Patent Grant
10975009
This application is the U.S. national phase of International Application No. PCT/EP2017/061298 filed May 11, 2017 which designated the U.S. and claims priorities to EP 16169508.5 filed May 13, 2016, and EP17152590.0 filed Jan. 23, 2017, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to a selective reduction of specific aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols.
Reduction of an aldehyde or ketone into the corresponding alcohol is a fundamental and very important reaction in organic chemistry, and it is used in a large number of chemical processes. The obtained alcohols are used as such or are important intermediates in further chemical processes.
A convenient manner to achieve such reduction is to use a hydrogenation process. The hydrogenation process can be carried out with H2 gas or as a transfer hydrogenation. Therefore, in the context of the present invention the term “hydrogenation” (if not otherwise stated) covers the hydrogenations with H2 gas as well as the transfer hydrogenations.
The specific aldehydes and ketones which are reduced in the context of the present invention are α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. These aldehydes and ketones have the following general formula (I)
wherein R is H (aldehydes) or an alkyl group (ketones), and
R1 and R2 can be a suitable organic moiety (which are defined below).
The problem of the hydrogenation of compounds of formula (I) is that (at least) two sites could be hydrogenated. Either the ═O group or the C—C double bond (or both).
Therefore it is possible that a variety of hydrogenated products can be obtained (in any kind of mixture). Mainly the following compounds are obtained:
The problem is that when a mixture of such compounds is obtained, a separation step needs to be carried out. Additionally, the yield of the desired alcohol is usually low.
Now, the goal of the present invention was to find a way that a selective reduction (hydrogenation) of specific aldehydes and ketones can be achieved, wherein mainly compounds of the general formula (IIa) are obtained in excellent yield and selectivity.
The specific aldehydes and ketones, which are of interest in the context of the present patent application are those of formula (I)
wherein
The corresponding alcohols, which are the selectively hydrogenated products are those of formula (IIa)
wherein the substituents have the same definition as in formula (I).
Surprisingly it was found that by the use of new specific catalysts it is possible to reduce the compounds of formula (I) selectively in excellent yield and selectivity under mild reaction conditions.
The catalysts, which are used in the selective reduction (hydrogenation) according to the present invention are transition metal catalysts of formula (III)
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal (preferably a transition metal chosen from the group consisting of Os, Co, Ru and Fe, more preferably from the group consisting of Ru and Fe) and
X is an anion (preferably a halogen anion, a carboxylate (such as acetate or benzoate), borohydride (such as BH4−), hydride, BF4−, or PF6−, more preferably a halogen anion, most preferably Cl−), and
L′ is a monodentate ligand (preferably a monodentate phosphine ligand, more preferably triphenylphosphine (═PPh3)), and
L is a tridentate ligand (which means that the ligand can be bound to the M at up to three sites) of formula (IV)
wherein
From the state of the art, it is known that transition metal complexes can exist as monomers as well as dimers or even as oligomers. The present formula (III) defines the empirical formula of the catalyst.
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P) of production of a compound of formula (IIa)
wherein
wherein the R, R1 and R2 have the same meaning as defined in the compound of formula (IIa),
characterised in, that the selective reduction is carried out in the presence of at least one transition metal catalyst of formula (III)
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal and
X is an anion, and
L′ is a monodentate ligand, and
L is a tridentate ligand of formula (IV)
wherein
The process according to the present invention is preferably carried out in the presence of at least one base.
Preferably the base has the following formula (VIII)
M1(OC1-C5alkyl), (VIII)
wherein M1 is an alkali metal.
Preferred is a base of formula (VIII′),
M1(OC3-C5alkyl) (VIII′)
wherein
M1 is Li, Na or K.
Especially preferred bases are selected from the group consisting of KOtBu, NaOtBu and LiOtBu.
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P1), which is process (P), wherein the process is carried out in the presence of at least one base.
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P1′), which is process (P1), wherein the process is carried out in the presence of at least one base of formula (VIII)
M1(OC1-C5alkyl), (VIII)
wherein M1 is an alkali metal.
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P1″), which is process (P1), wherein the process is carried out in the presence of at least one base of formula (VIII′),
M1(OC3-C5alkyl) (VIII′)
wherein
M1 is Li, Na or K.
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P1′″), which is process (P1), wherein the process is carried out in the presence of at least one base selected from the group consisting of KOtBu, NaOtBu and LiOtBu.
The amount of the base can vary. Usually and preferably the base (or mixture of bases) is used in an amount of 0.1-5 mol-% (based on the number of moles of the compound of formula (I)).
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P1″″), which is process (P1), (P1′), (P1″) or (P1′″), wherein 0.1-5 mol-% (based on the number of moles of the compound of formula (I)) of at least one base is used.
The catalyst of the present invention which is used to selectively reduce the compound of formula (I) is a compound of formula (III) as defined above.
