Selective β3 adrenergic agonists

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of medicine, particularly in the treatment, of Type II diabetes and obesity. More specifically, the present invention relates to selective β

3

adrenergic receptor agonists useful in the treatment of Type II diabetes and obesity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The current preferred treatment for Type II, non-insulin dependent, diabetes as well as obesity is diet and exercise, with a view toward weight reduction and improved insulin sensitivity. Patient compliance, however, is usually poor. There are no currently approved medications that adequately treat either Type II diabetes or obesity. The invention described herein is directed toward an effective and timely treatment for these serious diseases.

One recently recognized therapeutic opportunity involves the relationship between adrenergic receptor stimulation and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Compounds that act as β

3

adrenergic receptor agonists have been shown to exhibit a marked effect on Lipolysis, thermogenesis, and serum glucose levels in animal models of Type II diabetes.

The β

3

receptor, which is found in several types of human tissue including human fat tissue, has roughly 50% homology to the β

1

and β

2

receptor subtypes yet is considerably less abundant. The importance of the β

3

receptor is a relatively recent discovery since the amino-acid sequence of the human receptor was only elucidated in the late 1980's. A large number of publications have appeared in recent years reporting success in discovery of agents that stimulate the β

3

receptor. Despite these recent developments there remains a need to develop a selective β

3

receptor agonist which has both high intrinsic activity and minimal agonist activity against the β

1

and β

2

receptors.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel compound represented by Formula (I) below and methods of treating Type II diabetes, treating obesity, and stimulating the [3 receptor which comprise administering to a patient in need thereof a compound described by Formula I below.

wherein:

X

1

is —OCH

2

—, —SCH

2

—, or a bond;

R

1

is a heterocycle of the formula:

R

2

and R

3

are independently hydrogen, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, or aryl;

R

4

is an optionally substituted heterocycle or a moiety selected from the group consisting of:

X

2

is a bond, or a 1 to 5 carbon straight or branched alkylene;

R

5

is hydrogen or C

1

-C

4

alkyl;

R

6

is hydrogen or C

1

-C

4

alkyl;

or R

5

and R

6

combine with the carbon to which each is attached to form a C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl;

or R

6

combines with X

2

and the carbon to which each is attached to form a (C

3

-C

8

cycloalkyl;

or R

6

combines with X

2

, R

4

, and the carbon to which each is attached to form:

provided that R

5

is hydrogen;

R

7

is hydrogen, hydroxy, cyano, oxo, CO

n

R

2

, CONHR

2

, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, C

1

-C

4

alkoxy, C

1

-C

4

haloalkyl, C

1

-C

4

optionally substituted alkyl, (CH

2

)

n

aryl, (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle, (CH

2

)

n

optionally substituted aryl, or (CH

2

)

n

optionally substituted heterocycle;

R

8

is independentLy hydrogen, halo, or C

1

-C

4

alkyl;

R

9

is halo, CN, OR

10

, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, C

1

-C

4

haloalkyl, CO

2

R

2

, CONR

11

R

12

, CONH(C

1

-C

4

alkyl or C

1

-C

4

alkoxy), SR

2

, CSNHR

2

, CSNR

11

R

12

, SO

2

R

2

, SOR

2

, NR

11

R

12

, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycle, or C

2

-C

4

alkenyl substituted with CN, CO

2

R

2

, or CONR

11

R

12

;

R

10

is C

1

-C

4

alky:, C

1

-C

4

haloalkyl, (CH

2

)

n

C

3

-C

8

cycloalkyl, (CH

2

)

n

aryl, (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle, (CH

2

)

n

C

3

-C

8

optionally substituted cycloalkyl, (CH

2

)

n

optionally substituted aryl, or (CH

2

)

n

optionally substituted heterocycle;

R

11

and R

12

are independently hydrogen, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, aryl, (CH

2

)

n

aryl, or combine with the nitrogen to which each is bound to form morpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or piperaziny_;

R

13

is hydrogen, halo, aryl, or C

1

-C

4

alkyl;

m is 0 or 1;

n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides novel pharmaceutical formulations of the compounds of Formula I.

The present invention also provides a novel compound of Formula (I) wherein all variables except R

4

, R

6

and R

9

are as described above. R

4

additionally includes thiophene optionally substituted with R

9

; R

9

additionally includes NR

2

SO

2

R

2

and SO

2

NR

11

R

12

; and R

6

is: 1) hydrogen or C

1

-C

4

alkyl; 2) R

5

and R

6

combine with the carbon to which each is attached to form a C

3

-C

6

cycloalkyl; 3) R

6

combines with X

2

and the carbon to which each is attached to form a Z or Z—CH

2

, wherein Z is a C

3

-C

8

cycloalkyl attached to the nitrogen atom in Formula (I); or 4) R

6

combines with X

2

, R

4

, and the carbon to which each is attached to form:

provided that R

5

is hydroger.

Also included are methods of stimulating beta 3 receptors in a mammal in need thereof and methods of treating a mammal with Type II diabetes or obesity using a compound represented by Formula (I), modified as described in the previous paragraph. The method comprises administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of said compound.

The compounds of Formula I are selective β

3

receptor agonists and as such are useful for treating Type II diabetes and obesity, as well as useful for stimulating the β

3

receptor. Therefore, the present invention also provides for methods of treating Type II diabetes and obesity, as well as a method of stimulating the β

3

receptor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For the purposes of the present invention, as disclosed and claimed herein, the following terms, as used herein, are defined below. As they relate to the present invention, the terms below may not be interpreted, individually or collectively, to describe chemical structures that are unstable or impossible to construct.

The term “halo” represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

The term “C

1

-C

4

alkyl” represents a cyclo, straight, or branched chain alkyl group having from one to four carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, and the like. A “haloalkyl” is one such alkyl substituted with one or more halo atoms, preferably one to three halo atoms. An example of a haloalkyl is trifluoromethyl. An “alkoxy” is a alkyl group covalently bonded by an —O— linkage.

The term “1 to 5 carbon straight or branched alkylene” represents a one to five carbon, straight or branched, alkylene moiety. A branched alkylene may have one or more points of branching. A 1 to 5 carbon straight or branched alkylene may optionally be unsaturated at one or more carbons. Thus, a 1 to 5 carbon straight or branched alkylene includes 1 to 5 carson alkylene, alkenylene and alkylidene moieties. Examples include but are not intended to be limited to methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, —CH(CH

3

)CH

2

—CH(C

2

H

5

)CH

2

—, —CH(CH

3

)CH(CH

3

—CH

2

C(CH

3

)

2

—, —CH

2

CH(CH

3

)CH

2

—, —C(CH

3

)

2

CH═, —CH═CHCH

2

—, —CH═CH—, —CH

2

CH

2

—C═CCH

2

—, and the like.

The “acyl” moiety, alone or in combination, is derived from an alkanoic acid containing from one to seven carbon atoms. The term “acyl” also includes moieties derived from an aryl carboxylic acid.

The term “aryl” represents an optionally substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or naphthyl. The term (CH

2

)naryl is preferably benzyl or phenyl.

The term “optionally substituted” as used herein means an optional substitution of one to three, preferably one or two groups independently selected from halo, C

1

-C

4

haloalkyl, hydroxy, carboxy, tetrazolyl, acyl, COOR

2,

CONR

11

R

12

, CONH(C

1

-C

4

alkoxy), cyano, C

1

-C

4

alkoxy, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, nitro, NR

11

R

12

, NHCO(C

1

-C

4

alkyl), NHCO(benzyl), NHCO(phenyl), SR

2

, S(C

1

-C

4

alkyl), OCO(C

1

-C

4

alkyl), SO

2

(C

1

-C

4

alkyl), or SO

2

(phenyl); provided that such substitution does not entirely destroy biological activity, as defined in this specification.

R

2

and R

3

are independently hydrogen, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, or aryl.

R

11

and R

12

are independently hydrogen, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, or combine with the nitrogen to which each is bound to form morpholinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or piperazinyl.

The term “heterocycle” represents a stable, optionally substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated 5 or 6 membered ring, said ring having from one to four heteroatoms that are the same or different and that are selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. When the heterocycle contains two adjacent carbon atoms, the adjacent carbon atoms may be structured to form a group of the formula —CH═CH—; provided that (1) when the heterocyclic ring contains 5 members, the heteroatoms comprise not more than two sulfur or two oxygen atoms but not both, and (2) when the heterocyclic ring contains 6 members and is aromatic; sulfur and oxygen are not present. The heterocycle may be attached at any carbon or nitrogen which affords a stable structure. Examples of heterocycles include, but are not intended to be limited to, pyrazole, pyrazoline, imidazole, isoxazole, triazole, tetrazole, oxazole, 1,3-dioxolone, thiazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, piperazine, morpholine, pyrazine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, oxazolidone, oxazolidinedione, imidazolidinone, and the like.

The term “leaving group” as used in the specification is understood by those skilled in the art. Generally, a leaving group is any group or atom that enhances the electrophilicity of the atom to which it is attached for displacement. Preferred leaving groups include but are not intended to be limited to p-nitrobenzene sulfonate, triflate, mesylate, tosylate, imidate, chloride, bromide, iodide, and the like.

The term “pharmaceutically effective amount”, as used herein, represents an amount of a compound of the invention that is capable of stimulating the β

3

receptor in mammals. The particular dose of the compound administered according to this invention will, of course, be determined by the particular circumstances surrounding the patient, including the compound administered, the route of administration, the particular condition being treated, and similar considerations.

The term “unit dosage form” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.

The term “treating,” as used herein, describes the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating the disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of a compound of the present invention to prevent the onset of the symptoms or complications, to alleviate the symptoms or complications, or to eliminate the disease, condition, or disorder.

The term “selective” means preferential agonism of the β

3

receptor over agonism of the β

1

or β

2

receptor. In general, the compounds demonstrate at least about a twenty fold differential (preferably over a 50 fold differential) in the dosage required to behave as an agonist to the β

3

receptor and the dosage required for equal agonism of the β

1

and β

2

receptors as measured in the Functional Agonist Assay as described hereinafter. The compounds demonstrate this differential across the range of doses. Thus, γ

3

selective compounds behave as agonists for the β

3

receptor at much lower concentrations with lower toxicity by virtue of their minimal agonism of the other receptors.

