Patent Grant
10723164
The present invention relates to security devices suitable for use in security documents such as banknotes, identity documents, passports, certificates and the like, as well as methods for manufacturing such security devices.
To prevent counterfeiting and enable authenticity to be checked, security documents are typically provided with one or more security devices which are difficult or impossible to replicate accurately with commonly available means, particularly photocopiers, scanners or commercial printers. For increased security, visually complex devices may be used, which are difficult to replicate convincingly using more sophisticated techniques.
One way in which the visual complexity of a device may be increased is by providing the device with two or more different optically variable effects that are visible simultaneously.
A first type of optical effect commonly used in security devices is a colour-shifting effect, also known as thin-film interference. A colour-shifting structure, which produces such an effect, typically comprises at least a reflector layer and an absorber layer separated by an optical spacer layer. Interference between light reflecting from the reflector layer and the absorber layer causes the structure to have a coloured appearance, when viewed in reflection, which changes upon tilting as the optical path length between these layers changes depending on the viewing angle.
A second type of optical effect commonly used in security devices is one which utilises a reflective relief structure. These types of devices include diffractive devices operating typically in the zeroth, first or higher orders of diffraction and with grating periodicities generally less than 10 um and more typically less than 5 um and also periodic grids or arrays of triangulated or faceted structures, sometimes referred as micro-mirrors with periodicities typically greater than 5 um and more typically 10 um such that the incident light is geometrically reflected off one of the faceted sides in accordance with the laws of geometrical reflection. These devices typically comprise a substrate embossed or otherwise provided with a relief structure configured to produce the desired optical effect and optionally coated with a reflection enhancing material to improve the replay brightness.
It is known to combine these two types of optical effect in a single security device, and in particular, it is known to combine these two optical effects by providing one structure on top of the other. In some examples of such combinations, it is desirable to decouple the two effects, by which it is meant that observed light reflected from the device is only conditioned by either of these effects acting separately. In many devices comprising mutually decoupled effects, the result is that one optical effect is not visible through the other. Descriptions of method of providing both coupled and decoupled systems are provided in WO 02/00445 A1.
When providing decoupled systems, it is desirable to provide the device with an integrated appearance, by which it is meant that the two different optical effects appear to originate from one and the same structure. The integrated appearance of the device can pose significant problems to counterfeiters, who are unable to determine how the complex visual effect produced by the device originates from a single structure. In known security devices having decoupled colour-shifting and reflective relief effects, this has typically been difficult to achieve.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a security device comprising: providing a substrate, the substrate having opposing first and second surfaces and a relief structure formed in the first surface of the substrate; applying a reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate such that the reflection enhancing layer at least partially overlaps the relief structure and such that a first region of the first surface of the substrate does not have the reflection enhancing layer; applying an absorber layer over the reflection enhancing layer such that the absorber layer at least partially overlaps the reflection enhancing layer and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and such that the absorber layer at least partially overlaps the first region of the first surface of the substrate; applying an optical spacer layer over the absorber layer such that the optical spacer layer at least partially overlaps the absorber layer, reflection enhancing layer and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and such that the optical spacer layer at least partially overlaps the absorber layer and the first region where they overlap each other; and applying a reflector layer, formed of an at least partially reflective material, over the optical spacer layer such that the reflector layer at least partially overlaps the optical spacer layer, the absorber layer, the reflection enhancing layer and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and such that the reflector layer at least partially overlaps the optical spacer layer, the absorber layer and the first region where they overlap each other; wherein the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer are formed of the same material, wherein the absorber layer, the optical spacer layer and the reflector layer, together, form a colour-shifting structure, and wherein the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer, together, are substantially opaque or transmit less than 40% of incident light, preferably less than 20% of incident light.
It has been found that providing a security device in which the reflection enhancing layer of the reflective relief structure is formed of the same material as the absorber layer of the colour-shifting structure produces a security device that exhibits two identifiably different optical effects that have a more integrated appearance than similar devices known in the art. The result is a device that can prove difficult to reverse engineer and counterfeit by more sophisticated counterfeiting techniques.
The method according to this aspect of the invention comprises applying a reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate, preferably in contact with the substrate, such that it partially overlaps or coats the relief structure in reflection enhancing material. The reflection enhancing layer may be provided as a conformal or nonconformal coating to the relief structure. It will be appreciated that both a conformal and nonconformal coating will typically substantially conform to the relief structure in the surface facing the relief structure in order to improve the optical effect of the relief structure. Conformal and nonconformal coatings may differ in whether or not the surface facing away from the relief structure also conforms to the relief structure.
The reflection enhancing layer, applied to at least some of the relief structure, completes the reflective relief structure, such that a reflective relief effect, such as a diffractive or holographic effect will be exhibited by the finished security device.
The colour-shifting structure is then formed on the reflective relief structure, with an absorber layer, optical spacer layer and reflector layer applied on the relief structure and reflection enhancing layer. In forming the colour-shifting structure, preferably the optical spacer layer is in contact with the absorber layer, and/or preferably the reflector layer is in contact with the optical spacer layer. While these three layers are the minimum layers required to form a colour-shifting structure, additional layers could also be provided. For example, a second absorber layer and second optical spacer layer could be provided in order over the first optical spacer layer, i.e. between the first optical spacer layer and the reflector layer, to provide an additional boundary that will reflect light and cause interference effects.