In a preferred embodiment the following catalysts are used:
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal chosen from the group consisting of Os, Co, Ru and Fe, and
X is a halogen anion, a carboxylate (such as acetate or benzoate), borohydride (such as BH4−), hydride, BF4− or PF6−, and
L′ is a monodentate phosphine ligand, and
L is a tridentate ligand of formula (IV)
wherein
R3 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R4 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R5 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
or R4 and R5 form a C4-C8 ring system, which can be aliphatic or aromatic, and
R6 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R7 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R8 is H; —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R9 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
m is 0, 1 or 2, and
n is 0, 1 or 2,
with the proviso that the sum of m+n is 1 or 2,
o is 2 or 3,
a is 0, 1, 2, or 3,
b is 0, 1, 2, or 3,
with the proviso that the sum of a+b is 2 or 3.
In a more preferred embodiment the following catalysts are used:
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal chosen from the group consisting of Ru and Fe, and
X is a halogen anion (preferably Cl−), and
L′ is triphenylphosphine, and
L is a tridentate ligand of formula (IV)
wherein
R3 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R4 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R5 is H or —CH3, and
or R4 and R5 form a C4-C8 ring system, which can be aliphatic or aromatic, and
R6 is H or —CH3, and
R7 is H or —CH3, and
R8 is H or —CH3, and
R9 is —CH3, and
m is 0 or 1 and
n is 0 or 1,
with the proviso that the sum of m+n is 1,
o is 2,
a is 1 or 2,
b is 1 or 2,
with the proviso that the sum of a+b is 3.
In an especially preferred embodiment the following catalysts of formula (III′)
M(L)(X)2(L′), (III′)
wherein
M is Ru or Fe, and
X is Cl−, and
L′ is PPh3, and
L is a tridentate ligand chosen from the group consisting of the ligands of formulae (IVa)-(IVI)
are used.
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P2), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″) or (P1″″), wherein the following catalysts of formula (III)
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal chosen from the group consisting of Os, Co, Ru and Fe, and X is a halogen anion, a carboxylate (such as acetate or benzoate), borohydride
(such as BH4−), hydride, BF4− or PF6−, and
L′ is a monodentate phosphine ligand, and
L is a tridentate ligand of formula (IV)
wherein
R3 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R4 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R5 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
or R4 and R5 form a C4-C8 ring system, which can be aliphatic or aromatic, and
R6 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R7 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R8 is H; —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R9 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
m is 0, 1 or 2, and
n is 0, 1 or 2,
with the proviso that the sum of m+n is 1 or 2,
o is 2 or 3,
a is 0, 1, 2, or 3,
b is 0, 1, 2, or 3,
with the proviso that the sum of a+b is 2 or 3,
are used.
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P2′), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″) or (P1″″), wherein the following catalysts of formula (III)
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal chosen from the group consisting of Ru and Fe, and
X is a halogen anion (preferably Cl−), and
L′ is triphenylphosphine, and
L is a tridentate ligand of formula (IV)
wherein
R3 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R4 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R5 is H or —CH3, and
or R4 and R5 form a C4-C8 ring system, which can be aliphatic or aromatic, and
R6 is H or —CH3, and
R7 is H or —CH3, and
R8 is H or —CH3, and
R9 is —CH3, and
m is 0 or 1, and
n is 0 or 1,
with the proviso that the sum of m+n is 1,
o is 2,
a is 1 or 2,
b is 1 or 2,
with the proviso that the sum of a+b is 3,
are used.
Therefore the present invention relates to a process (P2″), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″) or (P1″″), wherein the following catalysts of formula (III′)
M(L)(X)2(L′), (III′)
wherein
M is Ru or Fe, and
X is Cl−, and
L′ is PPh3, and
L is a tridentate ligand chosen from the group consisting of the ligands of formulae (IVa)-(IVI)
are used.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to a process (P3), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′) or (P2″), wherein a compound of the formula (IIa)
wherein
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to a process (P3′), which is process (P3), wherein a compound of the formula (IIa′)
wherein
R is H or —CH3 and
and
R1 is benzene ring which is unsubstituted or a benzene ring which is substituted or furan ring which is unsubstituted or a furan ring which is substituted; hexane ring which is unsubstituted or a hexane ring which is substituted; a hexene ring which is unsubstituted or a hexene ring system which is substituted
R2 is H or —CH3,
is produced.
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to a process (P4), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′) or (P2″), wherein a compound of the formula (IIa)
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to a process (P5), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′) or (P2″), wherein a compound of the formula (IIa)
wherein
R is H or —CH3; and
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to a process (P5), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′) or (P2″), wherein a compound of the formula (IIa)
wherein
Another preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to a process (P5′), which is process (P5), wherein a compound of the formula (IIa′)
A preferred embodiment of the present invention also relates to a process (P6), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′) or (P2″), wherein any compound of formula (IIa1) to (IIa12)
is produced.
The catalysts of the present invention are also new.