As previously noted, the present invention provides a method of treating type II diabetes and obesity, comprising administering to a mammal in need thereof compounds of the Formula I.

Referring again to Formula I, preferred embodiments of the present invention are set out in the lettered paragraphs below.

(a) R

7

is hydrogen.

(b) R

7

is C

1

-C

4

alkyl or C

1

-C

4

alkoxy.

(c) R

7

is hydroxy, cyano, oxide, CO

n

R

2,

CONHR

2

, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, C

1

-C

4

alkoxy, C

1

-C

4

haloalkyl, C

1

-C

4

optionally substituted alkyl, (CH

2

)

n

aryl, (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle.

(d) R

7

is COnR

2

or CONHR

2

.

(e) R

7

is (CH

2

)

n

aryl or (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle.

(f) R

7

is hydroxy or oxo.

(f1) R

1

is

(g) X

1

is —OCH

2

—, the oxygen of which is attached to R

1

.

(h) X

1

is a bond.

(i) R

3

is methyl.

(j) R

3

is hydrogen.

(k) R

5

is methyl or ethyl.

(l) R

6

is methyl or ethyl.

(m) R

5

and R

6

are both methyl.

(m) R

5

and R

6

are both hydrogen.

(n) X

2

is isopropylene, methylene, or ethylene.

(n) X

2

is isopropylene

(o) X

2

is methylene.

(p) X

2

is ethylene.

(q) R

4

is

(u) R

8

is halo.

(v) R

8

is hydrogen.

(w) R

9

is halo, CN, OR

10

, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, CO

2

R

2

, CONR

11

R

12

, CONH(C

1

-C

4

alkyl or C

1

-C

4

alkoxy), NR

2

SO

2

R

2

, SO

2

R

2

, SO

2

NR

11

R

12

, SOR

2

, optionally substituted aryl., optionally substituted heterocycle.

(x) R

9

is CO

2

R

2

, CONR

11

R

12

, CONH(C

1

-C

4

alkyl or C

1

-C

4

alkoxy), NR

2

SO

2

R

2

, SO

2

R

2

, SO

2

NR

11

R

12

, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycle, or C

2

-C

4

alkenyl substituted with CN, CO

2

R

2

or CONR

11

R

12

.

(y) R

9

is halo, CN, C

1

-C

4

haloalkyl, , SR

2

, CSNR

2

, CSNR

11

R

12

, SO

2

R

2

, SO

2

NR

11

R

12

, SOR

2

, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycle, or C

2

-C

4

alkenyl substituted with CN, CO

2

R

2

or CONR

11

R

12

.

(z) R

9

is OR

10

, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heterocycle, or C

2

-C

4

alkenyl substituted with CN, CO

2

R

2

or CONR

11

R

12

.

(aa) R

9

is NR

2

SO

2

R

2

.

(bb) R

9

is CN.

(cc) R

9

is CONR

11

R

12

.

(dd) R

9

is OR

10

.

(ee) R

10

is (CH

2

)

n

C

3

-C

8

cycloalkyl, (CH

2

)

n

aryl, (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle, said aryl, C

3

-C

8

cycloalkyl, or heterocycle being optionally substituted.

(ff) R

10

is (CH

2

)

n

C

3

-C

8

cycloalkyl, (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle, said C

3

-C

8

cycloalkyl, or heterocycle being optionally substituted.

(gg) R

10

is (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle said heterocycle being unsubstituted or optionally substituted.

(hh) R

10

is aryl.

(ii) R

10

is pyridyl.

(jj) R

10

is aryl substituted with CONR

11

R

12

, CN, CO

2

R

2

, or NR

2

SO

2

R

2

.

(kk) R

10

is pyridyl substituted with CONR

11

R

12

, CN, CO

2

R

2

, or NR

2

SO

2

R

2

.

(ll) R

10

is aryl substituted with CONR

11

R

2

.

(mm) R

10

is aryl substituted with CN.

(nn) R

10

is aryl substituted with CO

2

R

2

.

(oo) R

10

is aryl substituted with NR

2

SO

2

R

2

.

(pp) R

10

is pyridyl substituted with CONR

11

R

12

.

(qq) R

10

is pyridyl substituted with CN.

(rr) R

10

is pyridyl substituted with CO

2

R

2

.

(ss) R

10

is pyridyl substituted with NR

2

SO

2

R

2

.

(tt) R

13

is hydrogen.

(uu) R

13

is halo.

(vv) R

13

is (CH

2

)

n

aryl or (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle.

(ww) R

13

is (CH

2

)

n

aryl, (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle, or halo.

(xx) R

13

is (CH

2

)

n

aryl or (CH

2

)

n

heterocycle, wherein n is 0.

(yy) Preferred optional substitution is halo, C

1

-C

4

haloalkyl, hydroxy, carboxy, tetrazolyl, acyl, COOR

2

, CONR

11

R

2

, cyano, C

1

-C

4

alkoxy, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, nitro, NR

11

R

12

, NHCO(benzyl), SO

2

(C

1

-C

4

alkyl), or SO

2

(phenyl).

(zz) Other preferred optional substitution is halo, C

1

-C

4

haloalkyl, hydroxy, carboxy, tetrazolyl, acyl, COOR

2

, CONR

11

R

12

, cyano, C

1

-C

4

alkoxy, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, phenyl, nitro, or NR

11

R

12

.

(aaa) Other preferred optional substitution is halo, hydroxy, carboxy, acyl, COOR

2

, CONR

11

R

12

, cyano, C

1

-C

4

alkoxy, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, phenyl, or NR

11

R

2

.

(bbb) Other preferred optional substitution is halo, hydroxy, acyl, C

1

-C

4

alkoxy, C

1

-C

4

alkyl, or phenyl.

(ccc) Preferred halo groups include bromine, chlorine, or fluorine.

(ddd) Other preferred halo groups include chlorine or fluorine.

(eee) Most preferred halo groups include fluorine.

(fff) Most preferred embodiments of the present invention are:

By virtue of their acidic moieties, some of the compounds of Formula I include the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts thereof. Such salts include those derived from inorganic bases such as ammonium and alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, and the like, as well as salts derived from basic organic amines such as aliphatic and aromatic amines, aliphatic diamines, hydroxy alkamines, and the like. Such bases useful in preparing the salts of this invention thus include, but are not intended to be limited to, ammonium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium hydroxide, methylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, cyclohexylamine, ethanolamine, and the like.

Because of a basic moiety, some of the compounds of Formula I can also exist as pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Acids commonly employed to form such salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid, as well as organic acids such as para-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, oxalic, para-bromophenylsulfonic, carbonic, succinic, citric, benzoic, acetic acid, and related inorganic and organic acids. Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts thus include, but are not intended to be limited to, sulfate, pyrosulate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, phosphate, mono-hydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, decanoate, caprylate, acrylate, formate, isobutyrace, heptanoate, propiolate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, 2-butyne-1,4 dioate, 3-hexyne-2,5-dioate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, phthalate, xylenesulfonate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, phenylbutyrate, citrate, lactate, hippurate, b-hydroxybutyrate, glycollate, maleate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, propanesulfonate, naphthalene-1-sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate, mandelate, and the like.

It is recognized that various stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of Formula I may exist. The compounds may be prepared as racemates and can be conveniently used as such. Alternatively, the compounds of the present invention can be prepared as single enatiomers or diastereomers by chiral synthesis or resolution techniques well known in the art. Therefore, the racematezs, individual enantiomers, diastereomers, or mixtures thereof form part of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, whenever a compound is described or referenced in this specification all the racemates, individual enantiomers, diastereomers, or mixtures thereof are included in said reference or description.

Synthesis

The compounds of Formula I are prepared as described in the following Schemes and Examples. Schemes I and I describe methodology for the preparation of final embodiments of the present invention. Schemes III-VI represent methodology for the preparation of intermediates required for the construction of the final embodiments of the invention.

In Scheme I, X

1

, X

2

, R

1

, R

2

, R

4

, R

5

, and R

6

have the same meaning as previously described. The reaction of Scheme I is carried out under conditions known in the art for the amination of epoxides. For example, the epoxide (A) may be combined with the amine (B) in an alcohol, such as ethanol, at room temperature to the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture. Preferably, the reaction is carried under conditions generally described in Atkins et al.,

Tetrahedron Lett.

27:2451 (1986). These conditions include mixing the reagents in the presence of trimethylsilyl acetamide in a polar aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile, dimethylformamide (DMF), acetone, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dioxane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), tetrahydrofuran (THF), or other polar aprotic solvents in which the reagents are soluble. Preferably, the solvent is DMSO. The reaction is carried out at temperatures ranging from about 0° C. to about reflux.

Certain compounds of the present invention can be prepared by a combinatorial/parallel chemical array synthesis, as shown in Scheme II.

In Scheme II, X

1

, X

2

, R

1

, R

4

, and R

5

have the same meaning as previously described and R

6

is hydrogen. The reaction of Scheme II is preferably carried out by adding to a glass vial an amine (IV), ketone (V), and a non-reactive solvent such as methanol, DMF, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, or the like. The solution is shaken at room temperature to allow for imine formation and then treated with Amberlite IRA400 borohydride resin (Aldrich Chemicals). The slurry is then shaken for about 24 hours to effect reduction to the secondary amine. Methylene chloride and polystyrene-linked benzaldehyde resin (Frechet, J. M. et al.,

J. Am Chem. Soc.

93:492 (1971)) is added to the vial in order to scavenge excess primary amine starting material. The slurry is shaken, preferably overnight. The slurry is then filtered and the residual solids are rinsed with methanol. Evaporation under a flow of air, followed by drying for several hours at room temperature in a vacuum oven yields the desired product of sufficient purity.

A modification of Scheme II is necessary when the amine hydrochloride salt is used. Addition of resin-bound base to the initial reaction mixture prior to reduction or scavenging allows the desired reaction to proceed. Imine formation using amine hydrochloride salts, an aldehyde or ketone, and a resin bound amine base may be carried out using one of two different resins: poly(4-vinylpyridine) commercially available from Aldrich, and resin (VIII), which can be synthesized by the reaction of Merrifield resin with piperidine as is shown in Scheme Iia.

