Patent Grant
12305459
A typical sealing/anchoring tool (e.g., packer, bridge plug, frac plug, etc.) generally has one or more sealing elements or “rubbers” that are employed to provide a fluid-tight seal radially between a mandrel of the sealing/anchoring tool, and the casing or wellbore into which the sealing/anchoring tool is disposed. A typical sealing/anchoring tool may additionally include one or more anchoring elements (e.g., slip rings) which grip the casing and prevent movement of the sealing/anchoring tool within the casing after the sealing elements have been set. Thus, if weight or fluid pressure is applied to the sealing/anchoring tool, the anchoring elements resist the axial forces on the sealing/anchoring tool produced thereby, and prevent axial displacement of the sealing/anchoring tool relative to the casing and/or wellbore. Such a sealing/anchoring tool is commonly conveyed into a subterranean wellbore suspended from tubing extending to the earth's surface.
To prevent damage to the elements of the sealing/anchoring tool while the sealing/anchoring tool is being conveyed into the wellbore, the sealing elements and/or anchoring elements may be carried on the mandrel in a relaxed or uncompressed state, in which they are radially inwardly spaced apart from the casing. When the sealing/anchoring tool is set, the sealing elements and/or anchoring elements radially expand (e.g., both radially inward and radially outward in certain instances), thereby sealing and/or anchoring against the mandrel and the casing and/or wellbore. In certain embodiments, the sealing elements and/or anchoring elements are axially compressed between element retainers that straddle them, which in turn radially expand the sealing elements and/or anchoring elements. In other embodiments, the sealing elements and/or anchoring elements are radially expanded by pulling a cone feature therethrough. In yet other embodiments, one or more swellable seal elements are axially positioned between the element retainers, the swellable seal elements configured to radially expand when subjected to one or more different swelling fluids.
Reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
In the drawings and descriptions that follow, like parts are typically marked throughout the specification and drawings with the same reference numerals, respectively. The drawn figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features of the disclosure may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhat schematic form and some details of certain elements may not be shown in the interest of clarity and conciseness. The present disclosure may be implemented in embodiments of different forms.
Specific embodiments are described in detail and are shown in the drawings, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the principles of the disclosure, and is not intended to limit the disclosure to that illustrated and described herein. It is to be fully recognized that the different teachings of the embodiments discussed herein may be employed separately or in any suitable combination to produce desired results.
Unless otherwise specified, use of the terms “connect,” “engage,” “couple,” “attach,” or any other like term describing an interaction between elements is not meant to limit the interaction to direct interaction between the elements and may also include indirect interaction between the elements described. Unless otherwise specified, use of the terms “up,” “upper,” “upward,” “uphole,” “upstream,” or other like terms shall be construed as generally away from the bottom, terminal end of a well; likewise, use of the terms “down,” “lower,” “downward,” “downhole,” or other like terms shall be construed as generally toward the bottom, terminal end of a well, regardless of the wellbore orientation. Use of any one or more of the foregoing terms shall not be construed as denoting positions along a perfectly vertical axis. Unless otherwise specified, use of the term “subterranean formation” shall be construed as encompassing both areas below exposed earth and areas below earth covered by water such as ocean or fresh water.
The present disclosure describes a sealing/anchoring element employing expandable/expanded metal as a seal and/or anchor in a sealing/anchoring tool. The expandable/expanded metal may embody many different locations, sizes and shapes within the sealing/anchoring element while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. In at least one embodiment, the expandable/expanded metal reacts with fluids within the wellbore to create a sturdy sealing/anchoring tool. Accordingly, the use of the expandable/expanded metal within the sealing/anchoring element minimizes the likelihood of the sealing/anchoring tool leaks and/or axially slips.
An example well sealing/anchoring tool 150 is coupled with a tubing string 160 that extends from a wellhead 170 into the wellbore 110. The tubing string 160 can be coiled tubing and/or a string of joint tubing coupled end to end. For example, the tubing string 160 may be a working string, an injection string, and/or a production string. The sealing/anchoring tool 150 can include a bridge plug, frac plug, packer (e.g., production packer) and/or other sealing/anchoring tool, having a sealing/anchoring element 155 for sealing/anchoring against the wellbore 110 wall (e.g., the casing 140, a liner and/or the bare rock in an open hole context). The sealing/anchoring element 155 can isolate an interval of the wellbore 110 above the sealing/anchoring element 155 from an interval of the wellbore 110 below the sealing/anchoring element 155, for example, so that a pressure differential can exist between the intervals.
In accordance with the disclosure, the sealing/anchoring element 155 may include a circlet having an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t), the circlet having one or more geometric features that allow it to mechanically deform when moved from a radially reduced state to a radially enlarged state. In certain embodiments, the circlet may also elasto/plastically deform. The term elasto/plastically, as used herein, refers to mechanical deformation and means that the circlet may elastically deform, may plastically deform, or may both elastically and plastically deform.
In accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure, the circlet comprises an expandable metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis. The term expandable metal, as used herein, refers to the expandable metal in a pre-expansion form. Similarly, the term expanded metal, as used herein, refers to the resulting expanded metal after the expandable metal has been subjected to reactive fluid, as discussed below. The expanded metal, in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure, comprises a metal that has expanded in response to hydrolysis. In certain embodiments, the expanded metal includes residual unreacted metal. For example, in certain embodiments the expanded metal is intentionally designed to include the residual unreacted metal. The residual unreacted metal has the benefit of allowing the expanded metal to self-heal if cracks or other anomalies subsequently arise, or for example to accommodate changes in the tubular or mandrel diameter due to variations in temperature and/or pressure. Nevertheless, other embodiments may exist wherein no residual unreacted metal exists in the expanded metal.
The expandable metal, in some embodiments, may be described as expanding to a cement like material. In other words, the expandable metal goes from metal to micron-scale particles and then these particles expand and lock together to, in essence, seal two or more surfaces together. The reaction may, in certain embodiments, occur in less than 2 days in a reactive fluid and in certain temperatures. Nevertheless, the time of reaction may vary depending on the reactive fluid, the expandable metal used, the downhole temperature, and surface-area-to-volume ratio (SA:V) of the expandable metal.
