Patent Grant
11599224
The present disclosure generally relates to sensing or characterizing touch input provided on an electronic device by a user of the electronic device (e.g., gestures made by a finger or stylus on a cover glass positioned over a display of the electronic device).
Electronic devices are commonplace in today's society. Examples of electronic devices include mobile devices, such as cell phones, tablet or laptop computers, watches, and so on, and non-mobile devices, such as electronic kiosks, automated teller machines, desktop computers, and so on. Such electronic devices may include buttons, switches, touch input surfaces, or other components through which a user may provide inputs or commands to the electronic device.
Touch screens and other user input surfaces can provide a means to receive user input into an electronic device. In some cases, a user input surface (also referred to as a “touch input surface”) may overlay a display of an electronic device (e.g., a user input surface may overlay a display of virtual buttons or icons, hyperlinks, text, images, and the like). A user may interact with such a display by touching or pressing the user input surface using one or more fingers (or a stylus). The electronic device may detect the touch or press using various types of sensors, such as touch sensors or force sensors. A sensor may detect touch or force using various technologies, and in some cases may employ capacitive sensing, resistive sensing, ultrasonic sensing, or optical sensing.
Sensors that employ optical sensing may detect the deflection of a user input surface caused by a user's press, or may detect a percentage of emitted light reflected by a user's finger or stylus.
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description section. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
Disclosed herein are devices, systems, and methods that use lasers to detect user input on a touch screen or other user input surface of the electronic device. Disclosed arrangements of lasers can be used to detect lateral or up and down motion of a user's finger or stylus on a user input surface. In some embodiments the lasers may include vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), edge-emitting lasers, vertical external cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs), or quantum-dot lasers (QDLs). In some embodiments, deflection of a user input surface may be detected and characterized by analyzing an interference signal produced when coherent light generated and emitted by a laser reflects from the user input surface, is received back into the laser, and is coherently mixed with the light generated within the laser cavity. As used herein, “light” will refer not just to visible light frequencies, but will include other frequencies of electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared, ultraviolet, or other frequency ranges. “Laser light” will refer to electromagnetic radiation emitted from an amplified resonant cavity.
More specifically, described herein is an electronic device having a user input surface and a set of lasers (e.g., VCSELs). The VCSELs may emit respective beams of coherent light toward the user input surface, or toward another surface or even a photodetector, as explained in the embodiments below. The surface or object toward which the laser's coherent light is directed will hereinafter be referred to generally as the “target.” Each VCSEL's beam of coherent light can include a first amount of coherent light generated by the VCSEL and a second amount of coherent light reflected from the user input surface or target into the VCSEL and mixed with the first amount of coherent light inside the laser cavity. A first beam of coherent light emitted by a first VCSEL may intersect the user input surface at a right angle. A second beam of coherent light emitted by a second VCSEL may intersect the user input surface at a first acute angle in a first plane. A third beam of coherent light emitted by a third VCSEL may intersect the user input surface at a second acute angle in a second plane that differs from the first plane. The electronic device also has a set of sensors configured to measure interferometric parameters associated with the beams of coherent light. The measured interferometric parameters can be used to characterize a movement of a user input on the user input surface and a deflection of the user input surface.
In related embodiments, the second and third VCSELs may be associated with respective lenses—or another beam shaping surface element with reflective, refractive, or diffractive properties—configured to direct the respective beams of coherent light to intersect the user input surface at the respective acute angle. The interferometric parameters can include a junction voltage of a VCSEL, a change in power of the VCSEL, a variation in the supply voltage for the VCSEL, bias current of a VCSEL, or another interferometric parameter.
In related embodiments, the electronic device can include a photodetector corresponding to a VCSEL that is configured to detect reflections of the VCSEL's beam. Interferometric parameters can be detected from an output of the photodetector, such as a current output or a voltage output. The photodetector may be positioned beneath the VCSEL, i.e., on the side of the VCSEL opposite the surface from which the beam is emitted. In a second configuration, the photodetector is integrated into the VCSEL. In a third alternative, the photodetector can be placed adjacent the VCSEL. Other configurations are discussed in relation to
In a first category of embodiments, signals of the interferometric parameters can be analyzed using a spectrum-based analysis, from which a speed and direction of the movement can be inferred. In some embodiments the speed can be calculated from the fundamental harmonic frequency found by the spectrum analysis, and the direction of the movement can be calculated from a phase change in the second harmonic frequency found by the spectrum analysis. Such embodiments are discussed in relation to
In a second category of embodiments, signals of the interferometric parameters can be analyzed using a time domain based analysis, from which a speed and direction of the movement may also be inferred. A moving target may create a distorted sinusoidal behavior of an interferometric parameter, whose time domain signal may be measured using, e.g., threshold detectors. Measured properties of the time domain signal may include duty cycle, interference fringes, and times between leading and falling edges of the threshold detectors having inputs of the time domain signal. Such embodiments are discussed in relation to
The present disclosure also describes an electronic device having a touch input surface; first, second, and third lasers within the electronic device, which lasers are configured to emit respective coherent light toward the touch input surface; and a set of sensors configured to detect a respective property of each of the first, second, and third emitted coherent light. The second and third lasers may be configured non-collinearly with respect to the first laser. The first detected property of the first coherent light may be used to detect a user-caused deflection of the touch input surface, the deflection being perpendicular to the touch input surface. The second detected property of the second coherent light may be used at least in part to detect a lateral movement or motion of the user-caused deflection of the touch input surface, in a first direction, and a third detected property of the third coherent light emitted may be used at least in part to detect a lateral movement of the user-caused deflection of the touch input surface in a second direction, with the second direction being different from the first direction.
In related embodiments, a detected property of any of the coherent light can be an interferometric parameter or property, such as a junction voltage, bias current of a VCSEL, a power supply voltage, or a power output of the respective laser. In embodiments that make use of a photodetector, the interferometric parameter may be an output current, voltage, or power of the photodetector.