In Scheme IIa, PS is polysytrene. Both the poly(4-vinylpyridine) and resin (VIII) promote imine formation.

Scheme II can also be carried out by utilization of traditional techniques. For example, reductive aminations described in scheme II are well known in the art. They are typically performed by mixing the amine and ketone starting materials in a solvent and adding a reducing agent. Solvents typically include lower alcohols, DME, and the like. Although a wide variety of reducing agents can be utilized, most commonly utilized are sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, ano the like. The reaction can be typically performed at room temperature to the reflux temperature of the solvent. Products can be isolated by techniques well known in the art.

The ketone and amino starting materials of Scheme II can be prepared by techniques which are well known by one 10 skilled in the art. The synthesis of the starting materials is generally described in Schemes III and IV.

In Scheme III, R

1

is the same as previously defined. R

14

is OH or SH. Equimolar amounts of the aromatic compound (Compound IX) and (2S)-(+)-glycidyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (Compound X) can be dissolved in an inert solvent such as acetone and treated with 1.1 equivalents of a non-reactive acid scavenger, such as K

2

CO

3

. The suspension is then heated at reflux for about 16-20 hours with stirring. The solvent can be removed in vacuo. The residue is partitioned between chloroform or other organic solvent and water. The organic layer can be dried over Na

2

SO

4

and concentrated in vacuo to give the compound (XI) in sufficient purity (>9)5%) and yield (85-100%).

Alternatively, the compound of formula (IX) can be reacted with epichlorohydrin, by methods known in the art, to yield compounds of formula (XB). The compounds of formula (XB) can be closed to the epoxide compounds of formula (XI) by methods well known in the art.

The epoxide (XI) can be dissolved in an alcohol, preferably methanol, and treated with one equivalent of dibenzylamine. The solution is preferably stirred at reflux for about three to four hours and then cooled to ambient temperature. Approximately 10 equivalents of ammonium formate are added to the flask, followed by 10% palladium on carbon, and the suspension stirred vigorously at reflux for 30-45 minutes. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and then filtered, concentrated in vacuo to a minimum volume and treated with 1.1 equivalents of a 1.0 M anhydrous solution of HCl in ether. The solution is concentrated to dryness. The solid residue is triturated with pentane to yield produces of sufficient purity and yield. If desired, further purification may be carried out by passing over a short plug of silica, eluting with CHCl

3

, then 95:5 CHCl

3

/MeOH, then 25:5:1 CHC

13

/MeOH/NH

4

OH.

Alternatively, the epoxide (XI) can be treated with a solution of methanol saturated with ammonia gas and stirred at room temperature in a sealed tube for 16 hours. This solution is then evaporated, and the residue subjected to standard purifications such as column chromatography or recrystallization. The HCl salt is then optionally produced by the addition of HCl gas Ln ether.

A skilled artisan would appreciate that, in order to increase yields or limit side products, it may be advantageous to appropriately protect the intermediates utilized in the synthesis of compounds of formula (XII). Choice of protecting groups will be governed by the ease of protection and deprotection as well as compatibility with the reaction conditions. A wide variety of protection strategies could be utilized to perform the transformations of scheme III. For examples see Greene T. W.;

Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis

. John Wiley and Sons, (1981).

The reaction of Scheme III is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,761 and references cited therein. U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,761 is herein incorporated by reference.

The ketone moieties of Scheme II, that are either unknown in the art or not commercially available, are prepared in accordance with Scheme IV.

In Scheme IV, R

4

and R

5

are the same as previously defined. The notation ---- indicates optional branching. Preferably, R

4

is a substituted phenyl. The reaction described in Scheme IV is referred to as a Heck reaction and is described in A. J. Chalk el al.,

J. Org. Chem.

41: 1206 (1976). The reaction is achieved by treating compound (XIII) with an arylpalladium reagent. The arylpalladium reagent is generated in situ by treating Compound (XIV) with a palladium-triarylphosphine complex. The reaction is generally carried out in under conditions appreciated in the art.

Additional amines, of the type where X

2

is methylene, R

4

is aryl, and R

10

is aryl, heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heterocycle, that are reacted in a manner analogous to Scheme I are prepared in accordance with Scheme V.

R

5

, R

6

, and R

10

are as previously defined and X

2

is methylene. (XVII) can be prepared by reacting 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol with excess (about 5 mol/equiv) of a compound of formula (XVIA) ty methods well known in the art (see Sh. Prikl. Kin., Vol 45, 1573-77 (1972); Russ.). The reaction can also be carried out by mixing the reagents in an aprotic solvent, preferably diglyme, and adding potassium t-butoxide (0.5 mol/equiv.). The reaction is then heated to reflux and water removed. After removal of water is complete, generally about 2-3 hours depending upon the scale of the reaction, the resulting solution is subjected to a standard aqueous work-up and the product is isolated by crystallization or other purification technique known in the art. Compound (XVII) can be reduced by methods well known in the art. Compound (XVIII) is preferably prepared by hydrogenation of the corresponding compound (XVII) over a precious metal catalyst. The hydrogenation can be affected at between about 20 and about 60 psi of hydrogen, and with a variety of solvents, temperatures, and catalysts well known in the art. The reaction is preferably carried out at about 50 psi of hydrogen over 5% palladium on carbon wetted with 2B3 ethanol. Compound (XVII) is charged to the reactor along with one equivalent of acetic acid, diluted with solvent, heated to about 50° C., and subjected to hydrogen for about 5-24 hours depending on the scale of the reaction. The product is isolated as the acetic acid salt upon work up by methods well known in the art.

A skilled artisan would appreciate that compound (XVIII) could be coupled with a wide variety of aromatic halides to yield the ethers contemplated by the present invention. The coupling can be carried out according to procedures well known in the art and is preferably performed by mixing the starting materials in N,N-dimethylacetamide and toluene in the presence of potassium carbonate. The reaction is then heated to reflux for about 5 to about 24 hours and water removed. The product is isolated by standard techniques. The crude product can be purified by methods well know in the art. A skilled artisan would appreciate that the amines prepared by Scheme V can be utilized in Scheme I to prepare compounds of the present invention.

Additional amines capable of being utilized in Scheme I can be prepared according to Scheme IV or by methods known in the art.

Compounds of formula XXI can be prepared by the addition of a nucleophile to the compounds of formula (XX) according to procedures well known in the art. The skilled artisan would appreciate a wide variety of conditions amenable to performing the additions. Preferred neucleophiles include, but are not intended to be limited to, alkyl grignard reagents, alkyl lithium reagents, and the like.

Compounds of formula (XXII) can be prepared from the compounds of formula (XXI) by the Ritter reaction. (See for example;

Organic Reactiors, Vol.

17, pp. 213-325, (1979)).

Compounds of formula (XXIII) can be prepared by reduction of the compounds of formula (XXII) according to procedures well known in the art. Preferred reducing agents include, but are not intended to be limited to, borane complexes and the like.

Compounds of formula (XXIV) can be prepared by reduction of the compounds of formula (XXIII) according to procedures well known in the art. (See for example; Greene T. W.,

Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis

, John Wiley and Sons, (1981)).

Starting materials for the compounds described in Schemes I, II, III, IV or V are either commercially available, known in the art, or can be prepared by methods known in the art or described herein.

PREPARATIONS AND EXAMPLES

The following examples and preparations are provided merely to further illustrate the invention. The scope of the invention is not construed as merely consisting of the following examples. In the following examples and preparations, melting point, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mass spectra, high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, N,N-dimethylformamide, palladium on charcoal, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, thin layer chromatography and elemental analysis are abbreviated M. Pt., NMR, MS, HPLC, GC, DMF, Pd/C, THF, EtOAc, TLC, and EA respectively. The terms “EA”, “TLC”, “NMR”, and “MS”, when utilized in the preparations, indicate that the data indicated was consistent with the desired structure.

Preparations 1 through 14 describe syntheses of compounds utilized in combinatorial chemical synthesis of scheme II.

Preparation 1

4-(3-Oxobutyl)-1-(2-oxazolidine)benzene

4-Bromo-1-(2-oxazolidine)benzene (3.0 g, 13.3 mmol), 3-buten-2-ol (1.4 g, 20 mmol), Pd(OAc)

2

(60 mg, 0.26 mmol), (o-tolyl)

3

P (158 mg, 0.52 mmol), sodium bicarbonate (1.34 g, 15.9 mmol) in 30 mL of N-methylpyrrolidinone was heated under nitrogen at 130° C. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then cooled and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The combined organic layers were washed with water and then dried (Na

2

SO

4

), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to yield 2.6 g of a tan oil. Purification by flash chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane) yielded 1.9 g of a pale yellow oil which crystallized upon drying under vacuum. Recrystallization from hexane gave 1.47 g (49%) of white needles, m.p. 62-64° C. NMR. MS.

Preparation 2

4-[4-(3-Oxobutyl)phenoxy]benzonitrile

4-Fluorobenzonitrile (6.05 g, 50 mmol), 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (8.21 g, 50 mmol) and potassium carbonate (8.3 g, 60 mmol) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (50 mL) and heated at 150° C. for 4 hours under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was then poured into 800 mL of ice water. A slowly crystallizing solid was filtered to give 13 g of crude product. This material was recrystallized from ethanol/water (3:1) to give 10.48 g (79%) of pale brown crystals, m.p. 64-66° C. EA. NMR. MS.

Preparation 3

[4-(3-Oxobutyl)phenoxy]benzamide

4-[4-(3-Oxobutyl)phenoxy]benzonitrile (6.0 g, 22.6 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.0 g, 7.2 mmol) were slurried in DMSO (50 mL) and cooled to 0° C.: in an ice bath. Aqueous 30% hydrogen peroxide (6 mL) was added slowly, and the mixture stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was quenched by pouring into 500 mL water, and the subsequent white precipitate was collected and washed with water. This material was recrystallized from 300 mL ethanol to give 5.35 g (84%) white crystals, m.p. 169-172° C. NMR. MS. EA.

