Patent Grant
11443040
In today's computer systems and information transport networks, cryptographic elements are important technological components. Information may be stored or transmitted in a cryptographically secured form in order to avoid unauthorized access to the information stored or transmitted. In some cases, pure software-based techniques may be used and, in other cases, hardware support and security specific elements may be used to perform such data protection.
A hypervisor or virtual machine manager can control various guests (e.g., virtual machines, virtual servers) with access to system resources. Different guests managed by a common hypervisor can be generated by different owners. Of these guests, some can be secure guests. A traditional hypervisor has full control over all guests hosted. In particular, the hypervisor has the capability to inspect and even modify all memory of the hosted guest. In a cloud environment such a setup requires the hypervisor and its administrators to be fully trustworthy.
A secure guest is a guest that can be hosted by hypervisors that are not (fully) trustworthy. The image of such a guest would be protected when loaded and the protection of the contents of the resources assigned to the guest (e.g., memory, CPU registers) would be maintained throughout the lifetime of the guest. The protection of the guest comprises at least integrity protection (e.g., hypervisor cannot maliciously change any guest states) and in addition can comprise maintaining the confidentiality of the initial image and code and data running in the guest. These services can apply to any interface between a secure entity and another untrusted entity that traditionally allows access to the secure resources by this other entity.
Shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages are provided through the provision of a method for enabling an owner to control execution of a secure guest in a given technical environment. The method includes, for instance: obtaining, by a secure interface control in a computing system, wherein the secure interface control is communicatively coupled to a hypervisor, wherein the hypervisor manages one or more guests, metadata linked to an image of a secure guest of an owner and managed by the hypervisor, wherein the metadata comprises one or more controls, wherein each control of the one or more controls indicates to the secure interface control whether the hypervisor is permitted to execute an instance of a secure guest generated with the image in the computing system based on a presence or absence of one or more system settings in the computing system; intercepting, by the secure interface control, a command by the hypervisor to initiate the instance of the secure guest from the image of the secure guest; determining, by the secure interface control, the presence or the absence of the one or more system settings in the computing system; determining, by the secure interface control, based on the one or more controls and the presence or the absence of the one or more system settings, if the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance; based on determining that the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance, enabling, by the secure interface control, initiation of the instance by the hypervisor, in the computing system, based on relaying the intercepted command to the hypervisor; and based on determining that the hypervisor is not permitted to execute the instance, ignoring, by the secure interface control, the command.
Shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages are provided through the provision of a computer program product for enabling an owner to control execution of a secure guest in a given technical environment. The computer program product comprises a storage medium readable by a processing circuit and storing instructions for execution by the processing circuit for performing a method. The method includes, for instance: obtaining, by the one or more processors in a computing system, wherein the one or more processors are communicatively coupled to a hypervisor, wherein the hypervisor manages one or more guests, metadata linked to an image of a secure guest of an owner and managed by the hypervisor, wherein the metadata comprises one or more controls, wherein each control of the one or more controls indicates to the one or more processors whether the hypervisor is permitted to execute an instance of a secure guest generated with the image in the computing system based on a presence or absence of one or more system settings in the computing system; intercepting, by the one or more processors, a command by the hypervisor to initiate the instance of the secure guest from the image of the secure guest; determining, by the one or more processors, the presence or the absence of the one or more system settings in the computing system; determining, by the one or more processors, based on the one or more controls and the presence or the absence of the one or more system settings, if the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance; based on determining that the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance, enabling, by the one or more processors, initiation of the instance by the hypervisor, in the computing system, based on relaying the intercepted command to the hypervisor; and based on determining that the hypervisor is not permitted to execute the instance, ignoring, by the one or more processors, the command.
Shortcomings of the prior art are overcome and additional advantages are provided through the provision of a system for enabling an owner to control execution of a secure guest in a given technical environment. The system comprises a memory, one or more processors in communication with the memory, and program instructions executable by the one or more processors via the memory to perform a method. The method includes, for instance: obtaining, by the one or more processors in the system, wherein the one or more processors are communicatively coupled to a hypervisor, wherein the hypervisor manages one or more guests, metadata linked to an image of a secure guest of an owner and managed by the hypervisor, wherein the metadata comprises one or more controls, wherein each control of the one or more controls indicates to the one or more processors whether the hypervisor is permitted to execute an instance of a secure guest generated with the image in the computing system based on a presence or absence of one or more system settings in the computing system; intercepting, by the one or more processors, a command by the hypervisor to initiate the instance of the secure guest from the image of the secure guest; determining, by the one or more processors, the presence or the absence of the one or more system settings in the computing system; determining, by the one or more processors, based on the one or more controls and the presence or the absence of the one or more system settings, if the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance; based on determining that the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance, enabling, by the one or more processors, initiation of the instance by the hypervisor, in the computing system, based on relaying the intercepted command to the hypervisor; and based on determining that the hypervisor is not permitted to execute the instance, ignoring, by the one or more processors, the command.