The electronic device may also include, internally, one or more photodetectors, each photodetector being associated to a respective laser. One or more of the lasers may be a VCSEL. One or more of the coherent lights may be reflected and undergo self-mixing interference within the VCSEL. For electronic devices using more than one laser and/or photodetector pair, the lasers may use time-multiplexing of coherent light emission in order to reduce crosstalk.
The lateral motions and the deflection of the touch input surface may be determined using a spectrum analysis of at least one of the detected properties, a time domain analysis of the detected properties, or both.
The present disclosure also describes a method of detecting a user input on a touch input surface of an electronic device. The method includes emitting first, second, and third coherent light beams from respective first, second, and third VCSELs that are internal to the electronic device. The method includes applying a sinusoidal modulation to a bias current of at least one of the first, second, and third VCSELs, at a modulation frequency, and measuring a signal of an interferometric parameter associated with the at least one of the first, second, or third VCSELs. The method may also include: determining a first value by demodulating the signal of the interferometric parameter at the modulation frequency; determining a second value by demodulating the signal of the interferometric parameter at twice the modulation frequency; and determining a displacement of the touch input surface using the first value and the second value.
Also described herein is a method of detecting a user input on a touch input surface of an electronic device. The method includes emitting a coherent light beam from a laser positioned within the electronic device, the coherent light beam emitted toward the touch input surface; applying a sinusoidal modulation to a bias current of the laser, the sinusoidal modulation having a modulation frequency; measuring a signal of an interferometric parameter associated with the laser; determining a first value by demodulating the signal of the interferometric parameter at the modulation frequency; determining a second value by demodulating the signal of the interferometric parameter at twice the modulation frequency; and determining a displacement of the touch input surface using the first value and the second value.
A circuit for determining a displacement of a touch input surface is also described. The circuit includes a VCSEL, a photodetector, a filtering subsystem, an extraction subsystem, and a phase calculation subsystem. The VCSEL is configured to generate light, receive light, and self-mix the generated light and the received light to generate self-mixing interference light. The photodetector is configured to detect the self-mixing interference light and generate an output signal on which a first value corresponding to a first harmonic of the signal and a second value corresponding to a second harmonic of the signal are based. The filtering subsystem is configured to receive the output signal from the photodetector and output a filtered signal proportional to a portion of the output signal generated by the photodetector. The extraction subsystem is configured to extract the first value and the second value. The phase calculation subsystem is configured to calculate the displacement of the touch input surface using the first value and the second value.
Still further, a method for determining a displacement of a touch input surface is described. The method includes generating a lasing current; emitting light from a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) in response to the VCSEL receiving the lasing current; generating self-mixing interference light via the (VCSEL); generating an output signal in response to detecting the self-mixing interference light, wherein the output signal comprises three terms; filtering the signal to generate a filtered signal proportional to a third term of the three terms; and determining the displacement of the touch input surface via a phase calculation performed using the filtered signal.
The disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements.
The use of cross-hatching or shading in the accompanying figures is generally provided to clarify the boundaries between adjacent elements and also to facilitate legibility of the figures. Accordingly, neither the presence nor the absence of cross-hatching or shading conveys or indicates any preference or requirement for particular materials, material properties, element proportions, element dimensions, commonalities of similarly illustrated elements, or any other characteristic, attribute, or property for any element illustrated in the accompanying figures.
Additionally, it should be understood that the proportions and dimensions (either relative or absolute) of the various features and elements (and collections and groupings thereof) and the boundaries, separations, and positional relationships presented therebetween, are provided in the accompanying figures merely to facilitate an understanding of the various embodiments described herein and, accordingly, may not necessarily be presented or illustrated to scale, and are not intended to indicate any preference or requirement for an illustrated embodiment to the exclusion of embodiments described with reference thereto.
Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the following descriptions are not intended to limit the embodiments to one preferred embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments as defined by the appended claims.
The embodiments described herein are directed to electronic devices having user input surfaces (e.g., touch input surfaces) that a user may touch or press to interact with the electronic device. Examples of electronic devices with such surfaces include mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, and non-mobile devices such as ATMs and electronic kiosks. Touch input surfaces may in some cases cover displays by which electronic devices present information such as text, icons, or virtual buttons to a user. A user can input commands to such electronic devices by pressing the touch input surface at a location of an icon or other graphical element. The touch or press can be a continuous “drag” input in which, for example, a finger of the user maintains a pressure on the touch input surface and moves a lateral distance across the touch input surface. A better user experience for such an electronic device may be obtained when the electronic device is better able to distinguish user input from sources that could cause a false detection of user input.
The embodiments described herein include devices, components, and methods of using lasers to detect a user's touch or press on a touch screen, display screen, touch input surface, or other user input surface. Terms such as touch input surface, touch screen, and user input surface are used equivalently herein to refer to a surface of an electronic device through which a user of the electronic device can interact with the electronic device by applying a touch or press.
A particular type of laser that is used in various embodiments is a VCSEL. Many conventional lasers, such as edge-emitting laser diodes, are often fabricated so that the lasing cavity is directed horizontally with respect to the fabrication wafer, making it difficult to test the lasers before dicing and mounting. With VCSELs, the lasing cavity is directed vertically with respect to the fabrication wafer, allowing for on-wafer testing. Further, an advantage to VCSELs for the embodiments described herein is that they can be easily mounted on, for example, a substrate so that the emitted laser light is directed toward a target or user input surface. Reflections of the emitted light can be received back into the lasing cavity to create a phenomenon of self-mixing interference. Some conventional lasers or edge-emitting laser diodes may also be able to receive laser light back into their laser cavity and undergo self-mixing. While this description will for the most part describe the embodiments in terms of laser systems that use VCSELs, the embodiments described herein may also be implemented using edge-emitting laser diodes or other types of lasers capable of undergoing self-mixing interference of generated and received coherent light.
