Patent Application
20230303496
The present application is filed with a Sequence Listing in Electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled ONCTG.01OC1_ST_26.xml, created Jun. 7, 2023, which is approximately 170 kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention relates to selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compounds, synthetic intermediates and by-products, and related compounds, and compositions comprising the same, and uses thereof for treating androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions such as hyperproliferations of the prostate including pre-malignancies and benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, castration resistant prostate cancer, triple negative breast cancer, other cancers expressing the androgen receptor, androgenic alopecia or other hyperandrogenic dermal diseases, Kennedy's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and uterine fibroids, and to methods for reducing the levels of androgen receptor-full length (AR-FL) including pathogenic or resistance mutations, AR-splice variants (AR-SV), and pathogenic polyglutamine (polyQ) polymorphisms of AR.
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed noncutaneous cancers among men in the US and is the second most common cause of cancer deaths with more than 200,000 new cases and over 30,000 deaths each year in the United States. PCa therapeutics market is growing at an annual rate of 15-20% globally.
Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of treatment for advanced PCa. Patients with advanced prostate cancer undergo ADT, either by luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, LHRH antagonists or by bilateral orchiectomy. Despite initial response to ADT, 25 disease progression is inevitable, and the cancer emerges as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Up to 30% of patients with prostate cancer that undergo primary treatment by radiation or surgery will develop metastatic disease within 10 years of the primary treatment. Approximately 50,000 patients a year will develop metastatic disease, which is termed metastatic CRPC (mCRPC).
Patients with CRPC have a median survival of 12-18 months. Though castration-resistant, CRPC is still dependent on the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis for continued growth. The primary reason for CRPC re-emergence is re-activation of AR by alternate mechanisms such as: 1) intracrine androgen synthesis, 2) AR splice variants (AR-SV), e.g., that lack ligand binding domain (LBD), 3) AR-LBD mutations with potential to resist AR antagonists (i.e., mutants that are not sensitive to inhibition by AR antagonists, and in some cases AR antagonists act as agonists of the AR bearing these LBD mutations), 4) amplifications of the AR gene within the tumor (e.g., as driven by the fusion of other genes such as the ETS family of transcription factors (see for example PMID: 20478527, 30033370), and 5) rearrangements of the AR gene within the tumor, e.g., as described in PMID: 27897170. A critical barrier to progress in treating CRPC is that AR signaling inhibitors such as darolutamide, enzalutamide, bicalutamide, and abiraterone, acting through the LBD, fail to inhibit growth driven by the N-terminal domain (NTD)-dependent constitutively active AR-SV such as AR-V7, the most prominent AR-SV. Recent high-impact clinical trials with enzalutamide and abiraterone in CRPC patients demonstrated that just 13.9% of AR-V7-positive patients among 202 patients starting treatment with enzalutamide (Xtandi) or abiraterone acetate (Zytiga) had PSA responses to either of the treatments (Antonarakis E S, et al. J Clin. Oncol. 2017 April 6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.70.1961), indicating the requirement for next generation AR antagonists that target AR-SVs. In addition, a significant number of CRPC patients are becoming refractory to abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, etc., emphasizing the need for next generation AR antagonists.
Current evidences demonstrate that CRPC growth is dependent on constitutively active AR including AR-SV's that lack the LBD such as AR-V7 and therefore cannot be inhibited by conventional antagonists. AR inhibition and degradation through binding to a domain that is distinct from the AR LBD provides alternate strategies to manage CRPC.
As described herein the AF-1 region of the NTD of AR is characterized to be bound irreversibly by the SARCAs of the invention. Covalently modified peptides from tryptic digests of AF-1 incubated with SARCAs of the invention were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry, incontrovertibly establishing that the SARCAs produced stable covalent adducts of the AF-1 of AR. Further, the functional activity of AF-1 is inhibited as revealed by inhibition of AR-V7 dependent activation of transcription, i.e., AR-V7 transactivation, by the SARCAs of this invention. Both AF-1 and AR-V7 lack the LBD required for traditional AR antagonists. Moreover, SARCA compounds possessed AR full length (AR FL) and AR SV degradation activities. This is in addition to standard metrics of AR antagonists such as the inhibition of wtAR (i.e., AR FL) (see IC50 values of Tables 1 and 2), binding to the LBD (see Ki values of Tables 1 and 2), and inhibition of AR-dependent proliferation in vitro, e.g., in PCa cell lines or in vivo in androgen-dependent organs (see Example 15), and these criteria were comparable to LBD mediated inhibition. The report of irreversible or covalent binding of small molecules antagonists to AR via NTD or LBD binding sites was only previously seen for marine natural products that possessed poor pharmacokinetic properties and proved to be instable in clinical trials (see EPI-506). The SARCA activity incorporated into an acrylamide linker to mimic the highly prolific propanamide AR ligands which include flutamide, bicalutamide, enobosarm, UT-69, UT-155, and UT-34 provided improved AR affinity/selectivity and tunable warhead reactivity, helping to explain the unprecedented AR-V7 inhibitory potency, while maintaining the prodigiously broad AR antagonism profiles seen with the SARCAs of this invention. These SARCAs have the potential to evolve as new therapeutics to treat CRPCs that are untreatable with any other antagonists. These unique properties of irreversibly binding and inhibiting AF-1 provides the unique ability to inhibit constitutively active AR SVs lacking the LBD such as AR-V7. These unique properties have extreme importance in overcoming the health consequence that AR SVs pose for prostate cancer patients. SARCAs that irreversibly bind to the LBD would also have novel characteristics to overcome many of the known mechanisms of CRPC such as those itemized above.
Molecules that irreversibly inhibit or degrade the AR prevent any inadvertent AR activation through growth factors or signaling pathways, or promiscuous ligand-dependent activation. In addition, molecules that inhibit the constitutive activation of AR-SVs are extremely important to provide extended benefit to CRPC patients.
Currently no irreversible AR antagonists are available in clinical practice. No irreversible inhibitors of the LBD are known and only a single AR antagonist, 5N-bicalutamide (PMID: 28981251), has been characterized by mutational analysis to be consistent with reversible covalent inhibition by a reversible alkylation of C784 by the aryl nitrile A-ring of 5N-bicalutamide. Moreover, only a few AF-1 binding chemotypes have been reported such as EPI-001, EPI-506, sintokamides, glycerol ether Naphetenone B, 3E10-AR441 BSAb (bispecific antibodies), etc. Some of these AF-1 binding chemotypes from marine sponges such as the niphatenones (e.g., niphatenone A and niphatenone B), bisphenol A derivatives (e.g., EPI-001, EPI-506 and EPI-002), polychlorinated small peptide such as sintokamides (e.g., sintokamide A) and dysamides (e.g., dysamide A), etc., possessed an alkylation warhead, as reviewed in PMID: 30565725 H; however, none of the AF-1 binding chemotypes was reported as possessing SARD activity. Though these prior art agents are reported to bind to AR-NTD and inhibit AR function and PCa cell growth, they possessed lower affinity and inability to degrade the receptor. The SARCAs as described herein also bind to AR-NTD and inhibit NTD-driven (e.g., ligand independent) AR activity but exert potent inhibition of AR in the nM range and importantly possessed SARD activity. Only a few chemotypes are known to degrade AR which include the SARDs niclosamide, mahanine, ARN-509, AZD-3514, and ASC-J9. However, these molecules degrade AR indirectly at much higher concentrations than their binding coefficient and they fail to degrade the AR-SVs that have become in recent years the primary reason for resurgence of treatment-resistant CRPC.
This invention describes novel AR antagonists with unique pharmacology that strongly and irreversibly bind to AR, antagonize AR and degrade AR. Such selective AR covalent antagonists (SARCAs) possess dual degradation and (irreversible) inhibitory functions and hence are distinct from any available CRPC therapeutics in use or previously reported. These SARCA compounds will inhibit the growth of PCa cells and tumors that are dependent of AR FL and SV for proliferations, as well as treat a wide variety of AR-dependent or androgen dependent diseases or conditions as would be known by the skilled in the art and are outlined in part herein.
The positive correlation between AR and PCa and the lack of an infallible AR antagonist capable of inhibiting the broad spectrum of CRPC resistance mechanisms, emphasizes the need for molecules that inhibit AR function through novel or alternate mechanisms and/or binding sites, and that can elicit antagonistic activities within an altered cellular environment.
Although traditional antiandrogens such as darolutamide, enzalutamide, bicalutamide and flutamide and androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) were approved for use in prostate cancer, there is significant evidence that antiandrogens could also be used in a variety of other hormone dependent and hormone independent cancers. For example, antiandrogens have been tested in breast cancer (enzalutamide in Breast Cancer Res. (2014) 16(1): R7; darolutamide in ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03004534), non-small cell lung cancer (shRNAi AR), renal cell carcinoma (ASC-J9), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) associated malignancies such as gonadal tumors and seminoma, advanced pancreatic cancer (World J. Gastroenterology 20(29), 9229), cancer of the ovary, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum, cancer of the salivary gland (Head and Neck (2016) 38, 724-731; ADT was tested in AR-expressing recurrent/metastatic salivary gland cancers and was confirmed to have benefit on progression free survival and overall survival endpoints), bladder cancer (Oncotarget 6(30), 29860-29876); Int J. Endocrinol (2015), Article ID 384860), pancreatic cancer, lymphoma (including mantle cell), and hepatocellular carcinoma. Use of a more potent antiandrogen such as a SARCA in these cancers may more efficaciously treat the progression of these and other cancers. Other cancers may also benefit from SARCA treatment such as breast cancer (e.g., triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)), testicular cancer, cancers associated with partial androgen insensitivity syndromes (PAIS) such as gonadal tumors and seminoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, cancer of the fallopian tubes or peritoneum, salivary gland cancer, bladder cancer, urogenital cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), gastric cancer, colon cancer, perianal adenoma, or central nervous system cancer.
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer lacking the expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 receptor kinase. As such, TNBC lacks the hormone and kinase therapeutic targets used to treat other types of primary breast cancers. Correspondingly, chemotherapy is often the initial pharmacotherapy for TNBC. Interestingly, AR is often still expressed in TNBC and may offer a hormone targeted therapeutic alternative to chemotherapy. In ER-positive breast cancer, AR is a positive prognostic indicator as it is believed that activation of AR limits and/or opposes the effects of the ER in breast tissue and tumors. However, in the absence of ER, it is possible that AR actually supports the growth of breast cancer tumors. Though the role of AR is not fully understood in TNBC, there is evidence that certain TNBC's may be supported by androgen independent activation of AR-SVs lacking the LBD or androgen-dependent activation of AR full length. As such, enzalutamide and other LED-directed traditional AR antagonists would not be able to antagonize AR-SVs in these TNBC's. However, SARCAs of this invention are AR antagonists (Example 3) which are capable of destroying AR-SVs (see Tables 1 and 2, and Examples 2 and 13) and inhibiting AR SV (see Examples 6 and 12) through a binding site in the NTD of AR (see Examples 4, 5, 9, and 10) were able to antagonize AR in AR-dependent prostate cancer cells (see Examples 8 and 14) including AR SV dependent cells (see Example 8) and in vivo in AR-dependent target organs (Example 16); as would be necessary to provide an anti-tumor effects in the heavily pre-treated anti-androgen resistant CRPC patient population and other AR-expressing cancers, and treat a wide variety of AR-dependent diseases and conditions.
Traditional antiandrogens such as bicalutamide and flutamide were approved for use in prostate cancer. Subsequent studies have demonstrated the utility of antiandrogens (e.g., flutamide, spironolactone, cyproterone acetate, finasteride and chlormadinone acetate) in androgen-dependent dermatological conditions such as androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness), acne vulgaris, and hirsutism (e.g., in female facial hair). Prepubertal castration prevents sebum production and androgenic alopecia but this can be reversed by use of testosterone, suggesting its androgen-dependence.
The AR gene has a polymorphism of glutamine repeats (polyQ) within exon 1 which when shortened may augment AR transactivation (i.e., hyperandrogenism). It has been found that shortened polyQ polymorphisms are more common in people with alopecia, hirsutism, and acne. Classic antiandrogens are undesirable for these purposes because they are ineffective through dermal dosing and their long-term systemic use raises the risks of untoward sexual effects such as gynecomastia and impotence. Further, similar to CPRC discussed above, inhibition of ligand-dependent AR activity alone may not be sufficient as AR can be activated by various cellular factors other than the endogeneous androgens testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), such as growth factors, kinases, co-activator overexpression and/or promiscuous activation by other hormones (e.g., estrogens or glucocorticoids). Consequently, blocking the binding of T and DHT to AR with a classical antiandrogen may not be sufficient to have the desired efficacy.
An emerging concept is the topical application of a SARCAs to irreversibly inhibit or destroy the AR locally to the affected areas of the skin or other tissue without exerting any systemic antiandrogenism. For this use, a SARCA that does not penetrate the skin or is rapidly metabolized would be preferrable.
Supporting this approach is the observation that cutaneous wound healing has been demonstrated to be suppressed by androgens. Castration of mice accelerates cutaneous wound healing while attenuating the inflammation in the wounds. The negative correlation between androgen levels and cutaneous healing and inflammation, in part, explains another mechanism by which high levels of endogenous androgens exacerbate hyperandrogenic dermatological conditions. Further, it provides a rationale for the treatment of wounds such as diabetic ulcers or even trauma, or skin disorders with an inflammatory component such as acne or psoriasis, with a topical SARCA.
Androgenic alopecia occurs in ˜50% of Caucasian males by midlife and up to 90% by 80 years old. Minoxidil (a topical vasodilator) and finasteride (a systemic 5alpha reductase type II inhibitor) are FDA approved for alopecia but require 4-12 months of treatment to produce a therapeutic effect and only arrest hair loss in most with mild to moderate hair regrowth in 30-60%. Since currently available treatments have slow and limited efficacy that varies widely between individuals, and produce unwanted sexual side effects, it is important to find a novel approach to treat androgenic alopecia and other hyperandrogenic dermatologic diseases.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons and skeletal muscle atrophy. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggest the involvement of androgens in ALS pathogenesis (“Anabolic/androgenic steroid nandrolone exacerbates gene expression modifications induced by mutant SOD1 in muscles of mice models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.” Galbiati M, et al. Pharmacol. Res. 2012, 65(2), 221-230), but the mechanism through which androgens modify the ALS phenotype is unknown. A transgenic animal model of ALS demonstrated improved survival upon surgical castration (i.e., androgen ablation). Treatment of these castrated animals with the androgen agonist nandrolone decanoate worsened disease manifestations. Castration reduces the AR level, which may be the reason for extended survival. The survival benefit is reversed by androgen agonist (“Androgens affect muscle, motor neuron, and survival in a mouse model of SOD1-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.” Aggarwal T, et al. Neurobiol. Aging. 2014 35(8), 1929-1938). Notably, stimulation with nandrolone decanoate promoted the recruitment of endogenous androgen receptor into biochemical complexes that were insoluble in sodium dodecyl sulfate, a finding consistent with protein aggregation. Overall, these results shed light on the role of androgens as modifiers of ALS pathogenesis via dysregulation of androgen receptor homeostasis. Antiandrogens should block the effects of nandrolone undecanoate or endogeneous androgens and reverse the toxicities due to AR aggregation. Further, an antiandrogen that can block action of LBD-dependent AR agonists and concomitantly lower AR protein levels, such as the SARCAs of this invention, would be therapeutic in ALS. Riluzole is an available drug for ALS treatment, however, it only provides short-term effects. There is an urgent need for drugs that extend the survival of ALS patients.
Androgen receptor action promotes uterine proliferation. Hyperandrogenicity of the short polyQ AR has been associated with increased leiomyoma or uterine fibroids. (Hsieh Y Y, et al. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2004, 21(12), 453-457). A separate study of Brazilian women found that shorter and longer [CAG](n) repeat alleles of AR were exclusive to the leiomyoma group in their study (Rosa F E, et al. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2008, 46(6), 814-823). Similarly, in Asian Indian women long polyQ AR was associated with endometriosis and leiomyoma and can be regarded as high-risk markers. SARCAs could be used in women with uterine fibroids, especially those expressing shorter and longer [CAG](n) repeat alleles, to treat existing uterine fibroids, prevent worsening of fibroids and/or ameliorate carcinogenicity associated with fibroids.
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an enlarged area in the lower part of the aorta, the major blood vessel that supplies blood to the body. The aorta, about the thickness of a garden hose, runs from your heart through the center of your chest and abdomen. Because the aorta is the body's main supplier of blood, a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause life-threatening bleeding. Depending on the size and the rate at which your abdominal aortic aneurysm is growing, treatment may vary from watchful waiting to emergency surgery. Once an abdominal aortic aneurysm is found, doctors will closely monitor it so that surgery can be planned if it is necessary. Emergency surgery for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm can be risky. AR blockade (pharmacologic or genetic) reduces AAA. Davis et al. (Davis J P, et al. J Vase Surg (2016) 63(6):1602-1612) showed that flutamide (50 mg/kg) or ketoconazole (150 mg/kg) attenuated porcine pancreatic elastase (0.35 U/mL) induced AAA by 84.2% and 91.5% compared to vehicle (121%). Further AR−/− mice showed attenuated AAA growth (64.4%) compared to wildtype (both treated with elastase). Correspondingly, administration of a SARCA to a patient suffering from an AAA may help reverse, treat or delay progression of AAA to the point where surgery is needed.
X-linked spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA—also known as Kennedy's disease) is a muscular atrophy that arises from a defect in the androgen receptor gene on the X chromosome. Proximal limb and bulbar muscle weakness results in physical limitations including dependence on a wheelchair in some cases. The mutation results in a protracted polyglutamine tract added to the N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor (polyQ AR). Binding and activation of this lengthened polyQ AR by endogeneous androgens (testosterone and DHT) results in unfolding and nuclear translocation of the mutant androgen receptor. The androgen-induced toxicity and androgen-dependent nuclear accumulation of polyQ AR protein seems to be central to the pathogenesis. Therefore, the inhibition of the androgen-activated polyQ AR might be a therapeutic option (A. Baniahmad. Inhibition of the androgen receptor by antiandrogens in spinobulbar muscle atrophy. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2016 58(3), 343-347). These steps are required for pathogenesis and result in partial loss of transactivation function (i.e., an androgen insensitivity) and a poorly understood neuromuscular degeneration. Support of use antiandrogen comes in a report in which the antiandrogen flutamide protects male mice from androgen-dependent toxicity in three models of spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (Renier K J, et al. Endocrinology 2014, 155(7), 2624-2634).
More than 70% of the drugs that have been approved function as competitive antagonist or inhibitor. Efficacy of such competitive antagonists can be reduced by increasing agonist levels. All AR antagonists in clinical use are competitive that bind to the AR-LBD by hydrogen bonds and inhibit the AR activity. However, increasing levels of agonists will displace the antagonists by breaking the weak hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds. This competition between the antagonist and the agonist will result in a dynamic equilibrium, providing the cancers an opportunity to find alternate pathways to increase the intratumoral androgens and displace the antagonists. Irreversible antagonists of a protein such as the AR will bind to the AR through covalent bonding, which has 10-20 fold higher energy than the hydrogen bond, thereby thwarting any competition from agonist surge. It is highly desirable to discover covalent binders to proteins that will permanently bind to the protein and lock them in an inactive conformation. E.g., CRPC and breast cancer (BC) and many other AR-dependent diseases and conditions could benefit from selective AR covalent antagonists (SARCAs).
Covalent irreversible antagonists bind permanently to a protein that can be displaced only due to recycling of the protein and not by any endogenous substrates. Advantages of covalent irreversible antagonists include a) improved biochemical efficacy as competition with endogenous substrate is reduced; b) lower, less frequent dosing, resulting in a lower overall patient burden; c) potential prevention of drug resistance due to continuous target suppression. About 30% of the drugs approved by the FDA are covalent binders. Although covalent-binding drugs have been discovered and approved for several other targets, nuclear receptor family does not have any drug that binds covalently to the target. The closest covalent-binding drugs targeting hormonal cancers are abiraterone (Cyp17A1 inhibitor) and finasteride (Sa reductase inhibitor), but these inhibit enzymes in the androgen biosynthetic pathways, not nuclear receptors.
The unique property of degrading AR-SV has extremely important health consequences. Only few molecules are reported to bind and inhibit the AR-NTD or DNA binding domains (DBD). No irreversible AR antagonists have been approved yet. Most small molecule antagonists or inhibitors bind to the target protein by hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds and function as competitive antagonists. The bonds are weak and can be easily displaced by excess competitors. It is highly desirable to discover molecules that bind covalently (covalent bonds have at least 10 fold higher energy than hydrogen bonds) and irreversibly. It is important to discover irreversible AR antagonists that can provide sustained inhibition of the AR, for example, the inhibition of enzalutamide (Enza)-resistant-AR and -PCa tumors and treatment-refractory BC with selective AR covalent antagonists (SARCAs) as described herein. Furthermore, a wide variety of androgen-dependent diseases and conditions are described herein to be susceptible to treatment with AR antagonists. The SARCAs of this invention, in addition to alkylating the AR, further provide potent inhibition of wtAR in vitro (see IC50 values in Tables 1 and 2) and hence will be effective in the same scope of diseases as traditional AR antagonists. I.e., the novel properties possessed by the SARCAs of this invention, e.g., binding of AF-1 in the NTD, alkylation of AR at NTD or LBD, or degradation of AR do not limit the scope of diseases susceptible to the AR antagonists of this invention. Instead, these novel AR antagonistic properties serve to expand the scope of androgen dependent diseases and conditions that are susceptible as fewer resistance mechanisms will be able to overcome treatment with the SARCAs of this invention.