Methods and systems relating to one or more aspects are also described and claimed herein. Further, services relating to one or more aspects are also described and may be claimed herein.
Additional features are realized through the techniques described herein. Other embodiments and aspects are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed aspects. For example, in some embodiments of the present invention, the one or more processors or the secure interface control obtaining the metadata further comprises: decrypting, by the one or more processors or the secure interface control, a portion of the metadata linked to the image of the secure guest, wherein the metadata is integrity protected and the portion comprising a cryptographic measure of a boot image of the secure guest was encrypted by a key derived using a private key.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the encrypted portion of the metadata comprises the one or more controls.
In some embodiments of the present invention, each control of the one or more controls comprises an environmental constraint.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the environmental constraints are selected from the group consisting of: systems configured to perform hardware measurements, and systems configured to use a non-system specific host key.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the private key is owned by the secure interface control and used exclusively by the secure interface control.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the key derived using the private key is shared between the secure interface control and the owner.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata comprises values derived from a boot image of the secure guest computed utilizing a collision resistant one-way function.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the one or more controls each comprise a positive designation or a negative designation for a given system settings, wherein the positive designation indicates that the instance of the secure guest is permitted to execute in the computing system comprising the given system setting and the negative designation indicates that the instance of the secure guest is not permitted to execute in the computing system comprising the given system setting.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata is inaccessible to the instance of the secure guest.
In some embodiments of the present invention, determining if the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance further comprises: identifying, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, in the one or more controls, a control relevant to a setting of the one or more system settings; and determining, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, if the control enables or restricts executing the instance, based on the control.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the method further comprises: monitoring, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, the one or more system settings during runtime of the instance; determining, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, that at least one setting of the one or more settings changed during the runtime; identifying, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, a given control of the one or more controls relevant to the at least one setting; and determining, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, based on the at least one setting and the given control if the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance. Based on determining that the hypervisor is not permitted to execute the instance, terminating, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, via the hypervisor, the instance.
In some embodiments of the present invention, intercepting the command by the hypervisor to initiate the instance of the secure guest from the image of the secure guest further comprises: performing, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, an integrity check on the metadata; and based on successfully completing the integrity check, reading, by the one or more processors and/or the secure interface control, the one or more controls in the metadata.
One or more aspects are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed as examples in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and objects, features, and advantages of one or more aspects are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
The accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, further illustrate the present invention and, together with the detailed description of the invention, serve to explain the principles of the present invention. As understood by one of skill in the art, the accompanying figures are provided for ease of understanding and illustrate aspects of certain embodiments of the present invention. The invention is not limited to the embodiments depicted in the figures.
As understood by one of skill in the art, program code, as referred to throughout this application, includes both software and hardware. For example, program code in certain embodiments of the present invention includes fixed function hardware, while other embodiments utilized a software-based implementation of the functionality described. Certain embodiments combine both types of program code. One example of program code, also referred to as one or more programs, is depicted in
A virtual machine (VM), running as a guest under the control of a host hypervisor, relies on that hypervisor to transparently provide virtualization services for that guest. These services can apply to any interface between a secure entity and another untrusted entity that traditionally allows access to the secure resources by this other entity. The term ‘guest system’ or ‘guest’ can denote, e.g., an operating system being executed in a virtual machine, VM, on a hypervisor. A user can be assigned to the guest system. It can be that a specific cryptographic key can be assigned to the guest system. The mentioned hypervisor can be used in performing such an assignment. The guest system can, e.g., be a virtual machine, i.e., a VM, running or executing a guest operating system.
The term ‘content’ can denote any character-based string. The string can comprise readable text or any other binary data.
The term ‘cryptographically linked’ utilized to express that a first component is cryptographically linked to a second component, means that the first component is integrity protected and contains a measure of all data contained in the second component. The measure being produced by a collision resistant one-way function. Examples of such measures include, but are not limited to, cryptographic hashes, message authentication codes, and/or cryptographic signatures.