Therefore the present invention also relates to a catalyst (C) of formula (III)
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal and
X is an anion, and
L′ is a monodentate ligand, and
L is a tridentate ligand of formula (IV)
wherein
Therefore the present invention also relates to a catalyst (C′) of formula (III)
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal chosen from the group consisting of Os, Co, Ru and Fe, and
X is a halogen anion, a carboxylate (such as acetate or benzoate), borohydride (such as BH4−), hydride, BF4− or PF6−, and
L′ is a monodentate phosphine ligand, and
L is a tridentate ligand of formula (IV)
wherein
R3 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R4 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R5 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
or R4 and R5 form a C4-C8 ring system, which can be aliphatic or aromatic, and
R6 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R7 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R8 is H; —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R9 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
m is 0, 1 or 2, and
n is 0, 1 or 2,
with the proviso that the sum of m+n is 1 or 2,
o is 2 or 3,
a is 0, 1, 2, or 3,
b is 0, 1, 2, or 3,
with the proviso that the sum of a+b is 2 or 3.
Therefore the present invention also relates to a catalyst (C″) of formula (III)
[M(L)(X)a(L′)b], (III)
wherein
M is a transition metal chosen from the group consisting of Ru and Fe, and
X is a halogen anion (preferably Cl−), and
L′ is triphenylphosphine, and
L is a tridentate ligand of formula (IV)
wherein
R3 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, and
R4 is H; —CH3; —CH2CH3; —OCH3 or —OCH2CH3, and
R5 is H or —CH3, and
or R4 and R5 form a C4-C8 ring system, which can be aliphatic or aromatic, and
R6 is H or —CH3, and
R7 is H or —CH3, and
R8 is H or —CH3, and
R9 is —CH3, and
m is 0 or 1, and
n is 0 or 1,
with the proviso that the sum of m+n is 1,
o is 2,
a is 1 or 2,
b is 1 or 2,
with the proviso that the sum of a+b is 3.
Therefore the present invention also relates to a catalyst (C′″) of formula (III′)
M(L)(X)2(L′), (III′)
wherein
M is Ru or Fe, and
X is Cl−, and
L′ is PPh3, and
L is a tridentate ligand chosen from the group consisting of the ligands of formulae (IVa)-(IVI)
In the following the synthesis of the catalyst used in the selective reduction of the present invention is described.
Production of the Ligand L (Compounds of Formula (IV)
The ligand (L) is usually made first and this ligand (L) is then used afterwards to synthesise the transition metal based catalyst of formula (III).
The production of the ligands (wherein R8 is H) is usually done by the following reaction scheme (RS):
wherein R10 is H or has the same meaning as R9, all other substituents and o have the meanings as defined above.
To obtain the ligands (wherein R8 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3), the process of RS is carried out and then in an additional step the amino group is alkylated.
The process of the production of the ligand is usually carried out in a solvent (or a mixture of solvents).
Suitable solvents are esters, ethers, amides, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and alcohols. Preferred solvents are CH2Cl2, toluene, ethyl acetate, THF, methanol and ethanol.
The process of the production of the ligand is usually carried out at temperature of between 0 and 120° C. (preferably 0-40° C.).
The process of the production of the ligand is usually carried at ambient pressure.
The obtained ligand of formula (IV″) (with R8═H) is removed from the reaction mixture by extraction and can be further purified if required. The yield is very good.
To obtain the ligands of formula (IV) wherein R8 is —CH3 or —CH2CH3, the obtained ligand of formula (IV″) is alkylated in an additional step.
This alkylation step can be carried out according to commonly known processes.
Production of the Catalyst (Compounds of Formula (III))
As stated above the catalysts of the present invention are new.
They are produced by commonly known processes. Usually (and preferably in the context of the present invention) they are produced as follows (reaction scheme (RS2)):
wherein q is 1, 2 or 3 and
all other substituents have the meanings as defined above.
The process to obtain the catalyst (RS2) is usually carried out in a solvent (or a mixture of solvents). Suitable solvents are esters, ethers, amides, hydrocarbons, and alcohols. Preferred solvents are toluene, ethyl acetate, THF and diglyme.
The process to obtain the catalyst is usually carried out at elevated temperature (50-180°).
The process to obtain the catalyst is usually carried out at ambient pressure.
The obtained catalyst (in crystalline form) are filtered off and they can be further purified.
As stated above the obtained catalysts are used in the selective reductions (selective hydrogenations), wherein the yield and selectivity of the desired product is excellent.
Reduction Process
The reduction process (selective hydrogenation) of the compound of formula (I) can be carried out according to the following reaction scheme
wherein all substituents have meanings as defined above.
In these hydrogenation processes H2 is added in form of a gas (pure H2 gas or a mixture).
The catalyst of formula (III) according to the present invention is usually used in an amount of 0.001-0.5 mol-% (based on the number of moles of the compounds of formula (I)).
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a process (P7), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′), (P2″), (P3), (P3′), (P4), (P5), (P5′) or (P6), wherein the at least one catalyst of formula (III) is used in an amount of 0.001-0.5 mol-% (based on the number of moles of the compounds of formula (I)).
The hydrogenation process can be carried out with (pure) H2 gas or with a gas which comprises H2. Preferably the hydrogenation process according to the present invention is carried out with (pure) H2 gas.
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a process (P8), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′), (P2″), (P3), (P3′), (P4), (P5), (P5′), (P6) or (P7), wherein the hydrogenation is carried out with (pure) H2 gas or with a gas which comprises H2 (preferably with (pure) H2 gas).