In one aspect, the invention provides a compound represented by the structure of formula I
wherein
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula II
wherein
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one nucleophile acceptor group. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one functional group with an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl. In one embodiment, such α, β-unsaturated carbonyl functional groups include but are not limited to α, β-unsaturated ketones, amides, esters, thioesters, acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids, carboxylates, acid halides, imides, and the like. In one embodiment, the α, β-unsaturated functional group serves as a Michael addition reaction acceptor for nucleophiles within the AR.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one nucleophile acceptor group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is at least one of isocyanato (—NCO), isothiocyanato (—NCS), cyanato (—CNO), thiocyanato (—CNS), azido (N3), sulfonyl fluoride (—SO2F), halomethyl (—CH2-halide), 2-haloacetyl (—NHCOCH2-halide), halosulfonyl (—NHSO2CH2-halide), and the like. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group serves as a nucleophile acceptor for nucleophiles within the AR. In one embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the NTD. In another embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the AF-1 domain. In another embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the LBD. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the Ra group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the W1 group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the W3 or W4 group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in any one of the Q1, Q2, Q3 or Q4 groups.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of any one of the following compounds:
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of compound 15
In one aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, or its isomer, optical isomer, or any mixture of optical isomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or any combination thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the composition is formulated for topical use. In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a solution, lotion, salve, cream, ointment, liposome, spray, gel, foam, roller stick, cleansing soap or bar, emulsion, mousse, aerosol, or shampoo. In another embodiment, the composition is formulated for oral use.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating an androgen receptor dependent disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described herein. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention binds irreversibly to androgen receptor (AR).
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition in the subject responds to at least one of AR-splice variant (AR-SV) degradation activity, AR full length (AR-FL) degradation activity, irreversible or reversible AR-SV inhibitory activity, or irreversible or reversible AR-FL inhibitory activity.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is breast cancer.
In one embodiment, the subject has AR expressing breast cancer, AR-SV expressing breast cancer, and/or AR-V7 expressing breast cancer.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is Kennedy's disease.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is acne. In one embodiment, the acne is acne vulgaris.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is overproduction of sebum. In one embodiment, reducing the overproduction of sebum treats at least one of seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, or acne.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is hirsutism or alopecia.
In one embodiment, the alopecia is at least one of androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, alopecia secondary to chemotherapy, alopecia secondary to radiation therapy, alopecia induced by scarring, or alopecia induced by stress.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is a hormonal disease or condition in a female. In one embodiment, the hormonal disease or condition in a female is at least one of precocious puberty, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, multilocular uterus syndrome, endometriosis, hysteromyoma, abnormal uterine bleeding, early menarche, fibrocystic breast disease, fibroids of the uterus, ovarian cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia of pregnancy, pre term labor, premenstrual syndrome, or vaginal dryness.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is hormonal disease or condition in a male. In one embodiment, the hormonal disease or condition in a male is at least one of hypergonadism, hypersexuality, sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia, precocious puberty in a male, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, hair loss, hyperandrogenic dermatological disorders, pre-cancerous lesions of the prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate cancer and/or other androgen-dependent cancers.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is sexual perversion, hypersexuality, or paraphilias.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is androgen psychosis.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is virilization.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is androgen insensitivity syndrome.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is AR-expressing cancer in said subject. In one embodiment, the AR-expressing cancer is at least one of breast cancer, testicular cancer, cancers associated with partial androgen insensitivity syndromes (PAIS) such as gonadal tumors and seminoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, cancer of the fallopian tubes or peritoneum, salivary gland cancer, bladder cancer, urogenital cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), gastric cancer, colon cancer, perianal adenoma, or central nervous system cancer.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is uterine fibroids.
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
In one embodiment, the androgen receptor dependent disease or condition is caused by polyglutamine (polyQ) AR polymorphs in a subject. In one embodiment, the polyQ-AR is a short polyQ polymorph or a long polyQ polymorph. In one embodiment, the polyQ-AR is a short polyQ polymorph and the method further treats dermal disease. In one embodiment, the dermal disease is at least one of alopecia, seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, or acne. In another embodiment, the polyQ-AR is a long polyQ polymorph and the method further treats Kennedy's disease.
In another aspect, the invention encompasses a method of treating prostate cancer (PCa) or increasing survival in a male subject in need of treatment comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described herein. The prostate cancer includes, but is not limited to, advanced prostate cancer, castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), metastatic CRPC (mCRPC), non-metastatic CRPC (nmCRPC), high-risk nmCRPC or any combination thereof. Another embodiment of the invention encompasses the method further comprising administering androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Alternatively, the method may treat a prostate or other cancer that is resistant to treatment with known androgen receptor antagonist(s) or ADT. In another embodiment, the method may treat enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the method may treat apalutamide resistant prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the method may treat abiraterone resistant prostate cancer. In another embodiment, the method may treat darolutamide resistant prostate cancer. Yet another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating prostate or other AR antagonist resistant cancer with a compound of the invention as described herein, wherein the androgen receptor antagonist(s) is at least one of darolutamide, apalutamide, enzalutamide, bicalutamide, abiraterone, EPI-001, EPI-506, AZD-3514, galeterone, ASC-J9, flutamide, hydroxyflutamide, nilutamide, cyproterone acetate, ketoconazole, or spironolactone.
Yet another embodiment of the invention encompasses a method of treating prostate or other AR-expressing cancers using a compound of the invention wherein the other cancers are selected from breast cancer such as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), testicular cancer, cancers associated with partial androgen insensitivity syndromes (PAIS) such as gonadal tumors and seminoma, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, cancer of the fallopian tubes or peritoneum, salivary gland cancer, bladder cancer, urogenital cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), gastric cancer, colon cancer, perianal adenoma, or central nervous system cancer. In another embodiment, the breast cancer is triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).
The invention encompasses a method of reducing the levels of AR-splice variants in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention, or its isomer, optical isomer, or any mixture of optical isomers, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof. The method may comprise further reducing the levels of AR-full length (AR-FL) in the subject.
The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description when read with the accompanying drawings.
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.
In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.
Androgens act in cells by binding to the AR, a member of the steroid receptor superfamily of transcription factors. As the growth and maintenance of prostate cancer (PCa) is largely controlled by circulating androgens, treatment of PCa heavily relies on therapies that target AR. Treatment with AR antagonists such as darolutamide, apalutamide, enzalutamide, abiraterone (an indirect antagonist), bicalutamide or hydroxyflutamide to disrupt receptor activation has been successfully used in the past to reduce PCa growth. All currently available direct AR antagonists competitively bind AR and recruit corepressors such as NCoR and SMRT to repress transcription of target genes. However, altered intracellular signaling, AR mutations, and increased expression of coactivators lead to functional impairment of antagonists or even transformation of antagonists into agonists. Studies have demonstrated that mutation of W741 and T877 within AR converts bicalutamide and hydroxyflutamide, respectively, to agonists. Similarly, increased intracellular cytokines recruit coactivators instead of corepressors to AR-responsive promoters subsequently converting bicalutamide to an agonist. Similarly, mutations that have been linked to enzalutamide, apalutamide and abiraterone resistance include F876, H874, T877, and di-mutants T877/S888, T877/D890, F876/T877 (i.e., MR49 cells), and H874/T877 (Genome Biol. (2016) 17:10 (doi: 10.1186/si3059-015-0864-1)). Abiraterone resistance mutations include L702H mutations which results in activation of the AR by glucocorticoids such as prednisone, causing resistance to abiraterone because abiraterone is usually prescribed in combination with prednisone. If resistance develops to enzalutamide then often the patient is refractory to abiraterone and apalutamide also and vice versa; or the duration of response is very short. Darolutamide also has limited efficacy and duration of action in CRPC. This situation highlights the need for a definitive androgen ablation therapy to prevent AR reactivation in advanced prostate cancers.
Despite initial response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), PCa disease progression is inevitable and the cancer emerges as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The primary reason for castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) re-emergence is re-activation of androgen receptor (AR) by alternate mechanisms such as:
The invention encompasses novel selective androgen receptor covalent antagonists (SARCA) compounds encompassed by formula I, which inhibit the growth of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and tumors that are dependent on AR full length (AR-FL) including pathogenic and resistance mutations and wildtype, and/or AR splice variants (AR-SV) for proliferation.
As used herein, unless otherwise defined, a “selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist” (SARCA) compound is an androgen receptor antagonist capable of inhibiting the growth of PCa cells and tumors that are dependent on AR-full length (AR-FL) and/or AR splice variants (AR-SV) for proliferation. Alternatively, a “selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist” (SARCA) compound is an androgen receptor antagonist capable of causing degradation of a variety of pathogenic mutant variant ARs and wildtype AR and hence are capable of exerting anti-androgenism is a wide variety of pathogenic altered cellular environments found in the disease states embodied in this invention.
The selective androgen receptor covalent antagonists (SARCA) bind covalently to the AR and inhibit its activity irreversibly. Some SARCA compounds bind irreversibly and covalently to the AR AF-1 domain, which is demonstrated by mass spectrometry experiments as described herein. Other SARCA compounds may bind to the LBD of AR.
The SAR CA compound may bind to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the AR; to an alternate binding and degradation domain (BDD) of the AR; to both the AR ligand binding domain (LBD) and to an alternate binding and degradation domain (BDD); or to both the N-terminal domain (NTD) and to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the AR. In one embodiment, the BDD may be located in the NTD. In one embodiment, the BDD is located in the AF-1 region of the NTD. Alternatively, the SARCA compound may be capable of: inhibiting growth driven by the N-terminal domain (NTD)-dependent constitutively active AR-SV; or inhibiting the AR through binding to a domain that is distinct from the AR LBD. Also, the SARCA compound may be a strong (i.e., highly potent and highly efficacious) selective androgen receptor antagonist, which antagonizes the AR stronger than other known AR antagonists (e.g., darolutamide, apalutamide, enzalutamide, bicalutamide and abiraterone).
The SAR CA compound may be a selective androgen receptor antagonist, which targets AR-SVs, which cannot be inhibited by conventional antagonists. The SARCA compound may exhibit any one of several activities including, but not limited to: AR-SV degradation activity; AR-FL degradation activity; AR-SV inhibitory activity (i.e., is an AR-SV antagonist); AR-FL inhibitory activity (i.e., is an AR-FL antagonist); inhibition of the constitutive activation of AR-SVs; or inhibition of the constitutive activation of AR-FLs. Alternatively, the SARCA compound may possess dual AR-SV degradation and AR-SV inhibitory functions, and/or dual AR-FL degradation and AR-FL inhibitory functions; or alternatively possess all four of these activities.
The SARCA compound may also degrade AR-FL and AR-SV. The SARCA compound may degrade the AR through binding to a domain that is distinct from the AR LBD. The SARCA compound may possess dual degradation and AR-SV inhibitory functions that are distinct from any available CRPC therapeutics. The SARCA compound may inhibit the re-activation of the AR by alternate mechanisms such as: intracrine androgen synthesis, expression of AR-SV that lack ligand binding domain (LBD) and AR-LBD mutations with potential to resist antagonists, or inhibit reactivated androgen receptors present in pathogenic altered cellular environments.
Examples of AR-splice variants include, but are not limited to, AR-V7 and ARv567es (a.k.a. AR-V12; S. Sun, et al. Castration resistance in human prostate cancer is conferred by a frequently occurring androgen receptor splice variant. J Clin Invest. (2010) 120(8), 2715-2730). Nonlimiting examples of AR mutations conferring antiandrogen resistance are: W741L, T877A, and F876L (J. D. Joseph et al. A clinically relevant androgen receptor mutation confers resistance to seconds generation antiandrogens enzalutamide and ARN-509. Cancer Discov. (2013) 3(9), 1020-1029) mutations. Many other LBD resistance conferring mutations are known in the art and will continue to be discovered. AR-V7 is a splice variant of AR that lacks the LBD (A. H. Bryce & E. S. Antonarakis. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 in castration-resistant prostate cancer: Clinical considerations. Int J Urol. (2016 June 3) 23(8), 646-53. doi: 10.1111/iju.13134). It is constitutively active and has been demonstrated to be responsible for aggressive PCa and resistance to endocrine therapy.
The invention encompasses novel selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compounds of formulas I-XX which bind to the AR through an alternate binding and degradation domain (BDD), e.g., the NTD or AF-1. The SARCAs may further bind the AR ligand binding domain (LBD). SARCA compounds possess nucleophile acceptor groups intended to acceptor a nucleophile from within the AR. Either NTD binding or LBD binding may be irreversible.
The SARCA compounds may be used in treating CRPC that cannot be treated with any other antagonist. The SARCA compounds may treat CRPC by irreversibly inhibiting the AR-SVs or degrading AR-SVs. The SARCA compounds may maintain their antagonistic activity in AR mutants that normally convert AR antagonists to agonists. For instance, the SARCA compounds are expected to maintain their antagonistic activity to AR mutants W741L, T877A, and F876L (J. D. Joseph et al. A clinically relevant androgen receptor mutation confers resistance to second-generation antiandrogens enzalutamide and ARN-509. Cancer Discov. (2013) 3(9), 1020-1029). Alternatively, the SARCA compounds elicit antagonistic activity within an altered cellular environment in which LED-targeted agents are not effective or in which NTD-dependent AR activity is constitutively active.
Selective Androgen Receptor Covalent Antagonist (SARCA) Compounds
The compounds of the invention as described herein are selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compounds. The SARCA compounds as described herein may irreversibly bind FL or SV androgen receptors, degrade FL or SV androgen receptors, or bind reversibly to NTD and/or LBD.
In one aspect, the invention encompasses a compound represented by the structure of formula I
wherein
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula II
wherein
In some embodiments of the structure of formula I or II, at least one of Ra, W1, W2, W3, W4, or Q1-Q4 contain an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl such as a ketone, amide, ester, acid halide, acid anhydride, imide, or the like, or another nucleophile acceptor group which acts as an acceptor of a nucleophile from within the AR.
In some embodiments of the structure of formula I or II, Ra and Rd are not H at the same time.
In some embodiments, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one nucleophile acceptor group. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one functional group with an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl. In one embodiment, such α, β-unsaturated carbonyl functional groups include but are not limited to α, β-unsaturated ketones, amides, esters, thioesters, acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids, carboxylates, acid halides, imides, and the like. In one embodiment, the α, β-unsaturated functional group serves as a Michael addition acceptor for nucleophiles within the AR.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one nucleophile acceptor group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is at least one of isocyanato (—NCO), isothiocyanato (—NCS), cyanato (—CNO), thiocyanato (—CNS), azido (N3), sulfonyl fluoride (—SO2F), halomethyl (—CH2-halide), 2-haloacetyl (—NHCOCH2-halide), halosulfonyl (—NHSO2CH2-halide), and the like. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group serves as a nucleophile acceptor for nucleophiles within the AR. In one embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the NTD. In another embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the AF-1 domain. In an embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the LBD. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the Ra group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the W1 group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the W3 or W4 group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in any one of the Q1, Q2, Q3 or Q4 groups.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula III:
In one embodiment, X, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W1, W2, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula IV:
In one embodiment, X, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W1, W2, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula V:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W1, W2, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula VI:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Rb, Rc, W1, W2, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula VII:
In one embodiment, Ra, Rb, Rc, W1, W2, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, in the compound of the invention, W1 and W2, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C═CW5W6 group. In one embodiment, W1 is ORd. In one embodiment, one of W1 and W2 with one of W3 and W4, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a C═C bond.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula VIII:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W5, W6, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula IX:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, in the compound of formula IX, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5 or 6 membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with CN, NO2, CF3, F, Cl, Br, I, NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, COR, alkyl, alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl. In one embodiment, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form an optionally substituted indole group. In one embodiment, the indole group is substituted with halogen or CN.
In one embodiment, in the compound of formula IX, Rb is H and Rc is aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted with CN, NO2, CF3, F, Cl, Br, I, NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, COR, alkyl, or alkoxy.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula X:
wherein Q3 is hydrogen, CN, NO2, CF3, F, Cl, Br, I, NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, COR, alkyl, alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
In one embodiment, Y, Z, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, in the compound of formula X, Q3 is F. In one embodiment, Q3 is CN. In one embodiment, W3 and W4 are H.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XI:
wherein Q3 is hydrogen, CN, N02, CF3, F, Cl, Br, I, NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, COR, alkyl, alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, W1, W2, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, in the compound of formula XI, W3 and W4 are H. In one embodiment, Ra is —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2. In one embodiment, W1 is ORd, wherein Rd is H, —CH2—CH═CH—COOR or —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XII:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W2, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XIII:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W2, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, in the compound of formula XIII, W2 is H. In one embodiment, W4 is CH3. In one embodiment, in the compound of formula XIII, W2 and W4 are H.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XIV:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W1, W2, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, in the compound of formula XIV, W1 is ORd. In one embodiment, Rd is H, —CH2—CH═CH—COOR or —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2. In one embodiment, W2 is CH3. In one embodiment, Y is CF3 and Z is CN.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XV:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, A, W1, W2, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XVI:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, A, W2, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XVII:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, Ra, A, W2, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XVIII:
In one embodiment, Y, Z, A, W5, W6, W3, and W4 are defined as anywhere herein.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XIX:
In one embodiment, X, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W1, and W2 are defined as anywhere herein. In some embodiments of the structure of formula XIX, Ra and Rd are not H at the same time.
In one embodiment, X is CH. In another embodiment, X is N.
In one embodiment, Y is CF3. In one embodiment, Z is CN.
In one embodiment, Ra is H. In one embodiment, Ra is —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2.
In one embodiment, W1 is H. In one embodiment, W1 is ORd. In one embodiment, Rd is H, —CH2—CH═CH—COOR or —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2. In one embodiment, W2 is CH3. In one embodiment, W3 is H. In one embodiment, W4 is H.
In one embodiment, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5 to 10-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with at least one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, each independently selected from hydrogen, keto, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, haloalkyl, CF3, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, hydroxyl, alkoxy, OR, benzyl, NCS, maleimide, NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, CONHR, COOR or COR. In one embodiment, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5 to 10-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, or OR. In one embodiment, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with CF3, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, OH, or OCH3. In one embodiment, the 5-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring is pyrrole, pyrazole, pyrazolidine, imidazole, or triazole.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula XX:
In one embodiment, X, Y, Z, Ra, Rb, Rc, W1, and W2 are defined as anywhere herein. In some embodiments of the structure of formula XX, Ra and Rd are not H at the same time.
In one embodiment, X is CH. In another embodiment, X is N.
In one embodiment, Y is CF3. In one embodiment, Z is CN.
In one embodiment, Ra is H. In one embodiment, Ra is —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2.
In one embodiment, W1 is H. In one embodiment, W1 is ORd. In one embodiment, Rd is H, —CH2—CH═CH—COOR or —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2. In one embodiment, W2 is CH3. In one embodiment, W3 is H. In one embodiment, W4 is H.
In one embodiment, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5 to 10-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with at least one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, each independently selected from hydrogen, keto, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, haloalkyl, CF3, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, hydroxyl, alkoxy, OR, benzyl, NCS, maleimide, NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, CONHR, COOR or COR. In one embodiment, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5 to 10-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, or OR. In one embodiment, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring, optionally substituted with CF3, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, OH, or OCH3. In one embodiment, the 5-membered unsaturated heterocyclic ring is pyrrole, pyrazole, pyrazolidine, imidazole, or triazole.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of any one of the following compounds:
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of compound 15
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, X is CH. In some embodiments, X is N.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, Y is H. In some embodiments, Y is CF3. In some embodiments, Y is F. In some embodiments, Y is I. In some embodiments, Y is Br. In some embodiments, Y is Cl. In some embodiments, Y is CN. In some embodiments, Y is C(R)3.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, Z is H. In some embodiments, Z is NO2. In some embodiments, Z is CN. In some embodiments, Z is a halide. In some embodiments, Z is F. In some embodiments, Z is Cl. In some embodiments, Z is Br. In some embodiments, Z is I. In some embodiments, Z is COOH. In some embodiments, Z is COR. In some embodiments, Z is NHCOR. In some embodiments, Z is CONHR.