Self-mixing interference alters the emitted coherent light beam in at least two ways. First, the wavelength of the emitted coherent light with self-mixing interference is shifted from the wavelength that would be emitted by the VCSEL without the self-mixing interference. Second, the optical power of the emitted coherent light with self-mixing interference can also be changed.
Self-mixing interference can alter performance properties or parameters of a VCSEL or its emitted coherent light in ways that can be detected. Such parameters include (but are not limited to) changes in a junction voltage, a bias current, a supply voltage, or a power output. These alterable performance properties or parameters are referred to herein as interferometric parameters associated with the coherent light of the VCSEL. Further, self-mixing interference is dependent on the distance between the target and the lasing cavity, such that the distance may be correlated to the interferometric parameters and/or changes in the interferometric parameters.
To detect a press on a user input surface, the user input surface, in one set of embodiments, is able to deflect in response to the press. A laser within an electronic device may be configured to emit a coherent light beam toward the user input surface such that the coherent light beam intersects an interior side of the user input surface. The laser may receive an altered reflected light that, in turn, alters the self-mixing interference. The deflection thus can result in a detectable change in an interferometric parameter, which can then be interpreted by the electronic device (e.g., as a user input, or as a particular type of user input, such as a particular gesture). In another set of embodiments, the user input surface is rigid, but supported on structures that are able to deflect, so that a distance between the VCSEL and the user input surface changes, altering the self-mixing interference. In yet another set of embodiments, the user input surface is transparent, at least partially, so that a user's finger or stylus impressed on or near the user input surface alters the self-mixing interference. Examples of these sets of embodiments will be explained in relation to
The electronic device may also include one or more photodetectors (or equivalently “photoreceptor” or “photosensor”), in addition to the lasers, for detection of the user applied pressure on the user input surface. In some embodiments, a photodetector may be placed adjacent to a corresponding laser on a substrate. In still other embodiments, the photodetector may be placed between the substrate and the laser, placed in line with the laser, or integrated with the laser.
In some embodiments, further properties of the user-caused deflection may be detectable based on changes in the interferometric parameters. In some embodiments, the motion properties, such as direction and/or speed of the deflection, can be detected. Considering the deflecting surface as a target moving toward or away from the laser emitting the coherent light, the target's movement can produce a Doppler shift in the wavelength of the reflected light. This shift also affects the self-mixing interference, leading to detectable changes in the interferometric parameters or properties associated with the laser and/or its emitted light. As the target moves toward the laser, the power (or other measurable parameter) undergoes an oscillation. The oscillation can have the form of a sinusoid or a distorted sinusoid, as explained below. For example, in the case of a weakly reflecting target, a change in power is often related to the change in distance from the target by ΔP ∝ cos(4πL/λ), where L is the distance target from the laser, and λ is the wavelength of the laser light. For a strongly reflecting target, the power function is a distorted sinusoid, and higher harmonics are present. The higher harmonics can be analyzed to provide information about the position and movement of the target. As a moving deflection may cause L to vary on the scale of μ-meters, and λ is on the scale of 100's of nanometers, the sinusoid goes through a large number of periods. By sampling the interferometric parameter and performing a spectrum analysis (e.g., using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)), the fundamental frequency and its higher harmonics can be obtained. The speed of movement of the target can be obtained from the fundamental frequency. The direction of the movement can be obtained from a phase shift that occurs at the second harmonic.
Additionally and/or alternatively, a time domain analysis of the interferometric parameter's signal may be performed. A circuit containing a pair of comparators may receive the signal. The rising side of the signal's oscillations can initially exceed a first threshold (causing the first comparator to trigger, or turn “on”) and subsequently exceed the second threshold, (causing the second comparator to turn “on”). During the falling side of the signal's oscillations, the second comparator turns “off,” followed by the first comparator turning “off.” A difference between the time interval between the turn on times, and the time interval between the two turn off times can be used to infer the motion and direction of the target.
The time domain analysis can also be used to detect an initiation of a user input. As the user input surface, or other form of the target, is initially displaced, the velocity of the target increases. The increase in velocity from zero can cause the interferometric parameter's signal to alternately exceed both comparator thresholds, then fall below both thresholds. Such a change over both thresholds from a quiescent state of the signal can indicate a start of a user input. This can trigger the electronic device to awake from an idle state.
Whether by a spectrum analysis or a time domain analysis, the ability to detect speed and direction can be used to detect a user's drag motion on the touch input surface. In some embodiments, three lasers may be arranged on a substrate in a non-collinear pattern. For example, the three lasers can be positioned to form a right angle between the line formed by a first laser and a second laser, and the line formed between the first laser and a third laser. In other embodiments, the angle between the two lines may be other than a right angle. The first (vertex) laser can be used to detect deflection of the press or touch into (i.e., normal to) the touch input surface, and the second and third lasers can be used to detect lateral movement of the deflection (i.e., a drag motion) across the touch input surface in separate directions.
The lasers may have lenses placed on or near the coherent light emitting apertures of the lasers. Such lenses can be used, for example, with at least the second and third lasers in the configuration just discussed. In embodiments in which the lasers are mounted on a substrate so that their emitted coherent light beams are directed perpendicular to the substrate, the lenses can bend the directions of the light beams. This can be used, in part, to determine a direction of movement of the drag motion on the touch input surface.
These and other embodiments are discussed below with reference to
The display surface 104 may be touch sensitive and function as a user input surface to receive input commands from a user. The user can input commands on the display surface 104 by applying local pressure such as by one or more fingers, a stylus, or other contact device. Associated with the display surface 104 can be a laser system, as explained below, for detecting user touches on the display surface.