Embodiments of the present invention include a computer-implemented method, a computer program product, and a computer system that include program code executed on at least one processing circuit and/or hardware comprising program code that enables an owner of a secure execution (SE) guest to instruct a secure interface control that is hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof, to instruct the secure interface control to allow or not to allow a secure guest to run in a specific host environment. In embodiments of the present invention, the instruction of the guest owner is specific to a particular guest image. Thus, the owner communicates one or more environmental constraints to the secure control interface for each guest, such that the secure interface control can enforce the one or more constraints, in a given system. In embodiments of the present invention, the owner communicates the particular environmental constraints for a given image via metadata that is cryptographically linked to the boot image of the secure guest and the secure interface control enforces the specified particulars, in embodiments of the present invention, for the given secure guest. In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata associated with a secure guest is integrity protected (e.g., at least part of the metadata can be encrypted). The metadata can contain values derived by program code from the boot image of the secure guest that the program code computes using a collision resistant one-way function (e.g., a cryptographic hash function). The collision resistant function provides security to the values because its application renders computationally infeasible constructing an alternative image for which the same values can be derived. In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata comprises specific positive and negative designations relevant to various environmental constraints. In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata comprises installation data of the secure guest (e.g., the secure execution (SE) header).
In embodiments of the present invention, the secure interface control protects the (host) system from executing a secure guest that conflicts with system settings. The secure interface control prevents this conflict both by rejecting requests to initiate a secure guest based on determining that controls in metadata cryptographically linked to the image of the secure guest designate the secure guest incompatible with the system and by monitoring the technical environment after executing the secure guest and determining that a change in the technical environment renders the secure guest no longer compatible with the technical environment. If during runtime, a change to a technical environment in which a secure guest is executing creates a conflict with the controls (when the controls in metadata cryptographically linked to the image of the secure guests initially permitted the secure interface control to initiate the secure guests), the secure interface control initiates a termination of the secure guest by the hypervisor. For example, in embodiments of the present invention, when the secure interface control evaluates whether to start a secure guest: 1) the secure interface control reads individual controls denoting environmental constraints in metadata that is cryptographically linked to the image of the secure guest; 2) the secure interface control compares the controls to system settings of the host system in which the image would execute, if started; 3) the secure interface control starts the secure guest if the system settings match the environmental controls in the metadata; and 4) the secure interface control monitors the system settings of the technical environment in which the secure guest is executed, and during runtime, if the secure interface control determines the system settings have changed in a way that conflicts with the controls, the secure interface control terminates the secure guest. Examples of system settings that can be embodied in controls comprising environmental constraints in the metadata can include, but are not limited to: 1) systems configured to do hardware measurements; and 2) systems configured to use a non-system specific host key.
Referring to
Returning to
If the secure interface control determines that the metadata passes the integrity check, the secure interface control obtains the controls in the metadata (130). The secure interface control analyzes system settings of the host system to determine whether the system settings are compatible with the controls in the metadata, to determine if the secure guest is permitted to be started in the system (140). If the secure interface control determines that starting the secure guest is not permitted, based on the metadata, the secure interface control returns an error to the owner and/or the entity that requested initiation of the secure guest (145). By returning an error, the secure interface control has aborted an attempt to start a secure guest. In some embodiments of the present invention, the secure interface control ignores the request to start the secure guest. Depending on a configuration of the secure interface control, a response to a command from a hypervisor to start a secure guest (from an image), where metadata linked to the image indicates that the secure guest is not permitted in the given system, based on the controls being incompatible with the system settings, can vary. If the secure interface control determines that the secure guest is permitted, based on the metadata and the system settings, the secure interface control enables the hypervisor to initiate the secure guest, based on the image (150). Because the secure interface control intercepts attempts to start a secure guest, the secure interface control discontinues a command to start a secure guest before the secure guest can be started. Thus, the secure interface control effectively denies requests that conflict with system settings, based on controls in the metadata. The prevention and allowance of various secure guests is accomplished by the secure interface control before any other component of the system can initiate the secure guests. For example, in some embodiments of the present invention, the controls in the metadata linked to an image of a secure guest can instruct the secure interface control to constrain a secure guest, based on the host system being configured to do hardware measurements and/or on a host system configured to use a non-system specific host key.
Returning to
In some embodiments of the present invention, a secure guest 210 (e.g., virtual machine, virtual server) is controlled by a hypervisor 220 (e.g., virtual machine manager). The secure interface control 250 obtains, from an owner of the secure guest 210, via the hypervisor 220, metadata associated with the secure guest 240. This metadata 240 is integrity protected (and part of the metadata 240, i.e., a secret of secure guest 250 is also confidentiality protected (i.e., encrypted)). In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata 240 is cryptographically linked to the boot image of the secure guest 210. In some embodiments of the present invention, the secret of the secure guest 250 is contained in the installation data of the secure guest (e.g., the secure execution (SE) header), which the secure interface control 230 obtains from the owner. In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata 240 contains values derived from the boot image of the secure guest 210 that are computed using a collision resistant one-way function (e.g., a cryptographic hash function) such that constructing an alternative image for which the same values can be derived is computationally infeasible.