Preparation 4

2-Triphenylmethyl-5-chloromethyltetrazole

5-Chloromethyltetrazole (1.19 g, 10 mmol) in CH

2

Cl

2

(10 mL) was treated with triphenylmethyl chloride (2.79 g, 10 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (2.0 mL, 11.5 mmol) and stirred for 40 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and partitioned between ethyl acetate/water. The organic layer was washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution, then brine, dried (Na

2

SO

4

) and concentrated in vacuo to yield 3.48 g of an off-white solid. Trituration of this residue in diethyl ether yielded 3.04 g (84%) of a white solid, m.p.162-165° C. NMR. MS. EA.

Preparation 5

5-[4-(2-Oxobutyl)phenoxymethyl]tetrazole

4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (493 mg, 3 mmol) was cooled to 5° C. and treated with NaH (180 mg, 4.5 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) under nitrogen. After 15 minutes the ice bath was removed and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature over 45 minutes. The reaction was cooled to 5° C. and treated with 2-triphenylrnethyl-5-chloromethyltetrazole (1.08 g, 3 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into EtOAc (300 mL), and washed with water then brine. The organic layer was dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated in vacuo to provide a yellow solid. This material was suspended in a mixture of MeOH (100 mL) and THE (50 mL) and treated with 4N HCl in dioxane (7.5 mL, 30 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 1.5 hr. and then concentrated in vacuo to provide a tan solid. The residue was applied to a silica chromatography column and eluted with 33-100% ethyl acetate in hexane to provide 235 mg (32%) of a white solid, m.p.148-150° C. NMR. MS. EA.

Preparation 6

3-(4-(2-Oxobutyl)phenoxymethyl]pyridine

4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (4.11 g, 25 mmol) and potassium carbonate (10.37 g, 75 mmol) in acetone (30 mL) was treated with 3-picolyl chloride hydrochloride (4.27 g, 26 mmol) under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at reflux for 21 hours, proceeding about 50% towards completion. Potassium iodide (2.0 g, 13 mmol, 0.5 eq) was added and after 3 hours no picolyl chloride was observed on TLC. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the resulting residue partitioned between EtOAc/water. The combined organic layers were washed with water, saturated NaHCO

3

solution, 10% Na

2

SO

3

, and then brine. The organic layer was dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated in vacuo to provide 4.8 g of a yellow oil. The material was purified on a Waters Prep 2000LC by elution with 10-80% ethyl acetate in hexanes over 45 minutes to yield 2.20 g (34%) of an oil which solidified on standing, m.p. 35-37° C. NMR. MS. EA.

Preparation 7

2,6-Dimethoxy-4-[4-(2-oxobutyl)phenoxy]-1,3,5-triazine

4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (4.93 g, 30 mmol) was added to a solution of sodium methoxide (1.62 g, 30 mmol) in methanol (150 mL) under nitrogen. After stirring for 1 hour the methanol was removed in vacuo and the residue suspended in acetone (200 mL). The suspension was treated with 4,6-dimethoxy-2-chlorotriazine and refluxed for 3 hours. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate/water. The organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to provide 10.28 g of a white semi-solid. The material was purified on a Waters Prep 2000LC by elution with a gradient of 20-60% ethyl acetate in hexanes over 55 minutes to yield 4.43 g (49%) of a colorless oil. NMR. MS. EA.

Preparation 8

2-[4-(2-Oxobutyl)phenoxy]-5-carboxamidopyridine

4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone (3.28 g, 20 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (150 mL) was treated with NaH (1.2 g, 30 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) under nitrogen. The solution was stirred for 30 minutes at ambient temperature and then treated with 6-chloronicotinzrmide (3.13 g, 20 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 1.5 hours and then 90° C. for five hours. The reaction was allowed to cool, poured into 50% saturated ammonium chloride solution, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (MgSO

4

) and concentrated in vacuc with a xylene azeotrope to yield 11.4 g of a brown oil. The material was purif.ed on a Waters Prep 2000LC by elution with 75-100% EtOAc over 60 minutes. The resulting material was triturated in cold EtOAc and collected by filtration to provide 2.73 g (48%) white solid m.p. 137-139° C. EA. NMR. MS.

Preparation 9

2-[4-(2-Oxopropyl)phenoxy]-5-carboxamidopyridine

In a manner similar to the above examples, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanone (2.25 g, 15 mmol) was treated with NaH (0.9 g, 22.5 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) followed by reaction with 6-chloronicotinamide (2.34 g, 15 mmol). Following work-up the material was purified on a Waters Prep 2000LC to provide 1.28 g (32%) of a light yellow solid. m.p. 172-174° C. NMR. MS. EA.

Preparation 10

(4-[(2-Oxocyclohexyl)methyl]benzonitrile

A mixture of methyl cyclohexanone-2-carboxylate (11.0 g, 70 mmol, from Fluka), a-bromo-p-tolunitrile (12.3 g, 63 mmol), potassium carbonate (10.5 g, 76 mmol) in THE (200 mL) was refluxed for 24 hours. The progress of the reaction was followed by GC. The reaction was diluted with water and the THF was removed under reduced pressure. The aqueous portion was extracted with EtOAc, dried (MgSO4) to give 19.3 g of a white solid that was 74% pure by gas chromatrophy. The solid was recrystallized from hexane/EtOAc to give 7.75 g white crystals that were 100% pure by glc. A second crop of 3.65 g was obtained by adding more hexane to the filtrate. Overall, 11.4 g (67%) of 1-[(4-cyanophenyl)methyl]-1-methoxycarbonyl-2-oxocyclohexane carboxylate, was obtained; mp 82-84° C. NMR. MS.

Under a blanket of nitrogen, a mixture of 1-[(4-cyanophenyl)methyl]-1-methoxycarbonyl-2-oxocyclohexane carboxylate (7.6 g, 28 mmol), sodium cyanide (2.1 g, 42 mmol) and DMSO (100 mL) was .heated at 115° C. for 1.5 hours. The progress of the reaction was monitored by glc. The reaction was cooled and partitioned between water, EtOAc and brine. The organic layer wa3 washed with water and dried (MgSO4). After concentration, crude product was obtained as a tan oil. Purification by polug filtration (200 g silica gel, 15% EtOAc/hexane) gave 3.3 g (55%) product as colorless oil. NMR. MS.

Preparation 11

[(2-Oxocyclohexyl)methyl]benzamide

A DMSO (20 mL) solution of the compound of Preparation 28 (2.5 g, 11.7 mmol) was cooled in an ice bath. Solid K

2

CO

3

(500 mg) was added followed immediately by 30% H

2

O

2

(3 mL). After 20 minutes, TLC (3/7 EtOAc/hexane) showed a trace of starting material remained. The ice bath was removed and the reaction was stirred and room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was diluted with 500 mL water and the white solid collected and dried to give 2.44 g (90%) desired amide. The product was recrystallized from 1/9 EtOAc/hexane to give 2.02 g of the titled product as white crystals, mp 167-170° C. NMR. MS.

Preparation 12

Tetralone-6-carboxylic acid, ethylene ketal

6-Bromo-2-tetralone (2.0 g, 8.89 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (50 mL) and treated with excess ethylene glycol (4.88 mL, 88.9 mmol) and catalytic p-toluenesulfonic acid (15 mg,. The solution was stirred at reflux 16 hours, and water was removed from the reaction mixture using a Dean-Stark condenser. After cooling to ambient temperature, the tohuene solution was washed 2×1N NaOH, 1×water, 1×brine, dried over Na

2

SO

4

and concentrated in vacuo to give 2.23 g (93%) of 6-bromo-2-tetralone ethylene ketal as a brown oil which was used without further purification.

6-Bromo-2-tetralone ethylene ketal (2.2 g, 8.15 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (30 ml,), cooled to −78° C. and treated with tert-butyllithium (12.05 mL, 20.4 mmol, 1.7M in pentane) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. After stirring for 30 minutes, anhydrous carbon dioxide gas was passed through the reaction mixture for 20 minutes at −78° C. The suspension was then allowed to warm to ambient temperature. The solution was quenched with water and acidified with 1N HCl, then extracted 2×EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na

2

SO

4

and concentrated in vacuo to a pale brown oil. The oily residue was applied to a silica flash chromatography column and eluted with 30%-50% EtOAC in hexanes to yield Tetralone-6-carboxylic acid, ethylene ketal 1.06 g (55%) of a slowly crystallizing solid. NMR. MS.

Preparation 13

Tetralone—6-carboxamide

Tetralone-6-carboxylic acid, ethylene ketal (395 mg, 2.07 mmol) was codissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

(50 mL) with N-hydroxysuccinimide (260 mg, 2.76 mmol) at 0C and treated with a slight excess of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (502 mg, 2.50 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over 30 minutes, during which time a fine white precipitate formed. Ammonium chloride (333 mg, 6.23 mmol) and triethylamine (1.58 mL, 12.5 mmol, d=0.797) were added. The solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The suspended urea and salts were filtered away and the solution concentrated in vacuo to a colorless oil. The oil was applied to a silica flash chromatography column and eluted with 50-100% EtOAc in hexanes to yield 250 mg (64%) of 2-tetralone-6-carboxamide, ethylene ketal as a white solid, clean by NMR, TLC.

2-Tetralone-6-carboxamide ethylene ketal (250 mg, 1.07 mmol) and catalytic p-toluenesulfonic acid were stirred in acetone (50 mL) at ambient temperature for 48 hours. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue triturated in ethyl acetate. The solids were filtered, washed and dried to yield 77.5 mg (38%) of 2-Tetralone-6-carboxamide as a white powder, pure by NMR, TLC. MS.

Preparation 14

Tetralone-6-morpholinamide

2-Tetralone-6-carboxylic acid, ethylene ketal (395 mg, 2.07 mmol) was co-dissolved in CH

2

Cl

2

(50 mL) with N-hydroxysuccinimide (260 mg, 2.76 mmol) at 0° C. and treated with a slight excess of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (502 mg, 2.50 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over 30 minutes, during which time a fine white precipitate formed. Morpholine (0.91 mL, 10.4 mmol, d=0.998) was added and the solution stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The suspended urea was filtered away and the solution concentrated in vacuo to a colorless oil. The oil was applied to a silica flash chromatography column and eluted with 50-100% EtOAc in hexanes to yield 323 mg (51%) of 2-tetralone-6-morpholinamide, ethylene ketal as a slowly crystallizing solid, clean by NMR, TLC.

