Patent Grant
7813793
The invention relates to systems and methods for detecting and predicting neurological dysfunction characterized by abnormal electrographic patterns, and more particularly to a system and method for detecting and predicting epileptic seizures and their onsets by analyzing electroencephalogram and electrocorticogram signals with an implantable device.
Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by the occurrence of seizures (specifically episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena, psychic or sensory disturbances, or the perturbation of the autonomic nervous system), is debilitating to a great number of people. It is believed that as many as two to four million Americans may suffer from various forms of epilepsy. Research has found that its prevalence may be even greater worldwide, particularly in less economically developed nations, suggesting that the worldwide figure for epilepsy sufferers may be in excess of one hundred million.
Because epilepsy is characterized by seizures, its sufferers are frequently limited in the kinds of activities they may participate in. Epilepsy can prevent people from driving, working, or otherwise participating in much of what society has to offer. Some epilepsy sufferers have serious seizures so frequently that they are effectively incapacitated.
Furthermore, epilepsy is often progressive and can be associated with degenerative disorders and conditions. Over time, epileptic seizures often become more frequent and more serious, and in particularly severe cases, are likely to lead to deterioration of other brain functions (including cognitive function) as well as physical impairments.
The current state of the art in treating neurological disorders, particularly epilepsy, typically involves drug therapy and surgery. The first approach is usually drug therapy.
A number of drugs are approved and available for treating epilepsy, such as sodium valproate, phenobarbital/primidone, ethosuximide, gabapentin, phenyloin, and carbamazepine, as well as a number of others. Unfortunately, those drugs typically have serious side effects, especially toxicity, and it is extremely important in most cases to maintain a precise therapeutic serum level to avoid breakthrough seizures (if the dosage is too low) or toxic effects (if the dosage is too high). The need for patient discipline is high, especially when a patient's drug regimen causes unpleasant side effects the patient may wish to avoid.
Moreover, while many patients respond well to drug therapy alone, a significant number (at least 20-30%) do not. For those patients, surgery is presently the best-established and most viable alternative course of treatment.
Currently practiced surgical approaches include radical surgical resection such as hemispherectomy, corticectomy, lobectomy and partial lobectomy, and less-radical lesionectomy, transection, and stereotactic ablation. Besides being less than fully successful, these surgical approaches generally have a high risk of complications, and can often result in damage to eloquent (i.e., functionally important) brain regions and the consequent long-term impairment of various cognitive and other neurological functions. Furthermore, for a variety of reasons, such surgical treatments are contraindicated in a substantial number of patients. And unfortunately, even after radical brain surgery, many epilepsy patients are still not seizure-free.
Electrical stimulation is an emerging therapy for treating epilepsy. However, currently approved and available electrical stimulation devices apply continuous electrical stimulation to neural tissue surrounding or near implanted electrodes, and do not perform any detection—they are not responsive to relevant neurological conditions.
The NeuroCybemetic Prosthesis (NCP) from Cyberonics, for example, applies continuous electrical stimulation to the patient's vagus nerve. This approach has been found to reduce seizures by about 50% in about 50% of patients. Unfortunately, a much greater reduction in the incidence of seizures is needed to provide clinical benefit. The Activa device from Medtronic is a pectorally implanted continuous deep brain stimulator intended primarily to treat Parkinson's disease. In operation, it supplies a continuous electrical pulse stream to a selected deep brain structure where an electrode has been implanted.
Continuous stimulation of deep brain structures for the treatment of epilepsy has not met with consistent success. To be effective in terminating seizures, it is believed that one effective site where stimulation should be performed is near the focus of the epileptogenic region. The focus is often in the neocortex, where continuous stimulation may cause significant neurological deficit with clinical symptoms including loss of speech, sensory disorders, or involuntary motion. Accordingly, research has been directed toward automatic responsive epilepsy treatment based on a detection of imminent seizure.
A typical epilepsy patient experiences episodic attacks or seizures, which are generally electrographically defined as periods of abnormal neurological activity. As is traditional in the art, such periods shall be referred to herein as “ictal”.
Most prior work on the detection and responsive treatment of seizures via electrical stimulation has focused on analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocorticogram (ECoG) waveforms. In general, EEG signals represent aggregate neuronal activity potentials detectable via electrodes applied to a patient's scalp. ECoG signals, deep-brain counterparts to EEG signals, are detectable via electrodes implanted on or under the dura mater, and usually within the patient's brain. Unless the context clearly and expressly indicates otherwise, the term “EEG” shall be used generically herein to refer to both EEG and ECoG signals.
Much of the work on detection has focused on the use of time-domain analysis of EEG signals. See, e.g., J. Gotman, Automatic seizure detection: improvements and evaluation, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1990; 76(4): 317-24. In a typical time-domain detection system, EEG signals are received by one or more implanted electrodes and then processed by a control module, which then is capable of performing an action (intervention, warning, recording, etc.) when an abnormal event is detected.
It is generally preferable to be able to detect and treat a seizure at or near its beginning, or even before it begins. The beginning of a seizure is referred to herein as an “onset.” However, it is important to note that there are two general varieties of seizure onsets. A “clinical onset” represents the beginning of a seizure as manifested through observable clinical symptoms, such as involuntary muscle movements or neurophysiological effects such as lack of responsiveness. An “electrographic onset” refers to the beginning of detectable electrographic activity indicative of a seizure. An electrographic onset will frequently occur before the corresponding clinical onset, enabling intervention before the patient suffers symptoms, but that is not always the case. In addition, there are changes in the EEG that occur seconds or even minutes before the electrographic onset that can be identified and used to facilitate intervention before electrographic or clinical onsets occur. This capability would be considered seizure prediction, in contrast to the detection of a seizure or its onset.
In the Gotman system, EEG waveforms are filtered and decomposed into “features” representing characteristics of interest in the waveforms. One such feature is characterized by the regular occurrence (i.e., density) of half-waves exceeding a threshold amplitude occurring in a specified frequency band between approximately 3 Hz and 20 Hz, especially in comparison to background (non-ictal) activity. When such half-waves are detected, it is believed that seizure activity is occurring For related approaches, see also H. Qu and J. Gotman, A seizure warning system for long term epilepsy monitoring, Neurology 1995; 45: 2250-4; and H. Qu and J. Gotman, A Patient-Specific Algorithm for the Detection of Seizure Onset in Long-Term EEG Monitoring: Possible Use as a Warning Device, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1997; 44(2): 115-22.