The absorber layer is typically formed of a partially reflective material (typically Chrome or a Nickel Chrome alloy with a thickness of 5 nm), while the, reflector layer may be formed of a partially or entirely reflective material (typically Aluminium with a coat weight of 25-30 nm). Typically the optical spacer layer will be transparent, typically formed of a metal oxide such as magnesium fluoride. In many cases, the two-pass optical thickness of the optical spacer layer is tuned to give constructive interference between the partial amplitudes reflected at the absorber layer and the opaque metal layer. The optical spacer layer may also carry or incorporate a colour tint, for example to provide the security device with a more complex appearance, especially where it is comprised of an organic coating.
Throughout the present description, the terms absorber layer, reflector layer and reflection enhancing layer are used in relation to specific layers of the security device of the invention, each of which is provided at least partially for its reflective characteristics. That is, the reflection enhancing layer is the layer provided over or on the reflective relief structure to increase reflectivity and improve replay brightness of the relief structure, the absorber layer is the upper, partially reflective layer of the colour-shifting structure that provides a first boundary at which incident light is partially reflected, while the reflector layer refers to the lower reflective layer of the colour-shifting structure that provides a final boundary at which light is reflected for interference with light reflected by the absorber layer. In some embodiments, these layers may be very similar in their characteristics, e.g. they may be formed of the same material. However, their function in the security device is always as described above.
As mentioned above, this method provides a security device with a reflective relief effect that is, at least in a partial region, decoupled from the colour-shift effect. The reflective relief effect will be decoupled from a colour-shift effect behind it where there is provided, in the same region, the relief structure, reflection enhancing layer, absorber layer, optical spacer layer and reflector layer. This is because the reflection enhancing layer and absorber layer, together, are substantially opaque or strongly absorbing, preventing the colour-shifting structure from being visible through the reflective relief structure. Where the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer, together, transmit less than 40% of incident light, the transmitted light will reflect off the reflector layer and pass back through the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer, thereby losing at least a further 60% of incident light, resulting in less than 16% of initially incident light escaping the colour-shifting structure, thereby rendering the colour-shift effect essentially not visible over the much brighter reflective relief effect. In other words, the transmissivity of the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer, together, refers to the single pass transmissivity, i.e. the amount of light transmitted by light passing through the reflection enhancing layer and absorber layer once. For a colour-shifting structure to be visible, however, light must pass through the absorber layer twice, meaning that a single pass transmissivity of 40% is sufficient to render the colour-shift effect essentially invisible.
The decoupling described above can provide a pure reflective effect, such as a holographic effect, in combination with and even immediately adjacent to a coupled or decoupled colour-shifting effect and optionally also with purely reflective and/or transparent regions of the device. The combination of layers required to provide these regions will now be briefly described.
The reflective relief effect and the colour-shift effect may additionally be provided in a coupled manner by providing a partial region of the device having, in the same region, the relief structure, absorber layer (preferably conforming with the relief structure), optical spacer layer and reflector layer, i.e. without the reflection enhancing layer. Here, the absorber layer may act as an only partially reflective reflection enhancing layer, allowing the reflective relief effect to be exhibited in combination with the colour-shifting effect in this region. Alternatively, a different reflection enhancing layer may be used which, together with the absorber layer, is not opaque or transmits more than 40% of incident light.
The colour-shift effect may also be provided decoupled from the relief structure effect. This may be achieved by providing a partial region of the device with the absorber layer, optical spacer layer and the reflector layer, i.e. without the relief structure or reflection enhancing layer. Alternatively, the relief structure may be provided and nullified by coating in a non-conformal layer having a refractive index matching the refractive index of the substrate to cancel out the effect of the relief structure.
Also, purely reflective regions may be formed in the device by providing a partial region with the reflection enhancing and absorber layers, i.e. without the relief structure or with the relief structure nullified, as described above. Alternatively, they may be provided by regions having only the reflector layer, again, without the relief structure or with the relief structure nullified.
Finally, purely transparent regions may be used by providing a partial region of the device without any of the reflection enhancing layer, absorber layer or reflector layer, and with the relief structure either not provided or nullified, as described above.
In some embodiments, the relief structure is formed only in a part of the first surface of the substrate. This is particularly preferable where regions exhibiting a (solely) decoupled colour-shift effect are desired, or where purely reflective or transparent regions are desired (i.e. planar regions). Alternatively, the relief structure may be formed over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate. So that a decoupled colour-shift effect may be exhibited by the device, preferably the first region comprises at least some of the first surface of the substrate that does not have the relief structure, and further preferably the first region comprises a majority of the first surface of the substrate, preferably substantially all of the first surface of the substrate, that does not have the relief structure. To produce the decoupled colour-shift effect, the absorber layer, optical spacer layer and reflector layer should all be provided at least over a portion of the first region not having the relief structure.
Where the relief structure is formed only in a part of the first surface of the substrate, and where mutually decoupled effects are desired, preferably the method comprises applying the reflection enhancing layer to the first surface of the substrate such that the reflection enhancing layer entirely overlaps the relief structure. In contrast, where a partial region exhibiting coupled effects is desired, the method may comprise applying the reflection enhancing layer to the first surface of the substrate such that the reflection enhancing layer only partially overlaps the relief structure.