In some embodiments, the reactive fluid may be a brine solution such as may be produced during well completion activities, and in other embodiments, the reactive fluid may be one of the additional solutions discussed herein. The expandable metal is electrically conductive in certain embodiments. The expandable metal, in certain embodiments, has a yield strength greater than about 8,000 psi, e.g., 8,000 psi+/−50%.
The hydrolysis of the expandable metal can create a metal hydroxide. The formative properties of alkaline earth metals (Mg—Magnesium, Ca—Calcium, etc.) and transition metals (Zn—Zinc, Al—Aluminum, etc.) under hydrolysis reactions demonstrate structural characteristics that are favorable for use with the present disclosure. Hydration results in an increase in size from the hydration reaction and results in a metal hydroxide that can precipitate from the fluid.
It should be noted that the starting expandable metal, unless otherwise indicated, is not a metal oxide (e.g., an insulator). In contrast, the starting expandable metal has the properties of traditional metals: 1) Highly conductive to both electricity and heat (e.g., greater than 1,000,000 siemens per meter); 2) Contains a metallic bond (e.g., the outermost electron shell of each of the metal atoms overlaps with a large number of neighboring atoms). As a consequence, the valence electrons are allowed to move from one atom to another and are not associated with any specific pair of atoms. This gives metals their conductive nature; 3) Are malleable and ductile, for example deforming under stress without cleaving; and 4) Tend to be shiny and lustrous with high density. In other embodiments, however, the starting expandable metal is a metal oxide.
The hydration reaction for magnesium is:
Mg+2H2O→Mg(OH)2+H2,
where Mg(OH)2 is also known as brucite. Another hydration reaction uses aluminum hydrolysis. The reaction forms a material known as Gibbsite, bayerite, boehmite, aluminum oxide, and norstrandite, depending on form. The possible hydration reactions for aluminum are:
Al+3H2O→Al(OH)3+3/2 H2.
Al+2H2O→AlO(OH)+3/2H2
Al+3/2H2O→½Al2O3+3/2H2
Another hydration reaction uses calcium hydrolysis. The hydration reaction for calcium is:
Ca+2H2O→Ca(OH)2+H2,
Where Ca(OH)2 is known as portlandite and is a common hydrolysis product of Portland cement. Magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are considered to be relatively insoluble in water. Aluminum hydroxide can be considered an amphoteric hydroxide, which has solubility in strong acids or in strong bases. Alkaline earth metals (e.g., Mg, Ca, etc.) work well for the expandable metal, but transition metals (Al, etc.) also work well for the expandable metal. In one embodiment, the metal hydroxide is dehydrated by the swell pressure to form a metal oxide.
In at least one embodiment, the expandable metal is a non-graphene based expandable metal. By non-graphene based material, it is meant that is does not contain graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, graphite oxide, graphite intercalation, or in certain embodiments, compounds and their derivatized forms to include a function group, e.g., including carboxy, epoxy, ether, ketone, amine, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, lactone, functionalized polymeric or oligomeric groups, or a combination comprising at least one of the forgoing functional groups. In at least one other embodiment, the expandable metal does not include a matrix material or an exfoliatable graphene-based material. By not being exfoliatable, it is meant that the expandable metal is not able to undergo an exfoliation process. Exfoliation as used herein refers to the creation of individual sheets, planes, layers, laminae, etc. (generally, “layers”) of a graphene-based material; the delamination of the layers; or the enlargement of a planar gap between adjacent ones of the layers, which in at least one embodiment the expandable metal is not capable of.
In yet another embodiment, the expandable metal does not include graphite intercalation compounds, wherein the graphite intercalation compounds include intercalating agents such as, for example, an acid, metal, binary alloy of an alkali metal with mercury or thallium, binary compound of an alkali metal with a Group V element (e.g., P, As, Sb, and Bi), metal chalcogenide (including metal oxides such as, for example, chromium trioxide, PbO2, MnO2, metal sulfides, and metal selenides), metal peroxide, metal hyperoxide, metal hydride, metal hydroxide, metals coordinated by nitrogenous compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene), aliphatic hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, n-hexane) and their oxygen derivatives, halogen, fluoride, metal halide, nitrogenous compound, inorganic compound (e.g., trithiazyl trichloride, thionyl chloride), organometallic compound, oxidizing compound (e.g., peroxide, permanganate ion, chlorite ion, chlorate ion, perchlorate ion, hypochlorite ion, As2O5, N2O5, CH3ClO4, (NH4)2S2O8, chromate ion, dichromate ion), solvent, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. Thus, in at least one embodiment, the expandable metal is a structural solid expanded metal, which means that it is a metal that does not exfoliate and it does not intercalate. In yet another embodiment, the expandable metal does not swell by sorption.
In an embodiment, the expandable metal used can be a metal alloy. The expandable metal alloy can be an alloy of the base expandable metal with other elements in order to either adjust the strength of the expandable metal alloy, to adjust the reaction time of the expandable metal alloy, or to adjust the strength of the resulting metal hydroxide byproduct, among other adjustments. The expandable metal alloy can be alloyed with elements that enhance the strength of the metal such as, but not limited to, Al—Aluminum, Zn—Zinc, Mn—Manganese, Zr—Zirconium, Y—Yttrium, Nd—Neodymium, Gd—Gadolinium, Ag—Silver, Ca—Calcium, Sn—Tin, and Re—Rhenium, Cu—Copper. In some embodiments, the expandable metal alloy can be alloyed with a dopant that promotes corrosion, such as Ni—Nickel, Fe—Iron, Cu—Copper, Co—Cobalt, Ir—Iridium, Au—Gold, C—Carbon, Ga—Gallium, In—Indium, Mg—Mercury, Bi—Bismuth, Sn—Tin, and Pd—Palladium. The expandable metal alloy can be constructed in a solid solution process where the elements are combined with molten metal or metal alloy. Alternatively, the expandable metal alloy could be constructed with a powder metallurgy process. The expandable metal can be cast, forged, extruded, sintered, welded, mill machined, lathe machined, stamped, eroded or a combination thereof. The metal alloy can be a mixture of the metal and metal oxide. For example, a powder mixture of aluminum and aluminum oxide can be ball-milled together to increase the reaction rate.
