Optical phased-arrays (OPAs) have a wide range of applications in photonic and optical systems. Exemplary applications of OPAs include free-space communication, LIDAR, and optical tweezers for cell trapping and control in biology labs. One function of an OPA is to form a beam from the light of a coherent source and to steer it. Another function of an OPA is to collect coherent light from the ambient light with angle selectivity so that only the light coming from a particular angle couples into the receiver and the light from the other angles is either attenuated or fully rejected. In a LIDAR, for example, OPAs can be used for either one of these two functions. On the transmit side, the OPA can form a beam from a coherent light source, such as a laser, and steer it on a scene to be imaged. On the receive side of the LIDAR, the OPA can be used to collect the light reflected back from the target into the receiver.
OPAs come in different forms, although integrated photonic OPAs are perhaps the more widely-used type because of their small footprint. Another benefit of photonic OPAs is that they do not have any moving parts (as opposed to MEMS OPAs) which inherently make them more reliable with a longer lifetime than other types of OPAs. A fundamental element in an integrated photonic OPA is the phase-shifter. Any OPA requires many phase-shifters to adjust the phase of the light emitting from each antenna element and consequently to rotate the wavefront to the desired direction.
Some OPAs are only used for beam forming and cannot steer the beam direction. In such OPAs, the phase-shift of the light emitting from each antenna element is physically implemented into the array (e.g. by having a waveguide with different physical length before each antenna element) and cannot be changed after fabrication. Some applications, however, require beam steering in addition to beam forming. An exemplary Lidar system is illustrated in
In the typical Lidar system, beam steering is needed to scan the scene with the laser light. In such applications phase-shifting of the light beam emitted from each antenna element can change the angle of the wavefront. A diagram of the beam steering component B of the TX module is shown in
Many different material properties and structures can be used to implement a variable phase-shifter. One of the common structures for a simple phase-shifter is a piece of waveguide, for which the physical length or its refractive index can be changed to induce a variable phase delay on the light path. Thermo-optic phase-shifters use the change in the refractive index as a function of temperature to induce a controlled phase-shift on the light path. Electro-optic phase-shifters use the dependence of the refractive index on the carrier concentration in the medium to control the phase delay. Other types of phase-shifters, such as photoelastic, also exist that provide different mechanisms for changing the refractive index of the waveguide. Independent of the type of the phase-shifter used, one of the big challenges in implementing a large-scale OPA is to generate the proper control signal for these phase-shifters versus time. In certain cases, thousands of digital-to-analog converters (DACs), each with >10 bits operating at frequencies beyond 1 MHz, might be required to work in parallel.
This disclosure contemplates a phase-shifter for a light-transmitting waveguide in which the phase-shifter is segmented into multiple segments that are calibrated to the overall length of the conventional single phase-shifter. The operation of the phase-shifter is controlled by a control signal, which can be a voltage received from a controller. Each segment receives a control signal, which can be a single bit signal, with the phase-shift capability of the segmented phase-shifter controlled by which segment(s) receive(s) a control signal. In one implementation, a binary weighting is applied to determine segment lengths. In another implementation, smaller segments can be increased in length to achieve a 2π offset while maintaining the same binary relationship among segments. In a further aspect of the disclosure, multiple segments of uniform lengths can be used for a single phase-shifter with each segment controlled by an n-bit signal.
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the disclosure, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and described in the following written specification. It is understood that no limitation to the scope of the disclosure is thereby intended. It is further understood that the present disclosure includes any alterations and modifications to the illustrated embodiments and includes further applications of the principles disclosed herein as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains
In order to reduce the complexity of the control electronics in the beam steering circuitry B, the present disclosure contemplates a phase-shifter that is segmented in its physical implementation, with multiple segments along the light path of the waveguide. A conventional phase-shifter may be in the form of a 2-bit controlled linear phase-shifter P having a length l, as shown in the example of
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, the complexity of the beam steering circuitry B is reduced by providing a phase-shifter 12 within a waveguide 10 that is segmented into two cascaded segments 14, 16, as shown in
Therefore, by using only a single-bit (on or off) control signal to each phase-shifter segment 14, 16, a 4-level phase-shift equivalent to two-bit control can be generated. It can be appreciated that the maximum phase shift 3Δφ is equivalent to the maximum phase shift for the conventional single linear phase-shifter P depicted in
The multi-segment feature of the phase-shifters in
where N is the total number of segments and n is the number of the current segment with n=1 identifying the longest segment. As with the embodiment of
The phase-shifter of
In one aspect of this approach, a multi-bit control voltage is implemented, rather than a single-bit on/off mechanism as in the phase-shifter 22. For instance, as shown in
It is further contemplated that the number of bits for the control voltage for each segment can vary between segments. For instance, as shown in
