle/height adjustment mechanism 150 that allows a user to adjust a horizontal or vertical location (i.e., a distance) of thoracic pad 140 relative to the anchor pad 170. One embodiment of such an angle/height adjustment mechanism is a second piece 162 that couples to the strut 190 via a screw mechanism 161. In such embodiments, the horizontal location of thoracic pad 140 relative to anchor pad 170 can be adjusted via adjustment mechanism 150 by simply rotating the second piece 162 relative to the first strut 190. The vertical height of thoracic pad 140 relative to anchor pad 170 can be adjusted via adjustment mechanism 150 by unscrewing screw 161, adjusting the alignment of perforations on the first strut 190 and second piece 162, and re-tightening screw 161.
First strut can thereby apply pressure above and below a wearer's mid-line via the upper thoracic pad 140 and lower hip pad 180, each of which is coupled to the first strut 190. By coupling the first strut 190 to a support belt that extends around a mid-portion of the wearer, the belt applies loading to each end of the first strut 190 and second piece 162 where used. In addition, the belt can preferably counteract a force applied to the left side of the wearer by vertical strut 100, regardless of whether or not the belt is coupled with one or more struts or pads that contact the right side of the wearer's body.
In other contemplated embodiments, other angle or height adjustment mechanisms can be used, including for example, a series of snaps, a rack and pinion mechanism, a biasing mechanism, a slidably coupled telescoped component, or any other commercially suitable mechanisms.
Optionally, a curved arm 130 can be coupled to second piece 162 or first strut 190, preferably via an angle/height adjustment mechanism 160. Curved arm 130 is coupled with de-rotation pad 120, which advantageously provides support to an upper chest region of a wearer, and is configured to at least partially prevent a rotation of a patient's torso when worn.
Although thoracic pad 260 is shown including a metal structure that holds padding in place, it is contemplated that the structure and thoracic pad could be distinct pieces coupled together to form thoracic pad 260.
De-rotation pad 210 can be coupled to curved arm 215 in any commercially suitable manner. However, it is currently preferred that de-rotation pad 210 and curved arm 215 are coupled together via a series of perforations and a snap configured to lock de-rotation pad 210 in a position aligned with one of the perforations.
De-rotation pad 210′s fastener (height adjustment mechanism 220) is coupled to buckle receiver 250, which is configured to receive a buckle of a strap (not shown). A strap can be advantageously used to block a rotation of a component of the brace with respect to another component of the brace or providing a tension or tautness between the components to which it is attached. For example, a strap that is coupled to buckle receiver 250 and the belt can advantageously be used to block a change in a vertical position of a de-rotation pad relative to the belt, and further block a rotation of the vertical strut 200 comprising the de-rotation pad relative to the belt (alternatively or additionally to the blocking provided by a fastening mechanism between the belt and vertical strut).
It is contemplated that vertical strut 100 or 200 could be worn on a right side of a wearer while vertical strut 300 or 460 (below) is worn on a left side of a wearer, or vice versa. In such embodiments, loading can be applied to the left and right sides of the wearer simultaneously by coupling a vertical strut to the belt such that each strut aligns with an opposing side of the wearer.
Belt 410 is preferably configured to wrap entirely around a mid-portion of a wearer and securely fasten to itself via hook or loop fasteners 420 and 430, although any commercially suitable fasteners could be used. In this manner, belt 410 can be used to support one or more vertical struts coupled to the belt. In some embodiments, the vertical struts can be coupled solely to the belt and thereby entirely be supported by the belt 410 disposed about a mid-portion of the wearer.
Depending on the wearer's needs, in some contemplated embodiments, brace 400 can include a first strap 470 coupled to the belt 410 at a first attachment point (on outer side 425), and configured to couple with a thoracic pad of second vertical strut 460, and de-rotation pad 450 of first vertical strut 440 via buckle receiver 455. First strap 470 and de-rotation pad 450 can be advantageously used together to cause an increase in pressure on a portion of the patient to support them in a desired position.
One having ordinary skill in the art should appreciate that references to a “fastener” are used broadly to refer to any commercially suitable fastener(s), including for example, a hook and loop fastener, a button, a snap, a belt type buckle, a side squeeze buckle, a magnet, a zipper, perforations and screws or snaps, or any other commercially suitable fastener(s). One having ordinary skill in the art should also appreciate that some fasteners can also serve as, or be coupled with, an adjustment mechanism such as a length, height, angle or other adjustment mechanism.
Brace 400 can optionally comprise a second strap 478, which is fastened to an outer side of belt 400 via any suitable fastener (e.g., hook or loop, snaps, buttons, etc.) and further coupled to a thoracic pad of first vertical strut 440.
Brace 400 further comprises a third strap 486 and fourth strap 488. Third strap 486 is configured to attach to left cord guide cover 484 and first vertical strut 440 via any suitable fastening means, and fourth strap 488 is configured to attach to right cord guide cover 482 and second vertical strut 460 via any suitable fastening means.
The combination of first, second, third and fourth straps (470, 478, 486, and 488) can be used together to provide increased support to a wearer while ensuring that a proper amount of force is being applied to the areas intended.
Optionally, second strap 478 and third strap 486 can each be fastened to belt 410 and thoracic pad 442, and are configured to provide an adjustable amount of tension or tautness between the two components to which they are attached, or prevent a rotation of one component (e.g., the thoracic pad 442) relative to another component (e.g., the midline of the belt where the belt could be folded in half along its length) to thereby prevent a rotation of a patient's body, or adjust the patient's body back into a less rotated state.