In some embodiments, Y and Z forms a fused ring with the phenyl. In other embodiments, the fused ring with the phenyl is a 5 to 8 membered ring. In other embodiments, the fused ring with the phenyl is a 5 or 6 membered ring. In other embodiments, the ring is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic. In other embodiments, Y and Z form together with the phenyl to form a naphthyl, quinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indenyl, or quinazolinyl.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, A is a five or six-membered saturated or unsaturated ring having at least one nitrogen atom. In another embodiment, A is a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, triazole, tetrazole, pyridine, morpholine, or other heterocyclic ring. Each represents a separate embodiment of this invention. In another embodiment, A is a five or six-membered heterocyclic ring. In another embodiment, a nitrogen atom of the five or six membered saturated or unsaturated ring is attached to the backbone structure of the molecule. In another embodiment, a carbon atom of the five or six membered saturated or unsaturated ring is attached to the backbone structure of the molecule. In some embodiments, of the compounds of the invention, A is a 5-10 membered aryl or heteroaryl group, optionally substituted with at least one of Q1, Q2, Q3 or Q4, each independently selected from hydrogen, keto, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, haloalkyl, CF3, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, hydroxyl, alkoxy, OR, benzyl, NCS, maleimide, NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, CONHR, COOR, or COR.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, A of the compound of the invention is NRbRc. In one embodiment, Rb is H. In another embodiment, Rb is alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with OR, NO2, CN, F, Br, Cl, I, COR, NHCOR, or CONHR. In one embodiment, Rc is alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, wherein said alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted with CN, NO2, CF3, F, Cl, Br, I NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, COR, alkyl, or alkoxy. In one embodiment, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5 to 10-membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring having at least one nitrogen atom and 0, 1, or 2 double bonds, optionally substituted with at least one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4, each independently selected from hydrogen, keto, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, haloalkyl, CF3, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, hydroxyl, alkoxy, OR, benzyl, NCS, maleimide, NHCOOR, N(R)2, NHCOR, CONHR, COOR, or COR.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, Rb and Rc, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted or unsubstituted pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, triazole, tetrazole, pyridine, morpholine, or other heterocyclic ring. Each represents a separate embodiment of this invention.
In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is CN. In other embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is F. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is NCS. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is maleimide. In some embodiments, Q1 is NHCOOR. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is N(R)2. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is CONHR. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is NHCOR. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is Cl. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is Br. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is I. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is NO2. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is phenyl. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is 4-fluorophenyl In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is CF3. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is haloalkyl. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Q1 is hydroxyl. one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is alkoxy. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is OR. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is arylalkyl. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is amine. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is amide. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is COOR. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is COR. In some embodiments, one of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 is keto.
In some embodiments, Q3 is CN. In some embodiments, Q3 is F. In some embodiments, Q3 is NCS. In some embodiments, Q3 is maleimide. In some embodiments, Q3 is NHCOOR. In some embodiments, Q3 is N(R)2. In some embodiments, Q3 is CONHR. In some embodiments, Q3 is NHCOR. In some embodiments, Q3 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Q3 is keto. In some embodiments, Q3 is CL In some embodiments, Q3 is Br. In some embodiments, Q3 is I. In some embodiments, Q3 is NO2. In some embodiments, Q3 is phenyl. In some embodiments, Q3 is 4-fluorophenyl. In some embodiments, Q3 is CF3. In some embodiments, Q3 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. In some embodiments, Q3 is substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Q3 is substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, Q3 is haloalkyl. In some embodiments, Q3 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl. In some embodiments, Q3 is hydroxyl. In some embodiments, Q3 is alkoxy. In some embodiments, Q3 is OR. In some embodiments, Q3 is arylalkyl. In some embodiments, Q3 is amine. In some embodiments, Q3 is amide. In some embodiments, Q3 is COOR. In some embodiments, Q3 is COR.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, Q1 is H, CN, CF3, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, F, Br, Cl, I, COMe, NHCOOMe, NHCOMe or NHCOOC(CH3)3.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, Q2 is H, CN, CF3, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, F, Br, Cl, I, COMe, NHCOOMe, NHCOMe or NHCOOC(CH3)3.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, Q3 is H, CN, CF3, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, F, Br, Cl, I, COMe, NHCOOMe, NHCOMe or NHCOOC(CH3)3.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, Q4 is H, CN, CF3, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, F, Br, Cl, I, COMe, NHCOOMe, NHCOMe or NHCOOC(CH3)3.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, R is H. In some embodiments, R is alkyl. In some embodiments, R is alkenyl. In some embodiments, R is haloalkyl. In some embodiments, R is an alcohol. In some embodiments, R is CH2CH2OH. In some embodiments, R is CF3. In some embodiments, R is CH2Cl. In some embodiments, R is CH2CH2Cl. In some embodiments, R is aryl. In some embodiments, R is F. In some embodiments, R is Cl. In some embodiments, R is Br. In some embodiments, R is I. In some embodiments, R is OH.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, Ra is H. In some embodiments, Ra is —CH2—CH═CH—COOR. In some embodiments, Ra is —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2. In some embodiments, Ra is —CH2—CH═CH—CONHR. In some embodiments, Ra is —CH2—C(CONHR)═CH2. In some embodiments, Ra is —CH2—CH═CH—CON(R)2. In some embodiments, Ra is —CH2—C(CON(R)2)═CH2.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, W1 is H. In some embodiments, W1 is ORd. In some embodiments, Rd is H. In some embodiments, Rd is —CH2—CH═CH—COOR. In some embodiments, Rd is —CH2—C(COOR)═CH2. In some embodiments, Rd is —CH2—CH═CHCONHR. In some embodiments, Rd is —CH2—C(CONHR)═CH2. In some embodiments, Rd is —CH2—CH═CH—CON(R)2. In some embodiments, Rd is —CH2—C(CON(R)2)═CH2.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, W2 is CH3. In some embodiments, W2 is CH2F. In some embodiments, W2 is CHF2. In some embodiments, W2 is CF3. In some embodiments, W2 is CH2CH3. In some embodiments, W2 is CF2CF3. In some embodiments, W2 is CH2A.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, W1 and W2, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C═CW5W6 group, wherein W5 and W6 are each H or alkyl. In some embodiments, W5 is H. In some embodiments, W5 is alkyl. In some embodiments, W6 is H. In some embodiments, W6 is alkyl. In some embodiments, W5 and W6 are both H. In some embodiments, W5 is H and W6 is alkyl. In some embodiments, W5 is alkyl and W6 is H. In some embodiments, W5 and W6 are both alkyl.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, W3 and W4 are individually H, OH, or alkyl, wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with OR, N02, CN, F, Br, Cl, I, COR, NHCOR, or CONHR. In some embodiments, W3 is H. In some embodiments, W3 is OH. In some embodiments, W3 is alkyl. In some embodiments, W4 is H. In some embodiments, W4 is alkyl. In some embodiments, W3 and W4 are both H. In some embodiments, W3 is H and W4 is alkyl. In some embodiments, W3 is alkyl and W4 is H. In some embodiments, W3 is OH and W4 is alkyl. In some embodiments, W3 is alkyl and W4 is OH. In some embodiments, W3 and W4 are both alkyl. In some embodiments, when W3 is alkyl and/or W4 is alkyl, the alkyl is optionally substituted with OR, N02, CN, F, Br, Cl, I, COR, NHCOR, or CONHR.
In some embodiments of the compounds of the invention, one of W1 and W2 with one of W3 and W4, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a C═C bond. For example, W1 and W3, or W1 and W4, or W2 and W3, or W2 and W4, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a C═C bond.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one nucleophile acceptor group. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one functional group with an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl. In one embodiment, such α, β-unsaturated carbonyl functional groups include but are not limited to α, β-unsaturated ketones, amides, esters, thioesters, acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids, carboxylates, acid halides, imides, and the like. In one embodiment, the α, β-unsaturated functional group serves as a Michael Addition reaction acceptor for nucleophiles within the AR.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one nucleophile acceptor group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is at least one of isocyanato (—NCO), isothiocyanato (—NCS), cyanato (—CNO), thiocyanato (—CNS), azido (N3), sulfonyl fluoride (—SO2F), halomethyl (—CH2-halide), 2-haloacetyl (—NHCOCH2-halide), halosulfonyl (—NHSO2CH2-halide), and the like. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group serves as a nucleophile acceptor for nucleophiles within the AR. In one embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the NTD. In another embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the AF-1 domain. In another embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the LBD. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the Ra group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the W1 group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the W3 or W4 group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in any one of the Q1, Q2, Q3, or Q4 groups.
The invention encompasses a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound selected from any one of the following structures:
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of compound 15
As used herein, the term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic ring” group refers to a ring structure comprising in addition to carbon atoms, at least one atom of sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen or any combination thereof, as part of the ring. The heterocycle may be a 3-12 membered ring; 4-8 membered ring; a 5-7 membered ring; or a 6 membered ring. Preferably, the heterocycle is a 5 to 6 membered ring. Typical examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, piperidine, pyridine, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrazine, piperazine or pyrimidine. Examples of C5-C8 heterocyclic rings include pyran, dihydropyran, tetrahydropyran, dihydropyrrole, tetrahydropyrrole, pyrazine, dihydropyrazine, tetrahydropyrazine, pyrimidine, dihydropyrimidine, tetrahydropyrimidone, pyrazole, dihydropyrazole, tetrahydropyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, piperidine, piperazine, pyridine, dihydropyridine, tetrahydropyridine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, furan, dihydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, thiophene, dihydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiophene, thiazole, imidazole, isoxazole, and the like. The heterocycle ring may be fused to another saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl or a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring. When the heterocycle ring is substituted, the substituents include at least one of halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, cyano, nitro, CO2H, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thiol, or thioalkyl.
The term “aniline ring system” refers to the conserved ring represented to the left of the structures in this document which is substituted by X, Y, and/or Z.
The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a non-aromatic, monocyclic or polycyclic ring comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms. A cycloalkyl group can have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the ring so long as the ring is not rendered aromatic by their presence. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C3-C7) cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl, and saturated cyclic and bicyclic terpenes and (C3-C7) cycloalkenyl groups, such as cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl, and unsaturated cyclic and bicyclic terpenes. Examples of C5-C8 carbocyclic include cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, and cyclohexene rings. A cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted by at least one substituent. Preferably, the cycloalkyl group is a monocyclic ring or bicyclic ring.
The term “alkyl” refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, including straight-chained and branched-chained. Typically, the alkyl group has 1-12 carbons, 1-7 carbons, 1-6 carbons, or 1-4 carbon atoms. A branched alkyl is an alkyl substituted by alkyl side chains of 1 to 5 carbons. The branched alkyl may have an alkyl substituted by a C1-C5 haloalkyl. Additionally, the alkyl group may be substituted by at least one of halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, CN, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio or thioalkyl.
An “arylalkyl” group refers to an alkyl bound to an aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are as defined herein. An example of an arylalkyl group is a benzyl group.
An “alkenyl” group refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon, including straight chain and branched chain having one or more double bonds. The alkenyl group may have 2-12 carbons, preferably the alkenyl group has 2-6 carbons or 2-4 carbons. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, cyclohexenyl, etc. The alkenyl group may be substituted by at least one halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio, or thioalkyl.
As used herein the term “aryl” group refers to an aromatic group having at least one carbocyclic aromatic group or heterocyclic aromatic group, which may be unsubstituted or substituted. When present, substituents include, but are not limited to, at least one halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxy or thio or thioalkyl. Nonlimiting examples of aryl rings are phenyl, naphthyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, and the like. The aryl group may be a 4-12 membered ring, preferably the aryl group is a 4-8 membered ring. Also, the aryl group may be a 6 or 5 membered ring.
The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group having at least one heterocyclic aromatic ring. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl comprises at least one heteroatom such as sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, phosphorous or any combination thereof, as part of the ring. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, aryl, heteroaryl, cyano, haloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, carboxy or thio or thioalkyl. Nonlimiting examples of heteroaryl rings are pyranyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, and the like. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl group is a 5-12 membered ring. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl group is a five membered ring. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl group is a six membered ring. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered ring. In another embodiment, the heteroaryl group comprises of 1-4 fused rings. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl group is 1,2,3-triazole. In one embodiment the heteroaryl is a pyridyl. In one embodiment the heteroaryl is a bipyridyl. In one embodiment the heteroaryl is a terpyridyl.
As used herein, the term “haloalkyl” group refers to an alkyl group that is substituted by one or more halogen atoms, e.g., by F, Cl, Br or I.
A “hydroxyl” group refers to an OH group. It is understood by a person skilled in the art that when T, Q1, Q2, Q3 or Q4, in the compounds of the present invention is OR, then R is not OH.
The term “halogen” or “halo” or “halide” refers to a halogen; F, Cl, Br or I.
In one embodiment, this invention provides the compounds and/or its use and/or its derivative, and/or its synthetic intermediates, and/or its synthetic by-products, or their isomer, optical isomer, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide, prodrug, polymorph, crystal or combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of the compounds, which may be produced, by reaction of a compound of this invention with an acid or base.
The compounds of the invention may be converted into pharmaceutically acceptable salts. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be produced by reaction of a compound with an acid or base.
Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of amines may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of inorganic salts of amines include, but are not limited to, bisulfates, borates, bromides, chlorides, hemisulfates, hydrobromates, hydrochlorates, 2-hydroxyethylsulfonates (hydroxyethanesulfonates), iodates, iodides, isothionates, nitrates, persulfates, phosphates, sulfates, sulfamates, sulfanilates, sulfonic acids (alkylsulfonates, arylsulfonates, halogen substituted alkylsulfonates, halogen substituted arylsulfonates), sulfonates, or thiocyanates.
Examples of organic salts of amines may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which are acetates, arginines, aspartates, ascorbates, adipates, anthranilates, algenates, alkane carboxylates, substituted alkane carboxylates, alginates, benzenesulfonates, benzoates, bisulfates, butyrates, bicarbonates, bitartrates, carboxylates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclohexylsulfamates, cyclopentanepropionates, calcium edetates, camsylates, carbonates, clavulanates, cinnamates, dicarboxylates, digluconates, dodecylsulfonates, dihydrochlorides, decanoates, enanthuates, ethanesulfonates, edetates, edisylates, estolates, esylates, fumarates, formates, fluorides, galacturonates, gluconates, glutamates, glycolates, glucorates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, gluceptates, glycollylarsanilates, glutarates, glutamates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydroxymaleates, hydroxycarboxlic acids, hexylresorcinates, hydroxybenzoates, hydroxynaphthoates, hydrofluorates, lactates, lactobionates, laurates, malates, maleates, methylenebis(beta-oxynaphthoate), malonates, mandelates, mesylates, methane sulfonates, methylbromides, methylnitrates, methylsulfonates, monopotassium maleates, mucates, monocarboxylates, nitrates, naphthalenesulfonates, 2-naphthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, napsylates, N-methylglucamines, oxalates, octanoates, oleates, pamoates, phenylacetates, picrates, phenylbenzoates, pivalates, propionates, phthalates, pectinates, phenylpropionates, palmitates, pantothenates, polygalacturates, pyruvates, quinates, salicylates, succinates, stearates, sulfanilates, subacetates, tartarates, theophyllineacetates, p-toluenesulfonates (tosylates), trifluoroacetates, terephthalates, tannates, teoclates, trihaloacetates, triethiodide, tricarboxylates, undecanoates and valerates. Examples of inorganic salts of carboxylic acids or phenols may be selected from ammonium, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals. Alkali metals include, but are not limited to, lithium, sodium, potassium, or cesium. Alkaline earth metals include, but are not limited to, calcium, magnesium, aluminium; zinc, barium, cholines, or quaternary ammoniums. Examples of organic salts of carboxylic acids or phenols may be selected from arginine, organic amines to include aliphatic organic amines, alicyclic organic amines, aromatic organic amines, benzathines, t-butylamines, benethamines (N-benzylphenethylamine), dicyclohexylamines, dimethylamines, diethanolamines, methylamines, ethanolamines, meglamines, nicotinamides, organic amines, tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamines, tromethamines and ureas, ethylenediamines, hydrabamines, imidazoles, lysines, N-methyl-D-glucamines, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamines, ornithines, pyridines, picolines, piperazines, procaine, triethylamines, triethanolamines, trimethylamines.
In various embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include: HCl salt, oxalic acid salt, L-(+)-tartaric acid salt, HBr salt and succinic acid salt. Each represents a separate embodiment of this invention.
Salts may be formed by conventional means, such as by reacting the free base or free acid form of the product with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid or base in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble or in a solvent such as water, which is removed in vacuo or by freeze drying or by exchanging the ions of an existing salt for another ion or suitable ion-exchange resin.
The methods of the invention may use an uncharged compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In particular, the methods use pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the invention as described herein. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be an amine salt or a salt of a phenol of the compounds of the invention as described herein.
In one embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of a free base, free acid, non charged or non-complexed compounds of the invention as described herein, and/or its isomer, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, polymorph, or combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of an optical isomer of a compound of the invention as described herein. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of an isomer of a compound of the invention as described herein. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of a pharmaceutical product of a compound of the invention as described herein. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of a hydrate of a compound of the invention as described herein. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of a polymorph of a compound of the invention as described herein. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of a metabolite of a compound of the invention as described herein. In another embodiment, the methods of this invention make use of a composition comprising a compound of the invention as described herein, or, in another embodiment, a combination of isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, polymorph of a compound of the invention as described herein.
As used herein, the term “synthetic by-product” is a compound synthesized together with the SARCA compound that contains a nucleophile acceptor group which itself has no nucleophile acceptor group. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that synthetic by-products can themselves possess significant and useful properties including potent inhibition of wtAR or degradation of the AR or AR SV.
As used herein, the term “isomer” includes, but is not limited to, optical isomers, structural isomers, or conformational isomers.
The term “isomer” is meant to encompass optical isomers of the SARCA compound. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the SARCA s of the present invention contain at least one chiral center. Accordingly, the compounds may exist as optically-active (such as an (R) isomer or (S) isomer) or racemic forms. Optically active compounds may exist as enantiomerically enriched mixtures. Some compounds may also exhibit polymorphism. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses any racemic, optically active, polymorphic, or stereroisomeric form, or mixtures thereof. Thus, the invention may encompass SARCA compounds as pure (R)isomers or as pure (S)-isomers. It is known in the art how to prepare optically active forms. For example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, by synthesis from optically active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase.
Compounds of the invention may be hydrates of the compounds. As used herein, the term “hydrate” includes, but is not limited to, hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, or trihydrate. The invention also includes use of N-oxides of the amino substituents of the compounds described herein.
This invention provides, in other embodiments, use of metabolites of the compounds as herein described. In one embodiment, “metabolite” means any substance produced from another substance by metabolism or a metabolic process.
In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention are prepared as described herein, for example, according to Example 1.
Biological Activity of Selective Androgen Receptor Covalent Antagonists
The compounds of the invention are selective androgen receptor covalent antagonists (SARCAs) that bind covalently and irreversibly to AR AF-1 or LBD and inhibit the function of AR and AR-SVs and/or degrade AR and AR-SVs.
The SAR CA compounds of the invention can be used for treating prostate cancer (PCa) or increasing the survival of a male subject suffering from prostate cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, represented by the structure of formula I:
wherein
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is represented by the structure of formula II:
wherein
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one nucleophile acceptor group. In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one functional group with an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl. In one embodiment, such α, β-unsaturated carbonyl functional groups include but are not limited to α, β-unsaturated ketones, amides, esters, thioesters, acid anhydrides, carboxylic acids, carboxylates, acid halides, imides, and the like. In one embodiment, the α, β-unsaturated functional group serves as a Michael Addition reaction acceptor for nucleophiles within the AR.
In one embodiment, the compound of the invention represented by the structure of formula I or formula II contains at least one nucleophile acceptor group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is at least one of isocyanato (—NCO), isothiocyanato (—NCS), cyanato (CNO), thiocyanato (—CNS), azido (N3), sulfonyl fluoride (—SO2F), halomethyl (—CH2-halide), 2-haloacetyl (—NHCOCH2-halide), halosulfonyl (—NHSO2CH2-halide), and the like. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group serves as a nucleophile acceptor for nucleophiles within the AR. In one embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the NTD. In another embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the AF-1 domain. In another embodiment, said AR nucleophile is within the LBD. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the Ra group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the W1 group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in the W3 or W4 group. In one embodiment, the nucleophile acceptor group is present in any one of the Q1, Q2, Q3, or Q4 groups.
The present invention provides a method of treating prostate cancer (PCa) or increasing the survival of a male subject suffering from prostate cancer comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or isomer, represented by a compound of the invention as described herein.
The prostate cancer may be advanced prostate cancer, refractory prostate cancer, castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), metastatic CRPC (mCRPC), non-metastatic CRPC (nmCRPC), high-risk nmCRPC or any combination thereof.
The prostate cancer may depend on AR-FL and/or AR-SV for proliferation. The prostate or other cancer may be resistant to treatment with an androgen receptor antagonist. The prostate or other cancer may be resistant to treatment with enzalutamide, bicalutamide, abiraterone, ARN-509, ODM-201, EPI-001, EPI-506, AZD-3514, galeterone, ASC-J9, flutamide, hydroxyflutamide, nilutamide, cyproterone acetate, ketoconazole, spironolactone, or any combination thereof. The method may also reduce the levels of AR, AR-FL, AR-FL with antiandrogen resistance-conferring AR-LBD mutations, AR-SV, gene-amplified AR, or any combination thereof.
In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention, or its isomer, optical isomer, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof.
In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating abiraterone resistant prostate cancer comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention, or its isomer, optical isomer, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof.
In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention, or its isomer, optical isomer, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof.
