Patent Application
20050016740
The present invention relates to a seal. In particular, but not exclusively, the present invention relates to a seal for sealing at least part of a wall of a well borehole.
In the oil and gas exploration and production industry, boreholes are drilled through rock formations to gain access to hydrocarbon-bearing formations, to allow the hydrocarbons to be recovered to surface. During drilling of a typical borehole, which may be several thousand feet in length, many different rock formations are encountered.
Geological surveys are carried out both before drilling and at various stages during the drilling procedure to determine physical characteristics of the rock formations. Often, rock formations having problematic physical characteristics, such as high permeability, may be encountered. This can cause various problems such as allowing unwanted water or gases to enter the borehole; crossflow between high and low pressure zones; fluid communication between a highly permeable formation and adjacent formations; and where a sub-normal or over-pressured formation is sealed off, the permeability of the formation may be such that high pressure fluids permeate upwardly, re-entering the borehole at a different location.
Rock formations can also become damaged during drilling of a borehole, for example, due to the forces exerted on the rock by a drilling bit and the pressurised drilling fluid used in the drilling operation. In these situations, drilling fluid can be lost into the formation, which is detected at surface by a drop in pit volume of the drill fluid. Pit volume is the known volume of drill fluid in surface tanks. As a borehole is extended, this volume goes down by a known amount. Losses above and beyond this reduction due to loss of drilling fluid can therefore be detected. In certain situations, drilling may be halted, the drill string pulled and remedial action taken to stabilise the rock formation, for example, to prevent further loss of drilling fluid. This is because, in this case, it is preferred not to conduct further drilling whilst drilling fluid is being lost into the formation. Furthermore, drilling fluids are typically very expensive and are re-circulated and cleaned for use in subsequent drilling procedures, therefore loss of high quantities of drilling fluid is unacceptable.
Conventionally, these problems have been overcome by running in a length of casing, suspended from the wellhead and cementing the casing in place, to effectively seal off and isolate the damaged formation. However, running and cementing an additional casing string is a time-consuming and expensive solution to the problem.
Furthermore, a drilling procedure is carefully planned and, typically, a borehole is drilled to a specified depth, logging procedures are carried out to determine further characteristics of the rock formation and the drilled borehole is then cased and cemented. The borehole is then extended by drilling a smaller diameter hole from the bottom of the cased section to a second depth and the borehole is again logged and cased with a slightly smaller diameter casing. Thus, each time the drilling procedure is halted and a casing run-in, the internal diameter of the borehole is reduced.
Accordingly, if a problematic formation is unexpectedly encountered and it becomes necessary to carry out a remedial operation by inserting smaller diameter casing earlier than planned, this may restrict the final internal diameter of the borehole. Although this may be allowed for during planning, it is generally undesired and several such occurrences may cause a reduction in final bore diameter, with a critical effect on the future production of hydrocarbons from the well.
Furthermore, even where a solid tubing has been located to seal off a problematic formation, problems may remain. For example, a reduction in casing shoe integrity can cause fluid ingress or egress. A casing shoe is the last section of a string of casing and, during completion of a well, a liner is typically located extending from the shoe of a larger diameter casing. The formation adjacent the casing shoe/liner interface may be a weak point and vulnerable to damage and potential fracture. This can cause a loss in pressure integrity, leading to fluid ingress or egress.
Also, gas migration may occur behind a pipe such as a borehole liner, even where a liquid pressure seal is provided during cementing between the pipe and the borehole wall. Such gas migration may cause gas to enter the bore at an undesired location.
In recent years, a great deal of research has been conducted in the industry into expandable tubing technologies. In particular, expandable sand exclusion tubing, such as that disclosed in International patent publication no WO97/17524 (Shell), and as sold under the ESS trademark by the present applicant, has been developed for solving problems involving sand production. The ESS tubing prevents sand from entering a lined bore, avoiding the requirement to separate sand from produced fluids, and the tendency of sand to block the bore and cause accelerated wear of downhole components. Often ESS tubing is run on solid tubing, located in a production zone of a borehole, and diametrically expanded to provide a simple method of recovering well fluids whilst separating any sand from the produced fluids. However, it can be more difficult to achieve effective zone isolation when setting the ESS tubing string in a borehole in the above described situations. In particular, known downhole packers are not expandable and may not inflate sufficiently to seal against a borehole wall in the open hole environment.