A particularly preferably way in which the reflection enhancing layer may be applied is by applying a soluble mask over a part of the first surface of the substrate, applying the reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate and over the soluble mask, and removing the soluble mask, wherein removing the soluble mask also removes the reflection enhancing layer where the reflection enhancing layer has been applied over the soluble mask.
Providing the reflection enhancing material and absorber layer of the same, typically metallic, material has the additional advantageous effect of preventing galvanic corrosion, which otherwise occurs between two different metals in close proximity. As a result, in particularly preferable embodiments of the invention, the absorber layer is applied directly on to (i.e. in contact with) the reflection enhancing layer.
This essentially means that the colour-shifting structure can be provided immediately adjacent to the reflective relief structure, leading to a potentially thinner security device.
Some embodiments comprise applying the absorber layer so as to entirely overlap the reflection enhancing layer. This ensures that the effect produced by the reflective relief structure is decoupled from the colour-shift effect wherever the reflection enhancing layer is present.
As mentioned above, it is possible to provide the two effects coupled in a region of a device. This can be achieved by applying the absorber layer so as to at least partially overlap (preferably in contact with) the relief structure where the relief does not have the reflection enhancing layer. As described above, the absorber layer may act as an only partially reflective reflection enhancing layer, allowing the reflective relief effect to be exhibited in combination with the colour-shifting effect in this region.
In some embodiments, the absorber layer is applied over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate. Such embodiments simplify the manufacturing process. However, preferably, applying the absorber layer comprises applying a soluble mask over a part of the first surface of the substrate and the reflection enhancing layer, applying the absorber layer over the first surface of the substrate and the reflection enhancing layer and over the soluble mask, and removing the soluble mask, wherein removing the soluble mask also removes the absorber layer where the absorber layer has been applied over the soluble mask. This allows the absorber layer to be applied in accordance with a pattern or design, allowing features such as full or half windows to additionally be provided in the security device.
In many embodiments, a thickness of the reflection enhancing layer is greater than a thickness of the absorber layer. Providing the reflection enhancing layer thicker than the absorber layer allows the combination of the two layers to be substantially opaque or at least weakly transmissive, while permitting the absorber layer on its own to retain a good degree of partial reflectivity. Indeed, it is desirable that the absorber layer reflects less than approximately 30% of incident light, while the combination of the two layers may approach upto 100% opacity, and this is best provided by a reflector layer thicker than the absorber layer.
Preferably the absorber layer and/or the reflector layer have substantially constant thicknesses, to provide the security device with a consistent appearance across each of the coupled and decoupled regions.
The optical spacer layer cooperates with the absorber layer, and the reflector layer, to form the colour-shifting structure, and so typically, the optical spacer layer is applied so as to entirely overlap the absorber layer. For example, this may be achieved by applying the optical spacer layer over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate. Similarly, the reflector layer will typically be applied so as to entirely overlap the absorber layer, preferably the reflector layer matching the absorber layer. In some embodiments, however, the reflector layer is applied over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate.
Preferably, the absorber layer and reflector layer are applied in register with one another. Further preferably, the reflection enhancing layer, absorber layer and reflector layer are applied in register with one another. This allows the location of the decoupled and coupled regions and transparent and reflective regions to be precisely configured, preferably with instantaneous changes between these regions. Alternatively, the layers may be applied so as to deliberately produce gradual changes between these regions. For example, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the reflection enhancing layer is provided in accordance with a halftone pattern, e.g. having discrete elements that vary in size and/or spacing. In these embodiments, a gradual transition from a decoupled reflective relief effect to a coupled or decoupled colour-shift effect may be provided, e.g. by providing the absorber layer over the entire area of the halftone pattern. Alternatively, or in addition, the absorber layer may be provided at least partly in accordance with the same or a different halftone pattern to provide a gradual transitions from a decoupled (reflective or colour-shift) or coupled region of the device into, for example, a transparent region of the device. These various options will be described in more detail below.
In many embodiments, applying the reflector layer comprises applying a soluble mask over a part of the first surface of the substrate, the reflection enhancing layer, the absorber layer and the optical spacer layer, applying the reflector layer over the first surface of the substrate, the reflection enhancing layer, the absorber layer and the optical spacer layer, and over the soluble mask, and removing the soluble mask, wherein removing the soluble mask also removes the reflector layer where the reflector layer has been applied over the soluble mask. Alternatively, applying the reflector layer may comprise applying the reflector layer over the optical spacer layer, applying a resist over a part of the reflector layer and removing the reflector layer where the reflector layer is not covered by the resist.
As discussed above, preferably the device comprises at least one transparent region, wherein none of reflection enhancing layer, the absorber layer or the reflector layer are provided in the at least one transparent region. Preferably the at least one transparent region is provided at an edge of the security device, as this has been found to help with integrating the security device into an article, such as a security document, by providing some disguise of the edge of the security device. In some embodiments, first and second transparent regions are provided at opposing edges of the security device. This is particularly preferable where the security device is a security stripe or patch. In other cases, the transparent region will be provided on all lateral edges or about a perimeter of the security device.