The method may further comprise a second therapy such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) or LHRH agonist or antagonist. LHRH agonists include, but are not limited to, leuprolide acetate.
The invention encompasses a method of treating or inhibiting the progression of prostate cancer (PCa) or increasing the survival of a male subject suffering from prostate cancer comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a SARCA compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of treating or inhibiting the progression of refractory prostate cancer (PCa) or increasing the survival of a male subject suffering from refractory prostate cancer comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a SARCA compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of treating or increasing the survival of a male subject suffering from castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a SARCA wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formulas I-XX, or at least one of compounds 1-18.
The method may further comprise administering androgen deprivation therapy to the subject.
The invention encompasses a method of treating or inhibiting the progression of enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer (PCa) or increasing the survival of a male subject suffering from enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a SARCA compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The method may further comprise administering androgen deprivation therapy to the subject.
The invention encompasses a method of treating or inhibiting the progression of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) or increasing the survival of a female subject suffering from triple negative breast cancer comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a SARCA compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, wherein the compound is represented by a compound of formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of treating breast cancer in a subject in need thereof, wherein said subject has AR expressing breast cancer, AR-SV expressing breast cancer, and/or ARV7 expressing breast cancer, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of treating AR expressing breast cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of treating AR-SV expressing breast cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of treating AR-V7 expressing breast cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
As used herein, the term “increase the survival” refers to a lengthening of time when describing the survival of a subject. Thus in this context, the compounds of the invention may be used to increase the survival of men with advanced prostate cancer, refractory prostate cancer, castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); metastatic CRPC (mCRPC); non-metastatic CRPC (nmCRPC); or high-risk nmCRPC; or women with TNBC.
Alternatively, as used herein, the terms “increase”, increasing”, or “increased” may be used interchangeably and refer to an entity becoming progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity), wherein for example the entity is sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or prostate-specific antigen (PSA).
The compounds and compositions of the invention may be used for increasing metastasis-free survival (MPS) in a subject suffering from non-metastatic prostate cancer. The non-metastatic prostate cancer may be non-metastatic advanced prostate cancer, non-metastatic CRPC (nmCRPC), or high-risk nmCRPC.
The SARCA compounds described herein may be used to provide a dual action. For example, the SARCA compounds may treat prostate cancer and prevent metastasis. The prostate cancer may be refractory prostate cancer; advanced prostate cancer; castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); metastatic CRPC (mCRPC); non-metastatic CRPC (nmCRPC); or high-risk nmCRPC.
The SARCA compounds described herein may be used to provide a dual action. For example, the SARCA compounds may treat TNBC and prevent metastasis.
Men with advanced prostate cancer who are at high risk for progression to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are men on ADT with serum total testosterone concentrations greater than 20 ng/dL or men with advanced prostate cancer who at the time of starting ADT had either (1) confirmed Gleason pattern 4 or 5 prostate cancer, (2) metastatic prostate cancer, (3) a PSA doubling time <3 months, (4) a PSA ≥20 ng/mL, or (5) a PSA relapse in <3 years after definitive local therapy (radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy).
Normal levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) are dependent on several factors, such as age and the size of a male subject's prostate, among others. PSA levels in the range between 2.5-10 ng/mL are considered “borderline high” while levels above 10 ng/mL are considered “high.” A rate change or “PSA velocity” greater than 0.75/year is considered high. PSA levels may increase despite ongoing ADT or a history of ADT, surgical castration or despite treatment with antiandrogens and/or LHRH agonist.
Men with high risk non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (high-risk nmCRPC) may include those with rapid PSA doubling times, having an expected progression-free survival of approximately 18 months or less (Miller K, Moul J W, Gleave M, et al. 2013. “Phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily oral zibotentan (ZD4054) in patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer,” Prostate Cane Prost Dis. February; 16:187-192). This relatively rapid progression of their disease underscores the importance of novel therapies for these individuals.
The methods of the invention may treat subjects with PSA levels greater than 8 ng/mL where the subject suffers from high-risk nmCRPC. The patient population includes subjects suffering from nmCRPC where PSA doubles in less than 8 months or less than 10 months. The method may also treat patient populations where the total serum testosterone levels are greater than 20 ng/mL in a subject suffering from high-risk nmCRPC. In one case, the serum free testosterone levels are greater than those observed in an orchiectomized male in a subject suffering from high-risk nmCRPC.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may further comprise at least one LHRH agonist or antagonist, antiandrogen, anti-programmed death receptor 1 (anti-PD-1) drug or anti-PD-1 drug. LHRH agonists include, but are not limited to, leuprolide acetate (Lupron®) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,480,656; 5,575,987; 5,631,020; 5,643,607; 5,716,640; 5,814,342; 6,036,976 hereby incorporated by reference) or goserelin acetate (Zoladex©) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,552; 7,220,247; 7,500,964 hereby incorporated by reference). LHRH antagonists include, but are not limited to, degarelix or abarelix. Antiandrogens include, but are not limited to, bicalutamide, flutamide, apalutamide, finasteride, dutasteride, enzalutamide, nilutamide, chlormadinone, abiraterone, or any combination thereof. Anti-PD-1 drugs include, but are not limited to, AMP-224, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, and AMP-554. Anti-PD-1 drugs include, but are not limited to, BMS-936559, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, and MPDL3280A. Anti-CTLA-4 drugs include, but are not limited to, ipilimumab and tremelimumab.
Treatment of prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, CRPC, mCRPC and/or nmCRPC may result in clinically meaningful improvement in prostate cancer related symptoms, function and/or survival. Clinically meaningful improvement can be determined by an increase in radiographic progression free survival (rPFS) if cancer is metastatic, or an increase metastasis-free survival (MFS) if cancer is non-metastatic, among others.
The invention encompasses methods of lowering serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in a male subject suffering from prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer or castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a SARCA compound, wherein the compound is represented by the structure of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of secondary hormonal therapy that reduces serum PSA in a male subject suffering from castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18 that reduces serum PSA in a male subject suffering from castration resistant prostate cancer.
The invention encompasses a method of reducing levels of AR, AR-full length (AR-FL), AR-FL with antiandrogen resistance-conferring AR-LBD mutations, AR-splice variant (AR-SV), and/or amplifications of the AR gene within the tumor in the subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18 to reduce the level of AR, AR-full length (AR-FL), AR-FL with antiandrogen resistance-conferring AR-LBD or other AR mutations, AR-splice variant (AR-SV), and/or amplifications of the AR gene within the tumor.
The method may increase radiographic progression free survival (rPFS) or metastasis-free survival (MPS).
Subjects may have non-metastatic cancer; failed androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), undergone orchidectomy, or have high or increasing prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels; subjects may be a patient with prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, refractory prostate cancer, CRPC patient, metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patient, or non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) patient. In these subjects, the refractory may be enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer. In these subjects, the nmCRPC may be high-risk nmCRPC. Further the subject may be on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with or without castrate levels of total T.
As used herein, the phrase “a subject suffering from castration resistant prostate cancer” refers to a subject with at least one of the following characteristics: has been previously treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); has responded to the ADT and currently has a serum PSA >2 ng/mL or >2 ng/mL and representing a 25% increase above the nadir achieved on the ADT; a subject which despite being maintained on androgen deprivation therapy is diagnosed to have serum PSA progression; a castrate level of serum total testosterone (<50 ng/dL) or a castrate level of serum total testosterone (<20 ng/dL). The subject may have rising serum PSA on two successive assessments at least 2 weeks apart; been effectively treated with ADT; or has a history of serum PSA response after initiation of ADT.
As used herein, the term “serum PSA progression” refers to a 25% or greater increase in serum PSA and an absolute increase of 2 ng/ml or more from the nadir; or to serum PSA >2 ng/mL, or >2 ng/mL and a 25% increase above the nadir after the initiation of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The term “nadir” refers to the lowest PSA level while a patient is undergoing ADT.
The term “serum PSA response” refers to at least one of the following: at least 90% reduction in serum PSA value prior to the initiation of ADT; to <10 ng/mL undetectable level of serum PSA (<0.2 ng/mL) at any time; at least 50% decline from baseline in serum PSA; at least 90% decline from baseline in serum PSA; at least 30% decline from baseline in serum PSA; or at least 10% decline from baseline in serum PSA.
The methods of this invention comprise administering a combination of forms of ADT and a compound of this invention. Forms of ADT include a LHRH agonist. LHRH agonist includes, but is not limited to, leuprolide acetate (Lupron®)(U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,480,656; 5,575,987; 5,631,020; 5,643,607; 5,716,640; 5,814,342; 6,036,976 hereby incorporated by reference) or goserelin acetate (Zoladex®) (U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,118,552; 7,220,247; 7,500,964 hereby incorporated by reference). Forms of ADT include, but are not limited to LHRH antagonists, reversible antiandrogens, or bilateral orchidectomy. LHRH antagonists include, but are not limited to, degarelix and abarelix. Antiandrogens include, but are not limited to, bicalutamide, flutamide, apalutamide, finasteride, dutasteride, enzalutamide, EPI-001, EPI-506, ARN-509, ODM-201, nilutamide, chlormadinone, abiraterone, or any combination thereof.
The methods of the invention encompass administering at least one compound of the invention and a lyase inhibitor (e.g., abiraterone).
The term “advanced prostate cancer” refers to metastatic cancer having originated in the prostate, and having widely metastasized to beyond the prostate such as the surrounding tissues to include the seminal vesicles the pelvic lymph nodes or bone, or to other parts of the body. Prostate cancer pathologies are graded with a Gleason grading from 1 to 5 in order of increasing malignancy. Patients with significant risk of progressive disease and/or death from prostate cancer should be included in the definition and any patient with cancer outside the prostate capsule with disease stages as low as IIB clearly has “advanced” disease. “Advanced prostate cancer” can refer to locally advanced prostate cancer. Similarly, “advanced breast cancer” refers to metastatic cancer having originated in the breast and having widely metastasized to beyond the breast to surrounding tissues or other parts of the body such as the liver, brain, lungs, or bone.
The term “refractory” may refer to cancers that do not respond to treatment. E.g., prostate or breast cancer may be resistant at the beginning of treatment or it may become resistant during treatment. “Refractory cancer” may also be referred to herein as “resistant cancer”.
The term “castration resistant prostate cancer” (CRPC) refers to advanced prostate cancer that is worsening or progressing while the patient remains on ADT or other therapies to reduce testosterone, or prostate cancer which is considered hormone refractory, hormone naive, androgen independent or chemical or surgical castration resistant. CRPC may be the result of AR activation by intracrine androgen synthesis; expression of AR splice variants (AR-SV) that lack ligand binding domain (LBD); or expression of AR-LBD or other AR mutations with potential to resist antagonists. Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is an advanced prostate cancer which developed despite ongoing ADT and/or surgical castration. Castration resistant prostate cancer is defined as prostate cancer that continues to progress or worsen or adversely affect the health of the patient despite prior surgical castration, continued treatment with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists (e.g., leuprolide) or antagonists (e.g., degarelix or abarelix), antiandrogens (e.g., bicalutamide, flutamide, apalutamide, enzalutamide, ketoconazole, aminoglutethamide), chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., docetaxel, paclitaxel, cabazitaxel, adriamycin, mitoxantrone, estramustine, cyclophosphamide), kinase inhibitors (imatinib (Gleevec®) or gefitinib (Iressa®), cabozantinib (Cometriq™, also known as XL184)) or other prostate cancer therapies (e.g., vaccines (sipuleucel-T (Provenge®), GV AX, etc.), herbal (PC-SPES) and lyase inhibitor (abiraterone)) as evidenced by increasing or higher serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), metastasis, bone metastasis, pain, lymph node involvement, increasing size or serum markers for tumor growth, worsening diagnostic markers of prognosis, or patient condition.
Castration resistant prostate cancer may be defined as hormone naive prostate cancer. In men with castration resistant prostate cancer, the tumor cells may have the ability to grow in the absence of androgens (hormones that promote the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics).
Many early prostate cancers require androgens for growth, but advanced prostate cancers are androgen-independent, or hormone naive.
The term “androgen deprivation therapy” (ADT) may include orchiectomy; administering luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs; administering luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonists; administering 5α-reductase inhibitors; administering antiandrogens; administering inhibitors of testosterone biosynthesis; administering estrogens; or administering 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) inhibitors. LHRH drugs lower the amount of testosterone made by the testicles. Examples of LHRH analogs available in the United States include leuprolide (Lupron®, Viadur®, Eligard®), goserelin (Zoladex®), triptorelin (Trelstar®), and histrelin (Vantas®). Antiandrogens block the body's ability to use any androgens. Examples of antiandrogens drugs include enzalutamide (Xtandi®), flutamide (Eulexin®), apalutamide (Erleada®), bicalutamide (Casodex®), and nilutamide (Nilandron®). Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonists include abarelix (Plenaxis®) or degarelix (Firmagon®) (approved for use by the FDA in 2008 to treat advanced prostate cancer). 5α-Reductase inhibitors block the body's ability to convert testosterone to the more active androgen, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and include drugs such as finasteride (Proscar®) and dutasteride (Avodart®). Inhibitors of testosterone biosynthesis include drugs such as ketoconazole (Nizoral®). Estrogens include diethylstilbestrol or 17α-estradiol. 17α-Hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) inhibitors include abiraterone (Zytiga*).
The invention encompasses a method of treating antiandrogen-resistant prostate cancer. The antiandrogen may include, but is not limited to, bicalutamide, hydroxyflutamide, flutamide, apalutamide, enzalutamide, darolutamide, or abiraterone.
The invention encompasses a method of treating prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof, wherein said subject has a rearranged AR, AR overexpressing prostate cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer, castration-sensitive prostate cancer, AR-V7 expressing prostate cancer, or d567ES expressing prostate cancer, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
In one embodiment, the castration-resistant prostate cancer is a rearranged AR, AR overexpressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, F876L mutation expressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, F876L_T877A double mutation expressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, AR-V7 expressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, d567ES expressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, and/or castration-resistant prostate cancer characterized by intratumoral androgen synthesis.
In one embodiment, the castration-sensitive prostate cancer is F876L mutation expressing castration-sensitive prostate cancer, F876L_T877A double mutation castration-sensitive prostate cancer, and/or castration-sensitive prostate cancer characterized by intratumoral androgen synthesis.
In one embodiment, the treating of castration-sensitive prostate cancer is conducted in a non-castrate setting, or as monotherapy, or when castration-sensitive prostate cancer tumor is resistant to enzalutamide, apalutamide, and/or abiraterone.
The invention encompasses a method of treating AR overexpressing prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of treating castration-resistant prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18. In one embodiment, the castration-resistant prostate cancer is a rearranged AR, AR overexpressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, F876L mutation expressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, F876L_T877A double mutation expressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, AR-V7 expressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, d567ES expressing castration-resistant prostate cancer, and/or castration-resistant prostate cancer characterized by intratumoral androgen synthesis.
The invention encompasses a method of treating castration-sensitive prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18. In one embodiment, the castration-sensitive prostate cancer is F876L mutation expressing castration-sensitive prostate cancer, F876L_T877A double mutation castration-sensitive prostate cancer, and/or castration-sensitive prostate cancer characterized by intratumoral androgen synthesis. In one embodiment, the treating of castration-sensitive prostate cancer is conducted in a non-castrate setting, or as monotherapy, or when castration-sensitive prostate cancer tumor is resistant to enzalutamide, apalutamide, and/or abiraterone.
The invention encompasses a method of treating AR-V7 expressing prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses a method of treating d567ES expressing prostate cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formula formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer lacking the expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 receptor kinase. As such, TNBC lacks the hormone and kinase therapeutic targets used to treat other types of primary breast cancers. Correspondingly, chemotherapy is often the initial pharmacotherapy for TNBC. Interestingly, AR is often still expressed in TNBC and may offer a hormone targeted therapeutic alternative to chemotherapy. In ER-positive breast cancer, AR is a positive prognostic indicator as it is believed that activation of AR limits and/or opposes the effects of the ER in breast tissue and tumors. However, in the absence of ER, it is possible that AR actually supports the growth of breast cancer tumors. Though the role of AR is not fully understood in TNBC, there is evidence that certain TNBC's may be supported by androgen independent activation of AR-SVs lacking the LBD or androgen-dependent activation of AR full length. As such, enzalutamide and other LED-directed traditional AR antagonists would not be able to antagonize AR-SVs in these TNBC's. However, SARCAs of this invention through a binding site in the NTD of AR would be able to antagonize AR in these TNBC's and provide an anti-tumor effect.
Treatment of Kennedy's Disease
Muscle atrophy (MA) is characterized by wasting away or diminution of muscle and a decrease in muscle mass. For example, post-polio MA is muscle wasting that occurs as part of the post-polio syndrome (PPS). The atrophy includes weakness, muscle fatigue, and pain. Another type of MA is X-linked spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA—also known as Kennedy's Disease). This disease arises from a defect in the androgen receptor gene on the X chromosome, affects only males, and its onset is in late adolescence to adulthood. Proximal limb and bulbar muscle weakness results in physical limitations including dependence on a wheelchair in some cases. The mutation results in an extended polyglutamine tract at the N-terminal domain of the androgen receptor (polyQ AR).
Binding and activation of the polyQ AR by endogeneous androgens (testosterone and DHT) results in unfolding and nuclear translocation of the mutant androgen receptor. The androgen-induced toxicity and androgen-dependent nuclear accumulation of polyQ AR protein seems to be central to the pathogenesis. Therefore, the inhibition of the androgen-activated polyQ AR might be a therapeutic option (A. Baniahmad. Inhibition of the androgen receptor by antiandrogens in spinobulbar muscle atrophy. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2016 58(3), 343-347). These steps are required for pathogenesis and result in partial loss of transactivation function (i.e., an androgen insensitivity) and a poorly understood neuromuscular degeneration. Peripheral polyQ AR anti-sense therapy rescues disease in mouse models of SBMA (Cell Reports 7, 774-784, May 8, 2014). Further support of use antiandrogen comes in a report in which the antiandrogen flutamide protects male mice from androgen-dependent toxicity in three models of spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (Renier K J, Troxell-Smith S M, Johansen J A, Katsuno M, Adachi H, Sobue G, Chua J P, Sun Kim H, Lieberman A P, Breedlove S M, Jordan C L. Endocrinology 2014, 155(7), 2624-2634). These steps are required for pathogenesis and result in partial loss of transactivation function (i.e., an androgen insensitivity) and a poorly understood neuromuscular degeneration. Currently there are no disease-modifying treatments, but rather only symptom directed treatments. Efforts to target the polyQ AR as the proximal mediator of toxicity by harnessing cellular machinery to promote its degradation hold promise for therapeutic intervention.
Selective androgen receptor covalent Antagonists such as those reported herein bind to, inhibit transactivation, and degrade all androgen receptors tested to date (full length, splice variant, antiandrogen resistance mutants, etc.), indicating that they are promising leads for treatment diseases whose pathogenesis is androgen-dependent such as SBMA.
The invention encompasses methods of treating Kennedy's disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The term “androgen receptor dependent disease or condition” refers to diseases or conditions that have pathological origins or propagated by the altered, increased, dysregulated, or aberrant activity of an androgen receptor. In some embodiments, the androgen receptor is a full-length androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the androgen receptor is a wildtype full-length androgen receptor (AR-FL). In another embodiment, the androgen receptor is a point mutation of the full-length androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the androgen receptor is a polyQ polymorph. In another embodiment, the androgen receptor is a splice-variant of the androgen receptor (AR-SV). In another embodiment, the androgen receptor is any of the above or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the androgen receptor is any of the above and is additionally overexpressed. In another embodiment, the androgen receptor is any of the above and further recombined with another gene to form a fusion protein. Examples of common AR fusion proteins include but are not limited to TMPRSS2 or ETS-family of transcription factors. In some embodiments, the androgen receptor is any of the above and presence in a pathologically changed cellular milieau. In another embodiment, the altered, increased, dysregulated or aberrant activity of an androgen receptor is caused by endogeneous androgens acting at the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the altered, increased, dysregulated, or aberrant activity of an androgen receptor is caused by exogeneously administered compounds acting at the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the altered, increased, dysregulated, or aberrant activity of an androgen receptor is ligand-independent. In another embodiment, the ligand-independent activity is caused by the constitutive activity of the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the ligand-independent activity is caused by constitutively active mutants of the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the ligand-independent activity is caused by pathologic cellular milieau. In another embodiment, these androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are improved by the administration of androgen receptor antagonists. In another embodiment, these androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are improved by the administration of androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) as described herein. In another embodiment, these androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are made worse by the administration of androgen receptor agonists. In another embodiment, these androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are improved by decreasing androgen receptor expression by biochemical treatments. In another embodiment, these androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are the result of hormonal imbalances. In another embodiment, the hormonal imbalance in a subject is a result of ageing, or in the other embodiments, the result of disease. In another embodiment, these androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are responsive to the administration of androgen receptor antagonists such as antiandrogens. In another embodiment, these androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are conditions, diseases, or disorders that are modulated by or whose pathogenesis is dependent upon the activity of the androgen receptor.