The display surface 112 of the electronic device 110 may present information such as text, icons, and the like to a user. The display surface 112 may be touch sensitive and function as a touch input surface for receiving inputs from the user. The display surface 112 may include a cover glass over internal components and systems. The cover glass may be transparent. In some embodiments, the cover glass may deflect upon a press by the user, such as by a finger or a stylus. The applied press may be detected by force sensors. The deflection caused by the applied press may also or alternatively be detected using a laser system, as in the embodiments described herein.
Although
As described in more detail below, the detected changes may also enable the distance of the deflection to be determined. Also as described below, the detected changes may be analyzed to determine the speed and direction of the deflection on the touch input surface 200b.
In this embodiment, the light emitted from the two lasers 212a and 212c may be transmitted through the transmissive sections of the touch input surface 200c, and, as described above for the touch input surface 200a, may be used for detecting proximity of the user's finger or input device.
In the embodiment shown in
Additionally and/or alternatively, in all configurations of
The various configurations of lasers, photodetectors, and user input surfaces of
The VCSEL 302 may be mounted on a substrate 304 within the electronic device. Details of the VCSEL are explained below with respect to
The emitted coherent light 314 travels from the VCSEL 302 through a cover glass 312 (or other member that is transparent to at least the wavelength of emitted coherent light 314 emitted by the laser). The cover glass 312 may serve to encapsulate the VCSEL 302 and associated electrical circuitry 306 within the electronic device 300. Above the cover glass 312 is a touch input surface 320 able to undergo a deflection or displacement 322 when a user presses it with sufficient force. The touch input surface 320 may in some embodiments be the top surface of the cover glass 312 itself, which deflects. Alternatively, there may be a gap between the cover glass 312 and the touch input surface 320, as shown. In still other embodiments in which the cover glass 312 is light transmissive, as in touch input surface 200a, the touch input surface 320 may instead be just a finger of a user.
When a signal is applied through the associated circuitry 306 to cause VCSEL 302 to lase, the emitted light 314 intersects the deflected touch input surface 320 and produces reflected light 316, which may be scattered in multiple directions. Some of the reflections 318 may be directed back towards VCSEL 302, enter its lasing cavity, and cause self-mixing interference. The self-mixing interference may produce detectable changes in interferometric parameters that may indicate a user input or particular type of user input.
Adjacent to the VCSEL 302 may be a photodetector 308 that is connected to monitoring circuitry 310. In the embodiment shown, the monitoring circuitry 310 is configured to monitor output current of the photodetector 308. Some of the reflected light 316 from the deflection of the touch input surface 320 may be reflected as light 319 that impinges on the photodetector 308. In this embodiment, the output current is produced as a photoelectric current resulting from light 319 impinging on the photodetector 308. In other embodiments, a photodetector (not shown) may be incorporated or integrated with the VCSEL 302.
In the VCSEL 400, there are two mirrors 402 and 404 on opposite ends of the cavity. The lasing occurs within the cavity 406. In the VCSEL 400, the two mirrors 402 and 404 may be implemented as distributed Bragg reflectors, which are alternating layers with high and low refractive indices. The cavity 406 contains a gain material, which may include multiple doped layers of III-V semiconductors. In one example the gain material may include AlGaAs, InGaAs, and/or GaAs. The emitted laser light 410 can be emitted through the topmost layer or surface of VCSEL 400. In some VCSELs the coherent light is emitted through the bottom layer.
The emitted laser light 410 is reflected back into the cavity 406 by the target. The reflected light 412 enters the cavity 406 to interact with the original emitted laser light 410. This results in a combined emitted laser light 414. The combined emitted laser light 414 may have characteristics (e.g., a wavelength or power) that differ from what the emitted laser light 410 would have in the absence of reflection and self-mixing interference.
Various embodiments may detect not just a press (force or pressure) from a user at a specific location on the user input surface 506, but also may be able to track a movement of the user's finger (or stylus) across the user input surface 506.
In these embodiments, the VCSELs and other components for detecting the deflection of the outer surface of user input surface 506 may be contained in a module 504. In these embodiments the module 504 may include an aperture that contains a respective lens to redirect the emitted laser light 508 of the various VCSELs. The redirection of the emitted laser light 508 can be used to detect motion of the user input, as explained below in relation to
In the embodiment 500a of
In the embodiment 500b of
Additionally and/or alternatively, the reflected light may also be detected by the photodetector 512. Changes in photodetector 512 performance due to received reflected light may also be used determine if a user is applying a force to the user input surface 506.
In the embodiment 500c of
In this embodiment, there may be an additional photodetector 514 connected to the module 504. The photodetector 514 may be positioned adjacent to the VCSEL 502. In this embodiment, differently reflected light 509 travels from deflections at the point of user input to be received by the photodetector 514. Changes in photodetector 514 performance due to received reflected light may also be used to determine if a user is applying a force to the user input surface 506.
In the embodiment 500d of
In the embodiment 500d of
The self-mixing interferences within VCSELs 502 and 503 may produce detectable changes in their respective interferometric parameters. These respective changes may be used together to aid in detection of both a user input and a direction of movement of such a user input. Such multiple VCSEL detection will now be discussed.
In the embodiment shown, VCSEL 604a emits laser light 606a perpendicularly toward the touch input surface 610. Positioned above VCSEL 604a is a reflector 608, so that the emitted laser light 606a is likely to be reflected back into VCSEL 604a and induce self-mixing interference. Other embodiments may omit the reflector 608. The reflective material of reflector 608 may be positioned on either the inner side (toward VCSEL 604a) or the outer side of touch input surface 610. In this embodiment, the VCSEL 604b emits laser light 606b that may be deflected by a lens (not shown) to intersect the touch input surface 610 at a first acute angle. The VCSEL 604c emits laser light 606c that is deflected by a second lens (not shown) to intersect the touch input surface 610 at a second acute angle.