It is amongst the objects of embodiments of the present invention to obviate or mitigate at least one of the foregoing disadvantages.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an expandable seal for sealing at least part of a wall of a well borehole, the expandable seal comprising:
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an expandable seal assembly for sealing at least part of a wall of a well borehole, the assembly comprising:
The assembly may further comprise an expandable tubular extending between the first and second spaced expandable seals.
The invention provides an expandable seal which may be used for sealing an open hole, that is, one which has not yet been lined with casing, liner or other tubing. Open holes have irregular bore walls which cannot be sufficiently sealed using existing, known sealing techniques. The seal has particular uses in formations having a tendency to Awash out@ (deteriorate under pressure of circulated drilling fluid); boreholes that have irregular hole sizes; and formations that are soft, unconsolidated or have high vertical permeability. This is because inflation of the seal element into contact with a borehole wall provides a greatly enhanced seal load on the formation. Furthermore, as the seal includes an expandable tubular support member, it is possible to set the seal in a borehole whilst minimising or avoiding reduction in the internal diameter of the borehole. Also, the expandable seal assembly may be used to seal off and isolate part of a well borehole from the remainder of the borehole. Thus, for example, where a particular zone of the borehole, such as a particular rock formation, has become damaged or is highly permeable, this zone may be isolated from the remainder of the borehole.
Preferably, the expandable seal is adapted for sealing at least part of an unlined well borehole. Alternatively, the expandable seal may be for sealing a tubing lined borehole, which may be lined with casing, liner or other tubing.
The seal may further comprise at least one chamber, and may comprise a plurality of chambers adapted for inflation to urge the seal element radially outwardly, and the chamber may be located radially inwardly of the seal element. Thus, when the chamber is inflated the seal element is inflated and urged radially outwardly. The chamber may be annular and may be at least partially defined by the seal element and the support member.
Preferably, the seal element is expandable such that expansion of the support member also expands the seal element. This may bring the seal element into contact with the borehole wall to provide at least a partial seal.
Preferably, the seal further comprises a filler material adapted for maintaining the seal element inflated and in sealing engagement with the borehole. The seal chamber may contain the filler material. The filler material may be adapted to react with a selected reactant to swell, solidify or otherwise maintain the seal inflated. The filler material may comprise a solid material and is preferably a granular solid material. The seal may be inflatable by supplying a fluid to the seal, and the fluid may comprise a reactant for reacting with the filler material to form a single, solid member, or a viscous mass. The filler material may comprise a mixture of bentonite (absorbent aluminium silicate clay) and a water soluble polymer such as polyacrylamide, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,421, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by way of reference. When mixed with water as a reactant fluid, a clay is formed and the water soluble polymer flocculates and congeals the clay to form a much stronger and stiffer cement-like plug. Various other filler materials, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,633,950; 4,503,170; 4,475,594; 4,445,576; 4,442,241 and 4,391,925, the disclosures of which are incorporated hereby by way of reference, may alternatively be employed. The reactant may comprise water, an aqueous solution, a drilling fluid such as drilling mud, production fluid, or any other suitable fluid or fluid mixture. In alternatives, any other suitable material or method may be employed for maintaining the seal element inflated, such as a cement or other hardenable material or a gelatinous material.
Preferably, the seal element is elastically deformable. This ensures that the seal element is relatively easily expanded and also provides for good sealing engagement with the borehole. The seal element preferably comprises an elastomeric material. Such materials have good sealing capabilities. Most preferably, the seal element comprises a natural rubber or a Aswelling@ elastomer which swells in contact with water or hydrocarbons by absorption. Thus, in the downhole environment where water and hydrocarbons are present, this provides improved seal function of the seal element over time as water/hydrocarbons are absorbed. Alternatively, any other suitable material such as a plastics material may be employed.
The support member may include at least one aperture for fluid communication between the seal element and the interior of the support member. Thus, fluid can flow from the support member, through the apertures and to the seal element to allow reaction of the filler material with the reactant. Preferably, the support member includes a plurality of apertures, and each aperture may comprise a hole of circular, oval, square, rectangular or other desired shape.