The hydrogenation process can be carried out at ambient pressure as well as at elevated pressure. Preferably the hydrogenation process according to the present invention is carried out at elevated pressure (10-50 bar), usually in an autoclave (or any other vessel, which can resist the pressure.
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a process (P9), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′), (P2″) (P3), (P3′), (P4), (P5), (P5′), (P6), (P7) or (P8), wherein the hydrogenation is carried out at ambient pressure.
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a process (P10), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′), (P2″) (P3), (P3′), (P4), (P5), (P5′), (P6), (P7) or (P8), wherein the hydrogenation is carried out at out at elevated pressure (10-50 bar).
The hydrogenation can be carried out in a solvent (or mixture of solvents). Suitable solvents are esters, ethers, amides, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and alcohols. Preferred solvents are CH2C12, toluene, ethyl acetate, THF, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol, especially preferred solvents are toluene and isopropanol.
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a process (P11), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′), (P2″) (P3), (P3′), (P4), (P5), (P5′), (P6), (P7), (P8), (P9) or (P10), wherein the hydrogenation is carried out in at least one a solvent.
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a process (P11′), which is process (P11), wherein the hydrogenation is carried out in at least one a solvent chosen from the group consisting of esters, ethers, amides, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and alcohols. Preferred solvents are CH2Cl2, toluene, ethyl acetate, THF, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol, especially preferred solvents are toluene and isopropanol.
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a process (P11″), which is process (P11), wherein the hydrogenation is carried out in at least one a solvent chosen from the group consisting of CH2Cl2, toluene, ethyl acetate, THF, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol (especially preferred are toluene and isopropanol).
The hydrogenation is usually carried out at an elevated temperature (30-150° C.).
Therefore, the present invention also relates to a process (P12), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′), (P2″) (P3), (P3′), (P4), (P5), (P5′), (P6), (P7), (P8), (P9), (P10), (P11), (P11′) or (P11″), wherein the hydrogenation is carried out at an elevated temperature (30-150° C.).
It is also possible to reduce the compound of formula (I) selectively by a transfer hydrogenation process. In that case no H2 gas needs to be added. As reductant any suitable hydrogen donor can be used, including secondary alcohols, such as isopropanol and formic acid, its salts or derivatives.
Therefore the present invention also relates to a process (P13), which is process (P), (P1), (P1′), (P1″), (P1′″), (P1″″), (P2), (P2′), (P2″) (P3), (P3′), (P4), (P5), (P5′), (P6) or (P7), wherein the reduction is a transfer hydrogenation.
The following examples serve to illustrate the invention. If not otherwise stated the temperature is given in ° C.
General:
Transition metal precursors, reagent and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and used as received unless noted otherwise. GC analysis was carried out on an Agilent 7890B GC system with a HP-5 normal-phase silica column, using Helium as a carrier gas and dodecane as an internal standard. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV400, Bruker AV300 or Bruker Fourier300 NMR spectrometer. 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were referenced w.r.t. the solvent signal. Chemical shifts are in ppm, coupling constants in Hz. HR-MS measurements were recorded on an Agilent 6210 Time-of-Flight LC/MS, peaks as listed correspond to the highest abundant peak and are of the expected isotope pattern.
Ligand Synthesis
6-methylpyridine-2-carboxaldehyde (3.0 g, 25 mmol) and 2-(Ethylthio)ethylamine (2.63 g, 2.8 mL, 25 mmol) were dissolved in CH2Cl2 (75 mL), then Na2SO4 (7.1 g, 50 mmol) was added. The suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight, filtered and the filter cake was washed with CH2Cl2. The combined volatiles were removed in vacuo, yielding 5.45 g of imine as brown oil, which was used directly in the following step without further purification. Therefore, the imine was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) and NaBH4 (1.9 g, 51 mmol) was added portionwise at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for another hour, after which the solvent was removed in vacuo. Then CH2Cl2 (20 mL) and water (20 mL) were added. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (three times 20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) and dried over Na2SO4. Evaporating the solvent and drying in vacuo yielded 4.95 g (94%) of the ligand of formula (IVg) as an orange oil, which was directly used for complex synthesis.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.45 (t, 1H, J=7.6, CHarom), 7.07 (d, 1H, J=7.8, CHarom), 6.96 (d, 1H, J=7.5, CHarom), 3.84 (s, 2H), 2.80 (dt, 2H), 2.66 (dt, 2H), 2.48 (m, 5H), 1.23 (t, 3H, J=7.4) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 158.9, 157.8, 136.5, 121.3, 118.9, 54.9, 48.2, 31.8, 25.6, 24.4 ppm.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C11H18N2S: 210.1191; found 211.1265 (M+H), 233.1082 (M+Na).
The ligand of formula (IVa) was prepared in analogy to Example 1.
1H NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ 8.43 (ddd, 1H, J=4.9 Hz, J=1.8 Hz, J=0.9 Hz, CHarom), 7.57 (td, 1H, J=7.7 Hz, J=1.8 Hz, CHarom), 7.24 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz, CHarom), 7.07 (dd, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, J=5.0.7 Hz, CHarom), 3.81 (s, 2H), 2.75 (td, 2H, J=6.5 Hz, J=0.8 Hz, CH2), 2.58 (td, 2H, J=6.5 Hz, J=0.6 Hz, CH2), 1.99 (s, 3H, CH3) ppm.