The Gotman articles address half wave characteristics in general, and introduce a variety of measurement criteria, including a ratio of current epoch amplitude to background; average current epoch EEG frequency; average background EEG frequency; coefficient of variation of wave duration; ratio of current epoch amplitude to following time period; average wave amplitude; average wave duration; dominant frequency (peak frequency of the dominant peak); and average power in a main energy zone. These criteria are variously mapped into an n-dimensional space, and whether a seizure is detected depends on the vector distance between the parameters of a measured segment of EEG and a seizure template in that space.
It should be noted that the schemes set forth in the above articles are not tailored for use in an implantable device, and hence typically require more computational ability than would be available in such a device.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,682 to Rise describes an implantable seizure warning system that implements a form of the Gotman system. However, the system described therein uses only a single detection modality, namely a count of sharp spike and wave patterns within a timer period. This is accomplished with relatively complex processing, including averaging over time and quantifying sharpness by way of a second derivative of the signal. The Rise patent does not disclose how the signals are processed at a low level, nor does it explain detection criteria in any sufficiently specific level of detail.
A more computationally demanding approach is to transform EEG signals into the frequency domain for rigorous spectrum analysis. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,995,868 to Dorfmeister et al., which analyzes the power spectral density of EEG signals in comparison to background characteristics. Although this approach is generally believed to achieve good results, for the most part, its computational expense renders it less than optimal for use in long-term implanted epilepsy monitor and treatment devices. With current technology, the battery life in an implantable device computationally capable of performing the Dorfmeister method would be too short for it to be feasible.
Also representing an alternative and more complex approach is U.S. Pat. No. 5,857,978 to Hively et al., in which various non-linear and statistical characteristics of EEG signals are analyzed to identify the onset of ictal activity. Once more, the calculation of statistically relevant characteristics is not believed to be feasible in an implantable device.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,449 to Fischell, et al. (which is hereby incorporated by reference as though set forth in full herein), describes an implantable seizure detection and treatment system. In the Fischell system, various detection methods are possible, all of which essentially rely upon the analysis (either in the time domain or the frequency domain) of processed EEG signals. Fischell's controller is preferably implanted intracranially, but other approaches are also possible, including the use of an external controller. When a seizure is detected, the Fischell system applies responsive electrical stimulation to terminate the seizure, a capability that will be discussed in further detail below.
All of these approaches provide useful information, and in some cases may provide sufficient information for accurate detection and prediction of most imminent epileptic seizures.
However, none of the various implementations of the known approaches provide 100% seizure detection accuracy in a clinical environment.
Two types of detection errors are generally possible. A “false positive,” as the term is used herein, refers to a detection of a seizure or ictal activity when no seizure or other abnormal event is actually occurring. Similarly, a “false negative” herein refers to the failure to detect a seizure or ictal activity that actually is occurring or shortly will occur.
In most cases, with all known implementations of the known approaches to detecting abnormal seizure activity solely by monitoring and analyzing EEG activity, when a seizure detection algorithm is tuned to catch all seizures, there will be a significant number of false positives. While it is currently believed that there are minimal or no side effects to limited amounts of over-stimulation (e.g., providing stimulation sufficient to terminate a seizure in response to a false positive), the possibility of accidentally initiating a seizure or increasing the patient's susceptibility to seizures must be considered.
As is well known, it has been suggested that it is possible to treat and terminate seizures by applying electrical stimulation to the brain. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,449 to Fischell et al., and H. R. Wagner, et al., Suppression of cortical epileptiform activity by generalized and localized ECoG desynchronization, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1975; 39(5): 499-506. And as stated above, it is believed to be beneficial to perform this stimulation only when a seizure (or other undesired neurological event) is occurring or about to occur, as inappropriate stimulation may result in the initiation of seizures.
Furthermore, it should be noted that a false negative (that is, a seizure that occurs without any warning or treatment from the device) will often cause the patient significant discomfort and detriment. Clearly, false negatives are to be avoided.
It has been found to be difficult to achieve an acceptably low level of false positives and false negatives with the level of computational ability available in an implantable device with reasonable battery life.
Preferably, the battery in an implantable device, particularly one implanted intracranially, should last at least several years. There is a substantial risk of complications (such as infection, blood clots, and the overgrowth of scar tissue) and lead failure each time an implanted device or its battery is replaced. Rechargeable batteries have not been found to provide any advantage in this regard, as they are not as efficient as traditional cells, and the additional electronic circuitry required to support the recharging operation contributes to the device's size and complexity. Moreover, there is a need for patient discipline in recharging the device batteries, which would require the frequent transmission of a substantial amount of power over a wireless link and through the patient's skin and other tissue.
As stated above, the detection and prediction of ictal activity has traditionally required a significant amount of computational ability. Moreover, for an implanted device to have significant real-world utility, it is also advantageous to include a number of other features and capabilities. Specifically, treatment (via electrical stimulation or drug infusion) and/or warning (via an audio annunciator, for example), recording of EEG signals for later consideration and analysis, and telemetry providing a link to external equipment are all useful capabilities for an implanted device capable of detecting or predicting epileptiform signals. All of these additional subsystems will consume further power.
Moreover, size is also a consideration. For various reasons, intracranial implants are favored. A device implanted intracranially (or under the scalp) will typically have a lower risk of failure than a similar device implanted pectorally or elsewhere, which require a lead to be run from the device, through the patient's neck to the electrode implantation sites in the patient's head. This lead is also prone to receive additional electromagnetic interference.
As is well known in the art, the computational ability of a processor-controlled system is directly related to both size and power consumption. In accordance with the above considerations, therefore, it would be advantageous to have sufficient detection and prediction capabilities to avoid a substantial number of false positive and false negative detections, and yet consume little enough power (in conjunction with the other subsystems) to enable long battery life. Such an implantable device would have a relatively low-power central processing unit to reduce the electrical power consumed by that portion.
At the current time, there is no known implantable device that is capable of detecting and predicting seizures and yet has adequate battery life and the consequent acceptably low risk factors for use in human patients.
Accordingly, an implantable device according to the invention for detecting and predicting epileptic seizures includes a relatively low-speed and low-power central processing unit, as well as customized electronic circuit modules in a detection subsystem. As described herein, the detection subsystem also performs prediction, which in the context of the present application is a form of detection that occurs before identifiable clinical symptoms or even obvious electrographic patterns are evident upon inspection. The same methods, potentially with different parameters, are adapted to be used for both detection and prediction. Generally, as described herein, an event (such as an epileptic seizure) may be detected, an electrographic “onset” of such an event (an electrographic indication of an event occurring at the same time as or before the clinical event begins) may be detected (and may be characterized by different waveform observations than the event itself), and a “precursor” to an event (electrographic activity regularly occurring some time before the clinical event) may be detected as predictive of the event.