The support member may also include a plug for closing the aperture and where there are a plurality of apertures, a plug for each aperture. The plug initially closes the aperture to isolate the seal element, preventing fluid communication between the seal element and the interior of the support member. The aperture may be openable by deformation or fracture of the plug, for example, by expansion of the support member. The plug may be hollow and may include a cap for closing the aperture, the cap being removable to allow fluid flow through the plug. The plug may extend into the bore of the support member and the cap may be removed on expansion of the support member or in a separate procedure. Alternatively, the plug may be adapted to be pulverised or crushed to open the aperture, for example, on expansion of the support member, and may be of a ceramic or other suitable material.
Additionally or alternatively, the plug may be removable. The plug may be adapted to releasably engage the aperture. For example, the aperture may be threaded and the plug may be threaded for engaging the aperture. On expansion of the support member, the aperture may be deformed causing the plug to become disengaged, allowing fluid flow. Alternatively, the plug may engage the aperture in a friction fit, or may carry a snap ring or the like for engaging a groove in a wall of the aperture in a snap-fit. The plug may likewise disengage the aperture on expansion.
The support member may be at least partly slotted and may at least partly comprise slotted tubing. In tubing of this type, the slots open up during expansion to form apertures which may typically, but are not required to be generally square or diamond shaped, depending upon the nature of the slots present in the unexpanded support member.
The seal may further comprise a screen member provided between the seal element and the support member. The screen member may be provided between the chamber and the support member. This prevents escape of filler material. Where the filler material comprises a granular solid, a pore or mesh size of the screen member may be smaller than or at most equal to the average grain size of the granular material. This ensures that the granular material cannot escape. It will be understood that following mixture with the reactant and before the reaction takes place, the resultant solids/fluid mixture is heavily laden with the filler material, and the mixture is thus of a grain size greater than the screen mesh size and cannot escape through the screen member.
The seal may further comprise at least one reinforcing member for reinforcing the seal element to support the seal element during inflation. The seal may include a reinforcing member at each end of the seal element to contain inflation of the seal element. The reinforcing member may contain the inflation pressure acting to inflate the seal element. The reinforcing members may comprise ribs, fingers, a collar or the like mounted between the support member and the seal element, and may be of a metal composite, carbon fibre, or other suitable material. The reinforcing member may be integral or separate from the seal element.
The expandable tubular extending between the first and second seals may comprise a perforated tubular such as an expandable sandscreen as disclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO97/17524 (Shell). Alternatively, the expandable tubular may comprise a solid expandable tubular. The expandable tubular may comprise a plurality of lengths of tubing coupled together.
The seal may include a sandscreen or an alternative perforated screen or the like located around the seal element, the sandscreen adapted to be expanded at least in part by inflation of the seal element. This allows a precise expansion of the sandscreen in a desired location by inflation of the seal element. The seal assembly may comprise a sandscreen located around the seal elements. Thus where the seal assembly comprises a number of seals, a selected one or more seals may be inflated to expand the sandscreen in a desired location or number of locations. It will be understood that the sandscreen may extend over a long section of a borehole and that this allows precise expansion of the sandscreen into contact with the borehole wall at one or a number of desired locations.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an expandable seal assembly for sealing at least part of a wall of a well borehole, the assembly comprising:
The sandscreen may comprise a sandscreen as disclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO97/17524. The sandscreen may comprise an inner expandable support tubing, an outer expandable protective tubing and a filter screen sandwiched between the inner and outer tubing. The filter screen may comprise overlapping filter sheets coupled along an axial edge to the inner tubing. The sandscreen may thus comprise the applicant=s commercially available expandable sand exclusion tubing, sold under the ESS trade mark. Preferably, the assembly further comprises a solid tubular coupled to one of the first and second expandable seals, and may comprise a solid tubular coupled to both the first and second seals. Coupling solid tubular to the seals allows isolation of a formation when using an assembly including an expandable sand exclusion device. The solid tubular is preferably expandable. This minimises restriction of the borehole diameter. The assembly may comprise a plurality of expandable seals and a plurality of expandable sandscreens. Sections of sandscreen may be coupled together to form a string with seals spaced along a length of the string. This allows the sandscreen to be provided across a relatively large formation or a long portion of the borehole wall. There may be a number of lengths of sandscreen provided alternately between lengths of solid tubular. This allows isolation of a number of separate parts of the borehole wall.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of sealing at least part of a well borehole, the method comprising the steps of:
The method may comprise locating a sandscreen or the like around the seal and expanding the sandscreen by inflating the seal element.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of sealing at least part of a well borehole, the method comprising the steps of:
Preferably, the seal is located in an unlined borehole, to allow sealing in an open hole. Alternatively, the seal may be located in a tubing lined borehole such as within casing, liner or other tubing. Thus, for example, the seal may be located in a deteriorated casing or lining.