VCSEL 604a can be used for detection of a user input (e.g., a press) on the touch input surface 610. Due to the reflector 608, the likelihood that reflected light from the emitted laser light 606a is received back into VCSEL 604a may be increased. Thus, when a user input causes a deflection of the touch input surface 610, the likelihood of detectable changes in the interferometric parameters corresponding to VCSEL 604a may also be increased. In some embodiments, interferometric parameters of VCSEL 604a may be given more importance for detection of a user input.
The two VCSELs 604b and 604c may be used for detection of motion or movement of a user input, as well as for an initial determination that there is a user input. The virtual axes 612 provide an orientation. The Z-axis is oriented perpendicularly into the touch input surface 610. As explained below with respect to
In the embodiment shown, the emitted laser light 606b is directed from the VCSEL 604b both vertically in the Z-axis and along the Y-direction. A lateral movement of a deflection across the touch input surface 610 having a component in the Y-direction may be detectable using an analysis of the interferometric parameters corresponding to VCSEL 604b. Analogously, the emitted laser light 606c is directed from the VCSEL 604c both vertically in the Z-axis and along the X-direction. A lateral movement of the deflection across the touch input surface 610 having a component in the X-direction may be detectable using a separate analysis of the interferometric parameters corresponding to VCSEL 604c.
Interferometric parameters, or changes in them, induced by self-mixing interference may be used to a determine distance between a laser light source, such as a VCSEL, and the target or reflecting object. The determined distance may be either a change in distance from a known reference distance, or may be an absolute distance. Also, interferometric parameters, or changes in them, induced by self-mixing interference may be used to a determine a velocity of the target or reflecting object. This disclosure now presents three families of embodiments for determining distance and/or velocity using measurements of interferometric parameters. A first family of embodiments is described in relation to
In the embodiment shown, there is a target 710 moving with respect to the laser with a speed (magnitude)
Using the particular example of power, and recalling from above that in the absence of a strong back reflection (e.g., no specular reflector), the change in power is related to the length L of the optical feedback cavity 708 by ΔP ∝ cos(4πL/λ), one sees that movement of the target 710 causes the length L of the optical feedback cavity 708 to change through multiple wavelengths of the emitted laser light 712. The sinusoidal movement of the target 710 is shown in the plot 722 in the top of correlated graphs 720. The movement causes the change in power to have the primarily sinusoidal plots 724a-c shown in the lower of the correlated graphs 720. The motion of the target reverses direction at times 726a and 726b. In the case of strong back reflection, as discussed previously in relation to
Because the movement of the target causes the optical feedback cavity length to change through multiple wavelengths of the emitted laser light, the sinusoidal power signal (or an equivalent sinusoidal signal of another interferometric parameter) is amenable for spectrum analysis, such as with a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Embodiments based on such spectrum analyses provide a first family of embodiments of methods and devices for using self-mixing interference for measuring distance and velocity of a target. The bottom graph 730 of
In some embodiments, the spectrum analysis may use a sample size of 128 or 256 samples. The spectrum analysis may also apply a filter (such as a triangle filter, a raised cosine filter, or the like) to the samples of the signal of the interferometric parameter being measured (such as the supply power or change therein, or the junction voltage or current, or the laser bias current, among others).
A phase shift at the second harmonic frequency may be used to determine a direction of the motion. The specific example shown in the phase plot of phase graph 740 is from a spectrum analysis performed on a voltage signal induced by the target moving in a first direction with respect to the laser. The direction is obtained by calculating:
2×phase{Fundamental Harmonic}−phase{Second Harmonic}.
When this value is greater than zero, the target is moving toward the laser, whereas when the value is less than zero, the target is moving away from the laser. Next, the specific example shown in the phase plot of graph 750 is from an example spectrum analysis performed on a voltage signal induced by the target moving in the opposite of the first direction with respect to the laser. The calculation of the above quantity in this case will be less than zero.
To return to the configuration and embodiments described in
At the initial stage 772 of the method 770, an initial signal is generated, such as by a digital or an analog signal generator. At stage 776a the generated initial signal is processed as needed to produce the triangle waveform modulation current 762 that is applied to the VCSEL. Stage 776a can include, as needed, operations of digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) (such as when the initial signal is an output of a digital step generator), low-pass filtering (such as to remove quantization noise from the DAC), and voltage-to-current conversion.
The application of the triangle waveform modulation current 762 to the VCSEL induces a signal 766 in the interferometric parameter. It will be assumed for simplicity of discussion that the signal 766 of the interferometric parameter is from a photodetector, but in other embodiments it may be another signal of an interferometric parameter from another component. At initial stage 774 of the method 770, the signal 766 is received. At stage 776b, initial processing of the signal 766 is performed as needed. Stage 776b may include high-pass filtering.
At stage 778 the processing unit may equalize the received signals, if necessary. For example the signal 766 may include a predominant triangle waveform component matching the triangle waveform modulation current 762, with a smaller and higher frequency component due to changes in the interferometric parameter. High-pass filtering may be applied to the signal 766 to obtain the component signal related to the interferometric parameter. Also, this stage may involve separating the parts of signal 766 and the triangle waveform modulation current 762 corresponding to the ascending and to the descending time intervals of the triangle waveform modulation current 762. This stage may include sampling the separated information.
At stages 780 and 782, a separate FFT is first performed on the parts of the processed signal 766 corresponding to the ascending and to the descending time intervals. Then the two FFT spectra are analyzed.
At stage 784, further processing of the FFT spectra can be applied, such as to remove artifacts and reduce noise. Such further processing can include windowing, peak detection, and Gaussian fitting.