13C NMR (75 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 160.2, 149.1, 136.2, 121.9, 121.7, 54.8, 47.6, 34.4, 15.0 ppm.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C9H14N2S: 182.0878 (M+H): 183.0950; found 183.0950 (M+H).
The ligand of formula (IVb) was prepared according to Example 1.
1H NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 8.51 (ddd, 1H, J=4.8 Hz, J=1.5 Hz, J=0.9 Hz, CHarom), 7.64 (td, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, J=1.8 Hz, CHarom), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz, CHarom), 7.19-7.12 (m, 1H, CHarom), 3.88 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.85-2.79 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.72-2.66 (m, 2H, CH2), 2.52 (q, 2H, J=7.5 Hz, CH2), 2.09 (d, 1H, J=9.6 Hz, NH), 1.23 (t, 3H, J=7.4 Hz, CH3) ppm.
13C NMR (75 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 161.6, 149.7, 136.8, 122.5, 122.3, 55.4, 48.9, 32.5, 26.2, 15.3 ppm.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C10H16N2S: 196.1034; (M+H): 197.1107; (M+Na): 219.0926; found 197.1108 (M+H), 219.0929 (M+Na).
The ligand of formula (IVk) was prepared according to Example 1 in a 84% yield. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.54 (dd, 1H, J=8.1, J=7.4, CHarom), 6.87 (d, 1H, J=7.2), 6.63 (d, 1H, J=8.1), 4.55 (s, NH), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.90 (m, NH), 3.80 (s, 2H), 2.83 (t, 2H, J=6.5), 2.66 (t, 2H, J=6.5), 2.52 (t, 2H, J=7.5), 1.23 (t, 3H, J=7.2) ppm. 13C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 163.8, 157.3, 138.8, 114.5, 108.7, 54.3, 53.2, 48.1, 32.0, 25.8, 14.8 ppm.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C11H18N2OS: 227.1213 (M+H); found 227.1217 (M+H), 227.1217 (M+Na).
The ligand of formula (IVI) was prepared according to Example 1 and purification by Kugelrohr distillation.
1H NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 8.13 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz, CHarom), 8.00 (d, 1H, J=8.7 Hz, CHarom), 7.82 (dd, 1H, J=8.3 Hz, J=1.5 Hz, CHarom), 7.69 (ddd, 3H, J=8.5 Hz, J=6.9 Hz, J=1.5 Hz, CHarom), 7.55-7.45 (m, 2H, CHarom), 4.08 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.89 (td, 2H, J=6.8 Hz, J=1.2 Hz, CH2), 2.73 (td, 2H, J=6.4 Hz, J=0.9 Hz, CH2), 2.55 (q, 2H, J=7.4 Hz, CH2), 2.14 (d, 1H, J=11.4 Hz, NH), 1.24 (t, 3H, J=7.4 Hz, CH3) ppm.
13C NMR (75 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 161.5, 136.7, 129.8, 129.5, 128.1, 127.9, 126.5, 121.0, 56.0, 49.1, 32.6, 26.2, 15.29 ppm.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C14H18N2S: 246.1191; (M+H): 247.1264; found 247.1267 (M+H).
The ligand of formula (IVe) was prepared according to Example 1 with imine formation performed in the presence of 5 mol % of p-toluenesulfonic acid in toluene under reflux conditions and purification by Kugelrohr distillation.
1H NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 8.51 (ddd, 1H, J=4.8 Hz, J=1.9 Hz, J=1.0 Hz, CHarom), 7.64 (td, 1H, J=7.6 Hz, J=1.8 Hz, CHarom), 7.32 (dt, 1H, J=7.8 Hz, J=1.1 Hz, CHarom), 7.14 (ddt, 1H, J=7.5 Hz, J=4.8 Hz, J=1.2 Hz, CHarom), 3.84 (q, 1H, J=6.9 Hz, CH), 2.71-2.55 (m, 4H, CH2), 2.47 (q, 2H, J=7.4 Hz, CH2), 2.05 (d, 1H, J=39.3 Hz, NH), 1.34 (d, 3H, J=6.9 Hz, CH3), 1.20 (d, 3H, J=7.5 Hz, CH3) ppm. 13C NMR (75 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 165.4, 149.7, 136.9, 122.3, 121.4, 59.7, 47.1, 32.7, 26.1, 23.2, 15.2 ppm.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C11H18N2S: 210.1191; (M+H), 211.1264; (M+Na): 233.1083; found 211.1265 (M+H), 233.1083 (M+Na).