Preferably, the support member is mechanically expanded. For example, a tubing expansion tool such as that disclosed in the Applicant=s earlier International Patent Publication No. WO00/37766 may be run through the seal assembly for expanding the tubular support member and the seal element. The seal element may also be expanded when the support member is expanded.
The seal element may be inflated by supplying a fluid under pressure to the seal element. The fluid may be supplied to a chamber between the support member and the respective seal element. The fluid may be pressurised above ambient pressure in the region of the seal. Preferably, the fluid is pressurised above the pore pressure of the adjacent formation.
The method may further comprise maintaining the seal element in sealing engagement with the borehole. The fluid may react with a filler material which may be provided in a chamber of the seal and which may comprise a granular material, to form a single solid or viscous mass maintaining the seal element inflated.
A plurality of the seals may be coupled together to form a string of expandable seals. The seal string may be used for sealing over a relatively large length of borehole, for example, to provide enhanced sealing in a particularly problematic formation.
The expandable tubular may also be expanded. In this fashion, restriction of the borehole diameter is minimised following expansion.
The borehole may be underreamed, drilled to a larger diameter or otherwise enlarged prior to location of the seal in the borehole. In this fashion, following expansion of the seal, the minimum internal diameter of the seal is sufficient to allow further drilling of the borehole whilst minimising reduction in bore diameter.
The method may comprise locating a sandscreen or the like around the seal and expanding the sandscreen by inflating the seal element.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
Referring firstly to
In this example, during drilling of the section 20, the rock formation 28 has unexpectedly been found to be highly permeable, and drilling fluid has been lost into the formation 28. Loss of drilling fluid is detected by a drop in the pit volume of drilling fluid and drilling procedures have been suspended.
To prevent further loss of drilling fluid into the formation 28 and to allow well completion procedures to be subsequently carried out, a seal assembly according to an embodiment of the invention is to be located in the section 20 straddling the formation 28, as will be described below.
Turning now also to
The seal 32 is located in the borehole 10 as follows. Once it has been determined that the rock formation 28 is causing loss of drilling fluid, the borehole section 20 is firstly underreamed at 42, as illustrated in
A tubing expansion tool such as that disclosed in the applicant=s earlier International patent publication No. WO00/37766 is then run and located in the tubing 51 below the seal 32b. The expansion tool is then activated and translated axially through the seal assembly 44 in a bottom-up or top-down expansion procedure, to diametrically expand the seal assembly 44 and the tubing 48 to a level below the cemented casing 14. It will be understood that part of the tubing 51 and indeed further assemblies downhole of the seal assembly 44 may also be expanded.
Expansion of the assembly 44 brings the seals 32a and 32b closer to the borehole wall 50, and the tubular 46 is also diametrically expanded. Once the whole seal assembly 44 has thus been fully expanded, as shown in
The respective chambers 38a, 38b of the seals 32a, 32b are then inflated as shown in
The seal 32 and its method of operation will now be described in more detail with reference to
As shown in
Each plug is hollow and includes an end cap which protrudes into the support tube bore 58. Thus, on expansion of the support tube 34, the end caps are sheared off, allowing fluid flow through the hollow portions of the plugs for subsequent inflation of the seal tube 36. Additionally, as will be described below, the apertures 56 are deformed on expansion, tending to cause the plugs to disengage the apertures and to fall out, opening the apertures.
As discussed above, the seal tube 36 is of an elastomeric material or a rubber such as a natural rubber and a series of reinforcing ribs 62 are provided integrally with and at opposite ends of the seal tube 36 to provide structural support. The ribs 62 contain the inflation pressure of the seal 36 when inflated, as shown in
The outer wall of the chamber 38 is defined by the seal tube 36 and the chamber 38 is in fluid communication with the support tube bore 58 through the screen 60 and apertures 56. A solid granular filler material 64 is provided in the chamber 58 and the average grain size of the filler is at least equal to the mesh size of the screen 60. This prevents the granular filler from passing through the apertures 56 into the support tube bore 58. The filler material typically comprises a mixture of bentonite (absorbent aluminium silicate clay) and a dry, powdered water soluble polymer such as polyacrylamide, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,421 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by way of reference.