As illustrated in
The metadata 240 is linked to the image of the secure guest 210, the secret 250 being cryptographically linked to the image of the secure guest, but it is not part of the guest. Rather, as described herein, it is independently transported to the secure interface control (e.g., firmware, a trusted component, software, hardware, etc.) (e.g.,
In addition to including a secret 250, the metadata 240 also includes controls 260, which the secure interface control 230 utilizes to enable and prohibit the hypervisor 220 to initiate/execute the secure guest 210. Whether the secure guest 210 is permitted to initiate (and, in some cases, to continue running) in the technical environment 200, is determined by the secure interface control 230, based on comparing the controls 260 in the metadata 240 to the system settings 270. The secure interface control 230 does not enable a hypervisor 220 to initiate the secure guest 210 and during runtime, can cause the hypervisor 220 to terminate a secure guest 210 based on restrictions described by the metadata 240 (e.g., the controls 260) that indicate an incompatibility with the technical environment 200, based on the system settings 270. In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata 240 contains controls 260 denoting compatibility with aspects of a given technical environment, if the controls are positive, or constraints to running in a given technical environment, if the controls are negative. When the system settings 270 change after a secure guest 210 was previously initiated based on prior system settings 270 values, the secure interface control 230 can cause the hypervisor 220 to terminate, the secure guest 210, during runtime, because on the secure interface control 230 determining that the changed system settings 270 are incompatible with the controls 260 such that the controls 260 indicate that the secure guest 210 in constrained from executing in the technical environment 200.
In embodiments of the present invention, the controls 260 in the metadata 240 linked to the image of the secure guest 210 denote one or more environmental constraints. In some embodiments of the present invention, depending on the setting of a given control of the controls 260, a secure guest 210 can be started or not started, if the relevant environmental constraint is met (e.g., by the system settings 270). For example, when such a control is negative, the secure interface control 230 can inhibit the start of a secure guest (e.g., by a hypervisor 220) when the associated environmental constraint is met. Otherwise if the control is positive, the secure interface control 230 can allow the start of a secure guest 210 (e.g., by the hypervisor 220) when the associated environmental constraint is met. When evaluating the metadata 240 for a secure guest 210, the secure interface control 230 can read the controls 260 and for each control, the secure guest 210 determines whether the computing environment 200 meets the associated environmental constraint for each control, based on the system settings 270.
Returning to
As illustrated in
Referring to
Based on determining that the secure guest is permitted to execute, the secure interface control enables the hypervisor to commence execution of the secure guest, based on the image, within the computing system (340). Based on determining that the secure guest is not permitted to execute, the secure interface control ignores the command to start the secure guest (345). By ignoring the command, the secure control interface prevents the hypervisor from commencing execution of the secure guest.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the secure interface control, during runtime of the secure guest, determines that a change has been made to the settings (350). The secure interface control determines, based on the one or more controls, if the secure guest is permitted to execute in the technical environment, as defined by the system settings (based on the change) (330). To determine whether the secure guest is permitted to execute, in some embodiments of the present invention, the secure interface control identifies, in the one or more controls, a control relevant to one or more of the system settings (334). The secure interface control determines if the control enables or restricts executing the secure guest based on the system settings (336). Based on determining that the secure guest is permitted to execute, the secure interface control enables the hypervisor to continue execution of the secure guest, based on the image, within the computing system (340). Based on determining that the secure guest is not permitted to execute, the secure interface control causes the hypervisor to terminate the secure guest (335).
Embodiments of the present invention include a computer-implemented method, a computer program product, and a computer system, where a secure interface control in a computing system, where the secure interface control can be any one of or a combination of firmware, hardware, and software, obtains metadata linked to an image of a secure guest to be started by an owner and managed by a hypervisor. The hypervisor manages one or more guests and the metadata comprises one or more controls. Each control of the one or more controls indicates to the secure interface control whether a secure guest generated with the image is permitted to be initiated (or maintained) by a secure interface control, based on system settings. For example, in some embodiments of the present invention, program code of secure interface control (software, hardware, and/or firmware, etc.) in a computing system obtains metadata linked to an image of a secure guest of an owner and managed by the hypervisor, where the secure interface control is communicatively coupled to a hypervisor, where the hypervisor manages one or more guests, where each control of the one or more controls indicates to the secure interface control whether the hypervisor is permitted to execute an instance of a secure guest generated with the image in the computing system based on a presence or absence of one or more system settings in the computing system. The program code intercepts a command by the hypervisor to initiate the instance of the secure guest from the image of the secure guest. The program code determines the presence or the absence of the one or more system settings in the computing system. The program code determines, based on the one or more controls and the presence or the absence of the one or more system settings, if the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance. Based on determining that the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance, the program code enables initiation of the instance by the hypervisor, in the computing system, based on relaying the intercepted command to the hypervisor. Based on determining that the hypervisor is not permitted to execute the instance, the program code ignores the command.