2-Tetralone-6-morpholinamide, ethylene ketal (323 mg, 1.06 mmol) and catalytic o-toluenesulfonic acid were stirred in acetone (50 mL) at ambient temperature for 48 hours. TLC indicated a mixture of 2-tetralone-6-morpholinamide, ethylene ketal and desired product, so the solution was heated to reflux for 16 hours. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue applied to a silica flash chromatography column and eluted with 50-100% EtOAc in hexanes to yield 27 mg (10%) of 2-tetralone-6-morpholinamide a slowly crystallizing solid, pure by NNR, TLC. MS.

The following compounds were prepared in a manner analogous to schemes IV and/or preparations 1 through 14 described herein or by techniques appreciated in the art. All compounds were confirmed by NMR and MS with the exception that preparation 66 was confirmed by only NMR.

Name

Structure

m.p.

Yield

4-(3-oxobutyl) benzonitrile Preparation 15

oil

33%

3-(3-oxobutyl) benzonitrile Preparation 16

oil

44%

3-(3-oxobutyl) benzamide Preparation 17

104-6

45%

2-(3-oxobutyl) benzonitrile Preparation 18

oil

43%

(2-(3-oxobutyl) benzonitrile Preparation 19

113-114

91%

4-(3-oxohexyl) benzonitrile Preparation 20

oil

85%

4-(3-oxohexyl) benzamide Preparation 21

90-93

67%

3-methyl-5-(4-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl)-1H- tetrazole Preparation 22

90-93

67%

(4-(3-oxobutyl) phenyl)sulfonamide Preparation 23

132-4

36%

4-(1-methyl-3- oxobutyl)benzonitrile Preparation 24

oil

44%

3-benzyl-5-(4-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl)-1H- tetrazole Preparation 25

66-9

41%

4-(1-methyl-3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 26

127-9

95%

5-(4-(3-oxobutyl) phenyl)-1H-tetrazole Preparation 27

197-9

94%

5-(3-oxobutyl)-2- furanoic acid Preparation 28

129-32

86%

3-(2-fluoro-4-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl) propenoic acid Preparation 29

143-6

95%

4-(3-oxobutyl)-1- cyanomethylbenzene Preparation 30

oil

100%

4-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl) thioamide Preparation 31

96-8

low*

(2-fluoro-4-(3- oxobutyl)benzonitrile Preparation 32

oil

78%

2-fluoro-4-(3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 33

150-3

85%

3-methyl-5-(2-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl-1N- tetrazole Preparation 34

64-5

45%

4-(3-oxocyclohexyl) benzonitrile Preparation 35

66-69

36%

1-methyl-5-(2-(3-oxo- butenyl)phenyl)-1H- tetrazole Preparation 36

100-102

18%

(2,6-difluoro-(4-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl)) sulfonamide Preparation 37

oil

41%

N-methoxyl-4-(3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 38

low

4-(2-methyl-3- oxobutyl)benzonitrile Preparation 39

oil

66%

4-(2-methyl-3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 40

112-115

87%

(1-methyl-2-(4-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl)-4- trifluoromethyl) imidazole Preparation 41

62-3

68%

4-(1,2-dimethyl-3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 42

100-102

90%

4-(3-oxocyclohexyl) benzamide Preparation 43

188-91

42%

5-(3-oxobutyl)-2- thiophene sulfonamide Preparation 44

96-98

66%

(3-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl) sulfonamide Preparation 45

87-90

35%

2-methyl-5-(3-(3- oxobutyl)phenoxy) phenyl)tetrazole Preparation 46

98

65%

4-(3-oxocyclopentyl) benzamide Preparation 47

203-4

43%

4-(1,1-dimethyl-3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 48

106-8

61%

4-(3-oxocycloheptyl) benzonitrile Preparation 49

oil

54%

4-(3-oxohexyl) benzonitrile Preparation 50

oil

77%

4-(3-oxobutyl)- phthalhydrazide Preparation 51

161-4

13%

4-(3-oxohexyl) benzamide Preparation 52

158-61

82%

4-(2,2-dimethyl-3- oxobutyl)benzonitrile Preparation 53

oil

72%

4-(2,2-dimethyl-3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 54

127-131

62%

5-(2-methyl-3- oxobutyl)-2-thiophene sulfonamide Preparation 55

oil

low

4-((2-oxocycloheptyl methyl)benzamide Preparation 56

132-4

88%

4-((2-oxocyclopentyl benzonitrile Preparation 57

oil

62%

4-((2-oxocyclopentyl methyl)benzamide Preparation 58

138-142

81%

4-(4-(3-oxobutyl phenoxy)benzonitrile Preparation 59

94-7

84%

4-(4-(3-oxobutyl) phenoxy)methyl benzamide Preparation 60

215-17

95%

2-fluoro-4-(2-methyl- 3-oxobutyl) benzonitrile Preparation 61

oil

42%

2-fluoro-4-(2-methyl- 3-oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 62

112-15

93%

5-(2-fluoro-4-(2- methyl-3-oxobutyl) phenyl)-1H-tetrazole Preparation 63

175-8

32%

5-(3-oxobutyl)-2- (morpholinosulfonyl)- thiophene Preparation 64

80-83

69%

5-(2-methyl-3- oxobutyl)-2- (morpholinosulfonyl)- thiophene Preparation 65

oil

15%

4-(2-(4-(3- oxobutyl)phenoxy)ethyl)- benzonitrile Preparation 66

oil

41%

4-(4-(3-oxobutyl) phenyl)benzonitrile Preparation 67

133-5

62%

2-methyl-4-(3- oxobutyl)benzonitrile Preparation 68

oil

55%

4-(4-(3-oxobutyl) phenyl)benzamide Preparation 69

229-31

94%

(3-methyl-4-(3- oxobutyl)phenyl) methanenitrile Preparation 70

34-6

75%

2-methyl-4-(3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 71

147-50

39%

3-methyl-4-(3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 72

103-5

46%

4-(2-(4-(3-oxobutyl) phenoxy)ethyl) benzamide Preparation 73

semi- solid

17%

4-(4-oxopentyl) benzonitrile Preparation 74

oil

quant

4-(4-oxopentyl) benzamide Preparation 75

111-13

87%

3-methyl-4-(2-methyl- 3-oxobutyl) benzonitrile Preparation 76

oil

64%

(3-methyl-4-(2- methyl-3- oxobutyl)benzamide Preparation 77

105-7

71%

4-(2,5-dimethyl-4-(3- oxobutyl)phenoxy) benzonitrile Preparation 78

57-9

low

4-(2-ethyl-3- oxobutyl)benzoic acid Preparation 79

126-9

24%

4-(2,5-dimethyl-(3- oxobutyl)phenoxy)benza- mide Preparation 80

191-3

76%

(4-2,6-dimethyl-(3- oxobutyl)phenoxy) phenyl)methanenitrile Preparation 81

yellow oil

72%

(4-2,6-dimethyl-(3- oxobutyl)phenoxy) benzamide Preparation 82

238-41

63%

Preparation 83

4-(2-Nethyl-2-nitropropyl)phenol

A mixture of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (100.08 g, 806 mmol), 2-nitropropane (400 mL, 4.45 mol) and diglyme (800 mL) was heated to 38° C. Potassium t-butoxide (45.29 g, 403.6 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated to reflux at 132° C. with a Dean-Stark trap. Water began collecting in the trap, and continued at a high rate for approximately 1.5 h. When water collection slowed (around 2.5 h) then aliquats of solvent (30-40 mL each) were removed every thirty minutes. During the water collection and solvent removal the temperature rose from 132° C. to 149° C. After 4 h less than 1% of the 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol remained by HPLC analysis. The heating mantle was removed, and the reaction mixture was allowed to cool. When the temperature was 100° C. water (200 mL) was added, and the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature. Solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator under vacuum until 593 g of solution remained. Water (500 mL) and EtOAc (500 mL) were added and the layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (200 mL), and the combined organic layers were extracted with 1N HCl (500 mL) and water (300 mL). The organic layer was distilled in vacuo to 261 g of oil to which EtOAc was added (160 mL). Heptane (3.4 L) was added rapidly with vigorous stirring for 30 min, and the product crystallized to yield a beige solid (112.36 g, 71% yield, >98% purity by HPLC analysis). Another crop of crystals may be obtained from the filtrate by concentrating and filtering the solids, or by concentrating more fully to a solution and adding heptane to crystallize. NMR, MS, and EA.

Preparation 84

4-(2-Amino-2-methylpropyl)phenol Acetic Acid Salt

A one-gallon high-pressure reactor was charged with 4(2-methyl-2-nitropropyl)phenol (120 g, 614 mmol), HOAc (35.2 mL, 614 mmol), 5% Palladium on carbon (24 g) wetted with 2B3 EtOH (60 mL), and HeOH (1230 mL). The mixture was heated to 50° C. with agitation (600 rpm), and the reactor was purged with N

2

and pressurized to 50 psi with H

2

. After 15.5 h the reactor was purgec with N

2

, and the cooled mixture was filtered. The filter cake was washed with MeOH and the filtrate was concentrated to 514 g of slurry on a rotary evaporator. To this slurry was added EtOAc (2 L) with vigorous agitation. After stirring for 1 h, the resulting crystals were filtered and washed with a small amount of EtOAc. The product was dried overnight in a 45° C. vacuum oven to yield 118.83 g (86%) of product as small white needles (mp 211-216° C. dec). This material was 99% pure by HPLC analysis, and while another 9.00 g of material was obtained from the mother liquor it was found to be only 88% pure. NMR. EA.