Following location of the seal assembly 44 in the borehole 10 as shown in
A reactant fluid inert to well and drilling fluids is then supplied to the seals 32, to inflate the chambers 38a, 38b. The fluid is supplied using an inflation tool such as the applicant=s commercially available Selective Cement Inflation Tool (SCIT), which is run into the lower seal 32b, sealing against the support tube 34b inner wall above and below the apertures 56b. A volume of fluid is then forced under pressure into the chamber 38b.
As shown in
The reactant fluid which is supplied to the chamber 38 mixes with the filler 64 and the resultant solids-laden fluid 66 cannot pass through the screen 60, as the grain size of the swollen filler 64 remains greater than the screen mesh size. Accordingly, the applied pressure may be relaxed once the seal 32 has been inflated.
The granular filler 64 reacts with the reactant fluid and the resultant mixture solidifies over a period of time, to maintain inflation of the chamber 38 and thus to maintain the enhanced seal load on the borehole wall 50. This procedure is repeated for the upper seal 32a, and the annulus 45 is thus sealed, isolating the formation 28 from the borehole 10, preventing further fluid losses.
Where the filler is a bentonite/polyacrylamide mixture, water is used as the reactant fluid. When mixed with water downhole, a clay is formed and the water soluble polymer flocculates and congeals the clay to form a much stronger and stiffer cement-like plug. Various other filler materials, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,633,950; 4,503,170; 4,475,594; 4,445,576; 4,442,241 and 4,391,925, the disclosures of which are incorporated hereby by way of reference, may alternatively be employed.
As the solids/reactant mixture reacts and sets, the mixture may lose bulk volume. This loss of volume may be offset in several ways. Firstly, seal tube 36, where of a material such as a swelling elastomer or a natural rubber, adsorbs hydrocarbons (well fluids) or other fluids over a period of time and tends to expand. This further expansion of the seal tube 36 enhances the seal load on the rock formation over time.
Secondly, in certain situations, for example, where the seal 32 is set in a formation such as an unstable formation tending to collapse inwardly over time, the re-stressed formation will move inwardly towards the seal element 36, to retain the seal load on the formation.
Thirdly, as the seal 32 is inflated to a pressure above the pore pressure of the rock formation, this overpressurisation maintains an effective seal load despite loss of bulk volume.
Fourthly, the relatively high temperatures experienced downhole tend to cause the seal 32 to swell.
In alternative assemblies, the seal assembly 44 may be located in the borehole section 20 in such a way as to avoid or minimise restriction of the borehole. The assembly 44 may be self-hanging by expansion of the seals 32 into contact with the borehole wall. Alternatively, an expandable centraliser may be used to locate and hang the assembly 44 in the borehole.
Following completion of this procedure, the borehole 10 can then be continued to the next desired depth and the next casing run through the assembly 44 and cemented in a similar fashion to the upper casing 14, without any additional reduction in bore diameter.
In further alternatives, the assembly 44 may be hung in an open hole independently of existing casing from a casing patch or using any other suitable method.
Turning now to
In more detail, the string 66 comprises a number of sand exclusion tubing-based assemblies 144a located alternately between solid expandable tubular assemblies 144b. The assemblies 144a are each located adjacent a hydrocarbon bearing rock formation, allowing recovery of well fluids through the sand screen. Running sand screen as part of an assembly including the expandable seals 132 allows the tubing to be located in open hole, expanded and the seals 132 inflated to provide sealing with the borehole wall. The string 66 is expanded in a bottom-up or top-down expansion procedure.
As shown in the figure, the uppermost assembly 144a is located adjacent a hydrocarbon bearing formation 68. An upper solid expandable tubular 148 extends from casing 114 and is secured by a conventional liner hanger in the casing. The uppermost assembly 144a is sealed in the borehole 100 by expanding and inflating the seals 132 against impermeable rock formations above and below the formation 68, ensuring that fluid entering the borehole annulus 145 is directed through the sand screen 146a and is thus recovered to surface. The solid expandable assembly 144b immediately below the upper sand exclusion tubing-based assembly 144a shares the seals 132 of the adjacent sand exclusion assemblies and includes a solid expandable tubular 146b. A lower sand exclusion tubing assembly 144a=is similarly located adjacent a formation 68′.