Optionally, non-expanding components may be added to the starting metallic materials. For example, ceramic, elastomer, plastic, epoxy, glass, or non-reacting metal components can be embedded in the expandable metal or coated on the surface of the expandable metal. In yet other embodiments, the non-expanding components are metal fibers, a composite weave, a polymer ribbon, or ceramic granules, among others. In one variation, the expandable metal is formed in a serpentinite reaction, a hydration and metamorphic reaction. In one variation, the resultant material resembles a mafic material. Additional ions can be added to the reaction, including silicate, sulfate, aluminate, carbonate, and phosphate. The metal can be alloyed to increase the reactivity or to control the formation of oxides.
The expandable metal can be configured in many different fashions, as long as an adequate volume of material is available for anchoring and/or sealing. For example, the expandable metal may be formed into a single long member, multiple short members, rings, among others. In another embodiment, the expandable metal may be formed into a long wire of expandable metal, that can be in turn be wound around a mandrel as a sleeve. The wire diameters do not need to be of circular cross-section, but may be of any cross-section. For example, the cross-section of the wire could be oval, rectangle, star, hexagon, keystone, hollow braided, woven, twisted, among others, and remain within the scope of the disclosure. In certain other embodiments, the expandable metal is a collection of individual separate chunks of the metal held together with a binding agent. In yet other embodiments, the expandable metal is a collection of individual separate chunks of the metal that are not held together with a binding agent, but held in place using one or more different techniques, including an enclosure (e.g., an enclosure that could be crushed to expose the individual separate chunks to the reactive fluid), a cage, etc.
Additionally, a delay coating or protective layer may be applied to one or more portions of the expandable metal to delay the expanding reactions. In one embodiment, the material configured to delay the hydrolysis process is a fusible alloy. In another embodiment, the material configured to delay the hydrolysis process is a eutectic material. In yet another embodiment, the material configured to delay the hydrolysis process is a wax, oil, or other non-reactive material. The delay coating or protective layer may be applied to any of the different expandable metal configurations disclosed above.
Turning briefly to
Turning briefly to
Turning to
In the illustrated embodiment, the one or more geometric features 220 are a slot or partial slot in the wall thickness (t) of the circlet 210. For example, a full slot could be used, thereby turning the circlet 210 into a C-ring of sorts. Alternatively, a partial slot could be used, such as shown in
In at least the embodiment of
In at least one embodiment, the width (w) is no greater than 2.75 meters (e.g., about 9 feet). In at least one other embodiment, the width (w) is no greater than 1.83 meters (e.g., about 6 feet), if not no greater than 2.54 cm (e.g., 1 inch) or even 1 cm (e.g., 0.39 inches). In yet at least another embodiment, the width (w) ranges from 0.3 meters (e.g., about 1 foot) to 1.2 meters (e.g., about 4 feet). In at least one embodiment, the thickness (t) is no greater than 15 centimeters (e.g., about 5.9 inches). In at least one other embodiment, the thickness (t) is no greater than 9 centimeters (e.g., about 3.5 inches), if not no greater than 2.54 cm (e.g., 1 inch) or even 1 cm (e.g., 0.39 inches), or even 0.5 cm (e.g., 0.20 inches). In yet at least another embodiment, the thickness (t) ranges from 15 centimeters (e.g., about 5.9 inches) to 6 centimeters (e.g., about 2.4 inches).
Turning to
In the illustrated embodiment, the sealing/anchoring tool 300 includes a plurality of sealing/anchoring elements 330, each comprising one or more circlets 340, positioned between two or more wedges 320. Accordingly, the wedges 320 may be moved relative to one another (e.g., one of the wedges 320 may be fixed with the other of the wedges 320 moves, both of the wedges 320 may move, etc.) to move the circlets 340 from the radially reduced mechanical state as shown in
Turning now to
The sealing/anchoring tool 400, in the illustrated embodiment of
In accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure, the sealing/anchoring tool 400 includes one or more sealing/anchoring elements 420 positioned about the mandrel 410. In at least one embodiment, the sealing/anchoring elements 420 include one or more circlets 430. The circlets 430, as discussed above, may include an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t). Furthermore, at least a portion of the circlets 430 may comprise a metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis.
The circlets 430 may additionally include one or more geometric features that allow them to mechanically deform when moved from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state. In at least one embodiment, the one or more geometric features are one or more cuts (not shown) (e.g., axial cuts extending entirely through the wall thickness (t) along the width (w)). Nevertheless, other geometric features are within the scope of the disclosure.
In the illustrated embodiment, each of the circlets 430 includes a delay coating or protective layer 440. The delay coating or protective layer 440 may be similar to any of those disclosed herein. Further to the embodiment of
The sealing/anchoring tool 400, in the illustrated embodiment, additionally includes the one or more associated wedges 460 (e.g., a first wedge and a second wedge located on opposing sides of the sealing/anchoring element 420). The one or more associated wedges 460, in one or more embodiments, are configured to axially slide along the mandrel 410 relative to the circlets 430 to move the circlets 430 from the radially reduced mechanical state to the radially enlarged mechanical state (e.g., the first and second wedges configured to axial slide along the mandrel relative to one another to move the circlet from the radially reduced mechanical state to the radially enlarged mechanical state, as if it were a frac plug). The one or more associated wedges 460, in the illustrated embodiment, include one or more associated angled surfaces. As is evident in the embodiment of
The sealing/anchoring tool 400, in the illustrated embodiment, may additionally include one or more end rings 470 located on opposing sides of the one or more associated wedges 460. In the illustrated embodiment, one of the end rings 470 may be axially fixed relative to the mandrel 410 or the bore 490, and the other of the end rings 470 is allowed to axially move relative to the mandrel 410 or the bore 490, and thus move the circlet 430 between the radially reduced mechanical state (e.g., as shown in
The sealing/anchoring tool 400, in one or more embodiments, may additionally include a piston structure (not shown) for axially moving one or more of the free end rings 470. Accordingly, the piston structure may be used to move the circlet 430 between the radially reduced mechanical state (e.g., as shown in
With reference to
With reference to
In the illustrated embodiment of
With reference to
In certain embodiments, the time period for the hydration of the circlet 430 is different from the time period for setting the sealing/anchoring element 420. For example, the setting of the sealing/anchoring element 420 might create a quick, but weaker, seal/anchor for the sealing/anchoring tool 400, whereas the circlet 430 could take multiple hours to several days for the hydrolysis process to fully expand, but provide a strong seal/anchor for the sealing/anchoring tool 400.