As described herein and as the terms are generally understood, the present approach is generally not statistical or stochastic in nature. The invention, and particularly the detection subsystem thereof, is specifically adapted to perform much of the signal processing and analysis requisite for accurate and effective event detection. The central processing unit remains in a suspended “sleep” state characterized by relative inactivity a substantial percentage of the time, and is periodically awakened by interrupts from the detection subsystem to perform certain tasks related to the detection and prediction schemes enabled by the device.
Much of the processing performed by an implantable system according to the invention involves operations on digital data in the time domain. Preferably, to reduce the amount of data processing required by the invention, samples at ten-bit resolution are taken at a rate less than or equal to approximately 500 Hz (2 ms per sample).
As stated above, an implantable system according to the invention is capable of accurate and reliable seizure detection and prediction. To accomplish this, the invention employs a combination of signal processing and analysis modalities, including data reduction and feature extraction techniques, mostly implemented as customized digital electronics modules, minimally reliant upon a central processing unit.
In particular, it has been found to be advantageous to utilize two different data reduction methodologies, both of which collect data representative of EEG signals within a sequence of uniform time windows each having a specified duration.
The first data reduction methodology involves the calculation of a “line length function” for an EEG signal within a time window. Specifically, the line length function of a digital signal represents an accumulation of the sample-to-sample amplitude variation in the EEG signal within the time window. Stated another way, the line length function is representative of the variability of the input signal. A constant input signal will have a line length of zero (representative of substantially no variation in the signal amplitude), while an input signal that oscillates between extrema from sample to sample will approach the maximum line length. It should be noted that while the line length function has a physical-world analogue in measuring the vector distance traveled in a graph of the input signal, the concept of line length as treated herein disregards the horizontal (X) axis in such a situation. The horizontal axis herein is representative of time, which is not combinable in any meaningful way in accordance with the invention with information relating to the vertical (Y) axis, generally representative of amplitude, and which in any event would contribute nothing of interest.
The second data reduction methodology involves the calculation of an “area function” represented by an EEG signal within a time window. Specifically, the area function is calculated as an aggregation of the EEG's signal total deviation from zero over the time window, whether positive or negative. The mathematical analogue for the area function defined above is the mathematical integral of the absolute value of the EEG function (as both positive and negative signals contribute to positive area). Once again, the horizontal axis (time) makes no contribution to accumulated energy as treated herein. Accordingly, an input signal that remains around zero will have a small area value, while an input signal that remains around the most-positive or most-negative values will have a high area value.
Both the area and line length functions may undergo linear or non-linear transformations. An example would be to square each amplitude before summing it in the area function. This non-linear operation would provide an output that would approximate the energy of the signal for the period of time it was integrated. Likewise linear and non-linear transformations of the difference between sample values are advantageous in customizing the line length function to increase the effectiveness of the detector for a specific patient.
The central processing unit receives the line length function and area function measurements performed by the detection subsystem, and is capable of acting based on those measurements or their trends.
Feature extraction, specifically the identification of half waves in an EEG signal, also provides useful information. A half wave is an interval between a local waveform minimum and a local waveform maximum; each time a signal “changes directions” (from increasing to decreasing, or vice versa), subject to limitations that will be set forth in further detail below, a new half wave is identified.
The identification of half waves having specific amplitude and duration criteria allows some frequency-driven characteristics of the EEG signal to be considered and analyzed without the need for computationally intensive transformations of normally time-domain EEG signals into the frequency domain. Specifically, the half wave feature extraction capability of the invention identifies those half waves in the input signal having a duration that exceeds a minimum duration criterion and an amplitude that exceeds a minimum amplitude criterion. The number of half waves in a time window meeting those criteria is somewhat representative of the amount of energy in a waveform at a frequency below the frequency corresponding to the minimum duration criterion. And the number of half waves in a time window is constrained somewhat by the duration of each half wave (i.e., if the half waves in a time window have particularly long durations, relatively fewer of them will fit into the time window), that number is highest when a dominant waveform frequency most closely matches the frequency corresponding to the minimum duration criterion.
As stated above, the half waves, line length function, and area function of various EEG signals are calculated by customized electronics modules with minimal involvement by the central processing unit, and are selectively combined by a system according to the invention to provide detection and prediction of seizure activity, so that appropriate action can then be taken.
Accordingly, in one embodiment of the invention, a system according to the invention includes a central processing unit, a detection subsystem located therein that includes a waveform analyzer. The waveform analyzer includes waveform feature analysis capabilities (such as half wave characteristics) as well as window-based analysis capabilities (such as line length and area under the curve), and both aspects are combined to provide enhanced neurological event detection. A central processing unit is used to consolidate the results from multiple channels and coordinate responsive action when necessary.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description below and the accompanying drawings, in which:
The invention is described below, with reference to detailed illustrative embodiments. It will be apparent that a system according to the invention may be embodied in a wide variety of forms. Consequently, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are representative and do not limit the scope of the invention.
Preferably, an implantable device according to the invention is capable of detecting or predicting any kind of neurological event that has a representative electrographic signature. While the disclosed embodiment is described primarily as responsive to epileptic seizures, it should be recognized that it is also possible to respond to other types of neurological disorders, such as movement disorders (e.g. the tremors characterizing Parkinson's disease), migraine headaches, chronic pain, and neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Preferably, neurological events representing any or all of these afflictions can be detected when they are actually occurring, in an onset stage, or as a predictive precursor before clinical symptoms begin.
In the disclosed embodiment, the neurostimulator is implanted intracranially in a patient's parietal bone 210, in a location anterior to the lambdoidal suture 212 (see
It should be recognized that the embodiment of the device 110 described and illustrated herein is preferably a responsive neurostimulator for detecting and treating epilepsy by detecting seizures or their onsets or precursors, and preventing and/or terminating such epileptic seizures.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the device 110 is not a responsive neurostimulator, but is an apparatus capable of detecting neurological conditions and events and performing actions in response thereto. The actions performed by such an embodiment of the device 110 need not be therapeutic, but may involve data recording or transmission, providing warnings to the patient, or any of a number of known alternative actions. Such a device will typically act as a diagnostic device when interfaced with external equipment, as will be discussed in further detail below.
The device 110, as implanted intracranially, is illustrated in greater detail in
To implant the device 110, a craniotomy is performed in the parietal bone anterior to the lambdoidal suture 212 to define an opening 218 slightly larger than the device 110. The ferrule 216 is inserted into the opening 218 and affixed to the cranium 214, ensuring a tight and secure fit. The device 110 is then inserted into and affixed to the ferrule 216.