Transparent regions may be otherwise utilised in the security device, for example, at least one transparent region may be provided in accordance with an indicium, such as an alphanumeric character or symbol. This transparent region may be provided in the body of the security device, i.e. away from the edges, breaking up the coupled or decoupled effects and providing additional authentication means.
As mentioned above, preferably the relief structure is a diffractive relief structure, such as a hologram. A diffractive relief structure may be formed by embossing or cast-curing a diffractive relief structure in the surface of the substrate, as is well known in the art.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it may be performed in-line on a continuous web of substrate. Therefore, preferably, two or more (preferably all) of the steps of applying the reflection enhancing layer, applying the absorber layer, applying the optical spacer layer and applying the reflector layer are performed in an in-line process. Applying these layers in-line can help simplify the manufacturing process, increase production speed, reduce production cost and achieve improved interlayer adhesion and durability.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a security device comprising: a substrate, the substrate having opposing first and second surfaces and a relief structure formed in the first surface of the substrate; a reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate, the reflection enhancing layer at least partially overlapping the relief structure, wherein a first region of the first surface of the substrate does not have the reflection enhancing layer; an absorber layer over the reflection enhancing layer, the absorber layer at least partially overlapping the reflection enhancing layer and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and the absorber layer at least partially overlapping the first region of the first surface of the substrate; an optical spacer layer over the absorber layer, the optical spacer layer at least partially overlapping the absorber layer, reflection enhancing layer and the relief structure where they overlap each other, the optical spacer layer at least partially overlapping the absorber layer and the first region where they overlap each other; and a reflector layer, formed of an at least partially reflective material, over the optical spacer layer, the reflector layer at least partially overlapping the optical spacer layer, the absorber layer, the reflection enhancing layer and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and the reflector layer at least partially overlapping the optical spacer layer, the absorber layer and the first region where they overlap each other; wherein the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer are formed of the same material, wherein the absorber layer, the optical spacer layer and the reflector layer, together, form a colour-shifting structure, and wherein the reflection enhancing layer and the absorber layer, together, are substantially opaque or transmit less than 40% of incident light, preferably less than 20% of incident light.
The second aspect of the invention provides a security device suitable for manufacture in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention. The various advantages and optional or preferable features discussed above with respect to the first aspect apply equally or have equivalents in the context of this second aspect of the invention.
In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an article having the security device according to the second aspect, wherein, preferably, the article is selected from banknotes, cheques, passports, identity cards, certificates of authenticity, fiscal stamps and other documents for securing value or personal identity.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a security device comprising: providing a substrate, the substrate having opposing first and second surfaces and a relief structure formed in the first surface of the substrate; applying a first reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate such that the first reflection enhancing layer at least partially overlaps the relief structure; applying an interrupting layer over the first reflection enhancing layer in a first region such that the interrupting layer at least partially overlaps the first reflection enhancing layer and the relief structure where they overlap each other and such that the interrupting layer does not overlap the first surface of the substrate in a second region; (at least) if the first reflection enhancing layer does not overlap the second region, applying a second reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate such that the second reflection enhancing layer at least partially overlaps the second region; applying an optical spacer layer over the interrupting layer and, if provided, the second reflection enhancing layer such that the optical spacer layer at least partially overlaps the interrupting layer, the first layer of reflective material and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and such that the optical spacer layer at least partially overlaps the first or second reflection enhancing layer in the second region; and applying a reflector layer over the optical spacer layer such that the reflector layer at least partially overlaps the optical spacer layer, the interrupting layer, the first layer of reflective material and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and such that the reflector layer at least partially overlaps the optical spacer layer and the first or second layer of reflective material where they overlap each other in the second region; wherein the first and/or second reflection enhancing layers, the optical spacer layer and the reflector layer, together, form a colour-shifting structure that exhibits a colour shift in the second region as the viewing angle or angle of incident light changes, and wherein the interrupting layer interrupts the colour shift in the first region.
The method according to this aspect of the present invention allows a security device to be produced for which either the reflection enhancing layer of the reflective relief structure also acts as the absorber layer of the colour-shifting structure, thereby providing a more integrated appearance, or the interrupting layer isolates the reflection enhancing layer, allowing free choice of the material to be used as the absorber layer of the colour-shifting coating structure.
In either case, what is produced is a security device that exhibits two identifiably different optical effects that have a more integrated appearance than similar devices known in the art. Such a device can prove difficult to reverse engineer and counterfeit by more sophisticated counterfeiting techniques.
The method according to this aspect of the invention comprises applying a first reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate, preferably in contact with the substrate, such that it partially overlaps or coats the relief structure in reflection enhancing material. The reflection enhancing layer may be provided as a conformal or nonconformal coating to the relief structure. Again, it will be appreciated that both a conformal and nonconformal coating will typically substantially conform to the relief structure in the surface facing the relief structure in order to improve the optical effect of the relief structure. Conformal and nonconformal coatings may differ in whether or not the surface facing away from the relief structure also conforms to the relief structure.
The first reflection enhancing layer, applied to at least some of the relief structure, completes the reflective relief structure, such that a reflective relief effect, such as a diffractive or holographic effect will be exhibited by the finished security device.
