Patent Grant
8496191
This patent disclosure relates generally to fuel injectors for internal combustion engines and, more particularly, to fuel injectors having concentric needle valves enclosed in a nozzle housing.
Fuel injectors having two concentric needle valves are known. The dual needle valves are typically used to inject one or two different fuel streams into a combustion cylinder of the engine. For direct injection engines, each power cylinder of the engine has a fuel injector capable of injecting one or more streams of fluid directly into the cylinder. For example, an engine capable of operating under different conditions may receive two different types of fuel or, alternatively, a single fuel but at different pressures and/or dispersion patterns.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,601,566 (the '566 patent), which issued on Aug. 5, 2003, and is assigned to Caterpillar Inc. of Peoria, Ill., the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference, discloses one example of a known fuel injector having dual needles. The '566 patent discloses a fuel injector capable of injecting two distinct quantities of liquid fuel into a combustion cylinder of a dual fuel engine. The fuel injector has dual concentric check valves operating to open separate sets of orifices. These check valves are directly controlled independently from each other, and are used for pilot and main injection events.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,769,635 (the '635 patent), which issued on Aug. 3, 2004, and is assigned to Caterpillar Inc. of Peoria, Ill., the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference, discloses another example of a known fuel injector having dual needles. The '635 patent discloses a fuel injector having a homogenous charge nozzle outlet set and a conventional nozzle outlet set controlled, respectively, by first and second needle valve members.
Known fuel injectors having dual needles do not always effectively prevent fuel leakage past the outer needle valve. It can be appreciated that the high fuel pressures present at the needle valve(s), thermal expansion effects during operation of the fuel injectors, and/or the fine tolerances required for proper fit and sealing of the various components, present obstacles to the manufacturing and operation of such injectors.
More specifically, the sealing arrangement for the outer needle valve of the injector disclosed in the '566 patent includes contact between two conical surfaces, one formed on the tip of the outer needle valve, and one formed on the inner portion of a housing. Proper fit and contact between the two conical surfaces may be very difficult to achieve in a large-scale manufacturing operation. Similarly, the sealing arrangement for the outer needle valve of the injector disclosed in the '635 patent includes either a conical surface interface, similar to the '566 patent, or a stepped bore accommodating contact between the outer needle in two directions. These and other known sealing arrangements may be prone to leakage because of the issues stated above.
The disclosure describes, in one aspect, a seal arrangement for a needle valve in a fuel injector used on an internal combustion engine. The seal arrangement includes a nozzle housing forming a nozzle cavity and defining a needle valve seat surface adjacent to a distal end of the nozzle housing and along the nozzle cavity. A plurality of nozzle openings are formed in the nozzle housing and are arranged symmetrically around its centerline at a first radial distance. An outer needle valve is disposed in the nozzle cavity and has a seat portion arranged to abut the needle valve seat when the outer needle valve is seated or closed. A first ledge formed on the seat portion of the outer needle valve sealably contacts the needle valve seat along a first line-contact seal, which is circular and located at a first seal radial distance from the centerline. A second ledge formed on the seat portion of the outer needle valve sealably contacts the needle valve seal along a second line-contact seal, which is also circular and located at a second seal radial distance from the centerline.