In one embodiment, an “androgen receptor dependent disease or condition” is a medical condition that is, in part or in full, dependent on, or is sensitive to, the presence of androgenic activity or activation of the AR-axis in the body. In another embodiment, an “androgen receptor dependent disease or condition” is any disease or condition which is known to be treated, inhibited, prevented, or suppressed by an AR antagonist.
In some embodiments, the androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are improved by administration of the selective androgen receptor covalent antagonists of the invention. In some embodiments, the benefit of selective androgen receptor covalent antagonists of the invention is their degradation of at least one form of the androgen receptor. In some embodiments, the benefit of selective androgen receptor covalent antagonists of the invention is their inhibition of at least one form of the androgen receptor. In some embodiments, the benefit of selective androgen receptor covalent antagonists of the invention is their degradation and inhibition of at least one form of the androgen receptor.
Many examples of androgen receptor dependent diseases and conditions are described herein, and these include but are not limited to prostate cancers, breast cancers, hormone-dependent cancers, hormone-independent cancers, AR-expressing cancers, and precursors to hormone-dependent cancers as are each described in detail herein below; dermatological disorders, hormonal conditions of a male or hormonal conditions of a female as are each described in detail herein below; androgen insufficiency syndromes as are described in detail below; uterine fibroids, Kennedy's disease (SBMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), improving wound healing, sexual perversion, hypersexuality, paraphilias, androgen psychosis, and virilization and the like.
As used herein, the term “androgen receptor associated conditions” or “androgen sensitive diseases or disorders” or “androgen-dependent diseases or disorders” are conditions, diseases, or disorders that are modulated by or whose pathogenesis is dependent upon the activity of the androgen receptor. The androgen receptor is expressed in most tissues of the body however it is overexpressed in, inter alia, the prostate and skin. ADT has been the mainstay of prostate cancer treatment for many years, and SARCAs may also be useful in treating various prostate cancers, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostamegaly, and other maladies of the prostate.
The invention encompasses methods of treating benign prostatic hypertrophy comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses methods of treating prostamegaly comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses methods of treating hyperproliferative prostatic disorders and diseases comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
The effect of the AR on the skin is apparent in the gender dimorphism and puberty related dermatological problems common to teens and early adults. The hyperandrogenism of puberty stimulates terminal hair growth, sebum production, and predisposes male teens to acne, acne vulgaris, seborrhea, excess sebum, hidradenitis suppurativa, hirsutism, hypertrichosis, hyperpilosity, androgenic alopecia, male pattern baldness, and other dermatological maladies. Although antiandrogens theoretically should prevent the hyperandrogenic dermatological diseases discussed, they are limited by toxicities, sexual side effects, and lack of efficacy when topically applied. The SARCAs of this invention potently inhibit ligand-dependent and ligand-independent AR activation, and (in some cases) have short biological half-lives in the serum, suggesting that topically formulated SARCAs of this invention could be applied to the areas affected by acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and/or hirsutism without risk of systemic side effects.
The invention encompasses methods of treating acne, acne vulgaris, seborrhea, seborrheic dermatitis, hidradenitis supporativa, hirsutism, hypertrichosis, hyperpilosity, or alopecia comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX, or any of compounds 1-18.
The compounds and/or compositions described herein may be used for treating hair loss, alopecia, androgenic alopecia, alopecia areata, alopecia secondary to chemotherapy, alopecia secondary to radiation therapy, alopecia induced by scarring or alopecia induced by stress. Generally “hair loss” or “alopecia” refers to baldness as in the very common type of male-pattern baldness. Baldness typically begins with patch hair loss on the scalp and sometimes progresses to complete baldness and even loss of body hair. Hair loss affects both males and females.
The invention encompasses methods of treating androgenic alopecia comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX, or any of compounds 1-18.
The invention encompasses methods of treating, suppressing, reducing the incidence, reducing the severity, or inhibiting the progression of a hormonal condition in a male in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound, or its isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, polymorph, hydrate or any combination thereof, wherein said SARCA compound is represented by the structure of formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18.
In one embodiment, the condition is hypergonadism, hypersexuality, sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia, precocious puberty in a male, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, hair loss, hyperandrogenic dermatological disorders, pre-cancerous lesions of the prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia, prostate cancer and/or other androgen-dependent cancers.
SARCAs of this invention may also be useful in the treatment of hormonal conditions in females which can have hyperandrogenic pathogenesis such as precocious puberty, early puberty, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, multilocular uterus syndrome, endometriosis, hysteromyoma, abnormal uterine bleeding, early menarche, fibrocystic breast disease, fibroids of the uterus, ovarian cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia of pregnancy, preterm labor, premenstrual syndrome, and/or vaginal dryness.
The invention encompasses methods of treating precocious puberty or early puberty, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhea, multilocular uterus syndrome, endometriosis, hysteromyoma, abnormal uterine bleeding, hyper-androgenic diseases (such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)), fibrocystic breast disease, fibroids of the uterus, ovarian cysts, polycystic ovary syndrome, preeclampsia, eclampsia of pregnancy, preterm labor, premenstrual syndrome, or vaginal dryness comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX, or any of compounds 1-18.
SARCAs of this invention may also find utility in treatment of sexual perversion, hypersexuality, paraphilias, androgen psychosis, virilization, androgen insensitivity syndromes (AIS) (such as complete AIS (CAIS) and partial AIS (PAIS)), and improving ovulation in an animal.
The invention encompasses methods of treating sexual perversion, hypersexuality, paraphilias, androgen psychosis, virilization androgen, insensitivity syndromes, increasing or modulating or improving ovulation comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX, or any of compounds 1-18.
SARCAs of this invention may also be useful for treating hormone-dependent cancers such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, urogenital cancer, etc. In another embodiment, the breast cancer is triple negative breast cancer. Further, local or systemic SARCA administration may be useful for treatment of precursors of hormone-dependent cancers such as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP).
The invention encompasses methods of treating breast cancer, testicular cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, urogenital cancer, precursors of prostate cancer, or AR related or AR expressing solid tumors, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18. A precursor of prostate cancers may be prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) or atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP). The tumor may be hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or bladder cancer. Serum testosterone may be positively linked to the development of HCC. Based on epidemiologic, experimental observations, and notably the fact that men have a substantially higher risk of bladder cancer than women, androgens and/or the AR may also play a role in bladder cancer initiation.
Although traditional antiandrogens such as enzalutamide, bicalutamide and flutamide and androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) such as leuprolide were approved for use in prostate cancer, there is significant evidence that antiandrogens could also be used in a variety of other hormone-dependent and hormone-independent cancers. For example, antiandrogens may be used in a wide variety of AR-expressing cancers as described below. For example, antiandrogens have been successfully tested in breast cancer (enzalutamide; Breast Cancer Res (2014) 16(1): R7), non-small cell lung cancer (shRNAi AR), renal cell carcinoma (ASC-J9), partial androgen insensitivity associated malignancies such as gonadal tumors and seminoma, advanced pancreatic cancer (World J Gastroenterology 20(29):9229), cancer of the ovary, fallopian tubes, or peritoneum, cancer of the salivary gland (Head and Neck (2016) 38:724-731; ADT was tested in AR-expressing recurrent/metastatic salivary gland cancers and was confirmed to have benefit on progression free survival and overall survival endpoints), bladder cancer (Oncotarget 6(30): 29860-29876); Int J Endocrinol (2015), Article ID 384860), pancreatic cancer, lymphoma (including mantle cell), and hepatocellular carcinoma. Use of a more potent antiandrogen such as a SARCA in these cancers may treat the progression of these and other cancers. Other cancers may also benefit from SARCA treatment such as testicular cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, urogenital cancer, breast cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, renal cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colon cancer, perianal adenoma, or central nervous system cancer.
SARCAs of this invention may also be useful for treating other cancers containing AR such as breast, brain, skin, ovarian, bladder, lymphoma, liver, kidney, pancreas, endometrium, lung (e.g., NSCLC), colon, perianal adenoma, osteosarcoma, CNS, melanoma, hypercalcemia of malignancy and metastatic bone disease, etc.
Thus, the invention encompasses methods of treating hypercalcemia of malignancy, metastatic bone disease, brain cancer, skin cancer, bladder cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, renal cancer, osteosarcoma, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, lung cancer, central nervous system cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, melanoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and/or uterine fibroids comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX, or any of compounds 1-18. The lung cancer may be non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
SARCAs of this invention may also be useful for the treating of non-hormone-dependent cancers. Non-hormone-dependent cancers include liver, salivary duct, etc.
In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating gastric cancer. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating salivary duct carcinoma. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating bladder cancer. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating esophageal cancer. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating pancreatic cancer. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating colon cancer. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating non-small cell lung cancer. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating renal cell carcinoma.
AR plays a role in cancer initiation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, targeting AR may be an appropriate treatment for patients with early stage HCC. In late-stage HCC disease, there is evidence that metastasis is suppressed by androgens. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Locati et al. in Head & Neck, 2016, 724-731 demonstrated the use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in AR-expressing recurrent/metastatic salivary gland cancers and confirmed improved progression free survival and overall survival endpoints with ADT. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating salivary gland cancer.
Kawahara et al. in Oncotarget, 2015, Vol 6(30), 29860-29876 demonstrated that ELK1 inhibition, together with AR inactivation, has the potential of being a therapeutic approach for bladder cancer. McBeth et al. Int J Endocrinology, 2015, Vol 2015, Article ID 384860 suggested that the combination of antiandrogen therapy plus glucocorticoids as treatment of bladder cancer as this cancer is believed to have an inflammatory etiology. In another embodiment, the SARCAs of this invention are used for treating bladder cancer, optionally in combination with glucocorticoids.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an enlarged area in the lower part of the aorta, the major blood vessel that supplies blood to the body. The aorta, about the thickness of a garden hose, runs from your heart through the center of your chest and abdomen. Because the aorta is the body's main supplier of blood, a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm can cause life-threatening bleeding. Depending on the size and the rate at which your abdominal aortic aneurysm is growing, treatment may vary from watchful waiting to emergency surgery. Once an abdominal aortic aneurysm is found, doctors will closely monitor it so that surgery can be planned if it is necessary. Emergency surgery for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm can be risky. AR blockade (pharmacologic or genetic) reduces AAA. Davis et al. (Davis J P, et al. J Vase Surg (2016) 63(6):1602-1612) showed that flutamide (50 mg/kg) or ketoconazole (150 mg/kg) attenuated AAA induced by porcine pancreatic elastase (0.35 U/mL) by 84.2% and 91.5% compared to vehicle (121%). Further AR−/−mice showed attenuated AAA growth (64.4%) compared to wildtype (both treated with elastase). Correspondingly, administration of a SARCA to a patient suffering from an AAA may help reverse, treat or delay progression of AAA to the point where surgery is needed.
Treatment of Wounds
Wounds and/or ulcers are normally found protruding from the skin or on a mucosal surface or as a result of an infarction in an organ. A wound may be a result of a soft tissue defect or a lesion or of an underlying condition. The term “wound” denotes a bodily injury with disruption of the normal integrity of tissue structures, sore, lesion, necrosis, and/or ulcer. The term “sore” refers to any lesion of the skin or mucous membranes and the term “ulcer” refers to a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue, which is produced by the sloughing of necrotic tissue. “Lesion” generally includes any tissue defect. “Necrosis” refers to dead tissue resulting from infection, injury, inflammation, or infarctions. All of these are encompassed by the term “wound,” which denotes any wound at any particular stage in the healing process including the stage before any healing has initiated or even before a specific wound like a surgical incision is made (prophylactic treatment).
Examples of wounds which can be treated in accordance with the present invention are aseptic wounds, contused wounds, incised wounds, lacerated wounds, non-penetrating wounds (i.e., wounds in which there is no disruption of the skin but there is injury to underlying structures), open wounds, penetrating wounds, perforating wounds, puncture wounds, septic wounds, subcutaneous wounds, etc. Examples of sores include, but are not limited to, bed sores, canker sores, chrome sores, cold sores, pressure sores, etc. Examples of ulcers include, but are not limited to, peptic ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gouty ulcer, diabetic ulcer, hypertensive ischemic ulcer, stasis ulcer, ulcus cruris (venous ulcer), sublingual ulcer, submucous ulcer, symptomatic ulcer, trophic ulcer, tropical ulcer, veneral ulcer, e.g., caused by gonorrhoea (including urethritis, endocervicitis and proctitis). Conditions related to wounds or sores which may be successfully treated according to the invention include, but are not limited to, burns, anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene, scalatina, erysipelas, sycosis barbae, folliculitis, impetigo contagiosa, impetigo bullosa, etc. It is understood, that there may be an overlap between the use of the terms “wound” and “ulcer,” or “wound” and “sore” and, furthermore, the terms are often used at random.
The kinds of wounds to be treated according to the invention include also: i) general wounds such as, e.g., surgical, traumatic, infectious, ischemic, thermal, chemical and bullous wounds; ii) wounds specific for the oral cavity such as, e.g., post-extraction wounds, endodontic wounds especially in connection with treatment of cysts and abscesses, ulcers and lesions of bacterial, viral or autoimmunological origin, mechanical, chemical, thermal, infectious and lichenoid wounds; herpes ulcers, stomatitis aphthosa, acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis and burning mouth syndrome are specific examples; and iii) wounds on the skin such as, e.g., neoplasm, burns (e.g., chemical, thermal), lesions (bacterial, viral, autoimmunological), bites and surgical incisions. Another way of classifying wounds is by tissue loss, where: i) small tissue loss (due to surgical incisions, minor abrasions, and minor bites) or ii) significant tissue loss. The latter group includes ischemic ulcers, pressure sores, fistulae, lacerations, severe bites, thermal burns and donor site wounds (in soft and hard tissues) and infarctions. Other wounds include ischemic ulcers, pressure sores, fistulae, severe bites, thermal burns, or donor site wounds.
Ischemic ulcers and pressure sores are wounds, which normally only heal very slowly and especially in such cases an improved and more rapid healing is of great importance to the patient. Furthermore, the costs involved in the treatment of patients suffering from such wounds are markedly reduced when the healing is improved and takes place more rapidly.
Donor site wounds are wounds which e.g., occur in connection with removal of hard tissue from one part of the body to another part of the body e.g., in connection with transplantation. The wounds resulting from such operations are very painful and an improved healing is therefore most valuable.
In one case, the wound to be treated is selected from the group consisting of aseptic wounds, infarctions, contused wounds, incised wounds, lacerated wounds, non-penetrating wounds, open wounds, penetrating wounds, perforating wounds, puncture wounds, septic wounds, and subcutaneous wounds.
The invention encompasses methods of treating a subject suffering from a wound comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
The invention encompasses methods of treating a subject suffering from a burn comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formulas I-XX, or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
The term “skin” is used in a very broad sense embracing the epidermal layer of the skin and in those cases where the skin surface is more or less injured also the dermal layer of the skin. Apart from the stratum corneum, the epidermal layer of the skin is the outer (epithelial) layer and the deeper connective tissue layer of the skin is called the dermis.
Since the skin is the most exposed part of the body, it is particularly susceptible to various kinds of injuries such as, e.g., ruptures, cuts, abrasions, burns and frostbites or injuries arising from various diseases. Furthermore, much skin is often destroyed in accidents. However, due to the important barrier and physiologic function of the skin, the integrity of the skin is important to the well-being of the individual, and any breach or rupture represents a threat that must be met by the body in order to protect its continued existence.
Apart from injuries on the skin, injuries may also be present in all kinds of tissues (i.e., soft and hard tissues). Injuries on soft tissues including mucosal membranes and/or skin are especially relevant in connection with the present invention.
Healing of a wound on the skin or on a mucosal membrane undergoes a series of stages that results either in repair or regeneration of the skin or mucosal membrane. In recent years, regeneration and repair have been distinguished as the two types of healing that may occur. Regeneration may be defined as a biological process whereby the architecture and function of lost tissue are completely renewed. Repair, on the other hand, is a biological process whereby continuity of disrupted tissue is restored by new tissues which do not replicate the structure and function of the lost ones.
The majority of wounds heal through repair, meaning that the new tissue formed is structurally and chemically unlike the original tissue (scar tissue). In the early stage of the tissue repair, one process which is almost always involved is the formation of a transient connective tissue in the area of tissue injury. This process starts by formation of a new extracellular collagen matrix by fibroblasts. This new extracellular collagen matrix is then the support for a connective tissue during the final healing process. The final healing is, in most tissues, a scar formation containing connective tissue. In tissues which have regenerative properties, such as, e.g., skin and bone, the final healing includes regeneration of the original tissue. This regenerated tissue has frequently also some scar characteristics, e.g., a thickening of a healed bone fracture.
Under normal circumstances, the body provides mechanisms for healing injured skin or mucosa in order to restore the integrity of the skin barrier or the mucosa. The repair process for even minor ruptures or wounds may take a period of time extending from hours and days to weeks. However, in ulceration, the healing can be very slow and the wound may persist for an extended period of time, i.e., months or even years.
Burns are associated with reduced testosterone levels, and hypogonadism is associated with delayed wound healing. The invention encompasses methods for treating a subject suffering from a wound or a burn by administering at least one SARCA compound according to this invention. The SARCA may promote resolving of the burn or wound, participates in the healing process of a burn or a wound, or, treats a secondary complication of a burn or wound.
The treatment of burns or wounds may further use at least one growth factor such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) including acidic fibroblast growth factor (α-FGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (β-FGF), transforming growth factor-O (TGF-β) and insulin like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2), or any combination thereof, which promote wound healing.
Wound healing may be measured by many procedures known in the art, including, but not limited to, wound tensile strength, hydroxyproline or collagen content, procollagen expression, or re-epithelialization. As an example, a SARCA as described herein may be administered orally or topically at a dosage of about 0.1-100 mg per day. Therapeutic effectiveness is measured as effectiveness in enhancing wound healing as compared to the absence of the SARCA compound. Enhanced wound healing may be measured by known techniques such as decrease in healing time, increase in collagen density, increase in hydroxyproline, reduction in complications, increase in tensile strength, and increased cellularity of scar tissue.
The term “reducing the pathogenesis” is to be understood to encompass reducing tissue damage, or organ damage associated with a particular disease, disorder or condition. The term may include reducing the incidence or severity of an associated disease, disorder or condition, with that in question or reducing the number of associated diseases, disorders or conditions with the indicated, or symptoms associated thereto.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
The compounds of the invention may be used in pharmaceutical compositions. As used herein, “pharmaceutical composition” means either the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the active ingredient with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. A “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to that amount which provides a therapeutic effect for a given indication and administration regimen.
As used herein, the term “administering” refers to bringing a subject in contact with a compound of the present invention. As used herein, administration can be accomplished in vitro, i.e., in a test tube, or in vivo, i.e., in cells or tissues of living organisms, for example humans. The subjects may be a male or female subject or both.
Numerous standard references are available that describe procedures for preparing various compositions or formulations suitable for administration of the compounds of the invention. Examples of methods of making formulations and preparations can be found in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, American Pharmaceutical Association (current edition); Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (Lieberman, Lachman and Schwartz, editors) current edition, published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., as well as Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Arthur Osol, editor), 1553-1593 (current edition).
The mode of administration and dosage form are closely related to the therapeutic amounts of the compounds or compositions which are desirable and efficacious for the given treatment application.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered to a subject by any method known to a person skilled in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, orally, parenterally, intravascularly, paracancerally, transmucosally, transdermally, intramuscularly, intranasally, intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, sublingually, intraperitoneally, intraventricularly, intracranially, intravaginally, by inhalation, rectally, or intratumorally. These methods include any means in which the composition can be delivered to tissue (e.g., needle or catheter). Alternatively, a topical administration may be desired for application to dermal, ocular, or mucosal surfaces. Another method of administration is via aspiration or aerosol formulation. The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered topically to body surfaces, and are thus formulated in a form suitable for topical administration. Suitable topical formulations include gels, ointments, creams, lotions, drops and the like. For topical administrations, the compositions are prepared and applied as solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in a physiologically acceptable diluent with or without a pharmaceutical carrier.
Suitable dosage forms include, but are not limited to, oral, rectal, sub-lingual, mucosal, nasal, ophthalmic, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, transdermal, spinal, intrathecal, intraarticular, intra-arterial, sub-arachinoid, bronchial, lymphatic, and intra-uterile administration, and other dosage forms for systemic delivery of active ingredients. Depending on the indication, formulations suitable for oral or topical administration are preferred.
Topical Administration: The compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 may be administered topically. As used herein, “topical administration” refers to application of the compounds of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18 (and optional carrier) directly to the skin and/or hair. The topical composition can be in the form of solutions, lotions, salves, creams, ointments, liposomes, sprays, gels, foams, roller sticks, and any other formulation routinely used in dermatology.
Topical administration is used for indications found on the skin, such as hirsutism, alopecia, acne, and excess sebum. The dose will vary, but as a general guideline, the compound will be present in a dermatologically acceptable carrier in an amount of from about 0.01 to 50 w/w %, and more typically from about 0.1 to 10 w/w %. Typically, the dermatological preparation will be applied to the affected area from 1 to 4 times daily. “Dermatologically acceptable” refers to a carrier which may be applied to the skin or hair, and which will allow the drug to diffuse to the site of action. More specifically “site of action”, it refers to a site where inhibition of androgen receptor or degradation of the androgen receptor is desired.