The interrupting layer is then applied over the relief structure coated with reflection enhancing material to define a decoupled reflective relief region, preferably by providing it in contact with the first reflection enhancing layer. That is to say, wherever the interrupting layer is provided, the relief structure coated with reflection enhancing material will exhibit a decoupled reflective relief effect in the final security device. The various mechanisms by which an interrupting layer may decouple the two effects will be described in more detail below.
In many embodiments, the interrupting layer will not entirely cover the first reflection enhancing material, and will instead leave a region of the first reflection enhancing material uncovered to act as an absorber layer for the colour-shifting structure in the final security device. In these case, the uncovered first reflection enhancing layer may be provided on one or both of relief structure regions and substantially flat regions to provide either or both of coupled and decoupled colour-shift effects respectively, as will be described in more detail below.
In cases in which the interrupting layer entirely covers the first reflection enhancing layer, a second reflection enhancing layer is applied over the device to provide a functioning absorber layer in the final device. In these cases, again, the second reflection enhancing layer may be provided on one or both of relief structure regions and substantially flat regions to provide either or both of coupled and decoupled colour-shift effects respectively, as will be described in more detail below.
In both of these cases, the first and second reflection enhancing layers will typically be formed of a partially reflecting material.
The colour-shifting structure is then completed on the reflective relief structure, over the interrupting layer (and optional second reflection enhancing layer) by providing the optical spacer layer and reflector layer. In forming the colour-shifting structure, preferably the optical spacer layer is in contact with the first or second reflection enhancing layer, and/or preferably the reflector layer is in contact with the optical spacer layer. While these three layers (first or second reflection enhancing layers, acting as an absorber layer, and optical spacer layer and reflector layer) are the minimum layers required to form a colour-shifting structure, additional layers could also be provided. For example, a second absorber layer and second optical spacer layer could be provided in order over the first optical spacer layer, i.e. between the first optical spacer layer and the reflector layer, to provide an additional boundary that will reflect light and cause interference effects.
As mentioned, this aspect of the invention provides a reflective relief effect that is deocoupled from an underlying colour shift effect by the interruption layer. This may be accompanied by either or both of coupled and decoupled colour-shift effects. A decoupled colour-shift effect is provided by regions which have the first or second reflection enhancing layers, optical spacer layer and reflector layer but no relief structure (or wherein the effect of the relief structure has been nullified) and no interrupting layer. A coupled colour-shift effect is provided by regions which have the relief structure the first or second reflection enhancing layers, optical spacer layer and reflector layer and no interrupting layer.
As with the first aspect of the present invention, in addition to the coupled and decoupled effects, the device may be provided with regions in which none of the first reflection enhancing layer, second reflection enhancing layer, and reflector layer are provided so as to additionally provide transparent regions in the security device.
Purely reflective regions could also be provided by having some partial regions with only the reflector layer and no relief structure, or wherein the relief structure has been nullified.
In many embodiments, the relief structure is formed only in a part of the first surface of the substrate. This is particularly preferable where regions exhibiting a decoupled colour-shift effect are desired, or where purely reflective or transparent regions are desired. Alternatively, the relief structure may be formed over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate. So that a decoupled colour-shift effect may be exhibited by the device, preferably the second region comprises at least some of the first surface of the substrate that does not have the relief structure, and further preferably the second region comprises substantially all of the first surface of the substrate that does not have the relief structure.
In some embodiments, the first reflection enhancing layer is applied to the first surface of the substrate such that the first reflection enhancing layer entirely overlaps the relief structure, and some embodiments comprise applying the first reflection enhancing layer over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate.
Alternatively, the method may comprise applying the first reflection enhancing layer to the first surface of the substrate such that the first reflection enhancing layer only partially overlaps the relief structure.
In either of the above alternatives, where mutually decoupled effects are desired, the interrupting layer may be applied to entirely overlap the relief structure, or to match the relief structure. Alternatively, where a partial region exhibiting coupled effects is desired, the method may comprise applying the reflection enhancing layer to the first surface of the substrate such that the reflection enhancing layer only partially overlaps the relief structure. In some cases, this may comprise applying the interrupting layer such that the interrupting layer entirely overlaps the first reflection enhancing layer. This can be achieved, for example, by applying the first reflection enhancing layer to the first surface of the substrate, applying the interrupting layer over the first reflection enhancing layer, and removing the first reflection enhancing layer where the first reflection enhancing layer is not covered by the interrupting layer, for example by etching. Alternatively, the interrupting layer may only partially overlap the first reflection enhancing layer; for example, it may not extend beyond the first reflection enhancing layer.
As mentioned, the purpose of the interrupting layer is to interrupt the colour-shift effect that would otherwise be produced by the colour-shifting structure in a partial region of the device. One way in which the interrupting layer may interrupt the colour-shift effect is when a thickness of the interrupting layer is greater than a thickness of the optical spacer layer. For example, the interrupting layer may be provided with a thickness of 0.5 μm to 5 μm, preferably of 1 μm to 2 μm. In such cases, the thickness of the interrupting layer suppresses or prevents entirely any thin-film interference that provides colour-shifting structures with their colour-shift effect. Because this mechanism is independent of the colour or opacity of the interrupting layer, it is possible to provide the interrupting layer as substantially transparent or translucent, which can prevent the interrupting layer imposing itself on the appearance of security device. Alternatively the interrupting layer, or the first reflection enhancing layer and the interrupting layer together, may be substantially opaque, so as to interrupt the colour-shift effect.