Preparation 85

2-(4-(2-Amino-2-methylpropyl)phenoxy)-5-carboxamidepyridine

A mixture of 4-(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)phenol acetic acid salt (45.06 g, 200 mmol), powdered K

2

CO

3

(69.1 g, 500 mmol), 6-chloronicotinamide (31.32 g, 200 mmol), DMAC (622 mL) and iso-octane (70 mL) was slowly heated to reflux at 140° C. A water trap filled with iso-octane was used to collect water formed in the reaction, and reflux was maintained for 5.5 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and the sclids were filtered and washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to 88.6 g of solid which was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL). To this solution was added water (800 mL), 1N HCl (200 mL) and MeOH (50 mL). The pH of this mixture was adjusted to 7.2 with con. HCl, and the aqueous layer was separated and washed with methyl t-butyl ether (500 mL). The product was crystallized by addition of 0ON NaOH (20 mL) which raised the pH to 11. This pH was maintained by addition of ION NaOH as needed during the course of the crystallization (90 min). The product was filtered, washed with water and dried in vacuo at 45° C. to 53.11 g (93%) of white solid which was >98% pure by HPLC analysis: H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d

6

) NMR was consistent with the desired product.

Preparation 86

4-(4-(2-Amino-2-methylpropyl)phenoxy)benzonitrile

A mixture of 4-(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)phenol acetic acid salt (45.06 g, 200 mmol), powdered K

2

CO

3

(69.1 g, 500 mmol), and DMAC (550 mL) was heated to 75-100° C. Toluene (166 mL) was added, and the mixture was slowly heated to reflux at 134° C. The reflux temperature was raised by distillation of toluene and water into a water trap until the temperature reached 141° C. The mixture was then allowed to cool to below 100° C. at which point 4-fluorobenzonitrile (24.46 g, 202 mmol) was added along with 50 mL of toluene. The mixture was again heated to reflux at 140° C. with water being collected in a toluene-filled water trap for 4 h. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and the solids were filtered and rinsed with toluene. The filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to 77 g of syrup which was dissolved in EtOAc (400 mL). This solution was extracted with water (400 mL), and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (3×400 mL) and concentrated in vacuo to 53.4 g (100%) of oil which was >98% pure by HPLC analysis:

1

H NMR (300 MHz, DM,)O-d

6

) NMR was consistent with the desired product.

Preparation 87

4-(4-(2-Amino-2-methylpropyl)phenoxy)benzamide

Aqueous 30% H

2

O

2

(62.1 mL, 548 mmol) was added dropwise to a mixture of 4-(4-(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)phenoxy)benzonitrile (53.2 g, 200 mmol), K

2

CO

3

(15.78 g, 114 mmol) and DMSO (270 mL) over 20 min while the temperature was held at 20° C. with a cooling bath. The mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h after the addition was complete, and then water (209 mL) was added slowly. The slurry was cooled in an ice bath with stirring for 1 h, and the product was then filtered, washed with water and dried in vacuo at 50° C. to yield 55.0 g (97%) of white solid. Analysis by HPLC indicated purity of >99%:

1

H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d

6

) NMR was consistent with the desired product.

Preparation 88

2-(4-(2-Amino-2-methylpropyl)phenoxy)-5-carbonitrilepyridine

A mixture of 4-(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)phenol acetic acid salt (22.53 g, 100 mmol), powdered K

2

CO

3

(34.55 g, 250 mmol) and DMAC (275 ml) was heated to 100° C. Toluene (94 ml) was added and the mixture slowly heated to reflux. The reflux temperature was raised by distillation of toluene and water until it reached 140° C. The mixture was then cooled to below 100° C. and 2-chlororicotinonitrile (13.86 g, 100 mmol) added with a toluene rinse (50 ml). The mixture was again heated to reflux and the-reflux temperature raised to 140° C. as before. Then the water trap was filled with toluene and the reflux continued for 40 min., at which point an HPLC showed no 2-chloronicotinonitrile remained but the reaction was not complete. After cooling the reaction below reflux, additional 2-chloronicotinonitrile (0.63 g, 4.5 mmol) was added and reflux continued for 90 min. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solids filtered with a toluene wash. The filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to 41 g of syrup which was dissolved in EtOAc (200 ml). This solition was washed with water (200 ml) and the aqueous layer back-extracted with EtOAc (50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with water (3×200 ml) and concentrated in vacuo to 26.93 g of solid, ˜100% of theory. HPLC indicated 94.3% purity.

1

H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d

6

) was consistent with the desired product.

Preparation 89

Ethyl(4-[2-methyl-2-nitropropyl]phenoxy)ethanoate

A mixture of 4-(2-methyl-2-nitropropyl)phenol (3.0 g, 15.4 mmol), ethylbromoacetate (2.04 mL, 17.0 mmol) and potassium carbonate (6.4 g, 46.2 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue partitioned between EtOAc and water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with water (3×), brine, dried (Na

2

SO

4

), and concentrated in vacuo to a brown oil. The material was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with 5% MeOH/CHCl

3

to provide 4.22 g (97%) of a clear oil. NMR

Preparation 90

Ethyl(4-[2-amino-2-methylpropyl]phenoxy)ethanoate

A solution of ethyl(4-[2-methyl-2-nitropropyl]phenoxy)ethanoate (3.6 g, 12.8 mmol) in ethanol (35 mL) was charged with platinum oxide (0.72 g) and hydrogenated on a Parr shaker using 60 psi of hydrogen for 72 h at room temperature. The catalyst was filtered and the solution concentrated in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel eluting with 5% MeOH/CHCl

3

/NH

3

to provide 0.9 g (28%) of a clear oil. MS (FD+): m/z 251.

Preparation 91

4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)phenol

Methyl magnesium bromide (50.7 ml, 0.15 mol, 3.0M in ether) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (140 ml) with stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere. A solution of (4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-butanone (10.0 g, 60.9 mmol) in anhydrous THF (60 ml) was then slowly introduced via dropwise addition; the resulting exotherm was controlled by the use of a cool water bath to keep the temperature below 30° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at ambient temperature for 16 hours at which time it was quenched by the dropwise addition of concentrated NH

4

Cl. The aqueous solution was extracted with ether (1×200 ml) and then acidified by the addition of 1.0N HCl (150 ml). The acidic aqueous suspension was extracted with ether (2×150 ml) and the organic layers combined and washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO

3

, and then brine. The organic layer was concentrated in vacuo and the residue recrystallized from chloroform to produce a white solid (9.16 g, 83%). NMR, MS.

Preparation 92

4-(3-Benzoylamino-3-methylbutyl)phenol

4-(3-Hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)phenol (7.5 g, 41.6 mmol) and benzonitrile (4.7 ml, 45.8 mmol, 1.1 eq.) were dissolved in acetic acid (50 ml) and concentrated H

2

SO

4

(7.4 ml) was added dropwise slowly while stirring, causing a significant exotherm. After 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath and neutralized with a saturated solution of Na

2

CO

3

. The aqueous suspension was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 ml) and the combined organic layers were washed with a saturated solution of NaHCO

3

(1×200 ml) and then with brine (1×100 ml). The organic extracts were dried with Na

2

SO

4

, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to produce a white solid. The solid was triturated in 3:1 toluene/ethyl acetate to produce a white solid (5.38 g, 45%). NMR, MS, EA

Preparation 93

4-(3-Benzylamino-3-methylbutyl)phenol Hydrochloride

4-(3-Benzoylamino-3-methylbutyl)phenol (1.07 g, 3.77 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (20 ml) and treated with a solution of borane-dimethyl sulfide complex (1.76 ml, 18.9 mmol, 5 eq., 10M in THF) with stirring under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was heated to 84° C. for four hours and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The solution was then quenched by slow addition of iN Hcl and then returned to pH>10 by addition of solid NaHCO

3

. The aqueous suspension was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×75 ml) and the organic layer then washed with brine. The organic solution was then dried with Na

2

SO

4

, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to produce an oily residue. The residue was redissolved in ether and converted to the hydrochloride salt by rapid addition of an excess of HCl 1.0M in ether. The resulting precipitate was filtered and dried to produce a white solid (938 mg, 81%). NMR, MS, EA.

Preparation 94

4-(3-Amino-3-methylbutyl)phenol Hydrochloride

4-(3-Benzylamino-3-methylbutyl)phenol hydrochloride (3.84 g, 12.6 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (0.8g) were suspended in methanol (95 ml) in a hydrogenation apparatus. The vessel was sealed and shaken for 16 hours at 50° C. and a 60 psi hydrogen atmosphere. The resulting suspension was filtered through Celite and concentrated in vacuo to yield a white solid (1.46 g, 54%). NMR, MS.

Preparation 95

4-(4-(3-Amino-3-methylbutyl)phenoxy)benzonitrile Hydrochloride

4-(3-Amino-3-methylbutyl)phenol hydrochloride (1.14 g, 5.3 mmol), 4-fluorobenzonitrile (0.77 g, 6.4 mmol, 1.2 eq.) and potassium carbonate (1.65 g, 11.6 mmol, 2.2 eq.) were suspended in N,N-dimethyl-acetamide (15 ml) and stirred for 16 hours at 110° C. After this time, the darkened mixture was allowed to cool to ambient temperature. The suspension was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 ml) and washed with 1N NaOH (2×100 ml). The organic layer was treated with 5N HCl (100 ml), producing a white precipitate at the biphasic interface. The solid material was filtered and dried, triturated with pentane and dried in vacuo for 14 hours to produce a white solid (1.04 g, 71%). NMR, MS

Preparation 96

4-(4-(3-Amino-3-methylbutyl)phenoxy)benzamide

4-(4-(3-Amino-3-methylbutyl)phenoxy)benzonitrile hydrochloride (1.04 g, 32.8 mmol) was dissolved in DMSO (30 ml) and treated with potassium carbonate (0.68g, 49.2 mmol, 1.5 eq.) with stirring. After 10 minutes, hydrogen peroxide (7 ml, 30% aqueous solution) was added dropwise slowly. The mixture was allowed to stir for 16 hours and then added to 300 ml of water, causing a white precipitate. The material was filtered and dried to give a white solid (908mg, 93%). NMR, MS.

