Patent Application
20050281195
The present invention relates broadly to a method of controlling transmission of content in a network, and more specifically to a quality manipulation system for controlling transmission of content in a network.
The popularity of file sharing on peer-to-peer networks, such as Napstar, Kazaa and Morpheus, has created significant copyright, security and privacy infringement concerns for both commercial media providers and private users. A peer-to-peer network may be seen as a network of Peer nodes interconnected by a network that possibly includes one or more intermediate nodes.
Intermediate nodes can include, but are not limited to network components such as routers and servers and other network hardware devices that communicate network traffic over the network.
The “owner” of a node can set an access control policy on his or her own node, but has no authority on other users' nodes. The local access control policy would typically specify access control conditions for the digital media originating from/stored on the node. However, once digital media has been accessed/retrieved from the node in compliance with the local control policy, the further fate of the accessed content is typically beyond the control of the owner of the node.
Implementation of centralized security policies has been utilized to address secure content management issues. In such implementations, dedicated modules are provided at the nodes to consult with a security policy engine typically operated on a server on the network, requiring hand-shake communications between the nodes and the server for each attempted access to stored content on the nodes of the network.
Accordingly there is a need to provide a method for controlling the transmission of digital content between the nodes of a network that addresses the security and/or privacy concerns described above.
Briefly a method of controlling transmission of content in a computer network is disclosed. The method includes applying a quality degradation procedure to content being transmitted between nodes of the network. dr
Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of non limiting example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, in the context of a peer-to-peer network. However the present invention should not be construed as being limited to application in peer-to-peer networks only, but should be considered applicable to computer networks generally.
By choosing a suitable function F to apply to the content, the quality of the content as received in stop 106 is only affected slightly, such that the intended purpose of the content is substantially maintained.
If the same content is intended for further transmission from the receiving node, the network again detects that intention at step 102 of the flowchart 100 in
The function F in the example embodiment is chosen such that when applied twice to transmitted content, the quality of the content is significantly degraded. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the degree or nature of the degradation may take a variety of different forms. For example, it could be that the content is no longer useful for all possible purposes. Alternatively, the content may only be degraded for a specific purpose, e.g. an image may still be recognizable on-screen, but degraded when printed.
The router 208 further includes an application element 224 for applying a quality degradation procedure to content being transmitted between the terminal nodes of the network. In operation, content received at the interface element 210 to be transmitted between terminal nodes of the network, is provided to the application element 224. In the application element 224 the content is subjected to a processing step, in the example embodiment random noise is added to the content.
The content is then returned to the interface element 210 and directed to a routing element 226 of the router 208 for routing the content to the appropriate receiving node via one or more of the communication paths 212, 214, and 216.
An alternative method of controlling transmission of content in a computer network is illustrated in flowchart 300 in
If the history information analyzed at step 304 indicates that the content is being sent for at least the second time, a function G is applied to the content at step 310. The function G is a scrambling function in the example embodiment. It is chosen such that the quality of the content after the function G has been applied is significantly reduced in the context of the intended purpose or by the nature of the content.
The history information associated with the content is then updated at step 306. The content, which has undergone the quality degradation procedure, is then received at the intended receiving node of the network at step 308.
The history information associated with the content can be stored in a number of ways, for example the history information can be stored in the same file as the content.
In this implementation metadata, which keeps track of how many times the content has been transferred, is associated with the content. The metadata can be considered as part of the file and be transferred and updated along with the content itself.
In another embodiment, history information about transferred files is collected and stored by the network. For example a node such as a network router can maintain a counter and use it to keep track of how many times a particular file has been routed through it based on the stored history information related to the particular file. In this embodiment any particular network node will (in most instances) only collect a partial history of a file, e.g., each router keeps track of how many times the file has been routed but not how many times other routers have routed the file. Although this is not optimal in terms of tracking a file's history it may be considered advantageous from a security point of view. In this regard the history information that is collected and kept by a router (or other node operated by the network) can be trusted since it may be assumed that the network nodes that implement function G are trusted. In contrast to this, history information stored with the content files will typically not be trusted since the file itself is subject to modification by the un-trusted peer nodes.
In accordance with a further embodiment, there is provided a quality manipulation system for controlling transmission of content in a computer network. The system includes an interface element to permit interaction with a transmission unit of a node of the network, and an application element for applying a quality degradation procedure to content being transmitted from said node.
In accordance with another embodiment, there is provided a computer program comprising program code instructing a computer to execute a procedure to perform a method of controlling transmission of content in a computer network, the method comprising the step of applying a quality degradation procedure to content being transmitted between nodes of the network. The computer program can be implemented in a wide variety of ways, including but not limited to, an application program, a hardware driver, as part of an operating system.
It will be appreciated by the person skilled in the art that numerous modifications and/or variations may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.
For example, quality manipulation system embodying the present invention may be implemented with an application element embedded at a network card at a node of the network, or embedded in a program, including but not limited to an application program, a hardware driver or operating system at a node of the network.
Also, content may be subjected to a processing step as part of the quality degradation procedure based on factors disassociated from the content. Those factors can include for example a current time or other statistics of the network.
Furthermore, one or more different processing steps or functions based on different parameters may be applied to the content based on the history information associated with the content or the factors disassociated from the content.
The quality degradation procedure may take many different forms other than the ones described with reference to the example embodiments. For example, the number of hops a media file has been through before its quality is seriously degraded can be selected to suit any specific requirement.
The degree and nature of the degradation after each processing step can also be chosen depending upon any specific requirement. Similarly, the quality degradation procedure can involve one or any number of different processing steps, including an identity function processing where no degradation is required for a particular transmission under the specific circumstances.
The processing step or steps can include one or more of e.g. a blurring function, a downsizing function, a scrambling function, an identity function, a watermarking function or a jamming function. In the general case any function that can be perceived as degrading the quality of or reducing certain value associated with the content may be chosen as a suitable degradation function.
A different degradation function can be applied to a file each time it is transferred. The degradation function can be chosen depending on the context and state of the history information. It should be noted that in certain cases the same degradation function could be used repeatedly.
Furthermore, the content is not limited to a particular type of digital media. Rather, it will be appreciated that the present invention applies to any type of content that may be accessed through the network, including but not limited to images, text, audio and/or video digital media.
It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the history information may be provided and associated with the content in a number of different known techniques, including e.g. tagging or watermarking techniques.
It is envisaged that embodiments of the invention can be applied advantageously in distributed networks where an administrator has control over all (or most of) the nodes in the system. Application may be found in networks or situations where it is not cost-effective, or possible, to consult a remote authorization server on the network for each local content transfer.