In some embodiments of the present invention, when the program code obtains the metadata, the program code decrypts a portion of the metadata linked to the image of the secure guest, wherein the metadata is integrity protected and the portion comprising a cryptographic measure of a boot image of the secure guest was encrypted by a key derived using a private key. In some embodiments of the present invention, the encrypted portion of the metadata comprises the one or more controls. Each control of the one or more controls can comprise an environmental constraint. In some embodiments of the present invention, the environmental constraints are selected from the group consisting of: systems configured to perform hardware measurements, and systems configured to use a non-system specific host key.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the private key is owned by the secure interface control and used exclusively by the secure interface control.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the key derived using the private key is shared between the secure interface control and the owner.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata comprises values derived from a boot image of the secure guest computed utilizing a collision resistant one-way function.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the one or more controls each comprise a positive designation or a negative designation for a given system settings, where the positive designation indicates that the instance of the secure guest is permitted to execute in the computing system comprising the given system setting and the negative designation indicates that the instance of the secure guest is not permitted to execute in the computing system comprising the given system setting.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the metadata is inaccessible to the instance of the secure guest.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the program code determining if the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance further comprises: the program code identifying, in the one or more controls, a control relevant to a setting of the one or more system settings; and the program code determining if the control enables or restricts executing the instance, based on the control.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the program code monitors the one or more system settings during runtime of the instance. The program code determines that at least one setting of the one or more settings changed during the runtime. The program code identifies a given control of the one or more controls relevant to the at least one setting. The program code determines, based on the at least one setting and the given control if the hypervisor is permitted to execute the instance. Based on determining that the hypervisor is not permitted to execute the instance, the program code can terminate, via the hypervisor, the instance.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the program code intercepting the command by the hypervisor to initiate the instance of the secure guest from the image of the secure guest further comprises: the program code performing an integrity check on the metadata; and based on successfully completing the integrity check, the program code reading the one or more controls in the metadata.
Referring now to
In cloud computing node 10 there is a computer system/server 12, which is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with computer system/server 12 include, but are not limited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thin clients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframe computer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
Computer system/server 12 may be described in the general context of computer system-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system. Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and so on that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Computer system/server 12 may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.
As shown in
Bus 18 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus.
Computer system/server 12 typically includes a variety of computer system readable media. Such media may be any available media that is accessible by computer system/server 12, and it includes both volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
System memory 28 can include computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 30 and/or cache memory 32. Computer system/server 12 may further include other removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storage media. By way of example only, storage system 34 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media (not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, a magnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable, non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical disk drive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided. In such instances, each can be connected to bus 18 by one or more data media interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below, memory 28 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention.
Program/utility 40, having a set (at least one) of program modules 42, may be stored in memory 28 by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. Program modules 42 generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein.
Computer system/server 12 may also communicate with one or more external devices 14 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 24, etc.; one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computer system/server 12; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable computer system/server 12 to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces 22. Still yet, computer system/server 12 can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via network adapter 20. As depicted, network adapter 20 communicates with the other components of computer system/server 12 via bus 18. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardware and/or software components could be used in conjunction with computer system/server 12. Examples include, but are not limited to: microcode, device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays, RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.
It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed.
Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models.
Characteristics are as follows:
On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service's provider.
Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.
Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
Service Models are as follows:
Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user specific application configuration settings.
Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).
Deployment Models are as follows:
Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off premises.
Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.
Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.
Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).
A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes.
Referring now to
Referring now to
Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 61; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 62; servers 63; blade servers 64; storage devices 65; and networks and networking components 66. In some embodiments, software components include network application server software 67 and database software 68.
Virtualization layer 70 provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers 71; virtual storage 72; virtual networks 73, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems 74; and virtual clients 75.
In one example, management layer 80 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning 81 provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 82 provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may include application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal 83 provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management 84 provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 85 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.
Workloads layer 90 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation 91; software development and lifecycle management 92; virtual classroom education delivery 93; data analytics processing 94; transaction processing 95; and controlling the execution a secure guest, based on environmental factors, via a secure interface control 96.
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising”, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and/or groups thereof.
The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below, if any, are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description of one or more embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain various aspects and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
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