2-(Ethylthio)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethan-1-amine (ligand of formula (IVb), 850 mg, 3.75 mmol), formal in (4 mL of 37% wt formaldehyde in water) and formic acid (4 mL) were stirred at 70° C. overnight. All volatiles were removed in vacuo and CH2Cl2 (10 mL) and saturated NaHCO3 solution (10 mL) were added. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (three times 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL) and dried over Na2SO4. Removal of the solvent yielded 754 mg (3.59 mmol, 96%) of 2-(ethylthio)-N-methyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethan-1-amine as an orange liquid (p=1.081 g cm−3). The ligand of formula (IVb) was further purified by Kugelrohr distillation.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.46 (d, 1H, J=5.1, CHarom), 7.58 (dt, 1H, J=7.8, J=1.8, CHarom), 7.38 (d, 1H, J=7.8, CHarom), 7.08 (ddd, 1H, J=7.5, J=4.8, J=1.2, CHarom), 3.62 (S, 2H), 2.62 (S, 4H), 2.45 (q, 2H, J=7.4), 2.31 (s, 3H, N—CH3), 1.17 (t, 3H, J=7.4) ppm.
13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ 159.2, 149.0, 136.4, 123.1, 122.0, 63.6, 57.3, 56.9, 42.4, 31.9, 29.3, 26.1, 14.8 ppm.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C11H18N2S: 210.1191; found 211. 1265 (M+H), 233.1084 (M+Na).
RuCl2(PPh3)3 (1 g, 1.04 mmol) and the ligand of formula (IVg) (obtained from Example 1) (231.4 mg, 1.1 mmol) were placed in a 25 mL Schlenk tube under argon atmosphere, and dissolved in dry diglyme (2 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 165° C. for 2 h, allowed to cool down to room temperature and stored at −18° C. to precipitate further overnight. Cold Et2O (2 mL) was added while cooling with a dry ice/iso-propanol bath. The precipitate was filtrated by cannula, and washed with Et2O (5 times 2 mL). The orange powder was dried in vacuo, affording 530 mg (79%) of Ru(6-MeNNSEt)(PPh3)Cl2 as an orange powder. An equilibrium of two conformations of Ru(6-MeNNSEt)(PPh3)Cl2 are existent in solution, delivering a doubled set of signals in NMR. For 1H-NMR only data of the major conformation is given due to overlapping signals.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 7.67-7.16 (m, 17H, CHarom), 7.01 (d, 1H, J=7.8, CHarom), 5.65 (m, 2H), 4.47 (m, 1H), 3.5 (m, 1H), 3.34 (m, 1H), 3.22 (d, 1H, J=11.1), 2.98 (m, 1H), 2.59 (m, 1H), 1.53 (m, 2H), 0.87 (t, 3H, J=7.5) ppm.
31P-NMR (122 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 48.8, 45.8 ppm.
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C29H32Cl2N2PRuS (M+H): 644.0518; found 644.0518 (M+H), 667.0412 (M+Na).
Ru(NNSMe)(PPh3)Cl2 was prepared according to Example 8. An equilibrium of two conformations was obtained.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 8.47 (d, 1H, J=5.7), 7.72 (m, 1H), 7.56 (m, 6H), 7.32 (m, 10H), 6.86 (t, 1H, J=6.3), 5.45 (s, broad, 1H, NH), 5.20 (t, 1H, J=12.6), 4.38 (m, 1H), 3.41 (m, 2H), 3.26 (d, 1H, J=11.1), 2.55 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 3H).
31P-NMR (122 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 51.8, 50.7
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C27H29C12N2PRuS: 616.0210 (M+); found 616.0197 (M+).
Ru(NNSEt)(PPh3)Cl2 was prepared according to Example 8. An equilibrium of two conformations was obtained in 84% yield.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 8.45 (d, 1H, J=5.7), 7.72 (m, 1H), 7.57 (m, 6H), 7.34 (m, 10H), 6.86 (t, 1H, J=6.3), 5.49 (s, broad, 1H, NH), 5.22 (t, 1H, J=13.5), 4.40 (m, 1H), 3.47 (m, 2H), 3.36 (m, 1H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.52 (m, 1H), 1.27 (m, 2H), 1.19 (m, 1H), 0.95 (t, 3H, J=7.5)
31P-NMR (122 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 51.8, 50.7
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C28H31C12N2PRuS: 630.0366 (M+); found 630.0388 (M+), 653.0270 (M+Na).
Ru(6-MeONNSEt)(PPh3)Cl2 was prepared according to Example 8. An equilibrium of two conformations was obtained in 88% yield.
1H-NMR (400 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 7.94 (m, 2H), 7.65 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.14 (m, 12H), 7.07 (d, 1H, J=7.6), 6.56 (d, 1H, J=8.4), 5.56-5.36 (m, 2H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.21 (dd, 1H, J=11.0, J=2.2), 2.87 (m, 1H), 2.83 (s, 3H, twinned), 2.50 (m, 1H), 1.33 (m, 1H), 0.87 (t, 3H, twinned, overlapping)
31P-NMR (122 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 47.2, 45.9
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C29H32C12N2OPRuS (M+H): 660.0468; found: 660.0469 (M+H), 683.0363 (M+Na).
Ru(QuinNSEt)(PPh3)Cl2 was prepared according to Example 8. An equilibrium of two conformations was obtained.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 8.12 (d, 2H, J=8.4), 7.74-6.66 (m, 19H), 5.90 (s, broad, NH), 5.74 (t, 1H, J=13.3), 4.72 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.05 (m, 1H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 1.66 (m, 1H), 0.95 (t, 3H, J=7.5)
31P NMR (122 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 48.90, 45.86
HRMS (ESI+): calcd. for C32H33Cl2N2PRuS: 680.0519 (M+); found 680.0500 (M+).