While not shown, the sealing/anchoring tool 400, and more particularly the sealing/anchoring element 420 of the sealing/anchoring tool 400, may additionally include one or more additional sealing elements. For example, the one or more additional sealing elements could be located uphole or downhole of the sealing/anchoring element 420, and thus be used to fluidly seal the annulus 480. In many situations, the one or more additional sealing elements comprise elastomeric sealing elements that are located downhole of the sealing/anchoring element 420.
A sealing/anchoring tool, and related sealing/anchoring element, according to the present disclosure may provide higher technical ratings and/or may provide a lower cost alternative to existing sealing/anchoring elements contained of today's packers and frac plugs. A sealing/anchoring tool, and related sealing/anchoring element, employs a game changing material that gets away from the issues found in conventional elastomeric devices, such as: extreme temperature limits, low temperature sealing limits, swabbing while running, extrusion over time, conforming to irregular shapes, etc.
With reference to
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 500 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 400. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 500 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 400, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 500 employs a sealing/anchoring element 520 with different shaped circlets 530. The different shaped circlets 530 of
Through experimentation, it has been determined that the gap 580 has certain previously unknown benefits, including the ability for reactive fluid to readily access the circlets 530. What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 575a, as shown in
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 600 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 500. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 600 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 500, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 600 is capable of sealing a bore 690 with large changes in diameter in all directions (e.g., an irregular bore 490 size that may occur as a result of washout). What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 675a, as shown in
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 700 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 500. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 700 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 500, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 700 employs a sealing/anchoring element 720 with different shaped circlets 730, and furthermore includes alternating members that expand in response to hydrolysis and do not expand in response to hydrolysis. What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 775a, as shown in
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 800 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 400. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 800 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 400, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 800 employs a wedge 860 comprising the metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis, as well as employs a piston 810. What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 875a, as shown in
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 900 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 800. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 900 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 800, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 900 employs a sealing/anchoring element 920 with different shaped circlets 930 that substantially prevent the circlets 930 from contacting the bore 490 when they move from the radially reduced mechanical state to the radially enlarged mechanical state. What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 975a, as shown in
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 1000 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 800. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 1000 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 800, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 1000 does not employ a wedge 860, but employs a hydraulically deformable member 1010 to radially deploy its sealing/anchoring element 1020 with its one or more circlets 1030 (e.g., comprising a metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis). In the illustrated embodiment, the hydraulically deformable member 1010 is a bladder. Nevertheless, other hydraulically deformable member may be used and remain within the scope of the disclosure. Furthermore, in one or more embodiments the mandrel 410 includes one or more plugs and/or openings 1015 for supplying fluid to deploy the hydraulically deformable member 1010 from its radially reduced mechanical state (
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 1100 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 1000. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 1100 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 1000, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 1100 employs a hydraulically deformable member 1110 with limited expansion. The limited expansion hydraulically deformable member 1110 of
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 1200 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 1000. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 1200 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 1000, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 1200 employs a sealing/anchoring element 1220 including a circlet 1230 that comprises a wire of expandable metal, for example as discussed above. In the illustrated embodiment, the wire of expandable metal wraps around the hydraulically deformable member 1010, and provides the geometric features necessary to allow it to mechanically deform when the hydraulically deformable member is moved from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state. While a single wire of expandable metal may be used, in certain other embodiments a plurality of different wires of expandable metal may be used. In certain embodiments, the wire of expandable metal has a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio (SA:V) than many of the embodiments discussed above, and thus might react faster to the reactive fluid than certain of the other embodiments. What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 1275a, as shown in
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 1300 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 1000. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 1300 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 1000, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 1300 employs a sealing/anchoring element 1320 including a circlet 1330 that comprises a collection of individual separate chunks of the expandable metal held together with a binding agent. What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 1375a, as shown in
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 1400 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 1000. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 1400 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 1000, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 1400 employs a sealing/anchoring element 1420 including a circlet 1430 that comprises a collection of individual separate chunks of the expandable metal held together within a fluid tight enclosure. The fluid tight enclosure, in at least one embodiment, may be punctured when the hydraulically deformable member 1010 moves from the radially reduced mechanical state to the radially expanded mechanical state, thereby exposing the collection of individual separate chunks of the expandable metal to the reactive fluid. What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 1475a, as shown in
Turning to
The sealing/anchoring tool 1500 is similar in certain respects to the sealing/anchoring tool 1000. Accordingly, like reference numbers have been used to indicate similar, if not identical, features. The sealing/anchoring tool 1500 differs, for the most part, from the sealing/anchoring tool 1000, in that the sealing/anchoring tool 1500 employs a sealing/anchoring element 1520 including a circlet 1530 that comprises a collection of individual separate chunks of the expandable metal held together within a fluid penetrable cage. What may result in one or more embodiments, after hydrolysis, is the expanded metal sealing/anchoring element 1575a, as shown in
Aspects disclosed herein include:
A. A sealing/anchoring element for use with a sealing/anchoring tool, the sealing/anchoring element including: 1) a circlet having an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t), the circlet having one or more geometric features that allow it to mechanically deform when moved from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state, the circlet comprising an expandable metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis to chemically deform the circlet from a radially reduced chemical state to a radially enlarged chemical state.