From the processed FFT spectra data, information regarding the user input can be obtained, including the direction and velocity of the input (such as during a drag motion by the user). A velocity of movement of the touch input surface may be inferred from the average of corresponding peaks (such as the fundamental beat, as shown in
As described above, deflection (either static, or dynamic such as a finger drag) on a user input surface can cause changes in an interferometric parameter, such as a parameter of the VCSEL 793 or of a photodetector operating in the system. The changes can be measured to produce a signal 766. In the embodiment shown it will be assumed the signal 766 is measured by a photodetector. For the modulation current 762 having the triangle waveform, the signal 766 may be a triangle wave of similar period combined with a smaller and higher frequency signal related to the interferometric parameter.
The signal 766 is first passed into the high-pass filter 795a, which can effectively convert the major ascending and descending ramp components of the signal 766 to DC offsets. As the signal 766 from a photodetector (or a VCSEL in other embodiments) may typically be a current signal, the transimpedance amplifier 795b can produce a corresponding voltage output (with or without amplification) for further processing.
The voltage output can then be sampled and quantized by the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) block 795c. Before immediately applying a digital FFT to the output of the ADC block 795c, it can be helpful to apply equalization. The initial digital signal values from the digital generator used to produce the triangle waveform modulation current 762 are used as input to the digital high pass filter 794a to produce a digital signal to correlate with the output of the ADC block 795c. An adjustable gain can be applied by the digital variable gain block 794b to the output of the digital high pass filter 794a.
The output of the digital variable gain block 794b is used as one input to the digital equalizer and subtractor block 796. The other input to the digital equalizer and subtractor block 796 is the output of the ADC block 795c. The two signals are differenced, and used as part of a feedback to adjust the gain provided by the digital variable gain block 794b.
Once an optimal correlation is obtained by the feedback, an FFT, indicated by block 797, can then be applied to the components of the output of the ADC block 795c corresponding to the rising and descending of the triangle wave. From the FFT spectra obtained, movement of the user input surface can be inferred, as discussed above and indicated by block 798.
The method just described, and its variations, involve using sampling of a signal of an interferometric parameter and applying spectrum analyses to the samples of a signal. As will now be explained, a second family of embodiments of methods and devices for determining properties of a user input can be obtained directly from the signal of an interferometric parameter using a time domain based analysis without applying a spectrum analysis.
The configuration of the circuit 800 includes two sections. The first section 802 includes the laser, in this case the VCSEL 804, and other biasing circuitry. The circuitry includes an amplifier 806 that accepts a bias voltage input and produces an output that drives a gate of transistor 808 positioned at the cathode of the VCSEL 804. This input circuitry can be used to apply the triangle waveform modulation current 762 to the VCSEL 804. Included in section 802 is a sensing resistor.
The second section 803 in the configuration of circuit 800 is a circuit to receive and analyze the signal of the interferometric parameter of the VCSEL 804. In the particular embodiment shown, laser light is received from the VCSEL 804 at a photodiode 810. In other embodiments, such as those that do not use a photodiode, the signal of the interferometric parameter may be a junction voltage, bias current, power, or other electrical property measured in section 802. For example, the current across the sensing resistor in section 802, rather than the shown photodiode current or voltage, may be the input to the amplifier 812. The amplifier 812 can be used for buffering and/or amplifying the received signal of the interferometric parameter.
The output of amplifier 812 is then used as an input to a pair of comparators 814a and 814b. The comparators 814a and 814b can be set at different trigger threshold voltages, VTH1 and VTH2, to detect rises and falls of the received signal of the interferometric parameter, as will be explained below. The trigger threshold voltages of the comparators 814a and 814b can be controlled by a microcontroller 816 (or other processing unit, as described above). In embodiments in which the microcontroller 816 has digital outputs, the digital outputs thereof can adjust the trigger threshold voltages of the comparators 814a and 814b by first being converted to analog by the digital-to-analog (DAC) converters 818a and 818b.
Because the lower threshold T2 is set lower than the upper threshold T1, the (distorted sinusoid) signal 822 exceeds the lower threshold T2 during a longer time period than the signal 822 exceeds the upper threshold T1. The time period during which the signal 822 exceeds the upper threshold T1 is a subperiod of the time period during which the signal 822 exceeds the lower threshold T2. As a consequence, there is a first time interval 828 between when comparator 814b triggers ‘on’ until when comparator 814a triggers ‘on.’ This is termed the time difference between rising edges. Similarly, there is a second time interval 830 between when comparator 814a triggers ‘off’ until when comparator 814b triggers ‘off.’ This is termed the time difference between falling edges.
The difference in lengths of time of the first time interval 828 (where the first time interval 828 may correspond to the rising edge time of the signal 822), and the second time interval 830 (where the second time interval 830 may correspond to the falling edge time of the signal 822) can be used to determine properties of the user input. In the example shown, the user input is moving toward the laser, so that the signal 822 has a sinusoidal shape distorted to the right. As result, the rising edge time of the first time interval 828 exceeds the falling edge time of the second time interval 830. The excess can imply a direction of motion of the user input. Also, the durations of the time periods during which the signal 822 exceeds the lower threshold T1 and exceeds the upper threshold T2 may also be used to aid in determining the speed of the user input.
In the correlated graphs 840, the target velocity 842 is initially zero (or approximately so), such as may occur under no user input. After initiation of a user input, the target velocity 842 shows an initial increase before stabilizing, such as may occur for a uniform applied pressure of user input. As a result, the sampled self-mixing signal 844 can, as for the continuous self-mixing signal, alternatingly exceed the upper threshold T1 and then fall back below the lower threshold T2. The time interval 846 from exceeding the upper threshold T1 until being below the lower threshold T2 can be related to the target velocity. Similarly, a time from a sample being below the lower threshold T2 until the next sample being above the upper threshold T1 may also be used to determine the target velocity or other properties of the user input.
For detection of a drag motion of the user input, the time domain analysis method just described can be used with the configuration of three VCSELs shown in
A third family of embodiments of methods and devices for determining properties of a user input can be obtained directly from the signal of an interferometric parameter and using a different time domain based analysis. This family is described in relation to
In this family of embodiments, a laser light source, such VCSEL 302 of
The self-mixing laser light that impinges on the photodetector contains at least two contributions: a first contribution from internal reflections at the light exit surface of the VCSEL and a second contribution from reflections from the target, as indicated in
where λ is the wavelength of the laser light.