In another aspect, the disclosure describes a fuel injector for an internal combustion engine. The fuel injector includes an injector body forming a nozzle housing that is symmetric about a centerline. An outer needle valve, which forms a centrally disposed bore, is located at least partially within the nozzle housing. An outer plurality of nozzle openings are formed in the nozzle housing along an outer needle valve seat surface and are arranged symmetrically around the centerline at a first radial distance. A distal end of the outer needle valve forms a first ledge that contacts the outer valve seat along a first line contact seal at a first seal radial distance from the centerline. Similarly, the distal end of the outer needle valve also forms a second ledge that contacts the outer valve seat along a second line contact seal at a second seal radial distance from the centerline. When the outer needle valve is seated or closed, the outer plurality of nozzle openings is fluidly blocked by the first and second line contact seals. This is accomplished by arranging the first seal radial distance to be greater than the first radial distance, and the second seal radial distance to be less than the first radial distance.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of operating a fuel injector having dual concentric needle valves. The method includes selectively opening an inner needle valve to inject a first stream of fuel into a combustion cylinder of an engine from a nozzle chamber via an inner plurality of nozzle openings. An outer needle valve is also selectively opened, independently from the inner needle valve, to inject a second steam of fuel into the combustion cylinder from the nozzle chamber via an outer plurality of nozzle openings. The outer plurality of nozzle openings is sealed from the nozzle chamber when the outer needle valve is closed. The sealing function is accomplished by creating two line contact seals between the outer valve seat surface and the outer needle valve. The first line contact seal is formed by a first ledge, formed on the needle, and a second line contact seal is created by a second ledge that is also formed on the needle.
This disclosure relates to fuel injectors having dual, concentric needle valves controlling injection of a single fuel type into a power cylinder of an internal combustion engine. Each of the two concentric needle valves can be independently actuated and yield a fuel spray having desired characteristics depending on the operating mode of the engine. Both needle valves can be actuated together to yield a flow of fluid simultaneously from two sets of orifice openings that have a single flow impedance. The sealing arrangement of the outer needle valve against its valve seat is configured as a double heal seal, or, a sealing arrangement creating two unit load sealing interfaces that create an improved and effective seal. Moreover, each of the two concentric needle valves has a coefficient of thermal expansion that progressively increases radially outwardly with respect to the injector, such that undesired thermal effects are reduced or eliminated altogether during operation.
The fuel injector 100 includes an injector body 106 made up of various components attached to one another. During operation, fuel at a relatively high pressure enters the fuel injector 100 via a fuel inlet 108, which is an opening defined in the injector body 106. The fuel is supplied through a high pressure communication passage 110 to a nozzle supply passage 112, both defined in the injector body 106.
The fuel injector 100 includes a control valve 114 that is electronically controlled by, for example, a solenoid or a piezoelectric element. The control valve 114 operates to selectively displace a control valve member 116 that is movable within the injector body 106. When the control valve 114 is in the OFF position, a control volume 118 is fluidly coupled to both the high pressure communication passage 110 and to a needle control passage 119. The needle control passage 119 is fluidly open to a needle control chamber 120 that is defined within the injector body 106. A pressure force of fluid occupying the needle control chamber 120 urges the outer needle valve 104 to a closed position.
When the control valve 114 is energized and assumes an ON position, an internal passage formed in the injector body 106 fluidly couples the needle control chamber 120 to a drain 124. Pressure from the needle control chamber 120 is vented allowing a hydraulic force of fluid within the nozzle supply passage 112 to bias the outer needle valve 104 away from its seat and toward an open position.
An additional control valve 126 selectively actuates the opening and closing of the inner needle valve 102. The additional control valve 126, shown as a spool valve, selectively fluidly couples the high pressure communication passage 110 to the intensifier volume 128 formed in the injector body 106. Pressure in the intensifier volume 128 urges an intensifier piston 130 to compress fluid in the control volume 118. The control volume 118 is fluidly connected to fuel inlet 108 via a check valve 134 and is arranged to supply fuel at an intensified pressure into the nozzle supply passage 112. When the additional control valve 126 is energized, fuel at the intensified pressure in the nozzle supply passage 112 pushes against and opens the inner needle valve 102. When the additional control valve 126 is de-energized, pressure in the intensifier volume 128 is vented to the drain 124. A spring 136 biases the inner needle valve 102 to a closed position.