Ru(N-Me-NSEt)(PPh3)Cl2 was prepared according to Example 8. An equilibrium of two conformations was obtained.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 8.53 (d, 1H, J=5.7), 7.72 (m, 1H), 7.57 (m, 6H), 7.33 (m, 10H), 6.85 (t, 1H, J=6.6), 5.35 (m, 1H), 4.93 (s, broad, NH), 3.68-3.31 (m, 3H), 2.81 (m, 1H), 2.53 (m, 1H), 1.80 (d, 3H, J=6.9), 1.25 (m, 1H), 0.97 (t, 3H, J=7.2)
31P NMR (122 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 51.5, 50.3
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C29H33Cl2N2PRuS: 644.0518 (M+); found 644.0513 (M+).
Ru(NNMeSEt)(PPh3)Cl2 was prepared according to Example 8. An equilibrium of two conformations was obtained in 54%.
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 8.11 (d, 1H, J=5.7), 7.92 (m, 6H), 7.47 (dt, 1H, J=7.5, J=1.5), 7.30 (m, 10H), 6.56 (t, 1H, J=7.5), 5.67 (d, 1H, J=14.4), 3.87 (d, 1H, J=14.4), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 2.70 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 2H), 0.74 (m, 1H), 0.67 (t, 3H, J=6.9), 0.42 (m, 1H)
31P-NMR (122 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 51.4, 50.4
HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C29H33Cl2N2PRuS: 644.0518 (M+); found 644.0505 (M+).
Hydrogenation Reactions
4 mL glass reaction vials and stirring bars were dried overnight at 110° C. The reaction vessels were charged with LiOtBu (1 mg, 0.0125 mmol, 1.25 mol %), closed with PTFE/rubber septa, placed in a multiple reactor inlet suitable for a pressure vessel, and brought under argon atmosphere by three vacuum-argon cycles. With a syringe Ru(NNSEt)(PPh3)Cl2 (catalyst of Example 10) was added as stock solution in iPrOH (1 mL, 0.0005 mol/L, 0.05 mol %), followed by a solution of cinnamaldehyde in iPrOH (1 mL, 1 mol/L, 1 mmol). The reaction mixtures were transferred to an argon-filled pressure vessel, which was immediately flushed with three nitrogen and three hydrogen cycles, then pressurized to 30 bar hydrogen, heated to 80° C. and stirred for 16 h. After that, the pressure vessel was allowed to cool down to room temperature and depressurized. The reaction mixtures were filtered over silica and rinsed with ethanol (2 mL) after which dodecane was added as an internal standard prior to GC analysis. The products are determined based on GC analysis retention time. The given values for conversion (C), yield (Y), and selectivity (S) [%] are mol % with regard to the initial cinnamaldehyde amount, and corrected by dodecane.
The results are summarized in Table 1
The same conditions were chosen for the hydrogenation wherein the catalyst of example 9 (Ru(NNSMe)(PPh3)Cl2 was used. These results are summarized in Table 2
4 mL glass reaction vials and stirring bars were dried overnight at 110° C. The reaction vessels were charged with LiOtBu (1 mg, 0.0125 mmol, 1.25 mol %), closed with PTFE/rubber septa, placed in a multiple reactor inlet suitable for a pressure vessel, and brought under argon atmosphere by three vacuum-argon cycles. With a syringe the reaction vessels were charged with the catalyst as stock solution in iPrOH (1 mL, 0.0005 mol/L, 0.05 mol %), followed by a solution of cinnamaldehyde in iPrOH (1 mL, 1 mol/L). The reaction mixtures were transferred to an argon-filled pressure vessel, which was immediately flushed with three nitrogen and three hydrogen cycles, then pressurized to 30 bar hydrogen, heated to 80° C. and stirred for 16 h. After that, the pressure vessel was allowed to cool down to room temperature and depressurized. The reaction mixtures were filtered over silica and rinsed with ethanol (2 mL) after which dodecane was added as an internal standard prior to GC analysis. The products are determined based on GC analysis retention time. The given values for conversion (C), yield (Y), and selectivity (S) [%] are mol % with regard to the initial cinnamaldehyde amount, and corrected by dodecane.
Catalyst screening experiments with KOtBu were performed accordingly.
The compounds of formulae (A), (B) and (C) were hydrogenated.