Advantageously, the interrupting layer of the present invention may be applied by printing the interrupting layer. The interrupting layer may comprise an ink. Printing the interruption layer is particularly preferable, as this is a relatively simple process that can accurately and precisely be performed as part of an in-line process.
As mentioned above, the first reflection enhancing layer and the second reflection enhancing layer may be formed of different materials. This can provide greater design freedom, or allow the appearance of corresponding regions to be configured so as to produce a more integrated appearance.
Because the second material will be separated from the first material by the interrupting layer, it is possible to apply the second reflection enhancing layer over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate. This may aid in simplifying manufacture of the security device. Alternatively, applying the second reflection enhancing layer may comprise applying a soluble mask over a part of the first surface of the substrate, the first reflection enhancing layer and the interrupting layer, applying the second reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate, the first reflection enhancing layer and the interrupting layer, and over the soluble mask, and removing the soluble mask, wherein removing the soluble mask also removes the second reflection enhancing layer where the second reflection enhancing layer has been applied over the soluble mask. In such embodiments, regions having and not having the second reflection enhancing layer may be provided, which is particularly preferable when transparent regions are desired.
Some embodiments then comprise applying the optical spacer layer over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate, which will include applying it over the interruption layer.
Further, the method may include applying the reflector layer over substantially the entire first surface of the substrate. Alternatively, applying the reflector layer may comprise applying a soluble mask over a part of the first surface of the substrate, the first reflection enhancing layer, the interrupting layer, the second reflection enhancing layer, if provided, the absorber layer, and the optical spacer layer, applying the reflector layer over the first surface of the substrate, the first reflection enhancing layer, the interrupting layer, the second reflection enhancing layer, if provided, the absorber layer, and the optical spacer layer, and over the soluble mask, and removing the soluble mask, wherein removing the soluble mask also removes the reflector layer where the reflector layer has been applied over the soluble mask. In another alternative, applying the reflector layer comprises applying the reflector layer over the over the optical spacer layer, applying a resist over a part of the reflector layer, and removing the reflector layer where the reflector layer is not covered by the resist.
As mentioned above, some embodiments may comprise at least one transparent region, wherein none of the first reflection enhancing layer, the second reflection enhancing layer, the absorber layer or the reflector layer are provided in the at least one transparent region. Preferably the at least one transparent region is provided at an edge of the security device, as this has been found to help with integrating the security device into an article, such as a security document, by providing some disguise of the edge of the security device. In some embodiments, first and second transparent regions are provided at opposing edges of the security device. This is particularly preferable where the security device is a security thread or stripe. In other cases, the transparent region will be provided on all lateral edges of the security device.
Transparent regions may be otherwise utilised in the security device, for example, at least one transparent region may be provided in accordance with an indicium, such as an alphanumeric character or symbol. This transparent region may be provided in the body of the security device, i.e. away from the edges, breaking up the coupled or decoupled effects and providing additional authentication means.
Preferably the relief structure is a diffractive relief structure, such as a hologram produced by optically interferometry or non-interferometric optical lithography or non-interferometric electron beam lithography. A diffractive relief structure may be formed by embossing or cast-curing a diffractive relief structure in the surface of the substrate, as is well known in the art.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it may be performed in-line on a continuous web of substrate. Therefore, preferably, two or more (preferably all) of the steps of applying the first reflection enhancing layer, applying the interrupting layer, applying the second reflection enhancing layer, applying the optical spacer layer, and applying the reflector layer are performed in an in-line process.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a security device comprising: a substrate, the substrate having opposing first and second surfaces and a relief structure formed in the first surface of the substrate; a first reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate, the first reflection enhancing layer at least partially overlapping the relief structure; an interrupting layer over the first reflection enhancing layer in a first region, the interrupting layer at least partially overlapping the first reflection enhancing layer and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and the interrupting layer not overlapping the first surface of the substrate in a second region; if the first reflection enhancing layer does not overlap the second region, a second reflection enhancing layer over the first surface of the substrate, the second reflection enhancing layer at least partially overlapping the second region; an optical spacer layer over the interrupting layer and, if provided, the second reflection enhancing layer, the optical spacer layer at least partially overlapping the interrupting layer, the first layer of reflective material and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and the optical spacer layer at least partially overlapping the first or second reflection enhancing layer in the second region; and a reflector layer over the optical spacer layer, the reflector layer at least partially overlapping the optical spacer layer, the interrupting layer, the first layer of reflective material and the relief structure where they overlap each other, and the reflector layer at least partially overlapping the optical spacer layer and the first or second layer of reflective material where they overlap each other in the second region; wherein the first and/or second reflection enhancing layers, the optical spacer layer and the reflector layer, together, form a colour-shifting structure that exhibits a colour shift in the second region as the viewing angle or angle of incident light changes, and wherein the interrupting layer interrupts the colour shift in the first region.
The fifth aspect of the invention provides a security device suitable for manufacture in accordance with the fourth aspect of the present invention. The various advantages and optional or preferable features discussed above with respect to the fourth aspect apply equally or have equivalent features in the context of this fifth aspect of the invention.
