Patent Application
20070192580
1. Technical Field:
The present invention relates in general to the field of computers and similar technologies, and in particular to security features incorporated into such computers and technology.
2. Description of the Related Art:
While early computers were stand-alone units, modem computers rely on interconnectivity to other resources, such as other computers, storage devices, printers, etc., as a force multiplier. While such networking is advantageous, it presents the inherent security problems associated with any such resource sharing. In particular, such resource sharing creates the potential for sensitive data, such as credit card information, etc., to be snooped off the network by nefarious parties. To combat this problem, numerous security schemes, which are known to those skilled in the art of computer security, have been developed. Such security schemes include the use of passwords, keys and digital certificates.
Passwords are single keys, which usually are in the form of an alpha-numeric word. For example, to open a document or to access a database, a user must type in a string of alpha-numeric characters. Passwords are obviously useful only for limited users.
Digital certificates are values that provide authentication in an electronic document. Typically, the authentication is the result of the following steps. First, a first hash (a value obtained by applying a specific algorithm to the electronic document) of the electronic document is created by a sender of the electronic document. Second, a clear version of the electronic document is sent to a receiver, along with the first hash. Then, using the same specific algorithm used by the sender, the receiver hashes the clear version of the electronic document to create a second hash. If the first and second hashes are the same, then the receiver can assume that the electronic document is authentic and uncorrupted. (Note that a hash cannot be reverse engineered to obtain a true copy of electronic document.) Unlike passwords, digital signatures are useful when many users are involved in communication, since the hash algorithm can be obtained by any authorized party through a third party authority.
Keys are encryption keys, which typically come in public/private pairs, which are typically issued by a third-party Certification Authority (CA). Data that is encrypted by the public key can only be decrypted by the private key in the public/private key pair. Similarly, data that is encrypted by the private key can only be decrypted by the public key in the public/private key pair.
Passwords, digital certificates, keys and like security data/routines may be stored in a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip in a computer. The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) specification is described in the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (TCPA) Main Specification Version 1.1b et seq., published by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) in 2003 et seq., and more specifically in the TPM Main Part 2 TPM Structures, version 1.2, published 13 Feb. 2005 by TCG, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The TPM chip (also known simply as “TPM”)is a microcontroller, which as stated above, stores passwords, digital certificates, keys and like security data. The TPM is typically attached to a motherboard of a computer, such as a personal computer. One feature of TPM, found in Section 2.7 of the TCPA Mail Specification, is that a “physical presence” of an operator must be detected in order for the TPM to be accessed for certain operations. Such operations include clearing a user's stored cryptographic keys and returning the TPM to its initial state (i.e., the state when it left the manufacturing floor). This physical presence may be detected by a mechanical engagement of a manual device such as a reset switch or a jumper switch, either of which require the physical presence of a user to manually activate the switch.
Determining whether a user's physical presence is required for an operation comes under the purview of a Core Root of Trust for Measurement (CRTM) function within a Trusted Computing Group (TCG) compliant Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). The TCG compliant BIOS determines if a user (operator) is physically present, and then communicates the operator's presence to the TPM. Once the presence or absence of the physical operator has been established and communicated to the TPM, the state of the operator's presence is locked to prevent it from changing until a next BIOS boot.
While the feature of requiring a user's physical presece prevents remote hacking into the TPM chip, which is advantageous, it also prevents authorized remote control of the TPM chip, which is disadvantageous.
To address the need for a method for establishing an environment where TPM can be remotely accessed, a method, system and computer-usable medium are presented for remotely controlling a TPM by loading a trusted operating system into a computer; and in response to the trusted Operating System (OS) being loaded into the computer, authorizing a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) in the computer to execute a command that would otherwise require, for execution of the command, an indication of a physical presence of an operator of the computer.
The above, as well as additional purposes, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following detailed written description.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further purposes and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, where:
a-b show a flow-chart of steps taken in the present invention to manipulate the TPM in the computer shown in
With reference now to the figures, and in particular to
Local computer 102 is able to communicate with a remote computer 152 via a network 128 using a network interface 130, which is coupled to system bus 106. Network 128 may be an external network such as the Internet, or an internal network such as an Ethernet or a Virtual Private Network (VPN). As stated, using network 128, client computer 102 is thus able to access remote computer 152, which may be a server relative to (client) local computer 102. This allows an administrator, management agent, etc. to use remote computer 152 to control the use of a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 154, whose function is described below, in a manner described according to the present invention.