As shown in
The lead 222, as illustrated, and other leads for use in a system or method according to the invention, is a flexible elongated member having one or more conductors. As shown, the lead 222 is coupled to the device 110 via the lead connector 220, and is generally situated on the outer surface of the cranium 214 (and under the patient's scalp 112), extending between the device 110 and a burr hole 224 or other cranial opening, where the lead 222 enters the cranium 214 and is coupled to a depth electrode (see
The device 110 includes a durable outer housing 226 fabricated from a biocompatible material. Titanium, which is light, extremely strong, and biocompatible, is used in analogous devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, and would serve advantageously in this context. As the device 110 is self-contained, the housing 226 encloses a battery and any electronic circuitry necessary or desirable to provide the functionality described herein, as well as any other features. As will be described in further detail below, a telemetry coil may be provided outside of the housing 226 (and potentially integrated with the lead connector 220) to facilitate communication between the device 110 and external devices.
The neurostimulator configuration described herein and illustrated in
As stated above, and as illustrated in
The programmer 312 is capable of performing a number of advantageous operations in connection with the invention. In particular, the programmer 312 is able to specify and set variable parameters in the device 110 to adapt the function of the device 110 to meet the patient's needs, download or receive data (including but not limited to stored EEG waveforms, parameters, or logs of actions taken) from the device 110 to the programmer 312, upload or transmit program code and other information from the programmer 312 to the device 110, or command the device 110 to perform specific actions or change modes as desired by a physician operating the programmer 312. To facilitate these functions, the programmer 312 is adapted to receive physician input 314 and provide physician output 316; data is transmitted between the programmer 312 and the device 110 over the wireless link 310.
The programmer 312 may be coupled via a communication link 318 to a network 320 such as the Internet. This allows any information downloaded from the device 110, as well as any program code or other information to be uploaded to the device 110, to be stored in a database at one or more data repository locations (which may include various servers and network-connected programmers like the programmer 312). This would allow a patient (and the patient's physician) to have access to important data, including past treatment information and software updates, essentially anywhere in the world that there is a programmer (like the programmer 312) and a network connection.
An overall block diagram of the device 110 used for measurement, detection, and treatment according to the invention is illustrated in
The electrodes 412-418 are connected to an electrode interface 420. Preferably, the electrode interface is capable of selecting each electrode as required for sensing and stimulation; accordingly the electrode interface is coupled to a detection subsystem 422 and a stimulation subsystem 424. The electrode interface also may provide any other features, capabilities, or aspects, including but not limited to amplification, isolation, and charge-balancing functions, that are required for a proper interface with neurological tissue and not provided by any other subsystem of the device 110.
The detection subsystem 422 includes an EEG analyzer function. The EEG analyzer function is adapted to receive EEG signals from the electrodes 412-418, through the electrode interface 420, and to process those EEG signals to identify neurological activity indicative of a seizure, an onset of a seizure, or a precursor to a seizure. One way to implement such EEG analysis functionality is disclosed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,016,449 to Fischell et al., incorporated by reference above; additional inventive methods are described in detail below. The detection subsystem may optionally also contain further sensing and detection capabilities, including but not limited to parameters derived from other physiological conditions (such as electrophysiological parameters, temperature, blood pressure, etc.).
The stimulation subsystem 424 is capable of applying electrical stimulation to neurological tissue through the electrodes 412-418. This can be accomplished in any of a number of different manners. For example, it may be advantageous in some circumstances to provide stimulation in the form of a substantially continuous stream of pulses, or on a scheduled basis. Preferably, therapeutic stimulation is provided in response to abnormal events detected by the EEG analyzer function of the detection subsystem 422. As illustrated in
Also in the control module 410 is a memory subsystem 426 and a central processing unit (CPU) 428, which can take the form of a microcontroller. The memory subsystem is coupled to the detection subsystem 422 (e.g., for receiving and storing data representative of sensed EEG signals and evoked responses), the stimulation subsystem 424 (e.g., for providing stimulation waveform parameters to the stimulation subsystem), and the CPU 428, which can control the operation of the memory subsystem 426. In addition to the memory subsystem 426, the CPU 428 is also connected to the detection subsystem 422 and the stimulation subsystem 424 for direct control of those subsystems.
Also provided in the control module 410, and coupled to the memory subsystem 426 and the CPU 428, is a communication subsystem 430. The communication subsystem 430 enables communication between the device 110 (
Rounding out the subsystems in the control module 410 are a power supply 432 and a clock supply 434. The power supply 432 supplies the voltages and currents necessary for each of the other subsystems. The clock supply 434 supplies substantially all of the other subsystems with any clock and timing signals necessary for their operation.
It should be observed that while the memory subsystem 426 is illustrated in
Signals received from the electrodes 412-418 (as routed through the electrode interface 420) are received in an electrode selector 510. The electrode selector 510 allows the device to select which electrodes (of the electrodes 412-418) should be routed to which individual sensing channels of the detection subsystem 422, based on commands received through a control interface 518 from the memory subsystem 426 or the CPU 428 (
A multiplexed input signal representative of all active sensing channels is then fed from the sensing front end 512 to a waveform analyzer 514. The waveform analyzer 514 is preferably a special-purpose digital signal processor (DSP) adapted for use with the invention, or in an alternative embodiment, may comprise a programmable general-purpose DSP. In the disclosed embodiment, the waveform analyzer has its own scratchpad memory area 516 used for local storage of data and program variables when the signal processing is being performed. In either case, the signal processor performs suitable measurement and detection methods described generally above and in greater detail below. Any results from such methods, as well as any digitized signals intended for storage transmission to external equipment, are passed to various other subsystems of the control module 410, including the memory subsystem 426 and the CPU 428 (
Referring now to
Each differential amplifier channel 610 feeds a corresponding analog to digital converter (ADC) 612. Preferably, the analog to digital converters 612 are separately programmable with respect to sample rates—in the disclosed embodiment, the ADCs 612 convert analog signals into 10-bit unsigned integer digital data streams at a sample rate selectable between 250 Hz and 500 Hz. In several of the illustrations described below where waveforms are shown, sample rates of 250 Hz are typically used for simplicity. However, the invention shall not be deemed to be so limited, and numerous sample rate and resolution options are possible, with tradeoffs known to individuals of ordinary skill in the art of electronic signal processing. The resulting digital signals are received by a multiplexer 614 that creates a single interleaved digital data stream representative of the data from all active sensing channels. As will be described in further detail below, not all of the sensing channels need to be used at one time, and it may in fact be advantageous in certain circumstances to deactivate certain sensing channels to reduce the power consumed by a system according to the invention.
