Patent Application
20080109212
The Internet and other computer networks have become the backbone of information transfer. In that regard, effective analysis and searching of associated data stores is paramount. A great many applications of computer technology would be better enabled and enjoy enhanced robustness and completeness if it were possible for automatic machines to process the meaning contained in spoken or written natural language. Previously, such interpretations were derived either from the lexical items occurring in the documents themselves, or from a statistical model derived from the corpus in which the documents appear, a larger corpus of documents, or both.
A novel system and method is accordingly disclosed for producing semantically rich representations of texts that exploits semantic models to amplify and sharpen the interpretations of texts. This method is applicable not only for producing semantic representations of texts, but also for matching the representations of multiple texts. The method relies on the fact that there is a substantial amount of semantic content associated with most text strings that is not explicit in those strings, or in the mere statistical co-occurrence of the strings with other strings, but which is nevertheless extremely relevant to the text.
This additional information may be used to sharpen the representations derived directly from the text string, and also to augment the representation with content that, while not explicitly mentioned in the string, is implicit in the text and, if made explicit, can be used to support the performance of text processing applications including document indexing and retrieval, document classification, document routing, document summarization, and document tagging. These enhancements also support down-stream processing, such as automated document reading and understanding, online advertising placement, electronic commerce, corporate knowledge management, and business and government intelligence applications.
The foregoing and other advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings, wherein:
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
As referenced above, embodiments of the invention provide a semantic-model based system and method for interpretation, analysis and search of text. In addition, the model can be advantageously applied to diagrams, information describing images, transcriptions of speech, descriptors of musical recordings, etc.
A novel system and method is disclosed for producing semantically rich representations of texts that exploits semantic models to amplify and sharpen the interpretations of texts. This method is applicable not only for producing semantic representations of texts, but also for matching the representations of multiple texts. The method relies on the reality that there is a substantial amount of semantic content associated with most text strings that is not explicit in those strings, or in the mere statistical co-occurrence of the strings with other strings, but which is nevertheless extremely relevant to the text. This additional information is used to both sharpen the representations derived directly from the text string, and also to augment the representation with content that, while not explicitly mentioned in the string, is implicit in the text and, if made explicit, can be used to support the performance of text processing applications including document indexing and retrieval, document classification, document routing, document summarization based on generalized summaries that can be instantiated by specific annotated terms in a document or otherwise, automated linking between documents, detection of inconsistencies between documents and document tagging with document meta-features, such as the attitude or affective disposition of the author, or the nature of the intended target audience. These enhancements may then be used to support down-stream processing, such as automated document reading and understanding, online advertising placement, electronic commerce, corporate knowledge management, identification of collaboration or social-networking opportunities between information users based on the meaning of the information they access or produce, and business and government intelligence applications.
The method utilizes semantic models external to the text itself that contain information that can be, in a preferred embodiment, used both to slice away possible interpretations of the string that are incorrect, and also to augment the representation with additional relevant concepts. To illustrate the latter, consider the string “George W. Bush signed the budget act today.” A simple representation of this string would include concepts for “George W. Bush”, “signed”, “budget act”, and “today”. However, implicit in this string are the concepts “President of the United States” and “become law”; a more complete representation of the string would thus include those two additional concepts.
The system can match information in the text itself with semantic models represented in a logic-based representation (including, but not limited to, predicate-calculus based logical knowledge bases like Cyc and knowledge bases represented in description logics, probabilistic logics including Markov logic and lifted first order predicate calculus, propositional logics, and modal logics, and including, but not limited to knowledge bases constructed partially or completely by hand, or partially or completely automatically, including by automated reading, automatic induction of knowledge, automated abduction, and other means of automated knowledge discovery and verification) to augment the representation with additional concepts, relations, assertions and collections of assertions from the model. The concepts from the model may be weighted by, amongst other means including the standard corpus-based and document based weightings generally used in natural language processing (NLP), according to how closely they match the document's initial representation, and/or according to their prominence in the external model.