The bias current of a VCSEL may be driven by electronics, or other means, to include a superimposed sinusoidal modulation component, to have the form IBIAS ∝1+β sin(ωmt), where β is typically less than 1, and ωm is the radian modulation frequency. The radian modulation frequency ωm is much less than the frequency of the laser light. When a VCSEL is driven with such a bias current, the self-mixing laser light is such that Δφ∝ a+b sin(ωmt), for constants a and b. The specific forms for constants a and b for some embodiments will be presented below.
When the two reflected contributions impinge on the photodetector, the phase shift between them can cause their electric fields to interfere, either destructively or constructively. As a result, an output current of the photodetector can have the form IPD ∝[1+δ cos(Δφ)].
The Fourier series expansion of the function cos(a+b sin(ωmt)) has the form {cos(a+b sin(ωmt))}=J0(b) cos(a)−2J1(b) sin(a) sin(ωmt)+2J2 (b) cos(a) cos(2ωmt)−2J3(b) sin(a) sin(3ωmt)+higher order harmonics, where Jk indicates the Bessel function of the first kind of order k. So for the situation above of a sinusoidally modulated bias current of a VCSEL, the photodetector output current has a harmonics of the radian modulation frequency that can be selected by filtering, and the respective coefficient values that can be determined by demodulation, as explained in relation to
For a target that had an initial distance L0 from the VCSEL, and which has undergone a displacement of ΔL from L0, the constants a and b above are given by:
a=[4π(L0+ΔL)/λ], and b=[−4πΔλ(L0+ΔL)/λ2].
The specific form of the expansion for IPD may be given by:
By defining a Q-component of IPD as a low pass filtering and demodulation with respect to the first harmonic, i.e. Q ∝ Lowpass{IPD×sin(ωmt)}, and an I-component as a low pass filtering and demodulation with respect to the second harmonic, i.e. I ∝ Lowpass{/IPD×cos(2ωmt)}, one can obtain a first value
and a second value
Then one can use the unwrapping arctan function (that obtains an angle in any of all four quadrants) to obtain the displacement as
In a modification of this implementation of the low pass filtering and demodulation, a Q′-component of IPD can be defined as a low pass filtering and demodulation with respect to the third harmonic, i.e. Q′ ∝ Lowpass{IPD×sin(3ωmt)}. This can then be used with the I-component derived by filtering and demodulation at the second harmonic, as above, to obtain a modified first value
and the second value
Then, as before, one can use the unwrapping arctan function (that obtains an angle in any of all four quadrants) to obtain the displacement as
This modification makes use of frequency components of IPD separate from the original modulation frequency applied to the VCSEL bias current IBIAS. This may reduce the need for filtering and/or isolation of IPD at the original modulation frequency ωm.
In a still further modification, one can use the form of the Baseband Signal (DC signal component) in the expansion above to obtain an alternative I-component derived by filtering and demodulation at the DC component:
This alternative I-component can then be used with the Q-component above to obtain
The low pass filtering and demodulations just discussed can be further explained in relation to
As a result of the sinusoidal modulation, the output current of a photodetector receiving the VCSEL's self-mixing laser light undergoes a time variation, shown in the plot 912 in the graph 910. The time axes of graphs 900 and 910 are correlated. The plot 912 illustrates that the output current of the photodetector varies around a fixed direct current value 914.
The sinusoidally modulated bias current IBIAS and corresponding photodetector current may arise within the circuit shown in
The DC voltage generator 1002 is used to generate a constant bias voltage. A sine wave generator 1004 may produce an approximately single frequency sinusoid signal, to be combined with constant voltage. As shown in
The circuit adder 1008 combines the low pass filtered constant bias voltage and the bandpass filtered sine wave to produce on link 1009 a combined voltage signal which, in the embodiment of
The VCSEL 1014 is thus driven to emit a laser light modulated as described above. Reflections of the modulated laser light may then be received back within the lasing cavity of VCSEL 1014 and cause self-mixing interference. The resulting self-mixing interference light may be detected by photodetector 1016. As described above, in such cases the photocurrent output of the photodetector 1016 on the link 1015 can have the form: i0+im sin(ωmt)+γ cos(φ0+φm sin(ωmt)). As the I/Q components to be used in subsequent stages are based on just the third term, the first two terms can be removed or reduced by the differential transimpedance amplifier and anti-aliasing (DTIA/AA) filter 1018. To do such a removal/reduction, a proportional or scaled value of the first two terms is produced by the voltage divider 1012. The voltage divider 1012 can use as input the combined voltage signal on the link 1009 produced by the circuit adder 1008. The output of the voltage divider 1012 on link 1011 can then have the form α(V0+Vm sin(ωmt)). The photodetector current and this output of the voltage divider 1012 can be the inputs to the DTIA/AA filter 1018. The output of the DTIA/AA filter 1018 can then be, at least mostly, proportional to the third term of the photodetector current.
The output of the DTIA/AA filter 2018 may then be quantized for subsequent calculation by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 1020. Further, the output of the ADC 1020 may have residual signal component proportional to the sine wave originally generated by the sine wave generator 1004. To filter this residual signal component, the originally generated sine wave can be scaled (such as by the indicated factor of β) at multiplier block 1024C, and then subtracted from the output of ADC 1020. The filtered output on link 2021 may have the form A+B sin(ωmt)+C cos(2ωmt)+ . . . , from the Fourier expansion discussed above. The filtered output can then be used for extraction of the I/Q components by mixing.
The digital sine wave originally generated by sine wave generator 1004 onto link 1007 is mixed (multiplied) by the multiplier block 1024A with the filtered output on link 1007. This product is then integrated and low pass filtered at block 1028A to obtain the Q component discussed above.