In accordance with a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided an article having the security device according to the fifth aspect, wherein, preferably, the article is selected from banknotes, cheques, passports, identity cards, certificates of authenticity, fiscal stamps and other documents for securing value or personal identity.
Various embodiments according to the first to third aspects of the invention will now be described. A first embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to
The thicknesses of the reflection enhancing layer 20 and the absorber layer 30 are selected such that in the central region 1a, where both layers are present, the layers in combination are substantially opaque or at least weakly transmissive, and such that in the outer region, where only the absorber layer 30 is present, the absorber layer is only partially reflective, i.e. highly transmissive. In particular, ideally, the thickness of the absorber layer will be selected such that, in the outer region 1b, the absorber layer reflects or absorbs less than approximately 30% of incident light. In the central region 1a, the reflection enhancing layer may be provided with a thickness that, in combination with the thickness of the absorber layer, transmits less than 25% of incident light. Typically this will mean that the reflection enhancing layer 20 is provided with a greater thickness than the absorber layer 30. As a specific example, the absorber layer may be 4 to 6 nm and comprised of Chrome and the reflection enhancing layer may also be Chrome with a thickness equal to or greater than the absorber layer i.e. 5 to 30 nm. As described above, the layer thicknesses may be configured such that, together, the absorber layer and reflection enhancing layer are substantially opaque, or such that they transmit less than 40% of incident light, preferably less than 20% of incident light.
Finally,
The resulting security device is typically viewed in reflection. The security device will therefore be oriented such that the reflection enhancing layer 20, absorber layer 30, optical spacer layer 40 and reflector layer 50 are viewed through the substrate 10. As described above, when this device is viewed in reflection, the central region 1a will exhibit a decoupled diffractive effect as the reflection enhancing layer 20 and the absorber layer 30, together, reflect substantially all light incident in the central region, preventing the colour-shifting structure from producing the thin-film interference that generates the colour-shift effect. On the other hand, the outer region, when viewed in reflection, will exhibit coupled diffractive and colour-shift effects as the absorber layer acts to reflect only a portion of the incident light, allowing some of the incident light to pass through to the body of the colour-shifting structure.
A second embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
As above, the thicknesses of the reflection enhancing layer 20 and the absorber layer 30 are selected such that in the central region 1a, where both layers are present, the layers in combination are substantially opaque or at least weakly transmissive, and such that in the outer region, where only the absorber layer 30 is present, the absorber layer is not substantially opaque of weakly transmissive.
As described above, when this device is viewed in reflection, the central region 1a will exhibit a decoupled diffractive effect as the reflection enhancing layer 20 and the absorber layer 30, together, reflect substantially all light incident in the central region, preventing the colour-shifting structure from producing the thin-film interference that generates the colour-shift effect. On the other hand, the outer region, when viewed in reflection, will exhibit a decoupled colour-shift effect as a colour-shifting structure exists (formed of the absorber layer, optical spacer layer and reflector layer) without any relief structure being present.
A third embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
Again, the thicknesses of the reflection enhancing layer 20 and the absorber layer 30 are selected such that in the central region 1a, where both layers are present, the layers in combination are substantially opaque or at least weakly transmissive, and such that in the intermediate 1b and outer region 1c, where only the absorber layer 30 is present, the absorber layer is not substantially opaque or weakly transmissive.
Finally,
As described above, when this device is viewed in reflection, the central region 1a will exhibit a decoupled diffractive effect as the reflection enhancing layer 20 and the absorber layer 30, together, reflect substantially all light incident in the central region, preventing the colour-shifting structure from producing the thin-film interference that generates the colour-shift effect. The first intermediate region when viewed in reflection, will exhibit coupled diffractive and colour-shift effects as the absorber layer acts to reflect only a portion of the incident light, allowing some of the incident light to pass through to the body of the colour-shifting structure. Finally, the outer region 1c, when viewed in reflection, will exhibit a decoupled colour-shift effect as a colour-shifting structure exists (formed of the absorber layer, optical spacer layer and reflector layer) without any relief structure being present.
A fourth embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
The manufacturing process for this embodiment follows the same initial stages as in the third embodiment, as reflected in
The manufacturing process in this embodiment differs in how the absorber layer is applied. In this embodiment, as shown in
As described above, when this device is viewed in reflection, the central region 1a will exhibit a decoupled diffractive effect as the reflection enhancing layer 20 and the absorber layer 30, together, reflect substantially all light incident in the central region, preventing the colour-shifting structure from producing the thin-film interference that generates the colour-shift effect. The first intermediate region when viewed in reflection, will exhibit coupled diffractive and colour-shift effects as the absorber layer acts to reflect only a portion of the incident light, allowing some of the incident light to pass through to the body of the colour-shifting structure. The second intermediate region 1c, when viewed in reflection, will exhibit a decoupled colour-shift effect as a colour-shifting structure exists (formed of the absorber layer, optical spacer layer and reflector layer) without any relief structure being present. Finally, the outer region 1d will appear as transparent, as only the transparent substrate 10 and the transparent optical spacer layer 40 are provided in this region. While the design selected here provides a transparent region as an outer region to improve the appearance of the device when incorporated into an article, the transparent region is not limited to being provided at the edges of the security device. Indeed, in some embodiments, transparent regions may alternatively or in addition be provided so as to define clear text in the body of the security device. Such transparent regions would be formed using the same principle of providing masking layers that result in no reflection enhancing layer, absorber layer or reflector layer in the desired region.