Accordingly, each sand exclusion tubing-based assembly 144a is located between solid expandable tubulars. In this fashion, the formations 68, 68′ adjacent the sand exclusion assemblies 144a, 144a=are isolated, preventing passage of fluid up the borehole annulus 145 to an alternative location. Furthermore, migration of fluids from the formations 68, 68′ along the borehole annulus 145 to non-producing formations is prevented. In a similar fashion the seals 132 also prevent fluid migration along the borehole annulus 145 from water producing zones 70, 70′ and through the sand screens 146a, 146a′ of the assemblies 144a, 144a′ placed across hydrocarbon zones 68 and 68′, thus isolating the water and allowing production of only the hydrocarbons.
It will be understood that
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, sandscreen such as the applicant's ESS or other perforated tubing may be located around the seal 32. The sandscreen may be expanded on inflation of the seal element 36. An assembly comprising a number of the seals 32 may carry sandscreen along a length of the assembly located around the seals, and the sandscreen may thus be expanded at one or more desired locations by inflation of the chamber of a seal within the sandscreen. Accordingly, the sandscreen can be precisely expanded where required at various locations along the length of a borehole. It will be understood that, to allow fluid flow through the sandscreen into the assembly, the seals or selected ones of the seals may be coupled together by perforated, expandable tubing.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the above described embodiments and concepts of the invention are by way of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Accordingly, various modifications may be made to the foregoing within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
For example, the seal element may comprise a plastics or other suitable material.
The seal may comprise a plurality of separate chambers. Thus a selected one or more chamber of the seal may be inflated as desired.
The seal/seal assembly may also be used in a tubing lined borehole, for example, where a casing has deteriorated causing undesired fluid ingress. In these circumstances, the seal/assembly may be used as a Apatch@ to straddle the damaged tubing section, although there would be a resultant decrease in the tubing bore diameter.
The seal element may be urged radially by exerting an axial force on the seal element. For example, the chamber may be provided at one end of the seal element and, when inflated, the chamber may exert an axial force on the seal element, to squeeze the seal element and urge it radially outwardly. Thus, the chamber may be defined between an upper or lower end of the seal element and the support tube. Alternatively, there may be one such chamber at each end of the seal element. The seal element may be of any suitable swelling (for example, in water or hydrocarbons such as oils) or non-swelling material capable of acting as a seal.
When the seal is expanded, the seal element may be brought into contact with the borehole wall providing an initial seal which is enhanced when the seal element is inflated. This depends on a number of factors including relative dimensions of the seal/borehole and the nature of the drilled borehole.
The seal assembly may be expanded in either a bottom-up or top-down expansion procedure appropriate to the peculiarities of the well in which the seal assembly is to be located. For example, a top-down expansion procedure is suitable where large forces (imposed by heavy drill collars in the tool string) can be applied to an expansion tool. This may not be possible where the well is deviated and/or where a workover rig is used for deploying the tool; in these cases, a bottom-up expansion procedure may be more suitable.
The apertures in the support tube may be of any suitable shape in addition to circular. For example, part of the support tube may be slotted or otherwise perforated and on expansion may form diamond or other shaped openings. The plugs may be fitted into the apertures in a friction fit, or a snap fit, for example, the plugs may carry a snap ring for engaging a groove in a wall of the apertures, or vice versa. Thus, on expansion of the support tube whereby the apertures are deformed, the plugs may disengage and fall out of the apertures. The plugs may also or alternatively be of a material which is crushed or pulverised on expansion of the support tube by the expansion tool, to open the apertures. The plugs may thus be of a ceramic or like material.
The inflatable seal elements may be inflatable in any suitable fashion, for example, using a supplied gas or other fluid, or by generation of a gas downhole, for example by reaction of a suitable material in the seal with a suitable reactant fluid.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0303152.3 | Feb 2003 | GB | national |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10443442 | May 2003 | US |
| Child | 10778003 | Feb 2004 | US |