B. A sealing/anchoring tool, the sealing/anchoring tool including: 1) a mandrel; 2) a wedge positioned about the mandrel; and 3) a sealing/anchoring element positioned about the mandrel and proximate the wedge, the sealing/anchoring element including: a circlet having an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t), the circlet having one or more geometric features that allow it to mechanically deform when moved from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state, the circlet comprising an expandable metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis to chemically deform the circlet from a radially reduced chemical state to a radially enlarged chemical state.
C. A well system, the well system including: 1) a wellbore; 2) a sealing/anchoring tool positioned within the wellbore, the sealing/anchoring tool including: a) a mandrel; b) a wedge positioned about the mandrel; and c) a sealing/anchoring element positioned about the mandrel and proximate the wedge, the sealing/anchoring element including: a circlet having an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t), the circlet having one or more geometric features that allow it to mechanically deform when moved from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state, the circlet comprising an expandable metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis to chemically deform the circlet from a radially reduced chemical state to a radially enlarged chemical state.
D. A method for sealing/anchoring within a wellbore, the method including: 1)
providing a sealing/anchoring tool within a wellbore, the sealing/anchoring tool including: a) a mandrel; b) a wedge positioned about the mandrel; and c) a sealing/anchoring element positioned about the mandrel and proximate the wedge, the sealing/anchoring element including: a circlet having an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t), the circlet having one or more geometric features that allow it to mechanically deform when moved from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state, the circlet comprising an expandable metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis to chemically deform the circlet from a radially reduced chemical state to a radially enlarged chemical state; 2) mechanically deforming the sealing/anchoring element by moving the circlet from the radially reduced mechanical state to the radially enlarged mechanical state; and 3) subjecting the mechanically deformed sealing/anchoring element in the radially enlarged mechanical state to reactive fluid to expand it to a radially enlarged chemical state and thereby form an expanded metal sealing/anchoring element.
E. A sealing/anchoring tool, the sealing/anchoring tool including: 1) a mandrel; 2) a hydraulically deformable member positioned about the mandrel; and 3) a sealing/anchoring element positioned about the hydraulically deformable member, the sealing/anchoring element including: a circlet having an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t), the circlet comprising an expandable metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis to chemically deform the circlet from a radially reduced chemical state to a radially enlarged chemical state.
F. A well system, the well system including: 1) a wellbore; 2) a sealing/anchoring tool positioned within the wellbore, the sealing/anchoring tool including: a) a mandrel; b) a hydraulically deformable member positioned about the mandrel; and c) a sealing/anchoring element positioned about the hydraulically deformable member, the sealing/anchoring element including: a circlet having an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t), the circlet comprising an expandable metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis to chemically deform the circlet from a radially reduced chemical state to a radially enlarged chemical state.
G. A method for sealing/anchoring within a wellbore, the method including: 1) providing a sealing/anchoring tool within a wellbore, the sealing/anchoring tool including: a) a mandrel; b) a hydraulically deformable member positioned about the mandrel; and c) a positioned about the hydraulically deformable member, the sealing/anchoring element including: a circlet having an inside surface having an inside diameter (di), an outside surface having an outside diameter (do), a width (w), and a wall thickness (t), the circlet comprising an expandable metal configured to expand in response to hydrolysis to chemically deform the circlet from a radially reduced chemical state to a radially enlarged chemical state; 2) mechanically deforming the sealing/anchoring element by moving the hydraulically deformable member from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state; and 3) subjecting the mechanically deformed sealing/anchoring element in the radially enlarged mechanical state to reactive fluid to expand it to the radially enlarged chemical state and thereby form an expanded metal sealing/anchoring element.
Aspects A, B, C, D, E, F and G may have one or more of the following additional elements in combination: Element 1: wherein the circlet is configured to mechanically deform from the radially reduced state to the radially enlarged state prior to chemically deforming the circlet from the radially reduced chemical state to the radially enlarged chemical state. Element 2: wherein the one or more geometric features are a full slot or partial slot in the wall thickness (t) of the circlet. Element 3: wherein the one or more geometric features are a full slot in the wall thickness (t) of the circlet that creates a C-ring. Element 4: wherein the one or more geometric features are a partial slot in the wall thickness (t) of the circlet including remaining material, the remaining material configured to snap when the circlet moves from the radially reduced mechanical state to the radially enlarged mechanical state. Element 5: wherein the circlet includes one or more angled surfaces positioned along its inside diameter (di) or outside diameter (do). Element 6: wherein the circlet includes one or more angled surfaces positioned along its inside diameter (di) and outside diameter (do), the one or more angled surfaces configured to engage with one or more associated angled surfaces to move the circlet from the radially reduced mechanical state to the radially enlarged mechanical state. Element 7: wherein the width (w) ranges from 0.3 meters to 1.2 meters. Element 8: wherein the width (w) is no greater than 2.54 cm. Element 9: wherein the thickness (t) ranges from 15 centimeters to 6 centimeters. Element 10: wherein the circlet has one or more geometric features that allow it to mechanically deform when moved from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state. Element 11: wherein the circlet is configured to mechanically deform from the radially reduced state to the radially enlarged state prior to chemically deforming from the radially reduced chemical state to the radially enlarged chemical state. Element 12: wherein the one or more geometric features are a full slot or partial slot in the wall thickness (t) of the circlet. Element 13: wherein the one or more geometric features are a full slot in the wall thickness (t) of the circlet that creates a C-ring. Element 14: wherein the one or more geometric features are a partial slot in the wall thickness (t) of the circlet including remaining material, the remaining material configured to snap when the circlet moves from the radially reduced mechanical state to the radially enlarged mechanical state. Element 15: wherein the hydraulically deformable member is a bladder. Element 16: wherein the hydraulically deformable member is a limited expansion hydraulically deformable member, the limited expansion hydraulically deformable member configured to prevent the circlet from contacting a bore when the hydraulically deformable member moves from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially enlarged mechanical state. Element 17: wherein the circlet is a wire of expandable metal. Element 18: wherein the mandrel includes one or more openings therein for supplying fluid to deploy the hydraulically deformable member from a radially reduced mechanical state to a radially expanded mechanical state.