It should be noted that as illustrated and described herein, a “sensing channel” is not necessarily a single physical or functional item that can be identified in any illustration. Rather, a sensing channel is formed from the functional sequence of operations described herein, and particularly represents a single electrical signal received from any pair or combination of electrodes, as preprocessed by a system according to the invention, in both analog and digital forms. See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/517,797 to D. Fischell et al., filed on Mar. 2, 2000 and entitled “Neurological Event Detection Using Processed Display Channel Based Algorithms and Devices Incorporating These Procedures,” which is hereby incorporated by reference as though set forth in full herein. At times (particularly after the multiplexer 614), multiple sensing channels are processed by the same physical and functional components of the system; notwithstanding that, it should be recognized that unless the description herein indicates to the contrary, a system according to the invention processes, handles, and treats each sensing channel independently.
The interleaved digital data stream is passed from the multiplexer 614, out of the sensing front end 512, and into the waveform analyzer 514. The waveform analyzer 514 is illustrated in detail in
The interleaved digital data stream representing information from all of the active sensing channels is first received by a channel controller 710. The channel controller applies information from the active sensing channels to a number of wave morphology analysis units 712 and window analysis units 714. It is preferred to have as many wave morphology analysis units 712 and window analysis units 714 as possible, consistent with the goals of efficiency, size, and low power consumption necessary for an implantable device. In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, there are sixteen wave morphology analysis units 712 and eight window analysis units 714, each of which can receive data from any of the sensing channels of the sensing front end 512, and each of which can be operated with different and independent parameters, including differing sample rates, as will be discussed in further detail below.
Each of the wave morphology analysis units 712 operates to extract certain feature information from an input waveform as described below in conjunction with
A “detection channel,” as the term is used herein, refers to a data stream including the active sensing front end 512 and the analysis units of the waveform analyzer 514 processing that data stream, in both analog and digital forms. It should be noted that each detection channel can receive data from a single sensing channel; each sensing channel preferably can be applied to the input of any combination of detection channels. The latter selection is accomplished by the channel controller 710. As with the sensing channels, not all detection channels need to be active; certain detection channels can be deactivated to save power or if additional detection processing is deemed unnecessary in certain applications.
In conjunction with the operation of the wave morphology analysis units 712 and the window analysis units 714, a scratchpad memory area 516 is provided for temporary storage of processed data. The scratchpad memory area 516 may be physically part of the memory subsystem 426, or alternatively may be provided for the exclusive use of the waveform analyzer 514. Other subsystems and components of a system according to the invention may also be furnished with local scratchpad memory, if such a configuration is advantageous.
The operation of the event detector logic 716 is illustrated in detail in the functional block diagram of
A first sensing channel 810 provides input to a first event detector 812. While the first event detector 812 is illustrated as a functional block in the block diagram of
Considering the processing performed by the event detectors 812, 816, and 822, the first input channel 810 feeds a signal to both a wave morphology analysis unit 824 (one of the wave morphology analysis units 712 of
Outputs from the wave morphology analysis unit 824, the line length analysis tool 828, and the area analysis tool 830 are combined in a Boolean AND operation 832 and sent to an output 834 for further use by a system according to the invention. For example, if a combination of analysis tools in an event detector identifies several simultaneous (or near-simultaneous) types of activity in an input channel, a system according to the invention may be programmed to perform an action in response thereto. Details of the analysis tools and the combination processes used in event detectors according to the invention will be set forth in greater detail below.
In the second event detector 816, only a wave morphology analysis unit 836 is active. Accordingly, no Boolean operation needs to be performed, and the wave morphology analysis unit 836 directly feeds an event detector output 838.
The third event detector 822 operates on two input channels 818 and 820, and includes two separate detection channels of analysis units: a first wave morphology analysis unit 840 and a first window analysis unit 842, the latter including a first line length analysis tool 844 and a first area analysis tool 846; and a second wave morphology analysis unit 848 and a second window analysis unit 850, the latter including a second line length analysis tool 852 and a second area analysis tool 854. The two detection channels of analysis units are combined to provide a single event detector output 856.
In the first detection channel of analysis units 840 and 842, outputs from the first wave morphology analysis unit 840, the first line length analysis tool 844, and the first area analysis tool 846 are combined via a Boolean AND operation 858 into a first detection channel output 860. Similarly, in the second detection channel of analysis units 848 and 850, outputs from the second wave morphology analysis unit 848, the second line length analysis tool 852, and the second area analysis tool 854 are combined via a Boolean AND operation 862 into a second detection channel output 864. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the second detection channel output 864 is invertible with selectable Boolean logic inversion 866 before it is combined with the first detection channel output 860. Subsequently, the first detection channel output 860 and the second detection channel output 864 are combined with a Boolean AND operation 868 to provide a signal to the output 856. In an alternative embodiment, a Boolean OR operation is used to combine the first detection channel output 860 and the second detection channel output 864.
In one embodiment of the invention, the second detection channel (analysis units 848 and 850) represents a “qualifying channel” with respect to the first detection channel (analysis units 840 and 842). In general, a qualifying channel allows a detection to be made only when both channels are in concurrence with regard to detection of an event. For example, a qualifying channel can be used to indicate when a seizure has “generalized,” i.e. spread through a significant portion of a patient's brain. To do this, the third input channel 818 and the fourth input channel 820 are configured to receive EEG waveforms from separate amplifier channels coupled to electrodes in separate parts of the patient's brain (e.g., in opposite hemispheres). Accordingly, then, the Boolean AND operation 868 will indicate a detection only when the first detection output 860 and the second detection output 864 both indicate the presence of an event (or, when Boolean logic inversion 866 is present, when the first detection output 860 indicates the presence of an event while the second detection output 864 does not). As will be described in further detail below, the detection outputs 860 and 864 can be provided with selectable persistence (i.e., the ability to remain triggered for some time after the event is detected), allowing the Boolean AND combination 868 to be satisfied even when there is not precise temporal synchronization between detections on the two channels.
It should be appreciated that the concept of a “qualifying channel” allows the flexible configuration of a device 110 according to the invention to achieve a number of advantageous results. In addition to the detection of generalization, as described above, a qualifying channel can be configured, for example, to detect noise so a detection output is valid only when noise is not present, to assist in device configuration in determining which of two sets of detection parameters is preferable (by setting up the different parameters in the first detection channel and the second detection channel, then replacing the Boolean AND combination with a Boolean OR combination), or to require a specific temporal sequence of detections (which would be achieved in software by the CPU 428 after a Boolean OR combination of detections). There are numerous other possibilities.
The outputs 834, 838, and 856 of the event detectors are preferably represented by Boolean flags, and as described below, provide information for the operation of a system according to the invention.