The compounds of formulas I-XX, or at least one of compounds 1-18, may be used topically to relieve alopecia, especially androgenic alopecia. Androgens have a profound effect on both hair growth and hair loss. In most body sites, such as the beard and pubic skin, androgens stimulate hair growth by prolonging the growth phase of the hair cycle (anagen) and increasing follicle size. Hair growth on the scalp does not require androgens but, paradoxically, androgens are necessary for the balding on the scalp in genetically predisposed individuals (androgenic alopecia) where there is a progressive decline in the duration of anagen and in hair follicle size. Androgenic alopecia is also common in women where it usually presents as a diffuse hair loss rather than showing the patterning seen in men.
While the compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 will most typically be used to alleviate androgenic alopecia, the compounds may be used to alleviate any type of alopecia. Examples of non-androgenic alopecia include, but are not limited to, alopecia areata, alopecia due to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, scarring alopecia, or stress related alopecia.
The compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 can be applied topically to the scalp and hair to prevent or treat balding. Further, the compound of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 can be applied topically in order to induce or promote the growth or regrowth of hair on the scalp.
The invention also encompasses topically administering a compound of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18 to treat or prevent the growth of hair in areas where such hair growth in not desired. One such use will be to alleviate hirsutism. Hirsutism is excessive hair growth in areas that typically do not have hair (e.g., a female face). Such inappropriate hair growth occurs most commonly in women and is frequently seen at menopause. The topical administration of the compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 will alleviate this condition leading to a reduction, or elimination of this inappropriate, or undesired, hair growth.
The compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 may also be used topically to decrease sebum production. Sebum is composed of triglycerides, wax esters, fatty acids, sterol esters and squalene. Sebum is produced in the acinar cells of the sebaceous glands and accumulates as these cells age. At maturation, the acinar cells lyse, releasing sebum into the luminal duct so that it may be deposited on the surface of the skin.
In some individuals, an excessive quantity of sebum is secreted onto the skin. This can have a number of adverse consequences. It can exacerbate acne, since sebum is the primary food source for Propionbacterium acnes, the causative agent of acne. It can cause the skin to have a greasy appearance, typically considered cosmetically unappealing.
Formation of sebum is regulated by growth factors and a variety of hormones including androgens. The cellular and molecular mechanism by which androgens exert their influence on the sebaceous gland has not been fully elucidated. However, clinical experience documents the impact androgens have on sebum production. Sebum production is significantly increased during puberty when androgen levels are their highest. The compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 inhibit the secretion of sebum and thus reduce the amount of sebum on the surface of the skin. The compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 can be used to treat a variety of dermal diseases such as acne or seborrheic dermatitis.
In addition to treating diseases associated with excess sebum production, the compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 can also be used to achieve a cosmetic effect. Some consumers believe that they are afflicted with overactive sebaceous glands. They feel that their skin is oily and thus unattractive. These individuals may use the compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 to decrease the amount of sebum on their skin. Decreasing the secretion of sebum will alleviate oily skin in individuals afflicted with such conditions.
To treat these topical indications, the invention encompasses cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions (such as dermatological compositions), comprising at least one of the compounds of formulas I-XX or the compound is at least one of compounds 1-18. Such dermatological compositions will contain from 0.001% to 10% w/w % of the compound(s) in admixture with a dermatologically acceptable carrier, and more typically, from 0.1 to 5 w/w % of the compounds. Such compositions will typically be applied from 1 to 4 times daily. The reader's attention is directed to Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, Edition 17, Mark Publishing Co., Easton, PA for a discussion of how to prepare such formulations.
The compositions of the invention may also include solid preparations such as cleansing soaps or bars. These compositions are prepared according to methods known in the art.
Formulations such as aqueous, alcoholic, or aqueous-alcoholic solutions, or creams, gels, emulsions or mousses, or aerosol compositions with a propellant may be used to treat indications that arise where hair is present. Thus, the composition can also be a hair care composition. Such hair care compositions include, but are not limited to, shampoo, a hair-setting lotion, a treating lotion, a styling cream or gel, a dye composition, or a lotion or gel for preventing hair loss. The amounts of the various constituents in the dermatological compositions are those conventionally used in the fields considered.
Medicinal and cosmetic agents containing the compounds of formulas I-XX or at least one of compounds 1-18 will typically be packaged for retail distribution (i.e., an article of manufacture). Such articles will be labeled and packaged in a manner to instruct the patient how to use the product. Such instructions will include the condition to be treated, duration of treatment, dosing schedule, etc.
Antiandrogens, such as finasteride or flutamide, have been shown to decrease androgen levels or block androgen action in the skin to some extent but suffer from undesirable systemic effects. An alternative approach is to topically apply a selective androgen receptor covalent antagonist (SARCA) compound to the affected areas. Such SARCA compound would exhibit potent but local inhibition of AR activity, and local degradation of the AR, would not penetrate to the systemic circulation of the subject, or would be rapidly metabolized upon entry into the blood, limiting systemic exposure.
To prepare such pharmaceutical dosage forms, the active ingredient may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration.
As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents” are well known to those skilled in the art. The carrier or diluent may be a solid carrier or diluent for solid formulations, a liquid carrier or diluent for liquid formulations, or mixtures thereof.
Solid carriers/diluents include, but are not limited to, a gum, a starch (e.g., corn starch, pregeletanized starch), a sugar (e.g., lactose, mannitol, sucrose, dextrose), a cellulosic material (e.g., microcrystalline cellulose), an acrylate (e.g., polymethylacrylate), calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, talc, or mixtures thereof.
Oral and Parenteral Administration: In preparing the compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed. Thus, for liquid oral preparations, such as, suspensions, elixirs, and solutions, suitable carriers and additives include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and the like. For solid oral preparations such as, powders, capsules, and tablets, suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like. Due to their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated or enteric coated by standard techniques.
For parenteral formulations, the carrier will usually comprise sterile water, though other ingredients may be included, such as ingredients that aid solubility or for preservation. Injectable solutions may also be prepared in which case appropriate stabilizing agents may be employed.
In some applications, it may be advantageous to utilize the active agent in a “vectorized” form, such as by encapsulation of the active agent in a liposome or other encapsulant medium, or by fixation of the active agent, e.g., by covalent bonding, chelation, or associative coordination, on a suitable biomolecule, such as those selected from proteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides.
Methods of treatment using formulations suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets, tablets, or lozenges, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Optionally, a suspension in an aqueous liquor or a non-aqueous liquid may be employed, such as a syrup, an elixir, an emulsion, or a draught.
A tablet may be made by compression or molding, or wet granulation, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine, with the active compound being in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules which optionally is mixed with, for example, a binder, disintegrant, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active agent, or discharging agent. Molded tablets comprised of a mixture of the powdered active compound with a suitable carrier may be made by molding in a suitable machine.
A syrup may be made by adding the active compound to a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, for example sucrose, to which may also be added any accessory ingredient(s). Such accessory ingredient(s) may include flavorings, suitable preservative, agents to retard crystallization of the sugar, and agents to increase the solubility of any other ingredient, such as a polyhydroxy alcohol, for example glycerol or sorbitol.
Formulations suitable for parenteral administration may comprise a sterile aqueous preparation of the active compound, which preferably is isotonic with the blood of the recipient (e.g., physiological saline solution). Such formulations may include suspending agents and thickening agents and liposomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the compound to blood components or one or more organs. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose form.
Parenteral administration may comprise any suitable form of systemic delivery. Administration may for example be intravenous, intra-arterial, intrathecal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intra-abdominal (e.g., intraperitoneal), etc., and may be effected by infusion pumps (external or implantable) or any other suitable means appropriate to the desired administration modality.
Nasal and other mucosal spray formulations (e.g., inhalable forms) can comprise purified aqueous solutions of the active compounds with preservative agents and isotonic agents. Such formulations are preferably adjusted to a pH and isotonic state compatible with the nasal or other mucous membranes. Alternatively, they can be in the form of finely divided solid powders suspended in a gas carrier. Such formulations may be delivered by any suitable means or method, e.g., by nebulizer, atomizer, metered dose inhaler, or the like.
Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable carrier such as cocoa butter, hydrogenated fats, or hydrogenated fatty carboxylic acids.
Transdermal formulations may be prepared by incorporating the active agent in a thixotropic or gelatinous carrier such as a cellulosic medium, e.g., methyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose, with the resulting formulation then being packed in a transdermal device adapted to be secured in dermal contact with the skin of a wearer.
In addition to the aforementioned ingredients, formulations of this invention may further include one or more ingredient selected from diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, disintegrants, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including antioxidants), and the like.
The formulations may be of immediate release, sustained release, delayed-onset release or any other release profile known to one skilled in the art.
For administration to mammals, and particularly humans, it is expected that the physician will determine the actual dosage and duration of treatment, which will be most suitable for an individual and can vary with the age, weight, genetics and/or response of the particular individual.
The methods of the invention comprise administration of a compound at a therapeutically effective amount. The therapeutically effective amount may include various dosages.
In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 1-3000 mg per day. In additional embodiments, a compound of this invention is administered at a dose of 1-10 mg per day, 3-26 mg per day, 3-60 mg per day, 3-16 mg per day, 3-30 mg per day, 10-26 mg per day, 15-60 mg, 50-100 mg per day, 50-200 mg per day, 100-250 mg per day, 125-300 mg per day, 20-50 mg per day, 5-50 mg per day, 200-500 mg per day, 125-500 mg per day, 500-1000 mg per day, 200-1000 mg per day, 1000-2000 mg per day, 1000-3000 mg per day, 125-3000 mg per day, 2000-3000 mg per day, 300-1500 mg per day or 100-1000 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 25 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 40 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 50 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 67.5 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 75 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 80 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 100 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 125 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 250 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 300 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 500 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 600 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 1000 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 1500 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 2000 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 2500 mg per day. In one embodiment, a compound of this invention is administered at a dosage of 3000 mg per day.
The methods may comprise administering a compound at various dosages. For example, the compound may be administered at a dosage of 3 mg, 10 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 80 mg, 100 mg, 120 mg, 125 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg, 450 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 900 mg, 1000 mg, 1500 mg, 2000 mg, 2500 mg or 3000 mg.
Alternatively, the compound may be administered at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day. The compound may be administered at a dosage between 0.2 to 30 mg/kg/day, or 0.2 mg/kg/day, 0.3 mg/kg/day, 1 mg/kg/day, 3 mg/kg/day, 5 mg/kg/day, 10 mg/kg/day, 20 mg/kg/day, 30 mg/kg/day, 50 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day.
The pharmaceutical composition may be a solid dosage form, a solution, or a transdermal patch. Solid dosage forms include, but are not limited to, tablets and capsules.
The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate the preferred embodiments of the invention. They should in no way, however, be construed as limiting the broad scope of the invention.
2-(Bromomethyl)acrylic acid (3.00 g, 0.0181829 mol) reacted with thionyl chloride (2.60 μg, 0.02182 mol), trimethylamine (2.39 g, 0.023638 mol), and 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (3.38 g, 0.0181829 mol) to afford the titled compound. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and ethyl acetate (19:1) as eluent to afford 5.16 g (84%) of the titled compound as light brown solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.36 (s, 1H, NH), 8.10 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.02-8.00 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.83-7.80 (m, 1H, ArH), 6.11 (s, 1H, C═CH), 5.96 (s, 1H, C═CH), 4.41 (s, 2H, CH2). Mass (ESI, Positive): 333.04 [M+H]+.
To a solution of 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole (0.41 g, 0.004803 mol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL), which was cooled in an ice water bath under an argon atmosphere, was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.58 g, 0.01441 mol). After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h. 2-(Bromomethyl)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)acrylamide (1-a) (1.60 g, 0.004803 mol) was added to above solution, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature (RT) under argon. The reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and ethyl acetate (9:1) as eluent to afford 0.10 g (6%) of the titled compound as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.80 (s, 1H, NH), 8.34 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.14-8.13 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.91-7.90 (m, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 7.52-7.51 (m, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 6.15 (s, 1H, C═CH), 5.59 (s, 1H, C═CH), 4.49 (s, 2H, CH2). HRMS [C15H11F4N4O+]: calcd 339.0869, found 339.0892 [M+H]+. Purity: 97.18% (HPLC).
To a solution of 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole (0.41 g, 0.004803 mol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL), which was cooled in an ice water bath under an argon atmosphere, was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.58 g, 0.01441 mol). After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h. 2-(Bromomethyl)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide (1-a) (1.60 g, 0.004803 mol) was added to above solution, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight at RT under argon. The reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and ethyl methanol (19:1) as eluent to afford 0.20 g (10%) of the titled compound as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.81 (s, 1H, NH), 8.17 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.09 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.87 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.85-7.84 (m, 2H, Pyrazole-H), 7.49-7.48 (m, 2H, Pyrazole-H), 4.41-4.36 (m, 1H, CH2), 4.26-4.21 (m, 1H, CH2), 3.61-3.57 (m, 1H, CH). HRMS [C18H14F5N6O+]: calcd 524.1149, found 425.1157 [M+H]+. Purity: 95.50% (HPLC).
To a solution of 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole (0.41 g, 0.004803 mol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL), which was cooled in an ice water bath under an argon atmosphere, was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.58 g, 0.01441 mol). After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h. 1-a (1.60 g, 0.004803 mol) was added to above solution, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight at RT under argon. The reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and ethyl acetate (9:1) as eluent to afford 0.10 g (5%) of the titled compound as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.74 (s, 1H, NH), 8.40 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.19-8.12 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.76 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.65-7.62 (m, 1H, ArH), 7.10 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.89 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 6.07 (s, 1H, C═CH), 5.76 (s, 1H, C═CH), 4.18 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H, CH2). HRMS [C20H12F6N4O+]: calcd 439.0999, found 439.0999 [M+H]+. Purity: 95.55% (HPLC).
To a solution of 4-cyano-1H-pyrazole (0.45 g, 0.004833 mol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL), which was cooled in an ice water bath under an argon atmosphere, was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.58 g, 0.01450 mol). After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h. 1-a (1.61 g, 0.004833 mol) was added to above solution, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight at RT under argon. The reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and methanol (19:1) as eluent to afford 0.060 g (3.6%) of the titled compound as yellowish solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.82 (s, 1H, NH), 8.62 (s, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 8.33 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.15-8.13 (m, 2H, ArH), 8.10 (s, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 6.23 (s, 1H, C═CH), 5.73 (s, 1H, C═CH), 5.14 (s, 2H, CH2). HRMS [C16H11F3N5O+]: calcd 346.0916, found 346.0927 [M+H]+. Purity:% (HPLC).
To a solution of 4-cyano-1H-pyrazole (0.45 g, 0.004833 mol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL), which was cooled in an ice water bath under an argon atmosphere, was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.58 g, 0.01450 mol). After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h. 1-a (1.61 g, 0.004833 mol) was added to above solution, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight at RT under argon. The reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and ethyl methanol (19:1) as eluent to afford 0.155 g (7.35%) of the titled compound as yellowish solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.87 (s, 1H, NH), 8.57 (m, 2H, Pyrazole-H), 8.12 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.11 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.05 (m, 2H, Pyrazole-H), 7.85 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 4.58-4.53 (m, 1H, CH2), 4.48-4.43 (m, 1H, CH2), 3.71-3.67 (m, 1H, CH). HRMS [C20H14F3N8O+]: calcd 439.1243, found 439.1244 [M+H]+. Purity: 86.17% (HPLC).
A solution of methyl 2-(bromomethyl)acrylate (0.2 mL, 0.74 mmol) in 5 mL of methanol was treated with (S)-3-(4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-(6-cyano-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide (200 mg, 0.54 mmol) portion wise over 10 min at RT. The solution was then stirred at RT. The solution was then stirred overnight at RT and the solution concentrated in vacuo. The residue was then taken up in water and extracted four times with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate solution was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was then purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate 1:1, to give desired product as white solid (Yield 52%).
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 10.61 (bs, 1H, NH—C(O)), 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 4.55 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H, O—CH3), 1.59 (s, 3H, CH3); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ 171.61, 167.86, 144.47, 142.90, 142.00, 137.52, 136.30, 132.23, 131.14 (q, J=33.5 Hz), 125.00, 123.87 (d, J=4.8 Hz), 123.02, 120.29, 114.42, 113.13, 92.78, 80.96, 65.63, 59.73, 53.11, 18.27. 19F NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ −62.15. MS (ESI) m/z 461.23 [M−H]−; 463.27 [M+H]+; 485.21 [M+Na]+; HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C20H17F3N6O4 463.1342 [M+H]+ found 463.1342 [M+Ht.
A solution of methyl 2-(bromomethyl)acrylate (0.2 mL, 0.74 mmol) in 5 mL of THF was treated with (S)-3-(4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-(6-cyano-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridin-3-yl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide (200 mg, 0.54 mmol) portion wise over 10 min at RT. The solution was then stirred at RT. The solution was then stirred overnight at RT and the solution concentrated in vacuo. The residue was then taken up in water and extracted four times with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate solution was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was then purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate 1:1, to give desired product as yellowish oil (Yield 48%).
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 6.10 (s, 1H), 5.79 (s, 1H), 5.31 (s, 1H) 4.78 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=15.4 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (bs, 1H, OH), 3.79 (s, 3H, O—CH3), 1.67 (s, 3H, CH3); 19F NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ −62.07; MS (ESI) m/z 461.20 [M−H]−; 463.23 [M+H]+; HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C20H17F3N6O4 463.1342 [M+H]+ found 463.1326 [M+H]+; 485.1152 [M+Na]+.
To a solution of 5-fluoro-indole (0.33 g, 0.002462 mol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL), which was cooled in an ice water bath under an argon atmosphere, was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.30 g, 0.007385 mol). After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h. 1-a (0.82 g, 0.002462 mol) was added to above solution, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight at RT under argon. The reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and hexanes (2:1) as eluent to afford 30 mg (3.2%) of the titled compound as yellowish solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.74 (s, 1H, NH), 8.32 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.31-8.09 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.50-7.46 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.43 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.32 (dd, J=10.0 Hz, J=1.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.00-6.95 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.45 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 6.05 (s, 1H, C═CH), 5.35 (s, 1H, C═CH), 5.14 (s, 2H, CH2). HRMS [C20H14F4N3O+]: calcd 338.1073, found 338.1070 [M+H]+. Purity: 91.87% (HPLC).
Following the same synthesis as for 8, 15 and 16 were also synthesized as by-products. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.28 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H, NH), 7.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.71-7.68 (m, 1H, Indole-H), 7.66 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H, Indole-H), 7.31 (dd, J=9.6 Hz, J=1.8 Hz, 1H, Indole-H), 7.22 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.13 (dd, J=8.8 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.02 (dt, J=9.2 Hz, J=2.8 Hz, 1H, Indole-H), 6.42 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H, Indole-H), 5.73 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, CH2). HRMS [C17H11F4N3Na+]: calcd 356.0787, found 356.0789 [M+H]+. Purity: 96.79% (HPLC).
Following the same synthesis as for 8, 15 and 16 were also synthesized as by-products. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.87 (s, 1H, NH), 8.57 (m, 2H, Pyrazole-H), 8.12 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.11 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.05 (m, 2H, Pyrazole-H), 7.85 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 4.58-4.53 (m, 1H, CH2), 4.48-4.43 (m, 1H, CH2), 3.71-3.67 (m, 1H, CH). HRMS [C28H20F5N4O+]: calcd 523.1557, found [M+H]+. Purity:% (HPLC).
(Z)-3-Iodobut-2-enoic acid (2.50 g, 0.011973 mol) reacted with thionyl chloride (1.68 g, 0.014152 mol), trimethylamine (1.55 g, 0.01533 mol), and 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (2.20 g, 0.011973 mol) to afford the titled compound. The product was purified by a silica gel column using hexanes and ethyl acetate (2:1) as eluent to afford 2.54 g (56.7%) of the titled compound as light brown oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.98 (s, 1H, NH), 8.31 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.09 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.98 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 6.65 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, C═CH), 2.71 (s, 3H, CH3). HRMS [C12H9F3IN2O+]: calcd 380.9712, found 380.9704 [M+H]+. Purity: 95.89% (HPLC).
To a mixture of 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole (0.103 g, 0.0012 mol) in anhydrous toluene (5 mL) was added 1-b (0.228 g, 0.0006 mol), KOBu-t (0.081 g, 0.00072 mol), Pd(OAc)2 (14 mg, 0.00006 mol), and (R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (BINAP, 38 mg, 0.00006 mol) at RT under the argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 5-6 h under the argon atmosphere. After the end of the reaction was established by TLC, the reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and ethyl acetate (19:1 to 9:1) as eluent to afford 15 mg (7.4%) of the desired compound as yellowish solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.97 (s, 1H, NH), 8.47 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 8.36 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.10 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.99 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.96 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 6.81 (s, 1H, C═CH), 2.71 (s, 3H, CH3). HRMS [C15H11F4N4O+]: calcd 339.0869, found 339.0868 [M+H]+. Purity: 99.30% (HPLC).