Those skilled in the art to which this application relates will appreciate that other and further additions, deletions, substitutions and modifications may be made to the described embodiments.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 63/352,347, filed on Jun. 15, 2022, entitled “EXPANDABLE METAL FOR WASHOUT CONFORMANCE,” commonly assigned with this application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1525740 | Howard | Feb 1925 | A |
| 2075912 | Roye | Apr 1937 | A |
| 2590931 | Cabaniss | Apr 1952 | A |
| 2743781 | Lane | May 1956 | A |
| 2865454 | Richards | Dec 1958 | A |
| 3206536 | Goodloe | Sep 1965 | A |
| 3371716 | Current | Mar 1968 | A |
| 3616354 | Russell | Oct 1971 | A |
| 3706125 | Hopkins | Dec 1972 | A |
| 4270608 | Hendrickson | Jun 1981 | A |
| 4424859 | Sims | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4424861 | Carter | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4442908 | Steenbock | Apr 1984 | A |
| 4446932 | Hipp | May 1984 | A |
| 4457369 | Henderson | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4457379 | McStravick | Jul 1984 | A |
| 4527815 | Frick | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4886117 | Patel | Dec 1989 | A |
| 4892144 | Coone | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4977636 | King | Dec 1990 | A |
| 4979585 | Chesnutt | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5139274 | Oseman | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5220959 | Vance | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5424139 | Shuler | Jun 1995 | A |
| 5492173 | Kilgore | Feb 1996 | A |
| 5517981 | Taub et al. | May 1996 | A |
| 5662341 | Ezell et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5667015 | Harestad | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5803173 | Fraser et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 6089320 | LaGrange | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6106024 | Herman et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
| 6564870 | Grigsby | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6840325 | Stephenson | Jan 2005 | B2 |
| 6907930 | Cavender | Jun 2005 | B2 |
| 6942039 | Tinker | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 7104322 | Whanger et al. | Sep 2006 | B2 |
| 7152687 | Gano | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7322408 | Howlett | Jan 2008 | B2 |
| 7347274 | Patel | Mar 2008 | B2 |
| 7350590 | Hosie et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7402277 | Ayer | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7578043 | Simpson et al. | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| 7673688 | Jones | Mar 2010 | B1 |
| 7677303 | Coronado | Mar 2010 | B2 |
| 7696275 | Slay et al. | Apr 2010 | B2 |
| 7963321 | Kutac | Jun 2011 | B2 |
| 7996945 | Nosker | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 8042841 | Viegener | Oct 2011 | B2 |
| 8109339 | Xu | Feb 2012 | B2 |
| 8225861 | Foster et al. | Jul 2012 | B2 |
| 8266751 | He | Sep 2012 | B2 |
| 8430176 | Xu | Apr 2013 | B2 |
| 8453736 | Constantine | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8459367 | Nutley et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8469084 | Clark et al. | Jun 2013 | B2 |
| 8479808 | Gouthaman | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8490707 | Robisson | Jul 2013 | B2 |
| 8579024 | Mailand et al. | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 8684096 | Harris | Apr 2014 | B2 |
| 8794330 | Stout | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8807209 | King | Aug 2014 | B2 |
| 8875800 | Wood et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8894070 | Bhat et al. | Nov 2014 | B2 |
| 8960277 | Braekke et al. | Feb 2015 | B2 |
| 8993491 | James | Mar 2015 | B2 |
| 9004173 | Richard | Apr 2015 | B2 |
| 9217311 | Slup | Dec 2015 | B2 |
| 9249904 | Duquette | Feb 2016 | B2 |
| 9279295 | Williamson et al. | Mar 2016 | B2 |
| 9347272 | Hewson et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9353606 | Bruce et al. | May 2016 | B2 |
| 9393601 | Ranck | Jul 2016 | B2 |
| 9404030 | Mazyar | Aug 2016 | B2 |
| 9534460 | Watson et al. | Jan 2017 | B2 |
| 9611715 | Smith | Apr 2017 | B1 |
| 9644459 | Themig | May 2017 | B2 |
| 9708880 | Solhaug | Jul 2017 | B2 |
| 9725979 | Mazyar et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9732578 | McRobb | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9745451 | Zhao et al. | Aug 2017 | B2 |
| 9765595 | Themig et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9771510 | James et al. | Sep 2017 | B2 |
| 9945190 | Crowley | Apr 2018 | B2 |
| 9976380 | Davis et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
| 9976381 | Martin et al. | May 2018 | B2 |
| 10030467 | Al-Gouhi | Jul 2018 | B2 |
| 10060225 | Wolf | Aug 2018 | B2 |
| 10119011 | Zhao et al. | Nov 2018 | B2 |
| 10179873 | Meng | Jan 2019 | B1 |
| 10316601 | Walton et al. | Jun 2019 | B2 |
| 10337298 | Braddick | Jul 2019 | B2 |
| 10344570 | Steele | Jul 2019 | B2 |
| 10352109 | Sanchez | Jul 2019 | B2 |
| 10364636 | Davis | Jul 2019 | B2 |
| 10472933 | Steele | Nov 2019 | B2 |
| 10533392 | Walton et al. | Jan 2020 | B2 |
| 10718183 | Bruce et al. | Jul 2020 | B2 |
| 10758974 | Sherman | Sep 2020 | B2 |
| 10794152 | Lang et al. | Oct 2020 | B2 |
| 10961804 | Fripp | Mar 2021 | B1 |
| 11359448 | Fripp | Jun 2022 | B2 |
| 11365611 | Gibb | Jun 2022 | B2 |
| 11428066 | Andersen | Aug 2022 | B2 |
| 11512552 | Fripp | Nov 2022 | B2 |
| 20020088616 | Swor et al. | Jul 2002 | A1 |
| 20030132001 | Wilson | Jul 2003 | A1 |
| 20030164236 | Thornton | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030164237 | Butterfield, Jr. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030205377 | Streater | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040194970 | Eatwell | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20050051333 | Weber | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050061369 | De Almeida | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050072576 | Henriksen | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050093250 | Santi et al. | May 2005 | A1 |