A hard drive interface 132 is also coupled to system bus 106. Hard drive interface 132 interfaces with a hard drive 134. In a preferred embodiment, hard drive 134 populates a system memory 136, which is also coupled to system bus 106. Data that populates system memory 136 includes local computer 102's operating system (OS) 138, which as described below may be a trusted OS 156, which may be located in hard drive 134 or any other location deemed appropriate in light of the present invention. Also coupled to system bus 106 is a Trusted Computing Group (TCG) compliant Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) 144, which includes a Core Root of Trust for Measurement (CRTM) 146 as well as a Power On Self Test (POST) 148. One function of CRTM 146 is to determine if an operator is physically present (as indicated, e.g., by a reset switch 150 being manually depressed), and then communicating this physical presence (of the operator) to Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 154 (described below). In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, CRTM 146 is altered to be able to also establish if there is a request to load trusted OS 156, and to establish that the OS 138 that is loaded into system memory 136 is actually trusted OS 156.
OS 138 also includes a shell 140, for providing transparent user access to resources such as application programs 145. Generally, shell 140 is a program that provides an interpreter and an interface between the user and the operating system. More specifically, shell 140 executes commands that are entered into a command line user interface or from a file. Thus, shell 140 (as it is called in UNIX®, also called a command processor in Windows®), is generally the highest level of the operating system software hierarchy and serves as a command interpreter. The shell provides a system prompt, interprets commands entered by keyboard, mouse, or other user input media, and sends the interpreted command(s) to the appropriate lower levels of the operating system (e.g., a kernel 142) for processing. Note that while shell 140 is a text-based, line-oriented user interface, the present invention will equally well support other user interface modes, such as graphical, voice, gestural, etc.
As depicted, OS 138 also includes kernel 142, which includes lower levels of functionality for OS 138, including providing essential services required by other parts of OS 138 and application programs 145, including memory management, process and task management, disk management, and mouse and keyboard management.
Application programs 145 include a browser 147. Browser 147 includes program modules and instructions enabling a World Wide Web (WWW) client (i.e., local computer 102) to send and receive network messages to the Internet using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) messaging, thus enabling communication with remote computer 152.
As depicted, also coupled to system bus 106 is Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 154. As described above, TPM 154 is a microcontroller that stores passwords, digital certificates, encryption/decryption keys and like security data, in compliance with the (TPM) specification described in the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance (TCPA) Main Specification Version 1.1b et seq., published by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) in 2003 et seq., and more specifically in the TPM Main Part 2 TPM Structures, version 1.2, published 13 Feb. 2005 by TCG. Both specifications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, and together are referred to as the “TCG standard”.
Also coupled to system bus 106 is a Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) 158, which, for example, may be a CMOS, EEPROM, etc., and is used to store data in a non-volatile manner.
The hardware elements depicted in client computer 102 are not intended to be exhaustive, but rather are representative to highlight essential components required by the present invention. For instance, client computer 102 may include alternate memory storage devices such as magnetic cassettes, Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs), Bernoulli cartridges, and the like. These and other variations are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Note further that some or all of the components depicted for local computer 102 may be utilized in the architecture of remote computer 152.
As noted above, CRTM 146 establishes (1) that there is a request to load trusted OS 156, and subsequently establishes (2) that the OS 138 that is loaded into system memory 136 is actually the trusted OS 156. Once both of these items have been established, CRTM 146 can safely indicate to TPM 154 that the requirements for operator physical presence have been met, and indicate to TPM 154 that TPM commands requiring physical presence are to be accepted for execution. If either item (1) or (2) are not established, then CRTM 146 reverts back to the requirement that an actual physical presence be detected (e.g., the manual depression of reset switch 150) before certain TPM commands are accepted and executed by TPM 154.