Preparation 97

3,5-Dicarboethoxy-4-hydroxypyrazole

Sodium methoxide (18.9 g, 0.35 moles) was suspended in methanol (400 ml) at 5° C. DiFrethylmalonate (46.2, 0.35 moles) and ethyldiazoacetate 20 g, 0.175 moles) was added quickly and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The reaction was cooled to 5° C. and hydrochloric acid (70 ml of SM) added; followed by 500 ml of water. The pH of the reaction was adjusted to 7 with sodium bicarbonate and the solids (22 g, 63%) collected by filtration. EA, MS.

Preparation 98

4-Hydroxypyrazole

3,5-Dicarboxy-4-hydroxypyrazole (21.5 g, 0.11 moles) was suspended in concentrated hydrochloric acid (200 ml) and heated slowly to reflux. Solids slowly went into solution and gas was evolved. After heating overnight, the solvent was vacuum distilled at 6 mm/Hg up to pot temperature of 80° C. The product (5.02 g, 54%) sublimed out of the pot at 6 mm/Hg and 2000C. EA, MS, NMR.

Preparation 99

4-t-Butyldimethylsilyloxypyrazole

4-Hydroxypyrazole (1.16 g, 13.8 mmol) and imidazole (1.13g, 16.6 mmol) were suspended in DMF (50 ml) under nitrogen and t-butyldimethylsilylchloride (2.3 g, 15.2 mmol) was added. After stirring 17 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue treated with water containing 4.5 g of potassium carbonate. The mixture was extracted with two portions of chloroform and the organic layer dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield product (2.58 g, 94%). NNR

Preparation 100

1-Benzyl-4-t-butyldimethylsilyloxypyrazole

2-t-Butyldimethylsilyloxypyrazole (2.5 g, 12.6 mmol), benzylbromide (2.16 g, 12.6 mmol), and potassium carbonate (3.5 m g, 22.5 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (40 ml). The mixture was stirred 17 hours and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was taken up in water and extracted with portions of chloroform. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed and the crude material purified by column chromatography (silica gel, chloroform) to yield product (3.17 g, 61%). EA, MS, NMR.

Preparation 101

1-Trityl-4-t-butyldimethylsilyloxypyrazole

2-t-Butyldimethylsilyloxypyrazole (16.4 g, 0.0827 mol) and trityl chloride were reacted substantially in accordance with preparation 100 to yield product (3.5 g). NMR, MS.

Preparation 102

1-Benzyl-4-hydroxypyrazole

1-Benzyl-4-t-butyldimethylsilyloxypyrazole (3.0 g, 10.4 mmol) was dissolved in THF (20 ml) and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (52 ml of LM solution in THE) was added. The reaction was stirred overnight and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in water and extracted into diethylether. The organics dried over sodium sulfate, and the ether removed in vacuo. The residue purified by column chromatography (silica gel, chloroform→2% methanol/chloroform) to yield product (0.63 g, 35%). MS

Preparation 103

1-Trityl-4-hydroxypyrazole

1-Trityl-4-t-butyldimethylsilyloxypyrazole (4.0 g, 9.1 mmol) was reacted substantially in accordance with preparation 102 to yield product (3.5 g). NMR, MS.

Preparation 104

1-Trityl-4-hydroxypyrazole

4-Hydroxypyrazole (0.5 g, 6 mmol) was dissolved in 50 ml of acetonitrile; triethylamine (3.3 ml, 4 equiv.) and chlorotrimethylsilane (0.9 ml, 1.2 equiv.) was added at room temperature. After two hours of stirring, chlorotriphenylmethane (1.66 g, 1 equiv.) was added and the mixture stirred 16 hours. The mixture was heated to reflux for 30 minutes and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was treated with water and sodium bicarbonate powder and then was extracted into ethylacetate, washed with brine, and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was once again removed and the residue purified by column chromatography (1:1, hexanes-ethylacetate) to yield product (1.4 g, 73%). NMR, EA, MS. Alternatively the product can be purified by crystallization from methanol instead of through chromatography.

Preparation 105

(s)-1-Benzyl-4—glycidylpyrazole

1-Benzyl-4-hydroxypyrazoLe (2 g, 11.5 mmol), potassium carbonate(3.2 g, 23 mmol), and (2s)-glycidyl-3-nitrobenzenesulfonate (2.98 g, 11.5 mmol) were slurried in actone (300 ml) at reflux for 17 hours. The acetone was removed in vacuo, the residue extracted from brine with chloroform, and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed again and the residue purified by column chromatography (silica gel, chloroform→1% methanol/chloroform) to yield product (1.8 g, 68%). MS, NMR.

Preparation 106

(s)-1-Trityl-4-glycidylpyrazole

1-Trityl-4-hydroxypyrazole (2.5 g, 7.66 mmol) was reacted substantially in accordance with preparation 105 to yield product (1.75 g). NMR, MS, EA.

Example 1 is a combinatorial chemistry parallel method for preparing compounds of the present invention in matrix fashion.

Example 1

A 5×8 grid of 4 mL screw cap vials is arranged. To each of the eight rows of vials in the grid is added 33 mmol of ketone (from preparations 1-14 and 25-92, or commercially available), one ketone per row, as a stock solution in methanol (0.5M, 65 ml). If solubility is a problem, acetonitrile/methanol or DMF is used. To each column of vials in the grid is added 50 mmol of amine hydrochloride (from scheme III), one amine hydrochloride per column, as a stock solution in methanol (0.5M, 100 ml). To each vial is then added resin VIII (18-20 mg), 1.01 meq/g, 70-90 meq base). Teflon® lined caps are then placed on each vial. The slurries are then shaken for 24 hours, at which time each vial is treated with approximately 30 mg (2.5 mmol BH

4

-/g resin, 75 mmol) of Amberlite® IRA400 borohydride resin (Aldrich Chemicals). The caps are replaced, and the vials are shaken for an additional 24 hours, then 150 ml methylene chloride and 40 mg (1 mmol/g resin, 0.4 mmol) polystyrene-linked benzaldehyde resin (Frechet, J. M.; Schuerch, C. J.

Am. Chem. Soc.

1971, 93, 492.) in order to scavenge excess primary amine starting material are added to the vial, and the slurry is shaken for 1 day. Each vial is then filtered through a cotton plug. The residual resin is rinsed with three small portions of methanol (approximately 200 μl total). The resulting solutions are then treated with 20 μl of conc. HCl (120 μmol) to ensure formation of the HCl salt of the product amine, then each vial is diluted to a volume of approximately 4 mL, and 1 mL of each solution is transferred to a tared 4 mL screw cap vial. This solution is allowed to evaporate in a fume hood under an air stream until dry, then placed in a vacuum oven for 24 hours at room temperature. The resulting residues are then weighed and submitted directly for testing with no further purification. The bulk of the material (75%) is similarly evaporated.

The following matrices list additional examples 2-201. These compounds can be prepared using combinatorial chemistry parallel array synthesis techniques in accordance with the present invention. All reaction conditions are the same from example to example and in substantial accordance with Scheme 2 and Example 1. A scaffold for each plate is the same and is depicted at the top of the 5×8 matrix. The scaffold means the invariant region (i.e. the core) of the compounds which are members of the combinatorial chemistry library. The variable functional groups are illustrated in the rows and columns. The ketones and the amines depicted on each plate are prepared in accordance with the schemes and preparations described herein or by techniques known in the art.

R″ =

R′ =

Example 2

Example 3

Example 4

Example 5

Example 10

Example 11

Example 12

Example 13

Example 18

Example 19

Example 20

Example 21

Example 26

Example 27

Example 28

Example 29

Example 34

Example 35

Example 36

Example 37

R″ =

R′ =

Example 6

Example 7

Example 8

Example 9

Example 14

Example 15

Example 16

Example 17

Example 22

Example 23

Example 24

Example 25

Example 30

Example 31

Example 32

Example 33

Example 38

Example 39

Example 40

Example 41

R″ =

R′ =

Example 42

Example 43

Example 44

Example 45

Example 50

Example 51

Example 52

Example 53

Example 58

Example 59

Example 60

Example 61

Example 66

Example 67

Example 68

Example 69

Example 74

Example 75

Example 76

Example 77

R″ =

R′ =

Example 46

Example 47

Example 48

Example 49

Example 54

Example 55

Example 56

Example 57

Example 62

Example 63

Example 64

Example 65

Example 70

Example 71

Example 72

Example 73

Example 78

Example 79

Example 80

Example 81

R″ =

R′ =

Example 82

Example 83

Example 84

Example 85

Example 90

Example 91

Example 92

Example 93

Example 98

Example 99

Example 100

Example 101

Example 106

Example 107

Example 108

Example 109

Example 114

Example 115

Example 116

Example 117

R″ =

R′ =

Example 86

Example 87

Example 88

Example 89

Example 94

Example 95

Example 96

Example 97

Example 102

Example 103

Example 104

Example 105

Example 100

Example 111

Example 112

Example 113

Example 118

Example 119

Example 120

Example 121

R″ =

R′ =

Example 122

Example 123

Example 124

Example 125

Example 130

Example 131

Example 132

Example 133

Example 138

Example 139

Example 140

Example 141

Example 146

Example 147

Example 148

Example 149

Example 154

Example 155

Example 156

Example 157

R″ =

R′ =

Example 126

Example 127

Example 128

Example 129

Example 134

Example 135

Example 136

Example 137

Example 142

Example 143

Example 144

Example 145

Example 150

Example 151

Example 152

Example 153

Example 158

Example 159

Example 160

Example 161

R″ =

R′ =

Example 162

Example 163

Example 164

Example 165

Example 170

Example 171

Example 172

Example 173

Example 178

Example 179

Example 180

Example 181

Example 186

Example 187

Example 188

Example 189

Example 194

Example 195

Example 196

Example 197

R″ =

R′ =

Example 166

Example 167

Example 168

Example 169

Example 174

Example 175

Example 176

Example 177

Example 182

Example 183

Example 184

Example 185

Example 190

Example 191

Example 192

Example 193

Example 198

Example 199

Example 200

Example 201

Example 202

(S)1-Benzyl-4-(3-[N-(3-[4-(4-carbamoylphenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylpropyl)amino] -)-hydroxypropoxy)pyrazole

(s)-1-Benzyl-4-glycidylpyrazole (1.75 g, 7.6 mmol) and 4-(4-(3-Amino-3-methylbutyl)phenoxy)benzamide

(3.6 g, 12 mmol) were heated to 45° C. for 72 hours in 100 ml of ethanol. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue dissolved in chloroform and washed with brine and aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent removed. The residue was purified by column chromatography (chloroform→10% methanol/chloroform) to yield product (2.1 g, 52.5%). EA, MS, NMR.