As shown in step 1, a healthcare professional or other person can obtain an x-ray of a wearer's spine to identify a curve apex and locations where force should be applied. For example, step 1 shows that force should be applied at points A, B and C.
Step 2 shows how to locate an anchor point to which the anchor pad can be aligned (i.e., a mid-portion of the wearer). The left anchor point, for example, is located between the rib cage and iliac crest of the wearer. Depending on the curvature of the wearer's spine or other factors, it is contemplated that the anchor point(s) can alternatively be in a location other than between the rib cage and iliac crest.
Step 3 shows a vertical strut being fit on a wearer based on the anchor pad's alignment with the left anchor point. Once the location of the anchor pad is determined, the remaining components of the vertical strut can be adjusted (e.g., bending of the strut, adjustment of the relative heights of each component, adjustment of an angle between components, etc.) to provided a force to the intended areas of a user (e.g., areas A and C of step 1) as shown in Steps 4 and 5.
Step 4 shows a possible arrangement of components of a vertical strut, although some of the components may not be used. Step 5 shows that the thoracic pad of the first vertical strut can align with force point A. In this embodiment, it is generally preferred that at least two inches separate the underarm of the wearer and the top portion of the thoracic pad. In this embodiment, a Phillips screw driver can be used to align the thoracic and hip pads with previously identified locations where force will be applied.
Step 6 shows a second vertical strut being fit on the wearer based on a second anchor pad's alignment with the right anchor point. The thoracic pad of the second vertical strut is applied to force point B identified in step 1, which represents a curve apex of the wearer's spine on an opposite side of the wearer's body from force points A and C.
In step 7, a de-rotation pad can be optionally coupled to the first vertical strut and adjusted to fit the wearer. In this embodiment, the top edge of de-rotation pad is adjusted to be 1 inch below the clavicle of the wearer and directly above the nipple, as shown in Step 8. The de-rotation pad can be coupled to a curved arm or strut, which in this embodiment comprises bendable aluminum. This curved arm or strut can serve as an additional angle adjustment mechanism.
Once the first and second vertical struts have been adjusted to fit the wearer's body, a measurement can be taken between the wearer's left mid-line and the wearer's right mid-line as shown in Step 9.
Each of the first and second vertical struts can comprise a hook or loop fastener that is configured to removably fasten with a hook or loop fastener of either an inner or outer side of the belt (inner side shown here) as shown in Step 10. The center line of the belt should first be identified, and either strut should be attached on opposing sides of the center line such that a distance between the midlines of each anchor pad equals the distance between the left mid-line and the right mid-line previously measured in accordance with Step 9.
Step 11 shows a wearer putting on the brace after the first and second vertical struts have been fit and attached to the belt in accordance with Steps 1-10. The wearer aligns the anchor pads of each strut with the left or right anchor points and wraps the belt such that the ends of the belt overlap and fasten to one another. As shown in Step 12, the first ends of the first and second tension straps are then attached to the belt. A mid portion of the first tension strap is then attached to the second vertical struts thoracic pad, and a second end of the first tension strap is coupled with de-rotation pad via a buckle. The second end of the second tension strap is attached to the thoracic pad of the first vertical strut via a screw mechanism.
Step 13 shows third and fourth tension straps each attached to the belt and a different component of the brace. Step 14 shows the wearer tightening the brace through first and second cord systems that are pulled in opposite directions and fastened to the belt via pull tabs.
It is contemplated that a brace of the inventive subject matter can alternatively or additionally comprise other components, including for example, a lumbar pad, an underarm support, or a chest support pad.
Optionally, the brace 500 can include a first tension strap 520, second tension strap 530, third tension strap 540, and a fourth tension strap 550.
In some embodiments, the first vertical strut 555 can include a second strut (e.g., 553) and a third strut, which are removably and adjustably coupled with first strut such that an angle or vertical position of the first thoracic pad and first hip pad can be adjusted relative to the first anchor pad, or even removed. Similarly, the second vertical strut 560 can include a fifth strut (e.g., 563) and a sixth strut, which are removably and adjustably coupled with third strut such that an angle or vertical position of the second thoracic pad and second hip pad can be adjusted.
Each of the first and second thoracic pads can optionally be coupled with a rounded arm, 570 and 575, which are in turn coupled with de-rotation pads, 580 and 585. The first and second straps can be removably attached to the front portion of belt 510 and a thoracic pad, while the third and fourth straps can be removably attached to the back portion of belt 510 and a thoracic pad. When the brace is worn, the tension straps can both block a rotation of a component of the brace relative to other components and provide increased tension or tautness between components of the brace.
As used herein, and unless the context dictates otherwise, the term “coupled to” is intended to include both direct coupling (in which two elements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirect coupling (in which at least one additional element is located between the two elements). Therefore, the terms “coupled to” and “coupled with” are used synonymously.
In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as concentration, reaction conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some embodiments of the invention may contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.
As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.
Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the invention disclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combination with other members of the group or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used in the appended claims.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Where the specification claims refers to at least one of something selected from the group consisting of A, B, C . . . and N, the text should be interpreted as requiring only one element from the group, not A plus N, or B plus N, etc.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/888117, filed on May 6, 2013. All extrinsic materials identified herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13888117 | May 2013 | US |
| Child | 14504244 | US |