While
The second waveform 912 represents a filtered version of the original EEG waveform 910. As shown, most of the high-frequency energy has been eliminated from the signal, and the waveform 912 is significantly smoother. In the disclosed embodiment of the invention, this filtering operation is performed in the sensing front end 512 before the analog to digital converters 612 (
The filtered waveform 912 is then sampled by one of the analog to digital converters 612; this operation is represented graphically in the third waveform 914 of
Referring now to
In a first half wave 1012, which is partially illustrated in
In a method performed according to the invention, it is particularly advantageous to allow for a programmable hysteresis setting in identifying the ends of half waves. In other words, as explained above, the end of an increasing or decreasing half wave might be prematurely identified as a result of quantization (and other) noise, low-amplitude signal components, and other perturbing factors, unless a small hysteresis allowance is made before a reversal of waveform direction (and a corresponding half wave end) is identified. Hysteresis allows for insignificant variations in signal level inconsistent with the signal's overall movement to be ignored without the need for extensive further signal processing such as filtering. Without hysteresis, such small and insignificant variations might lead to substantial and gross changes in where half waves are identified, leading to unpredictable results.
The processing steps performed with regard to the waveform 1010 and half waves of
If the current EEG sample has an amplitude less than the ending threshold (step 1122), then the hysteresis value has been exceeded, and a local extremum has been identified. Accordingly, the end of the increasing half wave has been reached, and the amplitude and duration of the half wave are calculated (step 1124). The amplitude is equal to the peak amplitude minus the first sample value; the duration is equal to the current half wave duration. Otherwise, the next ample is awaited (step 1114).
If both the amplitude and the duration qualify by exceeding corresponding preset thresholds (step 1126), then the amplitude, duration, half wave time, half wave direction (increasing) are stored in a buffer (step 1128), and the half wave time is reset to zero (step 1130).
At the conclusion of the increasing half wave, the process continues by initializing wave duration, the ending threshold, the peak amplitude, and the first sample value (step 1132). Wave duration is set to zero, the ending threshold is set to the last sample value plus the hysteresis value, the peak amplitude and the first sample value are set to the most recent sample value.
After waiting for a measurement of the current EEG sample (step 1134), the half wave time and half wave duration variables are incremented (step 1136). If the current EEG sample has an amplitude lower than the peak amplitude (step 1138), then the amplitude of the half wave is decreasing (or continues to decrease). Accordingly, the ending threshold is reset to be the current EEG sample's amplitude plus the hysteresis value, the peak is reset to the current EEG sample's amplitude (step 1140), and the next sample is awaited (step 1134).
If the current EEG sample has an amplitude greater than the ending threshold (step 1142), then the hysteresis value has been exceeded, and a local extremum has been identified. Accordingly, the end of the decreasing half wave has been reached, and the amplitude and duration of the half wave are calculated (step 1144). The amplitude is equal to the first sample value minus the peak amplitude, and the duration is equal to the current half wave duration. Otherwise, the next EEG sample is awaited (step 1134).
If both the amplitude and the duration qualify by exceeding corresponding preset thresholds (step 1146), then the amplitude, duration, half wave time, half wave direction (decreasing) are stored in a buffer (step 1148), and the half wave time is reset to zero (step 1150). It should be noted that, in the context of this specification, the term “exceed” in regard to a threshold value means to meet a specified criterion. Generally, to exceed a threshold herein is to have a numeric value greater than or equal to the threshold, although other interpretations (such as greater than, or less than, or less than or equal to, depending on the context) may be applicable and are deemed to be within the scope of the invention.
At the conclusion of the decreasing half wave, further half waves are then identified by repeating the process from step 1112. As half wave detection is an ongoing and continuous process, this procedure preferably does not exit, but may be suspended from time to time when conditions or device state call for it, e.g. when the device is inactive or when stimulation is being performed. Once suspended in accordance with the invention, the procedure should recommence with the first initialization step 1110.
Accordingly, the process depicted in
This stored information is used in the software process illustrated in
Each time the software process of
Logic inversion allows the output flag for the wave morphology analysis unit (or any other analyzer) to be selectively inverted. If logic inversion is configured to be applied to an output of a particular analysis unit, then the corresponding flag will be clear when the detection criterion (e.g., number of qualified half waves) is met, and set when the detection criterion is not met. This capability provides some additional flexibility in configuration, facilitating detection of the absence of certain signal characteristics when, for example, the presence of those characteristics is the norm.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the half wave window flag (set in step 1220) indicates whether a sufficient number of qualified half waves occur over an interval ending in the most recent processing window. To reduce the occurrence of spurious detections, an X of Y criterion is applied, causing the wave morphology analysis unit to trigger only if a sufficient number of qualified half waves occur in X of the Y most recent processing windows, where X and Y are parameters individually adjustable for each analysis tool. This process is illustrated in
Initially, a sum (representing recent processing windows having the half wave window flag set) is cleared to zero and a current window pointer is initialized to point to the most recent processing window (step 1310). If the half wave window flag corresponding to the current window pointer is set (step 1312), then the sum is incremented (step 1314). If there are more processing windows to examine (for an X of Y criterion, a total of Y processing windows, including the most recent, should be considered) (step 1316), then the window pointer is decremented (step 1318) and the flag testing and sum incrementing steps (steps 1312-1314) are repeated.
After Y windows have been considered, if the sum of windows having set half wave window flags meets the threshold X (step 1320), then the half wave analysis flag is set (step 1322), persistence (described below) is applied (step 1324), and the procedure is complete. Otherwise, the half wave analysis flag is cleared (step 1326).
Persistence, another per-analysis-tool setting, allows the effect of an event detection (a flag set) to persist beyond the end of the detection window in which the event occurs. In the disclosed system according to the invention, persistence may be set anywhere from one second to fifteen seconds (though other settings are possible), so if detections with multiple analysis tools do not all occur simultaneously (though they should still occur within a fairly short time period), a Boolean combination of flags will still yield positive results. Persistence can also be used with a single analysis tool to smooth the results.
When the process of
The total line length for the window 1412 is the sum of the sample-to-sample amplitude differences within that window 1412. For example, the first contribution to the line length within the window 1412 is a first amplitude difference 1414 between a previous sample 1416 occurring immediately before the window 1412 and a first sample 1418 occurring within the window 1412. The next contribution comes from a second amplitude difference 1420 between the first sample 1418 and a second sample 1422; a further contribution 1424 comes from a third amplitude difference between the second sample 1422 and a third sample 1426; and so on. At the end of the window 1412, the final contribution to the line length comes from a last amplitude difference 1430 between a second-last sample 1432 in the window 1412 and a last sample 1434 in the window 1412. Note that all line lengths, whether increasing or decreasing in direction, are accumulated as positive values by the invention; accordingly, a decreasing amplitude difference 1414 and an increasing amplitude difference 1428 both contribute to a greater line length.