| 20050199401 | Patel et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20060144591 | Gonzalez | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060272806 | Wilkie et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
| 20070089875 | Steele et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070089910 | Hewson et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070095532 | Head | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070137826 | Bosma et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070144734 | Xu et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070151724 | Ohmer et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070163781 | Walker | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070221387 | Levy | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| 20070246213 | Hailey | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070267824 | Baugh et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070277979 | Todd et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080047708 | Spencer | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080135249 | Fripp | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080149351 | Marya | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080290603 | Laflin | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20090014173 | Macleod | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090084555 | Lee | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090102133 | Ruddock | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090159278 | Corre | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090200028 | Dewar | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090250227 | Brown et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090250228 | Loretz | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090272546 | Nutley et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090283279 | Patel | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090321087 | Victorov | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100072711 | Doane | Mar 2010 | A1 |
| 20100078173 | Buytaert et al. | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100096143 | Angman | Apr 2010 | A1 |
| 20100108148 | Chen | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100122819 | Wildman | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20100139930 | Patel | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100155083 | Lynde et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
| 20100181080 | Levy | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100225107 | Tverlid | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100257913 | Storm, Jr. et al. | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100307737 | Mellemstrand | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110061876 | Johnson et al. | Mar 2011 | A1 |
| 20110098202 | James | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110101615 | Clarke | May 2011 | A1 |
| 20110147014 | Chen et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| 20120018143 | Lembcke | Jan 2012 | A1 |
| 20120048531 | Marzouk | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120048561 | Holderman | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120048623 | Lafuente et al. | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120049462 | Pitman | Mar 2012 | A1 |
| 20120168147 | Bowersock | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120175134 | Robisson | Jul 2012 | A1 |
| 20120273236 | Gandikota et al. | Nov 2012 | A1 |
| 20120305236 | Gouthaman | Dec 2012 | A1 |
| 20130048289 | Mazyar et al. | Feb 2013 | A1 |
| 20130056207 | Wood et al. | Mar 2013 | A1 |
| 20130081815 | Mazyar et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130152824 | Crews | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130153236 | Bishop | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130161006 | Robisson et al. | Jun 2013 | A1 |
| 20130186615 | Hallunbaek et al. | Jul 2013 | A1 |
| 20130192853 | Themig | Aug 2013 | A1 |
| 20130292117 | Robisson | Nov 2013 | A1 |
| 20140026335 | Smith | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140034308 | Holderman | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140051612 | Mazyar | Feb 2014 | A1 |
| 20140262352 | Lembcke | Sep 2014 | A1 |
| 20150021049 | Davis et al. | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150075768 | Wright et al. | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150101813 | Zhao | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150113913 | Kim | Apr 2015 | A1 |
| 20150184486 | Epstein | Jul 2015 | A1 |
| 20150233190 | Wolf et al. | Aug 2015 | A1 |
| 20150275587 | Wolf et al. | Oct 2015 | A1 |
| 20150337615 | Epstein et al. | Nov 2015 | A1 |
| 20150345248 | Carragher | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150345249 | Gorrara | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150368990 | Jewett | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20150369003 | Hajjari et al. | Dec 2015 | A1 |
| 20160024896 | Johnson et al. | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160024902 | Richter | Jan 2016 | A1 |
| 20160137912 | Sherman et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160138359 | Zhao | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160145488 | Aines et al. | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160145968 | Marya | May 2016 | A1 |
| 20160177668 | Watson et al. | Jun 2016 | A1 |
| 20160194936 | Allen | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160208569 | Anderson et al. | Jul 2016 | A1 |
| 20160230495 | Mazyar et al. | Aug 2016 | A1 |
| 20160273312 | Steele et al. | Sep 2016 | A1 |
| 20160319633 | Cooper et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160326830 | Hallundbaek | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160326849 | Bruce | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20160333187 | Bauer et al. | Nov 2016 | A1 |
| 20170015824 | Gozalo | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170022778 | Fripp et al. | Jan 2017 | A1 |