How CRTM 146 determines that trusted OS 156 is to be loaded depends on how CRTM 146 is implemented and how a user/operator indicates that a trusted OS load is desired. Consider now the following characteristic features of CRTM 146. The TCG standard requires CRTM 146 to be contained in the first code that executes when a computer system is reset. It is the manufacturer's decision on whether to designate CRTM 146 to be contained in the first code that executes when a computer system is reset (e.g., in the bootblock). The bootblock is defined as a small part of the BIOS that contains recovery function to restore the main portion of BIOS/POST should the main portion of the BIOS/POST be corrupted. When a computer is powered-up or reset, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) performs initial tests of the computer system before transferring control to the Master Boot Record (MBR).
Since CRTM 146 is the root of the trust chain, the TCG standard requires special protection for CRTM 146. This in turn leads to restrictions that complicate the ability to update BIOS 144 if the entire BIOS 144 is designated as the CRTM 146. For this reason, the most common implementation is for the CRTM 146 to be implemented as part of the bootblock, thus permitting most of the POST/BIOS to be freely updated as long at the bootblock is protected. This special protection for the bootblock does not impose an unreasonable restriction since the bootblock is normally not updated as part of a POST/BIOS update. While this implementation creates other difficulties, such as requiring an establishment of physical presence (of the operator) or additional measurement of the POST code (per the TCG standard), the flexibility of being able to freely update the main part of POST/BIOS more than compensates for the additional complexity.
In an environment in which the CRTM is the entire POST, determining that a secure OS is to be loaded and delaying the physical presence decision is straight forward. The POST code simply queries a flag (which can be set by POST as a result of a user pressing a key, or it could be set by a program on a previous boot to request a trusted OS be booted to provide some service) in NVM 158. If the flag is set to indicate that trusted OS 156 is to be loaded, POST 148 will find trusted OS 156 on the boot media (e.g., the hard disk in hard drive 134, a CDROM, a PXE boot, etc.) and load the OS into system memory 136. Before transferring control to trusted OS 156, POST will verify trusted OS 156 by performing a signature (using a key stored in BIOS 144 or NVM 158) check of the OS 138 that was just loaded into system memory 136. If the signature is correct, the CRTM/POST will indicate to the TPM 154 that “physical presence” (of the operator) has been established and transfer control to (now loaded) trusted OS 156. If the signature check fails, POST 148 will indicate that physical presence is not established and lock that setting (“no physical presence established ”) in TPM 154 to prevent an untrusted OS from establishing physical presence. If the POST flag indicates that a trusted OS is not requested, then POST 148 simply establishes physical presence in a traditional manner (e.g., detecting a manual engagement of reset switch 150).
Referring now to
If CRTM 146 is confined to the bootblock, the process of accessing TPM 154 is more complex. In this case, CRTM 146 must determine the physical presence well before it is possible to determine the validity of the OS that is to be loaded. In this environment, the CRTM 146 is extended to include the entire POST 148. One way to do this is to perform a signature check of the entire BIOS 144. If the signature check is successful (indicating that POST 148 is to be trusted), then CRTM 146 can trust POST 148 to determine the validity of the OS and set the physical presence appropriately.
Referring then to
Referring again to
It should be understood that at least some aspects of the present invention may alternatively be implemented in a computer-useable medium that contains a program product. Programs defining functions on the present invention can be delivered to a data storage system or a computer system via a variety of signal-bearing media, which include, without limitation, non-writable storage media (e.g., CD-ROM), writable storage media (e.g., hard disk drive, read/write CD ROM, optical media), system memory such as but not limited to Random Access Memory (RAM), and communication media, such as computer and telephone networks including Ethernet, the Internet, wireless networks, and like network systems. It should be understood, therefore, that such signal-bearing media when carrying or encoding computer readable instructions that direct method functions in the present invention, represent alternative embodiments of the present invention. Further, it is understood that the present invention may be implemented by a system having means in the form of hardware, software, or a combination of software and hardware as described herein or their equivalent.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Furthermore, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the term “computer” or “system” or “computer system” or “computing device” includes any data processing system including, but not limited to, personal computers, servers, workstations, network computers, main frame computers, routers, switches, Personal Digital Assistants (PDA's), telephones, and any other system capable of processing, transmitting, receiving, capturing and/or storing data.