To a mixture of 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole (0.103 g, 0.0012 mol) in in anhydrous toluene (5 mL) was added 1-b (0.228 g, 0.0006 mol), KOBu-t (0.081 g, 0.00072 mol), Pd(OAc)2 (14 mg, 0.00006 mol), and (R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (BINAP, 38 mg, 0.00006 mol) at RT under the argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 5-6 h under the argon atmosphere. After the end of the reaction was established by TLC, the reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and ethyl acetate (19:1 to 9:1) as eluent to afford 37 mg (18.2%) of the desired compound as pinkish solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.83 (s, 1H, NH), 8.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 8.24 (s, 1H, ArH), 8.08 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.93 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.73 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 5.91 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H, C═CH), 2.30 (s, 3H, CH3). HRMS [C15H11F4N4O+]: calcd 339.0869, found 339.0876 [M+H]+. Purity: 99.81% (HPLC).
A solution of methyl 2-(bromomethyl)acrylate (0.61 mL, 4.9 mmol) in 10 mL of THF was treated with (S)—N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide (529 mg, 1.48 mmol) portion wise over 10 min at RT. The solution was then stirred at RT. The solution was then stirred overnight at RT and the solution concentrated in vacuo. The residue was then taken up in water and extracted four times with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate solution was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was then purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate 1:1, to give desired product as a colorless oil.
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 10.27 (bs, 1H, NH—C(O)), 8.29 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (dd, J=8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.02 (s, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H, O—CH3), 1.52 (s, 3H, CH3); 19F NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ −62.30, −176.86. MS (ESI) m/z 455.13 [M+H]+; HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C20H1sF4N4Q4 455.1342 [M+H]+ found 463.1333 [M+H]+.
To a solution of 4-fluoro-1H-pyrazole (0.103 g, 0.00116 mol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL), which was cooled in an ice water bath under an argon atmosphere, was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.14 g, 0.003479 mol). After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h. (E)-3-Bromo-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylamide (0.37 g, 0.00116 mol) was added to above solution, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight at RT under argon. The reaction was quenched by water, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and ethyl acetate (19:1) as eluent to afford 0.143 g (38%) of the titled compound as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.00 (s, 1H, NH), 8.39 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 8.32 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.13 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.08 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H, CH═C), 8.04 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.98 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H, Pyrazole-H), 6.72 (d, J=13.6 Hz, 1H, C═CH).
(E)-3-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-methylacrylic acid (1.00 g, 5.55 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of dry THF. Thionyl chloride (0.99 g, 0.61 mL, 8.325 mmol) was slowly added to the reaction mixture over 10 minutes while maintaining the reaction temperature below 10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. Triethylamine (1.68 g, 2.32 mL, 0.01665 mol) was slowly added to the reaction mixture, keeping the temperature below 10° C. 4-Amino-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile (1.03 g, 5.55 mmol) and THF (5 mL) were then charged to the batch. The batch was then heated to 50±5° C. and agitated for 2 h. The batch was then cooled to 20±5° C. followed by the addition of water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL). After brief agitation the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water (15 mL). The batch was then concentrated to dryness and purified via silica gel column using DCM and ethyl acetate (19:1) as eluent to afford 1.22 g (63.2%) of title compound as yellow solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.57 (s, 1H, NH), 8.45 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.29 (dd, J=8.8 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.64-7.61 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.46 (s, 1H, C═CH), 7.39-7.34 (m, 2H, ArH), 2.18 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 3H, CH3).
Sodium hydride (1.30 g, 0.032576 mol, 1.5 equiv, 60% in mineral oil) was dissolved in THF (100 mL), and triethyl phosphonoacetate (6.846 g, 0.032576 mol, 1.5 equiv) was added dropwise to the suspension at 0° C. under argon. The mixture was stirred until gas evolution had ceased. Then, 1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethanone (3.00 g, 0.21717 mol, 1.0 equiv) in THF (10 mL) was added by syringe. The reaction was stirred at RT and monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH4Cl solution. The organic phase was separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl solution, dried over anhydrous MgSO4, and concentrated under vacuum pressure. Product was purified by silica gel chromatography using hexanes and ethyl acetate (4:1) to give 4.30 g (95%) of ethyl 3-(4-fluorophenyl)but-2-enoate as an oil.
To a solution of 1-c (2.00 g, 0.009605 mol) in 20 mL of EtOH was added an aqueous NaOH solution (10%, 40 mL) at RT under argon. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred until no raw material was monitored by TLC. The mixture was acidified with 1 N HCl, and then extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl solution, dried over MgSO4, and concentrated under vacuum pressure. Product was purified by recrystallization (CH2Cl2 vs Et2O) to afford 1.56 g (90%) of 3-(4-fluorophenyl)but-2-enoic acid as white solid.
1-d (1.00 g, 5.55 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL of dry THF. Thionyl chloride (0.99 g, 0.61 mL, 8.325 mmol) was slowly added to the reaction mixture over 10 minutes while maintaining the reaction temperature below 10° C. to produce 1-e. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to 0° C. Without isolation of 1-e, triethylamine (1.68 g, 2.32 mL, 0.01665 mol) was slowly added to the reaction mixture, keeping the temperature below 10° C. 4-Amino-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile (1.03 g, 5.55 mmol) and THF (5 mL) were then charged to the batch. The batch was then heated to 50±5° C. and agitated for 2 h. The batch was then cooled to 20±5° C. followed by the addition of water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL). After brief agitation the layers were separated. The organic layer was then washed with water (15 mL). The batch was then concentrated to dryness and purified by a silica gel column using hexanes and ethyl acetate (3:1) as eluent to afford 0.44 g (23%) of title compound as yellow solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.85 (s, 1H, NH), 8.35 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.10 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 7.99 (dd, J=8.8 Hz, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, ArH), Use Gap Code 7.64-7.61 (m, 2H, ArH), 7.31-7.27 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.39 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H, C═CH), 2.56 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 3H, CH3).
To a solution of 5-fluoro-indole (0.33 g, 0.002462 mol) in anhydrous THF (10 mL), which was cooled in an ice water bath under an argon atmosphere, was added sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 0.30 g, 0.007385 mol). After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for three hours. 2-(bromomethyl)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)acrylamide (0.82 g, 0.002462 mol) was added to above solution, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature under argon. The reaction was quenched by water, extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by a silica gel column using DCM and hexanes (2:1) as eluent to afford 26 mg (2.05%) of the titled compound as yellowish solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.87 (s, 1H, NH), 8.57 (m, 2H, Pyrazole-H), 8.12 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.11 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H, ArH), 8.05 (m, 2H, Pyrazole-H), 7.85 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, J=1.6 Hz, 1H, ArH), 4.58-4.53 (m, 2H, CH2), 4.48-4.43 (m, 2H, CH2), 3.71-3.67 (m, 1H, CH); HRMS [C28H20F5N4O+]: calcd 523.1557, found [M+H]+.
A solution of methyl 2-(bromomethyl)acrylate (0.71 mL, 5.7 mmol) in 10 mL of THF was treated with aryl propanamide (620 mg, 1.27 mmol) portion wise over 10 min at ice bath and the solution was raised to room temperature then stirred overnight at the room temperature and the solution concentrated in vacuo. The residue was then taken up in water and extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate solution was washed with saturated sodium chloride, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. The residue was then purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v) to give desired product.
For aryl propanamide: (S)—N-(6-cyano-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridin-3-yl)-3-(4-fluoro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide-yield=49% (as colorless oil); UV max: 196.45, 275.45; HPLC: tR 3.25 min, purity 98.57%; MS (ESI) m/z 456.07 [M+H]+; 478.05 [M+Na]+; [00442] HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C19H17F4N5O4 Exact Mass: 456.1295 C19H17F4N5O4 found 456.1295 [M+H]+;
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 10.53 (bs, 1H, NH—C(O)), 9.14 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.88 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (s, H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (s, 3H, O—CH3), 1.54 (s, 3H, CH3);
19F NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ −62.16, −176.77;
13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ172.13, 167.80, 150.88, 148.43, 144.47, 137.67, 134.95, 131.75, 131.11 (q, J=34 Hz), 126.71, 126.58, 124.76 (d, J=2.0 Hz), 123.75 (q, J=4.0 Hz), 121.68 (q, J=275.0 Hz), 117.05, 116.77, 114.42, 81.52, 65.49, 60.19, 52.91, 18.14.
For aryl propanamide: (S)-3-(4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-(4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide-yield=52% (as colorless oil); UV max: 196.45, 271.45; HPLC: tR 3.16 min, purity 96.38%; MS (ESI) m/z 462.07 [M+H]+; 484.06 [M+Na]+; HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd for C21H18F3N5O4 462.1389 [M+H]+ found 462.1396 [M+H]+; 484.1215 [M+Na]+;
1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 10.31 (bs, 1H, NH—C(O)), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (s, H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.04 (s, 1H), 4.53 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (s, 3H, O—CH3), 1.56 (s, 3H, CH3);
19F NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ −62.30;
13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ 170.85, 167.56, 142.10, 141.95, 136.15, 135.76, 134.85, 133.59 (q, J=36 Hz), 131.76, 122.23 (q, J=272 Hz), 122.20, 117.91 (q, J=5 Hz), 115.69, 133.20, 104.45, 92.70, 81.01, 65.46, 59.59, 52.89, 18.34.
Objective: To determine SARCAs binding affinity to the AR-LBD.
Method: Ligand binding assay (ki): hAR-LBD (633-919) was cloned into pGex4t.1. Large scale GST-tagged AR-LBD was prepared and purified using a GST column. Recombinant AR-LBD was combined with [3H]mibolerone (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA) in buffer A (10 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 1.5 mM disodium EDTA, 0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM sodium molybdate, 1 mM PMSF) to determine the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of [3H]mibolerone. Protein was incubated with increasing concentrations of [3H]mibolerone with and without a high concentration of unlabeled mibolerone at 4° C. for 18 h in order to determine total and non-specific binding. Non-specific binding was then subtracted from total binding to determine specific binding and non-linear regression for ligand binding curve with one site saturation to determine the Kd of mibolerone.
Increasing concentrations of SARCAs or DHT (range: 10−12 to 10−2 M) were incubated with [3H]mibolerone and AR LBD using the conditions described above. Following incubation, the ligand bound AR-LBD complex was isolated using Bio Gel HT® hydroxyapatite, washed and counted in a scintillation counter after adding scintillation cocktail. Values are expressed as Ki.
Transactivation Assay with wt AR (IC50 values): to determine the effect of SARCAs on androgen-induced transactivation of AR wildtype (wt).
Method: HEK-293 cells were plated at 125,000 cells/well of a 24 well plate in DME+5% csFBS without phenol red. Cells were transfected with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 10 ng CMV-renilla LUC, and 50 ng CMV-hAR(wt) using Lipofectamine transfection reagent in optiMEM medium. Medium was changed 24 h after transfection to DME+5% csFBS without phenol red and treated with a dose response of various drugs (1 pM to 10 μM). SARCAs and antagonists were treated in combination with 0.1 nM R1881. Luciferase assay was performed 24 h after treatment on a Biotek synergy 4 plate reader. Firefly luciferase values were normalized to renilla luciferase values.
Plasmid constructs and transient transfection.
Human AR cloned into CMV vector backbone was used for the transactivation study. HEK-293 cells were plated at 120,000 cells per well of a 24 well plate in DME+5% csFBS. The cells were transfected using Lipofectamine (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 0.01 kg CMV-LUC (renilla luciferase) and 25 ng of the AR. The cells were treated 24 h after transfection as indicated in the figures and the luciferase assay performed 48 h after transfection. Data are represented as IC50 obtained from four parameter logistics curve.
LNCaP Gene Expression Assay.
Method: LNCaP cells were plated at 15,000 cells/well of a 96 well plate in RPMI+1% csFBS without phenol red. Forty-eight hours after plating, cells were treated with a dose response of SARCAs. Twenty four hours after treatment, RNA was isolated using cells-to-ct reagent, cDNA synthesized, and expression of various genes was measured by realtime rtPCR (ABI 7900) using taqman primers and probes. Gene expression results were normalized to GAPDH. (See results at Example 14 below.) LNCaP growth assay.
Method: LNCaP cells were plated at 10,000 cells/well of a 96 well plate in RPMI+1% csFBS without phenol red. Cells were treated with a dose response of SARCAs. Three days after treatment, cells were treated again. Six days after treatment, cells were fixed and cell viability was measured by SRB assay.
LNCaP or ADl degradation (AR FL).
Method: LNCaP or ADl cells expressing full length AR were plated at 750,000-1,000,000 cells/well of a 6 well plate in growth medium (RPMI+10% PBS). Twenty four hours after plating, medium was changed to RPMI+1% csFBS without phenol red and maintained in this medium for 2 days. Medium was again changed to RPMI+1% csPBS without phenol red and cells were treated with SARCAs (1 nM to 10 μM) in combination with 0.1 nM R1881. After 24 h of treatment, cells were washed with cold PBS and harvested. Protein was extracted using salt-containing lysis buffer with three free-thaw cycles. Protein concentration was estimated and five microgram of total protein was loaded on a SDS-PAGE, fractionated, and transferred to a PVDF membrane. The membrane was probed with AR N-20 antibody from SantaCruz and actin antibody from Sigma.
22RV1 and D567es degradation (AR SV).
Method: 22RV1 and D567es cells expressing AR splice variants were plated at 750,000-1,000,000 cells/well of a 6 well plate in growth medium (RPMI+10% PBS). Twenty four hours after plating, medium was changed and treated. After 24-30 h of treatment, cells were washed with cold PBS and harvested. Protein was extracted using salt-containing lysis buffer with three free-thaw cycles. Protein concentration was estimated and five microgram of total protein was loaded on a SDS-PAGE, fractionated, and transferred to a PVDF membrane. The membrane was probed with AR N-20 antibody from SantaCruz and actin antibody from Sigma.
22RV1 growth and gene expression.
Methods: Cell growth was evaluated as described before by SRB assay. Cells were plated in a 96 well plate in full serum and treated for 6 days with medium change after day 3. Gene expression studies were performed in 22RV1 cells plated in 96 well plate at 10,000 cells/well in RPMI+10% PBS. Twenty four hours after plating, cells were treated for 3 days and gene expression studies were performed as described before.
Transient Transfection (IC50)
Methods: Human AR cloned into CMV vector backbone was used for the transactivation study. COS7 cells were plated at 30,000 cells per well of a 24 well plate in DME+5% csFBS. The cells were transfected using Lipofectamine (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 0.02 μg CMV-LUC (renilla luciferase) and 25 ng of the AR. The cells were treated 24 hrs after transfection as indicated in the figures and the luciferase assay performed 48 hrs after transfection. Data are represented as IC50 obtained from four parameter logistics curve.
AR and AR-SV Degradation
Methods: LNCaP cells (AR) and 22RV1 cells (AR-SV) were plated in RPMI+1% csFBS w/o phenol red medium. Cells were treated 2 days after plating and the cells were harvested 24 hours after treatment. Protein was extracted and Western blot for AR and AR-SV was performed. The numbers under each lane represents the % change from vehicle. The bands were quantified using Image software. For each lane, the AR band was divided by GAPDH band and the % difference from vehicle was calculated and represented under each lane. The numbers shown are 0 (no degradation) or represented as decreases in AR levels normalized for GAPDH levels (some values are represented as positive but still indicate degradation).
Determination of Metabolic Stability (In Vitro CLint) of Test Compounds
Phase I Metabolism
The assay was done in a final volume of 0.5 ml in duplicates (n=2). Test compound (1 μM) was pre-incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C. in 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 containing 0.5 mg/ml liver microsomal protein. After pre-incubation, reaction was started by addition of 1 mM NADPH (pre-incubated at 37° C.). Incubations were carried out in triplicate and at various time-points (0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes) 100 μl aliquots were removed and quenched with 100 μl of acetonitrile containing internal standard. Samples were vortex mixed and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatants were transferred to 96 well plates and submitted for LC-MS/MS analysis. As control, sample incubations done in absence of NADPH were included. From % PCR (% Parent Compound Remaining), rate of compound disappearance is determined (slope) and in vitro CLint (μL/min/mg protein) was calculated.
Metabolic Stability in Phase I & Phase II Pathways
In this assay, test compound was incubated with liver microsomes and disappearance of drug was determined using discovery grade LC-MS/MS. To stimulate Phase II metabolic pathway (glucuronidation), UDPGA and alamethicin was included in the assay.
LC-MS/MS Analysis
The analysis of the compounds under investigation was performed using LC-MS/MS system consisting of Agilent 1100 HPLC with an MDS/Sciex 4000 Q-Trap™ mass spectrometer. The separation was achieved using a Cis analytical column (Alltima™, 2.1×100 mm, 3 m) protected by a Cis guard cartridge system (SecurityGuard™ ULTRA Cartridges UHPLC for 4.6 mm ID columns, Phenomenex). Mobile phase was consisting of channel A (95% acetonitrile+5% water+0.1% formic acid) and channel C (95% water+5% acetonitrile+0.1% formic acid) and was delivered at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The volume ratio of acetonitrile and water was optimized for each of the analytes. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scans were made with curtain gas, collision gas, nebulizer gas, and auxiliary gas optimized for each compound, and source temperature at 550° C. Molecular ions were formed using an ion spray voltage of −4200 V (negative mode). Declustering potential, entrance potential, collision energy, product ion mass, and cell exit potential were optimized for each compound.
LC-MS/MS Analysis for Determining Rat Serum Concentrations
Serum was collected 24-30 h after last dose. 100 μL of serum was mixed with 200 μL of acetonitrile/internal standard. Standard curves were prepared by serial dilution of standards in nM with 100 μL of rat serum, concentrations were 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.2, 15.6, 7.8, 3.9, 1.9, 0.97, and 0. Standards were with extracted with 200 μL of acetonitrile/internal standard. The internal standard for these experiments was (S)-3-(4-cyanophenoxy)-N-(3-(chloro)-4-cyanophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide.
The instrumental analysis of the analyte SARCA was performed using LC-MS/MS system consisting of Agilent 1100 HPLC with an MDS/Sciex 4000 Q-Trap™ mass spectrometer. The separation was achieved using a Cis analytical column (Alltima™, 2.1×100 mm, 3 m) protected by a C1s guard column (Phenomenex™ 4.6 mm ID cartridge with holder). Mobile phase was consisting of channel A (95% acetonitrile+5% water+0.1% formic acid) and channel C (95% water+5% acetonitrile+0.1% formic acid) and was delivered isocratically at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min at 70% A and 30% B. The total runtime for analyte SARCA was optimized but generally 2-4 minutes, and the volume injected was 10 μL. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scans were made with curtain gas at 10; collision gas at medium; nebulizer gas at 60.0 and auxiliary gas at 60.0 and source temperature at 550° C. Molecular ions were formed using an ion spray voltage (IS) of 4200 (negative mode). Declustering potential (DP), entrance potential (EP), collision energy (CE), product ion mass, and cell exit potential (CXP) were optimized for each analyte SARCA for the mass pair observed.
Log P: Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Log P)
Log P is the log of the octanol-water partition coefficient, commonly used early in drug discovery efforts as a rough estimate of whether a particular molecule is likely to cross biological membranes. Log P was calculated using ChemDraw Ultra version is 12.0.2.1016 (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451). Calculated Log P values are reported in Table 1 in the column labeled ‘Log P (−0.4 to +5.6)’. Lipinski's rule of five is a set of criteria intended to predict oral bioavailability. One of these criteria for oral bioavailability is that the Log P is between the values shown in the column heading (−0.4 (relatively hydrophilic) to +5.6 (relatively lipophilic) range), or more generally stated <5.
1 and 4 were evaluated in an AR transactivation assay. AR transactivation assay was performed in COS cells with AR, GRE-LUC, and CMV-renilla-LUC. The two compounds have a carbon-carbon double-bond moiety that they would need as covalent irreversible antagonists. The molecules were evaluated as to whether they have any effect on AR function. wtAR transactivation assay suggested that these two molecules have IC50 values in submicromolar range (799 nM and 461 nM, respectively, in this experiment) (
Schild's plot was used to determine whether a molecule is a competitive antagonist or an irreversible covalent antagonist.
Schild's Plot: COS cells plated in 24 well plates in DME+5% csFBS without phenol red at 40,000 cells/well were transfected with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 25 ng CMV-hAR, and 10 ng CMV-renilla LUC using Lipofectamine reagent in OptiMEM medium. Cells were treated 24 h after transfection with a dose-response of R1881 (10−12 M to 10−5 M) in the absence or presence of various doses of AR antagonist. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the cells were lysed and luciferase assay was performed using Dual luciferase assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Firefly luciferase values were normalized to Renilla luciferase values. The data were plotted in GraphPad prism and a Schild's plot was plotted.