As illustrated herein, and as discussed in detail above, there are thirty-two samples within the window 1412. The illustrated window 1412 has a duration of 128 ms, and accordingly, the illustrated sample rate is 250 Hz. It should be noted, however, that alternate window durations and sample rates are possible and considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
The line lengths illustrated in
In various alternative embodiments of the invention, either the measured difference (as calculated in step 1514, described above), or the sample values used to calculate the difference may be mathematically transformed in useful nonlinear ways. For example, it may be advantageous in certain circumstances to calculate the difference between adjacent samples using the squares of the sample values, or to calculate the square of the difference between sample values, or both. It is contemplated that other transformations (such as square root, exponentiation, logarithm, and other nonlinear functions) might also be advantageous in certain circumstances. Whether or not to perform such a transformation and the nature of any transformation to be performed are preferably programmable parameters of the device 110.
For use in the next iteration, the previous sample is replaced with the value of the current sample (step 1516), and the calculated absolute value is added to the total (step 1518). If there are more samples remaining in the window 1412 (step 1520), another current sample is awaited (step 1512) and the process continues. Otherwise, the line length calculation for the window 1412 is complete, and the total is stored (step 1522), the total is re-initialized to zero (step 1510), and the process continues.
As with the half wave analysis method set forth above, the line length calculation does not need to terminate; it can be free-running yet interruptible. If the line length calculation is restarted after having been suspended, it should be re-initialized and restarted at the beginning of a window. This synchronization can be accomplished through hardware interrupts.
The line lengths calculated as shown in
The process begins by calculating a running accumulated line length total over a period of n time windows. Where n>1, the effect is that of a sliding window; in an alternative embodiment an actual sliding window processing methodology may be used. First, the accumulated total is initialized to zero (step 1610). A current window pointer is set to indicate the nth-last window, i.e., the window (n−1) windows before the most recent window (step 1612). The line length of the current window is added to the total (step 1614), the current window pointer is incremented (step 1616), and if there are more windows between the current window pointer and the most recent (last) window (step 1618), the adding and incrementing steps (1614-1616) are repeated. Accordingly, by this process, the resulting total includes the line lengths for each of the n most recent windows.
In the disclosed embodiment of the invention, the accumulated total line length is compared to a dynamic threshold, which is based on a trend of recently observed line lengths. The trend is recalculated regularly and periodically, after each recurring line length trend interval (which is preferably a fixed or programmed time interval). Each time the line length trend interval passes (step 1620), the line length trend is calculated or updated (step 1622). In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, this is accomplished by calculating a normalized moving average of several trend samples, each of which represents several consecutive windows of line lengths. A new trend sample is taken and the moving average is recalculated upon every line length trend interval. The number of trend samples used in the normalized moving average and the number of consecutive windows of line length measurements per trend sample are preferably both fixed or programmable values.
After the line length trend has been calculated, the line length threshold is calculated (step 1624) based on the new line length trend. In the disclosed embodiment of the invention, the threshold may be set as either a percentage of the line length trend (either below 100% for a threshold that is lower than the trend, or above 100% for a threshold that is higher than the trend) or alternatively a fixed numeric offset from the line length trend (either negative for a threshold that is lower than the trend, or positive for a threshold that is higher than the trend). It should be observed that other methods for deriving a numeric threshold from a numeric trend are possible and deemed to be within the scope of the invention.
The first time the process of
If the accumulated line length total exceeds the calculated threshold (step 1626), then a flag is set (step 1628) indicating a line-length-based event detection on the current window analysis unit channel 714. As described above, in the disclosed embodiment of the invention, the threshold is dynamically calculated from a line length trend, but alternatively, the threshold may be static, either fixed or programmed into the device 110. If the accumulated line length total does not exceed the threshold, the flag is cleared (step 1630). Once the line length flag has been either set or cleared, logic inversion is applied (step 1632), persistence is applied (step 1634), and the procedure terminates.
The resulting persistent line length flag indicates whether the threshold has been exceeded within one or more windows over a time period corresponding to the line length flag persistence. As will be discussed in further detail below, line length event detections can be combined with the half wave event detections, as well as any other applicable detection criteria according to the invention.
The total area under the curve represented by a waveform 1710 within the window 1712 is equal to the sum of the absolute values of the areas of each rectangular region of unit width vertically bounded by the horizontal axis and the sample. For example, the first contribution to the area under the curve within the window 1712 comes from a first region 1714 between a first sample 1716 and a baseline 1717. A second contribution to the area under the curve within the window 1712 comes from a second region 1718, including areas between a second sample 1720 and the baseline 1717. There are similar regions and contributions for a third sample 1722 and the baseline 1717, a fourth sample 1724 and the baseline 1717, and so on. It should be observed that the region widths are not important—the area under each sample can be considered the product of the sample's amplitude and a unit width, which can be disregarded. In a similar manner, each region is accumulated and added to the total area under the curve within the window 1712. Although the concept of separate rectangular regions is a useful construct for visualizing the idea of area under a curve, it should be noted that a process for calculating area need not partition areas into regions as shown in FIG. 17—it is only necessary to accumulate the absolute value of the waveform's amplitude at each sample, as the unit width of each region can be disregarded. The process for doing this will be set forth in detail below in connection with
The areas under the curve illustrated in
As with the line length calculation method described above (with reference to
The calculated absolute value is added to the total (step 1816). If there are more samples remaining in the window 1712 (step 1818), another current sample is awaited (step 1812) and the process continues. Otherwise, the area calculation for the window 1712 is complete, and the total is stored (step 1820), the total is re-initialized to zero (step 1810), and the process continues.
As with the half wave and line length analysis methods set forth above, the area calculation does not need to terminate; it can be free-running yet interruptible. If the area calculation is restarted after having been suspended, it should be re-initialized and restarted at the beginning of a window. This synchronization can be accomplished through hardware interrupts.
The line lengths calculated as shown in
The process begins by calculating a running accumulated area total over a period of n time windows. Where n>1, the effect is that of a sliding window; in an alternative embodiment an actual sliding window processing methodology may be used. First, the accumulated total is initialized to zero (step 1910). A current window pointer is set to indicate the nth-last window, i.e., the window (n−1) windows before the most recent window (step 1912). The area for the current window is added to the total (step 1914), the current window pointer is incremented (step 1916), and if there are more windows between the current window and the most recent (last) window (step 1918), the adding and incrementing steps (1914-1916) are repeated. Accordingly, by this process, the resulting total includes the areas under the curve for each of the n most recent windows.
In the disclosed embodiment of the invention, the accumulated total area is compared to a dynamic threshold, which is based on a trend of recently observed areas. The trend is recalculated regularly and periodically, after each recurring area trend interval (which is preferably a fixed or programmed time interval). Each time the area trend interval passes (step 1920), the area trend is calculated or updated (step 1922). In a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, this is accomplished by calculating a normalized moving average of several trend samples, each of which represents several consecutive windows of areas. A new trend sample is taken and the moving average is recalculated upon every area trend interval. The number of trend samples used in the normalized moving average and the number of consecutive windows of area measurements per trend sample are preferably both fixed or programmable values.