A fifth embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
The security device according to the fifth embodiment has an appearance substantially the same as shown in
As with the fourth embodiment, when the device according to the fifth embodiment is viewed in reflection, the central region 1a will exhibit a decoupled diffractive effect as the reflection enhancing layer 20 and the absorber layer 30, together, reflect substantially all light incident in the central region, preventing the colour-shifting structure from producing the thin-film interference that generates the colour-shift effect. The first intermediate region when viewed in reflection, will exhibit coupled diffractive and colour-shift effects as the absorber layer acts to reflect only a portion of the incident light, allowing some of the incident light to pass through to the body of the colour-shifting structure. The second intermediate region 1c, when viewed in reflection, will exhibit a decoupled colour-shift effect as a colour-shifting structure exists (formed of the absorber layer, optical spacer layer and reflector layer) without any relief structure being present. Finally, the outer region 1d will appear as transparent, as only the transparent substrate 10 and the transparent optical spacer layer 40 are provided in this region.
A sixth embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
While this embodiment has halftone regions that provide gradual change from decoupled diffractive effect to a coupled diffractive and colour-shift effect, the halftone regions could alternatively provide gradual changes between any of the regions discussed above by providing the corresponding required layers for the two effects desired in accordance with a halftone pattern. For example, halftone regions could provide a gradual change from a decoupled colour-shift region to a transparent region, which may improve integration of the device into a security document. When halftone regions are to provide a change from colour-shift to transparent, the same halftone patterning may be used in the absorber layer and the overlaying reflector layer.
Examples of security documents incorporating security devices according to the above embodiments will now be described with respect to
It should be noted that a similar construction could be achieved using a paper/plastic composite banknote in which the opacifying layers 1004a and 1004b are replaced by paper layers laminated (with or without adhesive) to an internal transparent polymer layer 1001. The paper layers may be omitted from the window region from the outset, or the paper could be removed locally after lamination. In other constructions, the order of the layers may be reversed with a (windowed) paper layer on the inside and transparent polymer layers on the outside.
In the above examples described with respect to
The above described security devices could alternatively be applied to or formed directly on other types of security document including identification cards, driving licenses, bankcards and other value documents.
Various embodiments according to the fourth to sixth aspects of the invention will now be described. First, a seventh embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to
The resulting security device 101 is typically viewed in reflection. The security device will be oriented such that the reflection enhancing layer 20, interrupting layer 125, optical spacer layer 40 and reflector layer 50 are viewed through the substrate 10. As described above, when this device is viewed in reflection, the central region 101a will exhibit a decoupled diffractive effect since the interrupting layer 125 provides additional spacing between the reflection enhancing layer 20, which acts as an absorber layer, and the reflector layer 50, such that the thin-film interference effects are supressed. The outer region 101b, on the other hand, does not have the interrupting layer, and so, in addition to the reflection enhancing layer providing the diffractive effect produced by the relief structure 15, the reflection enhancing layer 20, optical spacer layer 40, and reflector layer 50 act as a colour-shifting structure and contribute to the appearance of the device in this region.
An eighth embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to
As described above, when this device is viewed in reflection, the central region 101a will exhibit a decoupled diffractive effect since the interrupting layer 125 provides additional spacing between the reflection enhancing layer 20, which acts as an absorber layer, and the reflector layer 50, such that the thin-film interference effects are supressed. The outer region 101b, on the other hand, has neither the interrupting layer 125 nor the relief structure 15, and so produces a decoupled colour-shift effect resulting from the reflection enhancing layer 20, optical spacer layer 40 and the reflector layer 50.
A ninth embodiment will now be described with reference to
When the device is viewed in reflection, the central region 101a exhibits a decoupled diffractive effect produced by the reflection enhancing layer 20 coating the relief structure. The colour-shift effect is suppressed in this region by the interruption layer 125, which spaces the reflection enhancing layer from the optical spacer layer 40 and reflector layer 50. In the first intermediate region 101b, a coupled diffractive and colour-shift effect is produced, since the reflection enhancing layer 20 coating the relief structure is provided adjacent the optical spacer layer 40 and reflector layer 50 needed to generate thin-film interference. The second intermediate region 101c exhibits a decoupled colour-shift effect, as the reflection enhancing layer 20, optical spacer layer 40 and reflector layer 50 are present with no relief structure. Finally, the outer region 101d is substantially transparent, as only the transparent substrate layer 10 and optical spacer layer 40 are provided. While the design selected here provides a transparent region as an outer region to improve the appearance of the device when incorporated into an article, the transparent region is not limited to being provided at the edges of the security device. Indeed, in some embodiments, transparent regions may alternatively or in addition be provided so as to define, for example, clear text in the body of the security device. Such transparent regions would be formed using the same principle of providing masking layers that result in no first or second reflection enhancing layer or reflector layer in the desired region.
The security devices described above with reference to
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1618441.8 | Nov 2016 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2017/053265 | 10/31/2017 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018/083454 | 5/11/2018 | WO | A |
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| Apr. 27, 2017 Office Action issued in British Patent Application No. 1618441.8. |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190263169 A1 | Aug 2019 | US |