In this or a similar fashion, opening and closing of the inner and outer needle valves 102 and 104 can be independently achieved by energizing one or both of the control valve 114 and additional control valve 126. Selective actuation of the control valves 114 and 126 can operate to inject fuel from the fuel injector 100 via one or two different sets of nozzle openings. A view of the distal end of a nozzle housing 122 is shown in the cross sections of
The distal end or tip of the nozzle housing 122 surrounds both the inner and outer needle valves 102 and 104, and further provides seating surfaces for the seating of each. An inner group or inner plurality of nozzle openings 202 are formed in and extend through the nozzle housing 122 at a first radial distance, R1, from a centerline, C, of the nozzle housing 122. Similarly, an outer plurality of nozzle openings 204 are formed in the nozzle housing 122 at a second radial distance, R2, from the centerline C. When closed, the inner needle valve 102 is arranged to isolate the inner plurality of nozzle openings 202 from fluid within the injector 100. The inner needle valve 102 is closed when seated against an inner seat 206, which is an area defined along an inner surface 208 of the nozzle housing 122 adjacent and around the inner needle valve 102.
When the inner needle valve 102 is seated, an inner unit load or line contact seal 210 is formed between a section of the inner needle valve 102 and the inner seat 206. This inner seal 210 extends around the inner plurality of nozzle openings 202 and fluidly isolates them from fuel present in, at least in part, an inner cavity 212. As can be appreciated, the inner cavity 212 is a space defined radially along the nozzle housing 122 between the inner needle valve 102 and a bore 214 formed axially along and extending through the outer needle valve 104. The inner cavity 212 is typically occupied by fuel at a high pressure during operation of the injector. When the inner needle valve 102 is opened, the inner needle valve 102 is retracted from the inner seat 206 and fuel from the inner cavity 212 is permitted to flow out of the injector 100 through the inner plurality of nozzle openings 202. Because the inner plurality of nozzle openings 202 is disposed within the inner line contact seal 210, a single seal fluidly isolates the inner plurality of nozzle openings 202 from fuel in the inner cavity 212. Accordingly, the inner line contact seal 210 may be disposed at a radial distance, D1, which can be larger than the radial distance R1.
The sealing arrangement for the outer plurality of nozzle openings 204 by the outer needle valve 104 is of a different configuration because the outer plurality of nozzle openings 204 is exposed on both sides to high pressure fuel. Specifically, an outer cavity 216 is defined between the outer needle valve 104 and the inner surface 208 of the nozzle housing 122. When the outer needle valve 104 is open, fuel from both the inner cavity 212 and the outer cavity 216 can flow out of the outer plurality of nozzle openings 204. The outer needle valve 104 provides at least two seals, one disposed on each side of the outer plurality of nozzle openings 204, to fluidly isolate the outer plurality of nozzle openings 204.
The outer needle valve 104 is arranged to fluidly isolate the outer plurality of nozzle openings 204 when seated against an outer needle valve seat 218, which is an area defined along the inner surface 208 of the nozzle housing 122 adjacent to the end of the outer needle valve 104. When the outer needle valve 104 is seated, two seals are created between two sections of the outer needle valve 104 and the outer seat 218. A first line contact seal 220 is formed between the outer cavity 216 and the outer plurality of nozzle openings 204, and a second line contact seal 222 is formed between the outer plurality of nozzle openings 204 and the inner cavity 212. As can be appreciated, the first line contact seal 220 intersects the nozzle housing 122 at a first seal radial distance, D2 that is larger than the radius R2, while the second line contact seal 222 intersects the nozzle housing 122 at a second seal radial distance, D3 that is less than R2 but more than R1. The first and second line contact seals 220 and 222, together, are referred to as a double-heel seal arrangement or seat portion 224. The various elements and component features in accordance with one embodiment of this double-heel seal arrangement 224 are discussed in detail below.