Example 203

(S)-4-(3-[N-(3-[4-(4-carbamoylphenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy)pyrazole

(S)1-Benzyl-4-(3-[N-(3-[4-(4-carbamoylphenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-hvdroxypropoxy)pyrazole (1.2 g) was treated with hydrogen and 20% palladium(II) hydroxide on carbon (1.2 g) in ethanol for 72 hours at 40° C. The reaction was filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (chloroform→25/5/1 chloroform/methanol/ammonium hydroxide) to yield product (0.316 g, 32%). MS(m+1) 439; EA: theory %C

65.73,

%H 6.90, %N 12.78; found %C

66.00,

%H 6.81, %N 12.95.

Example 204

(S)-4-(3-[N-(3-[4-carbamoylphenyl]-1,1-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy)pyrazole

(s)-1-Trityl-4-glycidylpyrazole (1.7 G, 4.44 mmol) and 1,1-dimethyl-3-(4-carbamoylphenyl)propylamine (1.008 g, 4.9 mmol) were heated to reflux for 17 hours in 100 ml of ethanol. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue slurried in 25 ml of methanol and 50 ml of 1M hydrochloric acid and methanol added until a solution formed. After stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, the solvent was reduced in volume by 75% and the mixture made basic by addition of 1M sodium hydroxide. The aqueous phase was extracted with chloroform/methanol and THE. The combined organics were washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate and the crude product purified by column chromatography (silica gel, chloroform/methanol/ammonium hydroxide: 89/10/1) to yield product (1.3 g, 85%). MS(m+1)347 EA: theory %C

62.4,

%H 7.56, %N 16.17; found %C 62.89, %H 7.92, %N 15.01.

As previously noted, the compounds of the present invention are potent, selective β

3

receptor agonists. This pharmacological activity can be determined in the functional agonist β

3

assay.

Functional Agonists

β

3

Assay

Cell Lines

The hβ2 DNA was expressed from a plasmid 57537 obtained from American Type Culture Collection. hβ

1

and hβ

3

adrenergic receptors were cloned from human genomic libraries using the polymerase chain reaction method with degenerate probes. Full length receptors were cloned, expressed and sequenced to verify identity according to published sequences (hβ

1

: T. Frielle et. al. (1993)

Molecular Pharmacology

44: 264-270). These receptors were then expressed in the DXB-11 variant of CHO cells using a vector restoring tetrahydrofolate reductase and hygromycin resistance. Rat β

3

receptor expressing CHO cell line is known in the art.

Mol. Pharm., Vol

40, pp. 895-99 (1991). CHO cells were grown in 10% dialyzed FBS./hicgh glucose DMEM/0.1% proline.

cAMP Assay

Cell membranes were harvested from the above cell line using hypotonic 25 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 1 mM EDTA, 20 μg/mL leupeptin, 1 mM PMSF buffer with scraping followed by differential centrifugation. Membranes were incubated in 25 mM Tris (pH 7.6), 0.2% BSA, 2.6 mM Mg, 0.8 mM ATP, 0.1 mM GTP, 5 mM creatine phosphate, creatine kinase 50 U/mL, 0.2 mM IBMX at 32° C. Agonists were added and incubation continued for 15 m. cAMP produced was assayed using a fluorescent tracer-immuno assay method.

Intact cell assays were performed using suspended cells removed from culture flasks by trypsin treatment. Cells were preincubated with 0.5 mM IBMX at 37° C. Agonists were added and incubation continued for 15 m. Incubation was stopped by heating suspension in boiling water. cAMP or cGMP in these and the soleus incubations were assayed by RIA (Amersham).

The compounds of the invention are agonists of the β

3

receptor. Isoproterenol is accepted in the art as a non-selective β

3

agonist and is widely used as a comparator in evaluating the activity of compounds. See

Trends in Pharm. Sd.

15: 3 (1994). In the β

3

assay, the compounds demonstrated at least 30%, preferably 50% and most preferably over 85% of isoproterenol's response at a single dose of 50 mmol. Dose resporse titrations on the agonists described reveal EC

50

values of <10 mM, preferably <1 mmol. In the functional assay, dose titration furnishes an EC

50

for isoproterenol of 1.1±0.5 μM.

When screened against the β

1

and β

2

receptors in the functional assay, dose titration experiments indicate that greatly reduced or no receptor stimulation is observed with the compounds of the invention. This is defined by measuring the intrinsic activity (maximal response achieved) as compared to isoproterenol. The claimed compounds of Formula I are selective β

3

receptor agonists and have an intrinsic activity of <3% of isoproterenol's response.

As agonists of β

3

, the compounds are useful in treating conditions in a mammal in which the β

3

receptor has been demonstrated to have a role in pathology. The preferred mammal is a human. The relationship between modulating the β

3

receptor and treatment of diseases, such Type II diabetes and obesity, is well established in the art. Other conditions recognized in the art include: gastrointestinal disorders such as gastrointestinal motility, asthma, and depression. Thus, the present compounds are useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis), irritable bowel syndrome, non-specific diarrhoea and dumping syndrome.

In treating non-human mammals, the compounds of the present invention are useful for increasing weight gain and/or improving the feed utilization efficiency and/or weight gain and/or improving the feed utilization efficiency and/or increasing lean body mass and/or decreasing birth mortality rate and increasing post/natal survival rate of livestock.

The compounds of Formula I are preferably formulated prior to administration. Therefore, yet another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of Formula I and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.

The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention are prepared by known procedures using well-known and readily available ingredients. In making the compositions of the present invention, the active ingredient will usually be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier which may be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container. When the carrier serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semisolid, or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, excipient or medium for the active ingredient. Thus, the compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosol (as a solid or in a liquid medium), soft and hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.

Some examples of suitable carriers, excipients, and diluents include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water syrup, methyl cellulose, methyl and propylhydroxybenzoates, talc, magnesium stearate and mineral oil. The formulations can additionally include lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents or flavoring agents. The compositions of the invention may be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient.

The compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form, each dosage containing from about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg, more usually about 0.5 mg to about 200 mg, of the active ingredient. However, it will be understood that the therapeutic dosage administered will be determined by the physician in the light of the relevant circumstances including the condition to be treated, the choice of compound to be administered ard the chosen route of administration, and therefore the above dosage ranges are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. The compounds can be administered by a variety of routes including the oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, topical, intravenous, intramuscular or intranasal routes. For all indications, a typical daily dose will contain from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg of the active compound of this invention. Preferred da ly doses will be about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg, ideally about 0.1 to about 5 mg/kg. However, for topical administration a typical dosage is about 1 to about 500 mg compound per cm

2

of an affected tissue. Preferably, the applied amount of compound will range from about 30 to about 300 mg/cm

2

, more preferably, from about 50 to about 200 mg/cm

2

, and, most preferably, from about 60 to about 100 mg/cm

2

.

The following formulation example is illustrative only and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Formulation 1

Hard gelatin capsules are prepared using the following ingredients:

Quantity

(mg/capsule)

Active Ingredient

25

starch, dried

425

magnesium stearate

10

Total

460

mg

The above ingredients are mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules in 460 mg quantities.

The principles, preferred embodiments and modes of operation of the present invention have been described in the foregoing specification. The invention which is intended to be protected herein, however, is not to be construed as limited to the particular forms disclosed, since they are to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Variations and changes may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Number	Name	Date	Kind
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4497813	Ostermayer et al.	Feb 1985	A
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4636511	Ostermayer et al.	Jan 1987	A
4652679	Alig et al.	Mar 1987	A
4697022	Leinert	Sep 1987	A
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Number	Date	Country
636 856	Jun 1983	CH
40 40 186	Jun 1991	DE
0 040 000	Nov 1981	EP
0 052 963	Jun 1982	EP
0 061 907	Oct 1982	EP
0 063 004	Oct 1982	EP
0 066 351	Dec 1982	EP
0 068 669	Jan 1983	EP
0 070 134	Jan 1983	EP
0 082 665	Jun 1983	EP
0 089 154	Sep 1983	EP
0 091 749	Oct 1983	EP
0 095 827	Dec 1983	EP
0 099 707	Feb 1984	EP
0 102 213	Mar 1984	EP
0 171 702	Feb 1986	EP
0 196 849	Oct 1986	EP
0 211 721	Feb 1987	EP
0 236 624	Sep 1987	EP
0 328 251	Jan 1989	EP
0 345 056	Dec 1989	EP
0 386 920	Sep 1990	EP
0 436 435	Jul 1991	EP
0 455 006	Nov 1991	EP
0 500 443	Aug 1992	EP
0 565 317	Oct 1993	EP
0 611 003	Feb 1994	EP
0 659 737	Dec 1994	EP
0 642 787	Mar 1995	EP
0 687 472	Dec 1995	EP
0 714 663	Jun 1996	EP
1 391 828	Apr 1975	GB
1 532 380	Nov 1978	GB
1 549 945	Aug 1979	GB
1 571 231	Jul 1980	GB
WO 9218461	Oct 1992	WO
WO 9322277	Nov 1993	WO
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WO 9429290	Dec 1994	WO
WO 9501170	Jan 1995	WO
WO 9504047	Feb 1995	WO
WO 9604233	Feb 1996	WO
WO 9604234	Feb 1998	WO

Selective β3 adrenergic agonists

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Entry
Tejani-Butt and Brunswick. “Synthesis an β-Adrenergic Receptor Blocking Potency of 1-(Substituted amino)-3-(4-indolyloxy)propan-2-ols” J. Med. Chem 29:1524-1527 (1986).
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Selective &#x03B2;3 adrenergic agonists

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Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Disclaimer

Abstract

Description

Claims

RELATED APPLICATIONS

US Referenced Citations (44)

Foreign Referenced Citations (44)

Non-Patent Literature Citations (6)

Provisional Applications (1)

Selective β3 adrenergic agonists