After the area trend has been calculated, the area threshold is calculated (step 1924) based on the new area trend. As with line length, discussed above, the threshold may be set as either a percentage of the area trend (either below 100% for a threshold that is lower than the trend, or above 100% for a threshold that is higher than the trend) or alternatively a fixed numeric offset from the area trend (either negative for a threshold that is lower than the trend, or positive for a threshold that is higher than the trend).
The first time the process of
If the accumulated total exceeds the calculated threshold (step 1926), then a flag is set (step 1928) indicating an area-based event detection on the current window analysis unit channel 714. Otherwise, the flag is cleared (step 1930). Once the area flag has been either set or cleared, logic inversion is applied (step 1932), persistence is applied (step 1934), and the procedure terminates.
The resulting persistent area flag indicates whether the threshold has been exceeded within one or more windows over a time period corresponding to the area flag persistence. As will be discussed in further detail below, area event detections can be combined with the half wave event detections, line length event detections, as well as any other applicable detection criteria according to the invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each threshold for each channel and each analysis tool can be programmed separately; accordingly, a large number of individual thresholds may be used in a system according to the invention. It should be noted thresholds can vary widely; they can be updated by a physician via the external programmer 312 (
With regard to the flow charts of
In an embodiment of the invention, one of the detection schemes set forth above (e.g., half wave detection) is adapted to use an X of Y criterion to weed out spurious detections. This can be implemented via a shift register, as usual, or by more efficient computational methods. As described above, half waves are analyzed on a window-by-window basis, and as described above (in connection with
Also, in the disclosed embodiment, each detection flag, after being set, remains set for a selected amount of time, allowing them to be combined by Boolean logic (as described below) without necessarily being simultaneous.
As indicated above, each of the software processes set forth above (
The process begins with the receipt of a timer interrupt (step 2010), which is typically generated on a regular periodic basis to indicate the edges of successive time windows. Accordingly, in a system or method according to the disclosed embodiment of the invention, such a timer interrupt is received every 128 ms, or as otherwise programmed or designed. Then the half wave (step 2012,
Flags, indicating whether particular signal characteristics have been identified in each active channel, for each active analysis tools, are then combined into detection channels (step 2018) as illustrated in
The flags for multiple detection channels are then combined into event detector flags (step 2020), which are indicative of identified neurological events calling for action by the device. This process is described below, see
If an event detector flag is set (step 2022), then a corresponding action is initiated (step 2024) by the device. Actions according to the invention can include the presentation of a warning to the patient, an application of therapeutic electrical stimulation, a delivery of a dose of a drug, an initiation of a device mode change, or a recording of certain EEG signals; it will be appreciated that there are numerous other possibilities. It is preferred, but not necessary, for actions initiated by a device according to the invention to be performed in parallel with the sensing and detection operations described in detail herein. It should be recognized that the application of electrical stimulation to the brain may require suspension of certain of the sensing and detection operations, as electrical stimulation signals may otherwise feed back into the detection system 422 (
Multiple event detector flags are possible, each one representing a different combination of detection channel flags. If there are further event detector flags to consider (step 2026), those event detector flags are also evaluated (step 2022) and may cause further actions by the device (step 2024). It should be noted that, in general, actions performed by the device (as in step 2024) may be in part dependent on a device state—even if certain combinations of events do occur, no action may be taken if the device is in an inactive state, for example.
As described above, and as illustrated in
If the corresponding analysis tool flag is set (step 2114), the output detection channel flag remains set, and further analysis tools for the same channel, if any (step 2118), are evaluated. Accordingly, this combination procedure operates as a Boolean AND operation—if any of the enabled and active analysis tools for a particular detection channel does not have a set output flag, then no detection channel flag is output by the procedure.
A clear analysis tool flag indicates that no detection has been made within the flag persistence period, and for those analysis tools that employ an X of Y criterion, that such criterion has not been met. In certain circumstances, it may be advantageous to also provide detection channel flags with logic inversion. Where a desired criterion (i.e., combination of analysis tools) is not met, the output flag is set (rather than cleared, which is the default action). This can be accomplished by providing selectable Boolean logic inversion (step 2120) corresponding to each event detector.
Also as described above, and as illustrated in
An implantable version of a system according to the invention advantageously has a long-term average current consumption on the order of 10 microamps, allowing the implanted device to operate on power provided by a coin cell or similarly small battery for a period of years without need for replacement. It should be noted, however, that as battery and power supply configurations vary, the long-term average current consumption of a device according to the invention may also vary and still provide satisfactory performance.
It should be observed that while the foregoing detailed description of various embodiments of the present invention is set forth in some detail, the invention is not limited to those details and an implantable neurostimulator or neurological disorder detection device made according to the invention can differ from the disclosed embodiments in numerous ways. In particular, it will be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention may be employed in many different applications to detect anomalous neurological characteristics in at least one portion of a patient's brain. It will be appreciated that the functions disclosed herein as being performed by hardware and software, respectively, may be performed differently in an alternative embodiment. It should be further noted that functional distinctions are made above for purposes of explanation and clarity; structural distinctions in a system or method according to the invention may not be drawn along the same boundaries. Hence, the appropriate scope hereof is deemed to be in accordance with the claims as set forth below.
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/896,092, filed on Jun. 28, 2001 and issued on Oct. 26, 2004 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,810,285.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5215086 | Terry et al. | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5269891 | Colin | Dec 1993 | A |
| 5311876 | Olsen et al. | May 1994 | A |
| 5857978 | Hively et al. | Jan 1999 | A |
| 5938689 | Fischell et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5995868 | Dorfmesier et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6006124 | Fischell et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6016449 | Fischell et al. | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6018682 | Rise | Jan 2000 | A |
| 6061593 | Fischell et al. | May 2000 | A |
| 6128538 | Fischell et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6134474 | Fischell et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6161045 | Fischell et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6230049 | Fischell et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6353754 | Fischell et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6354299 | Fischell et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6360122 | Fischell et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6366813 | DiLorenzo | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6427086 | Fischell et al. | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| 6466822 | Pless | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6473639 | Fischell et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 6480743 | Kirkpatrick et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6597954 | Pless et al. | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6810285 | Pless et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6944501 | Pless | Sep 2005 | B1 |
| 7089059 | Pless | Aug 2006 | B1 |
| 7146218 | Esteller et al. | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070016094 A1 | Jan 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 09896092 | Jun 2001 | US |
| Child | 10973091 | US |