To illustrate, without limiting the scope of what is claimed in the invention, by way of an application in Information Retrieval, suppose that a user, as one might typically do, enters a single word query “TxDOT” into a web search engine. Currently, a search engine will search for documents that contain that string. They will not, unless on statistical grounds, prefer documents mentioning, for example, the current head of TxDOT, or Texas, or transportation, or vehicle registration, or online services, or highways, even though all of these terms and concepts have specific semantic relationships to TxDOT and, all of which, should they occur, are indicative of an article being more relevant to TxDOT than one that simply mentions the organization by name. Disclosed is a semantic model, including background information such as information about the structure of organizations, and specific information, such as particular roles prominent people play in organizations, to augment queries and enhance or enable retrieval of relevant documents. The same sort of models can also be used effectively inside documents, since terms that are mutually consistent with a semantic model should account for proportionately more of the relevance score a document gets than is accounted for by terms whose appearance cannot be thus explained. This application of semantic models goes beyond techniques like blind relevance feedback or latent semantic indexing, which will only add search terms that happen to frequently co-occur statistically with the target term in documents.
A single semantic model need not account for the terms appearing in either a query or a document. To the contrary, there may be several semantic models for a query term like “ACL” for example, one of them consistent with its interpretation as referring to the Association for Computational Linguistics, one as referring to the Association of Christian Librarians, one referring to the Austin City Limits music festival, and one referring to the Access Control Lists used in computer filing systems. Moreover, ACL occurring in a document together with the word “library” supports both the Access Control List and Association of Christian Librarians semantic models.
Because a document may be consistent with several different models, it may be useful to compute several different representations of a document, each consistent with a different semantic model. For example, in the case above, the concept “library” will have added weight in the representations for both Association of Christian Librarians and Access Control List. However, the concept “librarian”, if evoked by a document, would have a higher weight for the representation of the document that is consistent with Association of Christian Librarians, while the concept “file permissions” will have a higher weight in the representation focused on Access Control List. If the information retrieval query “music Zilker” is encountered, the query would be expanded by the invention to include “Austin City Limits musical festival” because the music festival is consistent with both “music” and “Zilker” (the park where the festival takes place). The query representation will also be expanded to include different genres of music (e.g. Rock music, classical music, Jazz), because they are consistent with “music”, but not with particularly high weights, as there is no close semantic link between Zilker Park and musical genres.
A principal embodiment of the method contemplated herein, and the applications it enables, involves assigning precise, standardized interpretations to substrings in a spoken or textual document that represent the semantics of the concepts or assertions, or possible concepts or interpretations that those substrings represent, in a form more amenable to further processing than the original strings. Often, because of the ambiguity of language, or because of insufficiency of knowledge of the context in which that language should be interpreted, the number of possible interpretations of a language string is very large; accordingly, it is difficult for “downstream” processing to correctly choose amongst possible actions that may depend on the interpretation.
It is therefore of great value to these interpretation assignment systems (of which “Information Extraction” and “Fact Extraction” systems form notable subclasses), and to the applications to, amongst others, information retrieval and summarization that are described in this disclosure, if means can be found to identify which of the possible interpretations are more or less probable, or more or less certain, given an interpretation context. Prior art “Information Extraction” systems that have used imprecise semantic descriptions (e.g., Organization, Weapon, Person, Place), required far less disambiguation, and this was therefore a less vital concern. Previous IE systems did, however, address a restricted form of this problem when performing co-reference resolution—for example, determining that a reference to “Bill Clinton” referred to the same entity as a reference to “President Clinton”. This invention involves methods that are designed to be used over many more types of descriptions (i.e., not just individual entities).
Generally, some interpretations are substantially less probable than others. For example, the interpretation of “dog” as meaning hot-dog or even, atavistically, foot, is, far less probable than the interpretation as a reference to canines. The present invention makes use of this asymmetry: only high-probability interpretations are admitted by default; other, low probability interpretations are admitted only if they are licensed by the application of a semantic model. In other cases, high-probability interpretations may be specifically de-licensed on the basis of context implicit in the document combined with relevant sections of a semantic model, leaving low probability interpretations, or no interpretation at all. This sort of license can take many forms, enumerated without limitation of scope in the claims, and described in broad terms in the following paragraphs.