Also, the originally generated digital sine wave is used as input into the squaring/filtering block 1026 to produce a digital cosine wave at a frequency double that of the originally produced digital sine wave. The digital cosine wave is then mixed (multiplied) at the multiplier component 1024B with the filtered output of the ADC 1020 on link 1021. This product is then integrated and low pass filtered at component 1028B to obtain the I component discussed above.
The Q and the I components are then used by the phase calculation component 1030 to obtain the phase, from which the displacement of the target can be calculated, as discussed above.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that while the embodiment shown in
The circuit of
The I/Q time domain based methods just described may be used with the spectral based methods of the first family of embodiments. The spectral methods of the first family can be used at various times to determine the absolute distance to the target, and provide a value of L0, after which any of the various I/Q methods just described may be used to determine ΔL.
The I/Q time domain based methods may be used to determine a velocity of motion of a user input on a touch input surface by using the three VCSEL configuration of
In any of the embodiments described, light emitted by the lasers may be directed by lenses as part of detecting a presence of a user input, or a motion of the user input across the touch input surface. For example, the VCSELs 604a and 604b may be associated with lenses so that their respective coherent lights are directed with horizontal components. Such lenses will now be described.
In
Referring now to
The one or more processors or processing units 1202 can control some or all of the operations of the electronic device 1200. The processor(s) 1202 can communicate, either directly or indirectly, with substantially all of the components of the electronic device 1200. In various embodiments the processing units 1202 may receive the signals from photodetectors and/or the electronics of a VCSEL that correspond to the interferometric parameters, and perform the spectrum analyses of the signals discussed above.
For example, one or more system buses 1218 or other communication mechanisms can provide communication between the processor(s) or processing units 1202, the storage or memory components 1204 (or just “memory”), the power source 1206, the display 1208, the input/output interface 1210, the sensor(s) 1212, the network communication interface 1214, and the one or more cameras 1216. The processor(s) or processing units 1202 can be implemented as any electronic device capable of processing, receiving, or transmitting data or instructions. For example, the one or more processors or processing units 1202 can be a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), or combinations of multiple such devices. As described herein, the term “processor” or “processing unit” is meant to encompass a single processor or processing unit, multiple processors, multiple processing units, or other suitably configured computing element or elements.
The memory 1204 can store electronic data that can be used by the electronic device 1200. For example, the memory 1204 can store electrical data or content such as, for example, audio files, document files, timing signals, algorithms, and image data. The memory 1204 can be configured as any type of memory. By way of example only, memory 1204 can be implemented as random access memory, read-only memory, Flash memory, removable memory, or other types of storage elements, in any combination.
The power source 1206 can be implemented with any device capable of providing energy to the electronic device 1200. For example, the power source 1206 can be a battery or a connection cable that connects the electronic device 1200 to another power source such as a wall outlet.
The display 1208 may provide an image or video output for the electronic device 1200. The display 1208 can be substantially any size and may be positioned substantially anywhere on the electronic device 1200. In some embodiments, the display 1208 can be a liquid display screen, a plasma screen, or a light emitting diode screen. The display 1208 may also function as a touch input surface, as described in the embodiments, in addition to displaying output from the electronic device 1200. In these embodiments, a user may press on the display 1208 in order to provide input to the electronic device 1200.
The input/output interface 1210 can receive data from a user or one or more other electronic devices. The I/O interface 1210 can include a display, a touch input surface such as a described in the embodiments above, a track pad, one or more buttons, one or more microphones or speakers, one or more ports such as a microphone port, and/or a keyboard.
In addition to photodetectors and monitors of VCSEL properties, the one or more sensors 1212 may include other types of sensors. Examples of sensors include, but are not limited to, light sensors such as light emitting sensors and/or light detection sensors, audio sensors (e.g., microphones), gyroscopes, and accelerometers. Example light emitting sensors include but are not limited to the VCSELs described above. Other example light detection sensors include, but are not limited to, sensors that include optical or photodetectors such as photodiodes and photoresistors. The sensor(s) 1212 can be used to provide data to the processor 1202, which may be used to enhance or vary functions of the electronic device.
The network communication interface 1214 can facilitate transmission of data to a user or to other electronic devices. For example, in embodiments where the electronic device 1200 is a smart telephone, the network communication interface 1214 can receive data from a network or send and transmit electronic signals via a wireless or wired connection. Examples of wireless and wired connections include, but are not limited to, cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth, and Ethernet. In one or more embodiments, the network communication interface 1214 supports multiple network or communication mechanisms. For example, the network communication interface 1214 can pair with another device over a Bluetooth network to transfer signals to the other device while simultaneously receiving signals from a WiFi or other wired or wireless connection.
The one or more cameras 1216 can be used to capture images or video. The image sensor can be implemented as any suitable image sensor, such as a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. The camera(s) include an optical system that is in optical communication with the curved image sensor. The optical system can include conventional elements such as a lens, a filter, an iris, and a shutter. Various elements of the camera 1216, such as the optical system and/or the image sensor, can be controlled by timing signals or other signals supplied from the processor 1202 and/or the memory 1204.
The foregoing description, for purposes of explanation, used specific nomenclature to provide a thorough understanding of the described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the specific details are not required in order to practice the described embodiments. Thus, the foregoing descriptions of the specific embodiments described herein are presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not targeted to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise forms disclosed.
This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/383,036, filed Apr. 12, 2019, which is a nonprovisional of and claims the benefit under 37 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/657,576, filed on Apr. 13, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/702,264, filed on Jul. 23, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated by reference as if fully disclosed herein.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20220011902 A1 | Jan 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 62702264 | Jul 2018 | US | |
| 62657576 | Apr 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 16383036 | Apr 2019 | US |
| Child | 17482265 | US |