In the experiment, a compound is tested at a few doses with a dose-response of a competing agonist. If the curve shifts to the right with increasing agonist dose and if the slope is close to 1, then the molecule is a competitive antagonist. On the other hand, if the curve does not shift to the right, but if the Emax shifts downwards and if the slope is not close to 1, then the molecule is a covalent irreversible antagonist. An AR transactivation assay as described above was used and a Schild's plot was created to evaluate if 1 and 4 are covalent antagonists. The enzalutamide curve shifts to the right with increasing R1881 dose, indicative of competitive non-covalent antagonism. On the other hand, the Emax values of R1881 decreases in the presence of increasing dose of 1 and 4 (
Alkylation via Mass Spectrometry of Tryptic Digests
Mass Spectrometry: ARAF-1 (A.A. 141-486) was cloned in pGEX 6p and was expressed in E. coli. Protein was purified from a large bacterial culture through GST resin and then through 25 FPLC. The purified AF-1 protein was incubated at 4° C. for overnight in the presence of the SARCAs. After overnight incubation, the protein was incubated for overnight at room temperature (RT) in the presence of mass spectrometry grade trypsin. The protein was analyzed using HPLC (Ultimate 3000RSLCnano, Thermo Fisher) attached to a mass spectrometer (Orbitrap Fusion Lumas, Thermo Fisher). Acclaim PepMap 100 column was used for HPLC. The instrument conditions and analysis information are provided below. Sample amount per injection: 0.1 μg of digested protein.
HPLC: Ultimate 3000RSLCnano, Thermo Fisher; Column: Acclaim PepMap RSLC, 75 m×500 mm (ID×Length), C-18, 2 m, 100 A, Thermo Fisher; Trap column: Acclaim PepMap 100, 75 m×20 mm, C18, 3 m, 100 Å, Thermo Fisher; Solvent A: 0.1% formic acid in water, LC/MS grade, Thermo Fisher; Solvent B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, LC/MS grade, Thermo Fisher; Flow rate: 300 nL/min; Column temperature: 40° C.; Injection volume/mode: 5 μL/μL PickUp; LC Gradient: 0 min-3% B, 4 min-3% B, 5 min-5% B, 55 min-25% B, 60 min-30% B, 63 min-90% B, 73 min-90% B, 76 min-3% B, 100 min-3% B
MS: Orbitrap Fusion Lumas, Thermo Fisher; Data dependent analysis (DDA): 3 sec cycles; MS scan (full): Analyzer—Orbitrap, resolution-120,000 (FWHM, at m/z=200); Scan Filters: MIPS mode—Peptide; Intensity ≥10,000; Charge state—2-6; Dynamic exclusion—30 sec; MS2 scan (full): Quadrupole isolation window—0.7 m/z, Activation—HCD (30%); Analyzer—Ion Trap, Rapid scan
Post-Acquisition Analysis
Proteome Discoverer 2.2, Thermo Fisher; Peptide/protein identification; Search engine: Sequest HT; Database: SwissProt, TaxID 9606 (Homo sapiens), v. 2017-10-25, 42252 entries; Enzyme: Trypsin (full); Dynamic modification: Oxidation of Met; Modification of Cys and/or Lys with UT-34 (a non-covalent binder of AF-1), or SARCAs 1 or 4; Precursor and fragment ion mass tolerance: 10 ppm and 0.6 Da, respectively; Validation and filtering of PSM (q value): Percolator, FDR ≤0.01; Validation and filtering of peptide sequence (q value): Qvality algorithm, FDR ≤0.01; Identification of protein or protein group: At least one validated peptide sequence unique to a protein or a protein group; Protein groups: Strict parsimony principle applied
Validation of protein ID: Quality algorithm, strict—FDR ≤0.01, relaxed—FDR ≤0. Feature Detection-Min Trace Length: 5; Min #Isotopes: 2; Max ΔRT of Isotope Pattern: 0.2 min; Peptide Abundance: MS Peak Area
To determine if these molecules bind to the AF-1 domain of the AR, AR-AF-1 purified protein was incubated with 1 for 16 h at 4° C. and trypsin digested. The peptides were evaluated using MALDI TOF mass spectrometer to determine the binding of 1 to AF-1. 1 bound to the peptides indicated in the panel (
The alkylation of AR at AF-1 by 1 or 4 was demonstrated multiple times in variations of this same methology such as in
If 1 covalently binds to the AF-1 domain of the AR, then it should inhibit the AR-V7 activity. A transactivation study was performed with AR-V7 in COS cells. While 1 significantly inhibited the ability of AR-V7 to activate GRE-LUC, enzalutamide was inactive (
AR-V7 transactivation: COS cells plated in 24 well plates in DME+5% csFBS without 20 phenol red at 40,000 cells/well were transfected with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 25 ng pCDN3 AR-V7, and 10 ng CMV-renilla LUC using Lipofectamine reagent in OptiMEM medium. Cells were treated 24 h after transfection. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the cells were lysed and luciferase assay was performed using Dual luciferase assay kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Firefly luciferase values were normalized to renilla luciferase values. The data were plotted in GraphPad Prism.
To determine the cross-reactivity of 1 with another constitutively active protein, 1 was tested in NFkB transactivation. 1 did not inhibit NFkB transactivation, indicating its selectivity (
The Michael addition accepting functional group in 1 and 4 is exposed and hence has the potential to randomly bind to other proteins. To confirm this, 1 and 4 were tested for their ability to inhibit the activity of GR and PR (Table 2), and PPAR-γ (not shown)). 1 and 4 (
Objective: To determine the effect of SARCAs on glucocorticoid-induced transactivation of GR wildtype (wt).
Method: HEK-293 cells were plated at 125,000 cells/well of a 24 well plate in DME+5% csFBS without phenol red. Cells were transfected with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 10 ng CMV-renilla LUC, and 50 ng pCR3.1-rat GR(wt) using Lipofectamine transfection reagent in optiMEM medium. Medium was changed 24 h after transfection to DME+5% csFBS without phenol red and treated with a dose response of various drugs (1 pM to 10 mM). SARCAs and antagonists were treated in combination with 0.1 nM dexamethasone. Luciferase assay was performed 24 h after treatment on a Biotek synergy 4 plate reader. Firefly luciferase values were normalized to renilla luciferase values.
Objective: To determine the effect of SARCAs on progesterone-induced transactivation of PR wildtype (wt).
Method: HEK-293 cells were plated at 125,000 cells/well of a 24 well plate in DME+5% csFBS without phenol red. Cells were transfected with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 10 ng CMV-renilla LUC, and 50 ng pCR3. 1-hPR(wt) using Lipofectamine transfection reagent in optiMEM medium. Medium was changed 24 h after transfection to DME+5% csFBS without phenol red and treated with a dose response of various drugs (1 pM to 10 mM). SARCAs and antagonists were treated in combination with 0.1 nM progesterone. Luciferase assay was performed 24 h after treatment on a Biotek synergy 4 plate reader. Firefly luciferase values were normalized to renilla luciferase values.
LNCaP and 22RV1 cells were cultured in full serum and treated as indicated in
The covalent-binding irreversible AR antagonists of the present invention have been synthesized with much lower IC50 values, which are highly selective to the AR. Further, through mass spectrometry studies, it was found that the compounds of the invention as disclosed herein, e.g., 1 and 4 did bind to the AR in the AF-1 region. The Schild plots in
AR AF-1 protein was incubated with a molecule overnight at 4° C. The protein was digested with trypsin overnight at RT and was evaluated using mass spectrometry. Covalent molecules bind to cysteine and lysine. If a molecule is attached covalently to a peptide, the molecular weight of the peptide will increase by the molecular weight of the molecule. For example, if a tryptic digested peptide's M.Wt. is 1000 Dalton and the incubated molecule's M.Wt. is 250 Dalton, then the covalently-bound peptide's M.Wt. will be ˜1250 Dalton. If two molecules are attached to a peptide, then the M.Wt. will increase correspondingly to ˜1500 Dalton.
AR AF-1 was incubated with 6 (covalent binder) alone or 6+UT-34 (UT-34 is a noncovalent AF-1 binder). AF-1 was pre-incubated for 2 h with 200 μM UT-34 and then with 6 (100 μM).
As illustrated in
As confirmed in
Schild's plot is an assay to detect irreversible antagonism. If a molecule like enzalutamide is a competitive antagonist, increasing its dose will shift the curve of R1881 or an agonist to the right. If a molecule is an irreversible antagonist, the curve will shift downward with reduced Emax.
AR trans activation was performed with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 0.01 μg CMV-LUC, and 0.025 25 μg CMV-hAR. Cells were treated with a dose-response of R1881 in the presence of the indicated concentrations (Molar) of the compounds). Cells were harvested and luciferase assay was performed.
AR-V7 transactivation. COS7 cells were plated in 24 well plates at 40,000 cells/well in DME+5% cs FBS without phenol red. Twenty-four hours after plating, the cells were transfected 20 with 0.25 μg GRE-LUC, 0.01 μg CMV-LUC, 0.025 μg pCR3.1 hAR-V7 using Lipofectamine reagents in optiMEM medium. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells were treated with the compounds. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the cells were harvested, and luciferase assay was performed using Dual-luciferase reagent. Firefly values were divided by Renilla numbers and the values are represented as relative light units (RLU).
AR-V7 was transfected into the cells instead of full length wildtype AR. As shown in
LNCaP, LNCaP-V7 (LNCaP cells stably transfected with AR-V7), 22RV1 cells were plated in 60 mm dishes. Cells were treated in growth medium or RPMI supplemented with 0.1 nM R1881 for 24 h. Cells were harvested, protein extracted, and Western blot for AR and AR-V7 was performed.
LNCaP-V7 cells inducibly express AR-V7 by the addition of doxycycline (Dox).
Proliferation Assay: LNCaP cells were plated in 96 well plates in growth medium. Cells were treated with the indicated doses of the compounds for 6 days with the indicated nM of R1881 and AR antagonists of the invention, with medium change and retreatment after 3 days. Cells were fixed and stained with sulforhodamineblue (SRB). The stain color that is proportional to the number of cells was determined using a colorimeter.
As shown in
Unexpectedly, despite possessing intrinsically reactive warhead functional groups, these stability data suggest that SARCAs of this invention are stable enough in rodent models to allow them to be tested for AR antagonism in vivo. If SARCAs are stable in the bloodstream and only react following binding to AR, then these SARCAs can be expected to have an unprecedented AR antagonist pharmacodynamics profile in vivo.
In vivo AR antagonism was demonstrated in intact Sprague Dawley rats with SARCA 6 (
AR AF-1 protein was incubated with a molecule overnight at 4° C. The protein was digested with trypsin overnight at room temperature and was evaluated using mass spectrometry. Covalent molecules bind to cysteine and lysine, although interaction with amino acids has been detected. If a molecule is attached covalently to a peptide, the molecular weight of the peptide will increase by the molecule's molecular weight. For example, if a tryptic digested peptide's M.Wt. is 1000 Dalton and the incubated molecule's M.Wt. is 250 Dalton, then the covalently-bound peptide's M.Wt. will be ˜1250 Dalton. If two molecules are attached to a peptide, then the M.Wt. will increase correspondingly to ˜1500 Dalton.
Methods: COS7 cells were plated in 24 well plates at 40,000 cells/well in DME+5% csFBS w/o phenol red. Twenty-four hours after plating, the cells were transfected with 0.25 ug GRE-LUC, 0.01 ug CMV-LUC, 0.025 ug CMV-hAR using lipofectamine reagents in optiMEM medium. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells were treated with a dose-response of the compounds in the presence of 0.1 nM R1881. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the cells were harvested, and luciferase assay was performed using Dual-luciferase reagent. Firefly values were divided by renilla numbers and the values are represented as relative light units (RLU).
Results:
Methods: COS7 cells were plated in 24 well plates at 40,000 cells/well in DME+5% csFBS w/o phenol red. Twenty-four hours after plating, the cells were transfected with 0.25 ug GRE-LUC, 0.01 ug CMV-LUC, 0.025 ug pCR3.1 hAR-V7 using lipofectamine reagents in optiMEM medium. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells were treated with the compounds. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the cells were harvested, and luciferase assay was performed using Dual-luciferase reagent. Firefly values were divided by renilla numbers and the values are represented as relative light units (RLU).
Results: As shown in
Methods: LNCaP cells over-expressing AR were plated in 96 well plates in RPMI+1% csFBS w/o phenol red medium. Cells were maintained in this medium for two days and then treated as indicated in the figure. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the cells were harvested, RNA isolated, and expression of the genes was quantified using real-time PCR.
Results: Compound 6 inhibited AR-target gene expression in prostate cancer cells as 1 o demonstrated in
Methods: LNCaP-AR cells were plated in 96 well plates in RPMI+1% csFBS w/o phenol red medium. Cells were treated with the indicated doses of the compounds for 6 days, with medium change and retreatment after 3 days. Cells were fixed and stained with sulforhodamine blue (SRB). The stain color that is proportional to the number of cells was determined using a colorimeter.
Results: As shown in
Methods: 22RV1 cells were plated in 96 well plates in growth medium. Cells were treated with the indicated doses of the compounds for 6 days, with medium change and retreatment after 3 days. Cells were fixed and stained with sulforhodamine blue (SRB). The stain color that is proportional to the number of cells was determined using a colorimeter.
Results: As shown in
Methods: Indicated cells were plated in 96 well plates in growth medium. Cells were treated with the indicated doses of the compounds for 6 days, with medium change and retreatment after 3 days. Cells were fixed and stained with sulforhodamine blue (SRB). The stain color that is proportional to the number of cells was determined using a colorimeter.
Results: Compounds 1 and 6 inhibited proliferation of prostate cancer cells that expressed AR-SVs, but not non-cancerous cells (
Methods: COS7 cells were plated in 24 well plates at 40,000 cells/well in DME+5% csFBS w/o phenol red. Twenty-four hours after plating, the cells were transfected with 0.25 ug GRE-LUC, 0.01 ug CMV-LUC, 0.025 ug pCDNA3.1 hAR-V7 or mutant AR-V7 (in which three cysteines (C267, C327, and C406) were mutated) using lipofectamine reagents in optiMEM medium. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells were treated with the compounds. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the cells were harvested, and luciferase assay was performed using Dual-luciferase reagent. Firefly values were divided by renilla numbers and the values are represented as relative light units (RLU).
Results: As demonstrated in
Methods: COS7 cells were plated in 24 well plates at 40,000 cells/well in DME+5% csFBS w/o phenol red. Twenty-four hours after plating, the cells were transfected with 0.25 ug GRE-LUC, 0.01 ug CMV-LUC, 0.025 ug pCDNA3.1 hAR-V7 or mutant AR-V7 (in which cysteines (C327, and C406) were mutated) using lipofectamine reagents in optiMEM medium. Twenty-four hours after transfection, the cells were treated with the compounds. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the cells were harvested, and luciferase assay was performed using Dual-luciferase reagent. Firefly values were divided by renilla numbers and the values were represented as relative light units (RLU).
Results:
Methods: Hershberger assay results to study the body weight changes of representative compound. Intact Sprague Dawley rats (100-120 g body weight) (n=6/group) were dosed by 20 mg/kg for 13 days. Dosing solutions were prepared in 20% DMSO+80% PEG. Fourteen days after the initiation of treatment, animals were sacrificed and tissue weights were recorded. Body weights were measured on day 1 and at the time of sacrifice. Tissue weights were normalized to body weight and represented as percent change from vehicle-treated animals.
Results: As provided in
Methods: LNCaP cells over-expressing AR (5 million; 1:1 with matrigel) were implanted subcutaneously in male NSG mice (n=8-10/group). Once the tumors grow to 100-300 mm3, the animals were randomized and treated with vehicle, 30 mpk enza, or 60 mpk SARCA. Tumor volume was measured twice daily. Twenty-eight days after treatment initiation, the animals were sacrificed and tumors processed for further analysis. TNBC: MDA-MB-453 cells (5 million; 1:1 with matrigel) were implanted subcutaneously in female NSG mice (n=8-10/group). Once the tumors grow to 100-300 mm3, the animals were randomized and treated with vehicle or 60 mpk SARCA. Tumor volume was measured twice daily. Twenty-eight days after treatment initiation, the animals were sacrificed and tumors processed for further analysis.
Results: Compound 6 inhibited growth of prostate cancer and triple-negative breast cancer xenograft growth in NSG mice (
Methods: Purified AF-1 protein was incubated with vehicle or 100 μM 1 and 6 overnight and the protein was trypsinized. The trypsinized peptides were analyzed by HPLC-mass spectrometer (LC-MS). Since covalent compounds irreversibly bind to a protein, the harsh conditions of MS will not dissociate a molecule from proteins. Analyzing the peptides in LC-MS showed that 1 and 6 bound strongly to two cysteines (C406 and C327) and very weakly and inconsistently to one cysteine (C267) in the AF-1 domain. The advantage of covalent binding is that the binding can be easily detected by molecular weight change of the peptides corresponding to the molecule's molecular weight. Despite the presence of 8 cysteines and 11 lysines in AF-1, the molecules selectively bound to C406 and C327. While 1 and 6 bound to AF-1 covalently, other non-specific compounds (covalent modification of enobosarm) failed to bind to the AF-1, providing a structure activity relationship for the interaction with the AF-1. Despite over 75% homology in the structure between 1 and 6 and covalent-enobosarm, the striking difference in binding to AF-1 is a clear indication of the importance of the pyrazole ring for this scaffold's binding to AF-1. Quantification of modified residues indicated that 1 and 6 modified 60-80% of the C406 and C327 coding peptides (and a small percent of C267). The cross-reactivity of 1 and 6 with other purified proteins was evaluated. While 1 cross-reacted with LBD at approximately 50% and with glutathione S-transferase (GST) at about 10% of the AF-1 modifications, 6 was selective to AF-1 with a very modest 2-5% modification observed in LBD and GST. All these experiments were conducted at 100 μM. These results again confirm that 6 is highly selective to AF-I, especially to C327 and C406 amino acids.
A dose response of compounds 1 and 6 was performed with purified AF-I protein. Both 1 and 6 demonstrated significant binding both at 30 and 100 μM to C406 and C327 and a modest modification at 10 μM concentration. At concentrations lower than 100 M, no modification of proteins other than AF-I (PR-LBD, GST, or AR-LBD) was observed with 6.
Results:
As demonstrated in the examples herein, selective binding of 1 and 6 to C406, C327, and C267 that resulted in the inhibition of AR and AR-V7 function suggests the importance of these three amino acids and this region for AR and AR-V7 function.
The three amino acids were mutated (3C-A) and the effect of the mutation on AR-V7 expression was evaluated. Wild type or 3C-A (where C406, C327, and C267 were mutated to alanines) AR-V7 were expressed in COS7 cells and the expression of AR-V7 at the protein and mRNA levels was measured by Western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Interestingly, mutating the three amino acids completely destabilized the AR-V7 protein, with no AR-V7 protein detected in the 3CA AR-V7 transfected cells. AR-V7 mRNA was detected at a higher level in the 3C-A AR-V7 transfected cells than the wildtype AR-V7 transfected cells. These results suggest that these three amino acids are extremely critical for AR-V7 stability, but not for AR stability.
Single point mutations of C406 and C327 reduced AR-V7 activity and stability. Since the triple C-A mutation caused a greater than 50% decrease in AR-V7 transactivation, single point mutations of C406 and C327 were created and the stability of AR-V7 and point mutant AR-V7 was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Single point mutation of C406 and C327 resulted in over 80-90% reduction in AR-V7 protein levels, without much alteration in AR-V7 mRNA. These results clearly demonstrate that C406 and C327 are extremely important for the stability of AR-V7 and mutating or blocking any one of them will result in its destabilization and functional loss.
Results:
The cross-reactivity of 1 and 6 was evaluated with other purified proteins. While 1 cross-reacted with LBD at approximately 50% and with glutathione S-transferase (GST) at about 10% of the AF-1 modifications, 6 was selective to AF-1 with a very modest 2-5% modification observed in LBD and GST. All these experiments were conducted at 100 μM. These results again confirm that 6 is highly selective to AF-1, especially to C327 and C406 amino acids.
Results:
The potential of UT-34 and UT-105 to compete with 6 for binding was evaluated.
Methods: AF-1 protein was pre-incubated with 100 μM UT-34 or UT-105 for 2 hours and then with 30 μM 6. The trypsin-digested peptides were analyzed by LC-MS. 6-dependent C406 and C327 modifications were significantly reversed by UT-34. This suggests that these molecules have comparable binding conformation to the AF-1 that involves C406 and C327 or a pocket that engages these two cysteines. Mutation of C407, C327, and C267 resulted in complete loss of 6 binding to the AF-1, suggesting that 6 does not bind to other cysteines or lysines in the absence of these three amino acids. Collectively, these results convincingly demonstrate the existence of a binding region in the AF-1 that can be utilized with appropriate chemical scaffold to target AR and AR-SVs. Considering that the three cysteines are not adjacent to each other, the covalent molecules should create a three-dimensional structure in the AF-1 that result in binding to these amino acids.
M.S. studies were performed as indicated above. The percent modified cysteines to unmodified was quantified and plotted as graph.
Results: As demonstrated in
While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
This application is a continuation of PCT Application No. PCT/US2021/019490, filed Feb. 24, 2021, and claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/981,516, filed Feb. 25, 2020, which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
This invention was made with government support under R01 CA229164, awarded by the National Cancer Institute. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62981516 | Feb 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | PCT/US2021/019490 | Feb 2021 | US |
| Child | 17821952 | US |