4 mL glass reaction vials and stirring bars were dried overnight at 110° C., closed with PTFE/rubber septa, placed in a multiple reactor inlet suitable for a pressure vessel, and brought under argon atmosphere by three vacuum-argon cycles. With a syringe the reaction vessels were charged with the catalyst as stock solution in iPrOH (1 mL, 0.0005 mol/L, 0.05 mol %), followed by a solution of the compound A, B or C in iPrOH (1 mL, 1 mol/L, 1 mmol). After that a solution of freshly sublimed the base in THF (12.5 μL, 1 mol/L, 0.0125 mmol, 1.25 mol %) was added with a Hamilton syringe. The reaction mixtures were transferred to an argon-filled pressure vessel, which was immediately flushed with three nitrogen and three hydrogen cycles, then pressurized to 30 bar hydrogen, heated to 80° C. and stirred for 16 h. After that the pressure vessel was cooled down to room temperature and depressurized. The reaction mixtures were filtered over silica and rinsed with ethanol (2 mL). The products are determined based on GC analysis retention time. The given values [%] are related to GC area %. The results are summarized in the following tables 4a, 4b and 4c.
A 100 mL hastelloy autoclave with mechanical stirrer was charged with the catalyst of example 10 (3 mg, 0.005 mmol, 0.05 mol %), benzaldehyde (1.06 g, 10 mmol, 1.01 mL), 20 mL of isopropanol, and freshly sublimed KOtBu (14 mg, 0.125 mmol, 1.25 mol %) under an argon atmosphere. The autoclave vessel was flushed with nitrogen three times, pressurized to 30 bar H2 and heated to 80° C. After stirring for 1 hour the vessel was allowed to cool down to room temperature and depressurized.
The reaction mixture was filtered over SiO2, and concentrated in vacuo. Kugelrohr distillation under vacuum afforded 1.08 g (99% yield) of benzyl alcohol as colourless liquid.
Furfural was hydrogenated according to Example 18 and afforded 0.95 g furfuryl alcohol (99%) as pale yellow liquid.
5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural was hydrogenated according to Example 18, with a catalyst amount of 0.5 mol % and a base amount of 5 mol %. The hydrogenation afforded 1.20 g (93%) of 2,5-di(hydroxylmethyl)furan as a white crystalline solid.
3-(2-Furyl)acrolein was hydrogenated according to Example 18 and afforded 1.23 g 3-(2-furyl)-2-propen-1-ol (99% yield) as colourless oil (mixture of isomers).
1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde was hydrogenated according to Example 18 and afforded 1.1 g 1-cyclohexene-1-methanol (99% yield) as colourless oil.
Cinnamaldehyde (F) was hydrogenated according to Example 18 using 25 mmol of substrate, and 50 mL of isopropanol. The resulting yellow oil was purified by column chromatography (SiO2; n-pentane:ethyl acetate 4:1), yielding 3.16 g (94%) of cinnamyl alcohol as white crystals.
Perillaldehyde was hydrogenated according to Example 18. The product was isolated by column chromatography (SiO2; heptane:ethyl acetate 5:1), yielding 1.48 g (96%) of perillyl alcohol as a colourless liquid.
1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 5.63 (broad, 1H), 4.65 (m, 2H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 2.10-1.70 (m, 5H), 1.67 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, broad, 1H), 1.43 (m, 1H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 149.8, 137.2, 122.4, 108.6, 67.2, 41.1, 30.4, 27.5, 26.1, 20.8. HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C10H16O: 153.12739 (M+H); found 153.12757 (M+H)+, 175.10946 (M+Na)+.
4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4-benzofuranone was hydrogenated according to Example 18, affording 1.37 g (99%) of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4-benzofuranol as a colourless liquid. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.31 (m, 1H), 6.44 (d, JH-H=2.0, 1H), 4.77 (t, JH-H=4.4, 1H), 2.60 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.81 (m, 5H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 152.6, 141.1, 120.0, 109.1, 64.1, 32.7, 23.0, 19.0. HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C8H10O2: 139.07536 (M+H); found 139.07548 (M+H), 161.05749 (M+Na).
4-(2-Furanyl)-3-buten-2-one was hydrogenated according to Example 18, affording 1.28 g (93%) of 4-(2-furanyl)-3-buten-2-ol.
1H NMR (300 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 7.38 (d, JH-H=1.8, 1H), 6.41 (m, 2H), 6.26 (m, 2H), 4.49 (qd, JH-H=6.3, 1H), 2.06 (s, broad, 1H), 1.38 (d, JH-H=6.6, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CD2Cl2): δ 152.4, 141.9, 132.3, 117.7, 111.3, 108.0, 68.4, 23.4. HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C8H10O2: 161.0573 (M+Na); found 161.05774 (M+Na).
1-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)-ethanone was hydrogenated according to Example 18, affording 1.25 g (99%) of α-methyl-1-cyclohexene-1-methanol as a colourless liquid.
1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 5.57 (s, broad, 1H), 4.06 (q, JH-H=6.3, 1H), 2.15 (s, 1H), 1.93 (m, 4H), 1.53 (m, 4H), 1.16 (d, JH-H=6.3, 3H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 141.3, 121.3, 72.0, 24.9, 23.6, 22.6, 22.6, 21.5. HRMS (ESI+): calculated for C8H14O: 149.09369 (M+Na); found 149.09364 (M+Na).
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16169508 | May 2016 | EP | regional |
| 17152590 | Jan 2017 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2017/061298 | 5/11/2017 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2017/194662 | 11/16/2017 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10370314 | Beller | Aug 2019 | B2 |
| Entry |
|---|
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20190300462 A1 | Oct 2019 | US |