A cross section of a distal portion of the outer needle valve 104 having the double-heel seal arrangement 224 formed thereon is shown in
The recessed portion 506 is defined by two surfaces formed along the thickness of the outer needle valve 104. A first inclined surface 510 extends inwardly from the first ledge 502 toward the bore 214, but only partially over the entire thickness of the outer needle valve 104. At some radial distance from the bore 214, the first inclined surface transitions into a generally cylindrical surface 512 that extends axially with respect to the outer needle valve 104. The cylindrical surface 512 terminates at the second ledge 508, where another relatively sharp transition turns at an angle inwardly toward the bore 214 to define a second inclined surface 514 on the opposite side of the second ledge 508. Finally, a curved or otherwise shaped generally flat surface 516 transitions between the second inclined surface 514 and the bore 214 defining a further-most extremity of the outer needle valve 104.
The location and arrangement of the first and second ledges 502 and 508 surrounding the recessed portion 506 provides sealing surfaces for the double-heel seal arrangement 224. Specifically, when the outer needle valve 104 is seated against the nozzle housing 122 along the outer seat 218, represented by a dash-dot line 600 shown in
Referring now to
Performance of the various embodiments of fuel injectors disclosed herein may be further augmented by selection of materials in the manufacture of the nozzle housing, the inner needle valve, and the outer needle valve, which have progressively increasing thermal expansion coefficients and sufficient toughness to withstand high temperatures during operation without binding of any moving components. For example, the nozzle housing may be made of a tungsten carbide alloy, such as H10F, which contains about 10% Cobalt. The outer needle valve may be made of a Chromium Carbide alloy, such as CrC. The inner needle valve may be made of a ceramic or a ceramic/metal material (cermet), such as cermet materials manufactured and marketed by Kyocera®.
The present disclosure is applicable to fuel injectors having dual needle valves that are independently controllable to inject fuel into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. The injectors described in the disclosure have improved sealing capability for blocking flow out of the injector through an outer plurality of nozzle openings during operation. The sealing arrangement described herein is a double-heel sealing arrangement that can seal a relatively large portion of an outer needle valve seat defined on the nozzle housing.
The ability to seal effectively relatively large portions of the seating areas with the inner and outer needle valves of the embodiments disclosed herein enables further optimization in the ability of the fuel injector to deliver fuel into the cylinder. These optimizations can be made to the shape and size of both pluralities of nozzle openings formed in the nozzle housing of the injector, which affects the spray pattern, droplet size, droplet velocity, and flow rate of the fuel being injected. A few examples of various nozzle opening configurations are shown in
Alternatively, a tip portion of an injector 1000 having a reverse or inner-tapered plurality of nozzle openings is shown in
A third example of an injector 1100 is shown in
It will be appreciated that the foregoing description provides examples of the disclosed system and technique. However, it is contemplated that other implementations of the disclosure may differ in detail from the foregoing examples. All references to the disclosure or examples thereof are intended to reference the particular example being discussed at that point and are not intended to imply any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure more generally. All language of distinction and disparagement with respect to certain features is intended to indicate a lack of preference for those features, but not to exclude such from the scope of the disclosure entirely unless otherwise indicated. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4200237 | Urlaub et al. | Apr 1980 | A |
| 4202500 | Keiczek | May 1980 | A |
| 4546739 | Nakajima et al. | Oct 1985 | A |
| 5458292 | Hapeman | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5899389 | Pataki et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 6152109 | Melchior | Nov 2000 | A |
| 6250563 | Frank et al. | Jun 2001 | B1 |
| 6382533 | Mueller et al. | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6725838 | Shafer et al. | Apr 2004 | B2 |
| 6769635 | Stewart et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 6978760 | Stewart et al. | Dec 2005 | B2 |
| 7134615 | Lawrence | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7143964 | Kuegler | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7243862 | Dingle | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7249722 | Cibotti | Jul 2007 | B2 |
| 7267109 | Boehland et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 20020043574 | Hunkert | Apr 2002 | A1 |
| 20020125339 | Perr et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
| 20030015599 | Carroll, III et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030038185 | Carroll, III et al. | Feb 2003 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090283612 A1 | Nov 2009 | US |