Furthermore, in certain cases it might be beneficial to implement different segments of the phase-shifter using different physical mechanisms. For instance, the less significant bits (LSBs) of the phase-shift can be implemented using an electro-optic effect and the more significant bits (MSBs) can be implemented using a thermo-optic effect. In this case, instead of scaling the physical length of the segments, their effective full-scale phase-shift is considered with respect to the physical process that they use. For instance, a thermo-optic phase-shifter may have twice as much full-scale phase-shift capability compared to an electro-optic phase-shifter. In that case the implementation in
This disclosure contemplates another approach to achieve the desirable compromise discussed above by adding an extra 2π phase-shift to the smaller segments, to thereby increase their physical length, resulting in greater ease of fabrication. A 4-bit segmented phase-shifter using this technique is shown in
Binary segmentation of the phase-shifter as disclosed herein is beneficial in reducing the number of control signals and the electrical connections to that phase-shifter array. However, from a fabrication standpoint, certain non-uniformities of the fabrication process close to the edges of the segments can compromise the ability to scale proportionally to the length of the segments. The farther the segment effective lengths stray from the binary weighting contemplated by the disclosure, the greater the potential non-linearity in the transfer characteristic of the phase-shifter. The multi-segment phase-shifter 70 shown in
The control voltages VCTRL(1-4) connected to each segment (in the example of
Another implementation aspect that can relax any potential fabrication difficulties is to use metal patterning to control the phase-shifter in a segmented fashion, rather than patterning the phase-shifter itself. For example, when using an electro-optic phase-shifter, the phase-shift segments are pn-junctions that are doped along the waveguide. Thus, the implementation of each segment requires doping the silicon waveguide along the length of that segment and ideally across the cross-section of the whole waveguide. The semiconductor waveguide in one embodiment will then include p- and n-doped segments corresponding to the phase-shifter segments, separated by non-doped segments.
For a high-resolution phase-shifter it can become challenging to dope segments of a waveguide with deep sub-micrometer length and in a cross section in the order of one square micrometer. An alternative is to use a continuous pn-junction and only pattern the control electrodes or electrical contacts, as depicted in
The multi-segment n-bit controllable phase-shifters disclosed herein are not limited to a particular phase-shift mechanism. Thus, the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented with thermo-optic, electro-optic or any other physical mechanisms that controls the optical path length or refractive index of a material. It is further contemplated that the physical implementation of a single phase-shifter does not have to be on a straight line, as depicted in the present figures, but can adopt other configurations. For instance, the segments can be folded in a physical layout to optimize the area that they might occupy on a photonic chip.
This disclosure contemplates a phase-shifter that is segmented into multiple segments calibrated to the overall length of the conventional single phase-shifter. Each segment receives a control signal, which can be a single or multi-bit signal, with the phase-shift capability of the segmented phase-shifter controlled by which segment receives a control signal. In one implementation, a binary weighting is applied to determine segment lengths. In another implementation, smaller segments can be increased in length to achieve a 2π offset while maintaining the same binary relationship among segments. In a further aspect of the disclosure, multiple segments of uniform lengths can be used for a single phase-shifter with each segment controlled by an n-bit signal. In each embodiment, beam steering circuitry, such as circuitry B in
Alternatively, the control circuitry B can be configured to apply an n-bit voltage to the phase-shifter segments, such as in the embodiments of
The present disclosure should be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character. It is understood that only certain embodiments have been presented and that all changes, modifications and further applications that come within the spirit of the disclosure are desired to be protected.
This application is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 National Stage Application of PCT/EP2019/051768, filed on Jan. 24, 2019, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 62/624,210 and 62/624,213, both of which were filed on Jan. 31, 2018, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2019/051768 | 1/24/2019 | WO |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
WO2019/149617 | 8/8/2019 | WO | A |
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
5237629 | Hietala | Aug 1993 | A |
7360705 | Heinrich | Apr 2008 | B2 |
7961373 | Spahlinger | Jun 2011 | B2 |
9329412 | Voigt | May 2016 | B2 |
9977310 | Winzer | May 2018 | B2 |
10620375 | Ehrlichman | Apr 2020 | B2 |
10684527 | Watts | Jun 2020 | B2 |
20020172463 | Romanovsky | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20060147146 | Voigt et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
20060209306 | Spahlinger | Sep 2006 | A1 |
20070212076 | Roberts | Sep 2007 | A1 |
20110044573 | Webster | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110149369 | Tu et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20120251032 | Kato | Oct 2012 | A1 |
20150277158 | Akiyama | Oct 2015 | A1 |
20180107091 | Hosseini | Apr 2018 | A1 |
Entry |
---|
International Search Report corresponding to International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2019/051768, dated Apr. 1, 2019 (4 pages). |
Ehrlichman, Y. et al., “Direct-Digital-Drive Microring Modulator,” arXiv.org, Cornell University Library, arXiv:1603.03802v1, Mar. 11, 2016 (4 pages). |
Doylend, J. K. et al., “Hybrid III-V Silicon Photonic Steerable Laser,” IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Sep. 23, 2012 (2 pages). |
Chung, S. et al., “A Monolithically Integrated Large-Scale Optical Phased Array in Silicon-on-Insulator CMOS,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 53, No. 1, Jan. 2018 (22 pages). |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20210055625 A1 | Feb 2021 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
62624210 | Jan 2018 | US | |
62624213 | Jan 2018 | US |