| 20170107419 | Roy et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170107794 | Steele | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170113275 | Roy et al. | Apr 2017 | A1 |
| 20170159401 | Saltel et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170175487 | Marcin et al. | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170175488 | Lisowski | Jun 2017 | A1 |
| 20170191342 | Turley | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170198191 | Potapenko | Jul 2017 | A1 |
| 20170234103 | Frazier | Aug 2017 | A1 |
| 20170306714 | Haugland | Oct 2017 | A1 |
| 20170314372 | Tolman | Nov 2017 | A1 |
| 20170350237 | Giem et al. | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20170356266 | Arackakudiyil | Dec 2017 | A1 |
| 20180023362 | Makowiecki et al. | Jan 2018 | A1 |
| 20180023366 | Deng et al. | Jan 2018 | A1 |
| 20180038193 | Walton | Feb 2018 | A1 |
| 20180080304 | Cortez et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180081468 | Bruce et al. | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180086894 | Roy | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180087350 | Sherman | Mar 2018 | A1 |
| 20180094508 | Smith et al. | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180100367 | Perez | Apr 2018 | A1 |
| 20180128072 | Larsen | May 2018 | A1 |
| 20180128082 | Hollan et al. | May 2018 | A1 |
| 20180209234 | Manera | Jul 2018 | A1 |
| 20180223624 | Fripp | Aug 2018 | A1 |
| 20180298708 | Schmidt et al. | Oct 2018 | A1 |
| 20180334882 | Brandsdal | Nov 2018 | A1 |
| 20180347288 | Fripp | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20180363409 | Frazier | Dec 2018 | A1 |
| 20190016951 | Sherman et al. | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190032435 | Kochanek et al. | Jan 2019 | A1 |
| 20190039126 | Sherman | Feb 2019 | A1 |
| 20190078414 | Frazier | Mar 2019 | A1 |
| 20190093448 | Rochen et al. | Mar 2019 | A1 |
| 20190128092 | Mueller et al. | May 2019 | A1 |
| 20190136666 | Kent | May 2019 | A1 |
| 20190178054 | Bruce | Jun 2019 | A1 |
| 20190186228 | Beckett et al. | Jun 2019 | A1 |
| 20190225861 | Reddy | Jul 2019 | A1 |
| 20190249510 | Deng et al. | Aug 2019 | A1 |
| 20190316025 | Sherman | Oct 2019 | A1 |
| 20190383115 | Lees | Dec 2019 | A1 |
| 20200011327 | Stachowiak, Jr. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200032574 | Fripp et al. | Jan 2020 | A1 |
| 20200056435 | Sherman | Feb 2020 | A1 |
| 20200072019 | Onti et al. | Mar 2020 | A1 |
| 20200080401 | Sherman | Mar 2020 | A1 |
| 20200080402 | Lang et al. | Mar 2020 | A1 |
| 20200240235 | Fripp | Jul 2020 | A1 |
| 20200300057 | Vasques | Sep 2020 | A1 |
| 20200308945 | Surjaatmadja et al. | Oct 2020 | A1 |
| 20200325749 | Fripp | Oct 2020 | A1 |
| 20200362224 | Wellhoefer | Nov 2020 | A1 |
| 20200370391 | Fripp | Nov 2020 | A1 |
| 20210017835 | Pelto | Jan 2021 | A1 |
| 20210040810 | Evers | Feb 2021 | A1 |
| 20210079756 | Ornelaz | Mar 2021 | A1 |
| 20210123310 | Fripp et al. | Apr 2021 | A1 |
| 20210123319 | Greci | Apr 2021 | A1 |
| 20210172286 | Barlow | Jun 2021 | A1 |
| 20210187604 | Sherman et al. | Jun 2021 | A1 |
| 20210222510 | Fripp | Jul 2021 | A1 |
| 20210270093 | Fripp | Sep 2021 | A1 |
| 20210270103 | Greci et al. | Sep 2021 | A1 |
| 20210332659 | Fripp | Oct 2021 | A1 |
| 20210332673 | Fripp | Oct 2021 | A1 |
| 20210363849 | Al Yahya | Nov 2021 | A1 |
| 20220106847 | Dahl | Apr 2022 | A1 |
| 20220186575 | Fripp | Jun 2022 | A1 |
| 20220205336 | Asthana | Jun 2022 | A1 |
| 20220325600 | Fripp et al. | Oct 2022 | A1 |
| 20220372837 | Holderman et al. | Nov 2022 | A1 |
| 20220381106 | Greci et al. | Dec 2022 | A1 |
| 20220381107 | Greci et al. | Dec 2022 | A1 |
| 20230109351 | Least et al. | Apr 2023 | A1 |
| 20230243224 | Greci | Aug 2023 | A1 |
| 20240337172 | Roselier | Oct 2024 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2820742 | Sep 2013 | CA |
| 203308412 | Nov 2013 | CN |
| 205422632 | Aug 2016 | CN |
| 107148444 | Sep 2017 | CN |
| 108194756 | Jun 2018 | CN |
| 107148444 | Jan 2019 | CN |
| 108194756 | Aug 2020 | CN |
| 15726 | Sep 1980 | EP |
| 869257 | Oct 1998 | EP |
| 940558 | Sep 1999 | EP |
| 0940558 | Jan 2005 | EP |
| 1757770 | Feb 2007 | EP |
| 1910728 | Apr 2008 | EP |
| 1910728 | Sep 2009 | EP |
| 2447466 | May 2012 | EP |
| 2501890 | Sep 2012 | EP |
| 2501890 | Jul 2014 | EP |
| 2447466 | Mar 2017 | EP |
| 3144018 | Mar 2017 | EP |
| 3144018 | May 2017 | EP |
| 3196402 | Jul 2017 | EP |
| 3144018 | Sep 2018 | EP |
| 2447466 | Oct 2018 | EP |
| 2444060 | May 2008 | GB |
| 2444060 | Dec 2008 | GB |
| 2003090037 | Mar 2003 | JP |
| 2003293354 | Oct 2003 | JP |
| 2004169303 | Jun 2004 | JP |
| 2015175449 | Oct 2015 | JP |
| 20020014619 | Feb 2002 | KR |
| 20080096576 | Oct 2008 | KR |
| 0202900 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| 0202900 | May 2002 | WO |
| 0202900 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| 2005022012 | Mar 2005 | WO |
| 2006045794 | May 2006 | WO |
| 2007047089 | Apr 2007 | WO |
| 2012094322 | Jul 2012 | WO |
| 2012125660 | Sep 2012 | WO |
| 2012094322 | Oct 2012 | WO |
| 2012125660 | Feb 2013 | WO |
| 2014028149 | Feb 2014 | WO |
| 2014182301 | Nov 2014 | WO |
| 2014193042 | Dec 2014 | WO |
| 2015057338 | Apr 2015 | WO |
| 2015069886 | May 2015 | WO |
| 2015069886 | Sep 2015 | WO |
| 2015183277 | Dec 2015 | WO |
| 2016000068 | Jan 2016 | WO |
| 2016025682 | Feb 2016 | WO |
| 2016171666 | Oct 2016 | WO |
| 2017100417 | Jun 2017 | WO |
| 2018055382 | Mar 2018 | WO |
| 2019094044 | May 2019 | WO |
| 2019122857 | Jun 2019 | WO |
| 2019147285 | Aug 2019 | WO |
| 2019151870 | Aug 2019 | WO |
| 2019164499 | Aug 2019 | WO |
| 2020005252 | Jan 2020 | WO |
| 2020141203 | Jul 2020 | WO |
| 2019164499 | Aug 2020 | WO |
| 2020167288 | Aug 2020 | WO |
| 2020204940 | Oct 2020 | WO |
| 2021034325 | Feb 2021 | WO |
| 2021086317 | May 2021 | WO |
| 2021096519 | May 2021 | WO |
| 2021086351 | May 2021 | WO |
| 2021126279 | Jun 2021 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20230407717 A1 | Dec 2023 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63352347 | Jun 2022 | US |