To illustrate the licensing process, suppose that a news article contained the text “Chicago opened the 2007 season at Wrigley by putting Aardsma and Mateo in to pitch”. The English word Chicago has many possible interpretations, depending on context, beyond its usual, high probability meaning “the city of Chicago, Ill.” (CityOfChicagoIL in the OpenCyc (http://opencyc.org) semantic vocabulary which is used for the purposes of illustration, but does not narrow the scope of the claimed invention), including Chicago-TheMovie, UniversityOfChicago and ChicagoCubs. It is clearly this final meaning that is meant in this context, not the city, and this is because other terms are used in the context that are logically related to the Chicago Cubs, namely the word “pitch”, which refers to a required sub-event in a baseball game, the playing of which is a necessary part of the job of the members of the Chicago Cubs by virtue of their status as members of a professional baseball team. Similarly, the mention of two members of the Chicago Cubs, Aardsma and Mateo, licenses the interpretation, as does the mention of Wrigley, which can refer to Wrigley Field, the Cubs' home.
By comparison, the word “pound”, which, all other things being equal, should be taken to mean Pound-UnitOfMass, has this meaning delicensed if the word appears in the same sentence as a term meaning Pence-GreatBritain in favor of Pound-GreatBritian, which in turn, is licensed. In this way, licensing not only adds an interpretation that would not otherwise have been considered, but removes alternative, likely incorrect, interpretations.
In the discussion above, in which the ChicagoCubs meaning of “Chicago” was licensed, it is worth noting that the relationships used for license involve both general and specific knowledge. The specific knowledge, for example, that the Chicago Cubs is a baseball team, the general knowledge that professional sports teams have a small number of members and that those members are specific to the team, and the specific knowledge that Aardsma and Mateo, inter alia, are such members. An important feature of this invention, in one implementation, is that the licensing and delicensing rules, which otherwise would have to be individually constructed for every term to be disambiguated, are cost-effectively derived in their specific form by applying knowledge that is contained in a knowledge base, or knowledge bases, designed to support one or more forms of automated inference.
A further feature, in one implementation, is the use of the knowledge base to compute not only the very specific semantic terms used to annotate the document, but to produce annotations with generalizations of and materials related to those terms, to allow for efficient, precompiled inferences at the time the annotation is used. For example, in addition to the specific term PatentFiling being used to annotate “filing for patent protection” in a document, the more general term RequestingAction would also be added to the annotation, including the fact that the relationship is generalization. This would allow a search for “requests for action” to retrieve the document with the original phrase to as quickly as a search for “patent filing” would. Moreover, since the annotation includes the nature of the relationship between the terms, a retrieval engine operating on the basis of these annotations would be able to explain why the document was retrieved: because it contains a term that describes a more specific form of the thing searched for. Similarly, by annotating the document with defining sub-events of the PatentFiling, documents referring to office actions could be retrieved during a search for “patent filings”, with no decrease in search speed. To illustrate further, the term “Ford” may be matched in a document during a search for “vehicle manufacturer” because the system has precomputed (in one implementation) the association between “FordCompany” and “(ManufacturerFn MotorVehicle)” because Ford is known to be a “(ManufacturerFn Truck)” and “Truck” is known to be a kind of “MotorVehicle”, and because the word “truck” appears in the document, licensing the interpretation of “Ford” as the company, not the water crossing. This licensing relationship, along with other semantic connections between document terms can be used, inter alia, to augment the term weights of the affected terms for use in document retrieval, document summarization, and other applications. Further, in one implementation, the system could store a record of the use of these relationships to associate “Ford” with “VehicleManufacturer”, enabling, inter alia, the system to describe why it retrieved the document, or enabling the user to instruct the system to prefer or disprefer the use of certain kinds of information (e.g. information about products manufactured by companies) in the relevant application (Information retrieval, in this illustration).
Turning now to
When understanding the scope of the invention, the documents to be processed as described may include, but are not limited to, spoken, audio or musical, written, dialog, images, moving images, computer-rendered graphics, information graphics, or any combination thereof, and the annotation process described may be used to reduce ambiguity within any set of possible semantic interpretations of features of said documents, produced by any suitable set of document processing means. For example, spoken documents may be pre-processed by being transcribed by a speech recognition system, and the resulting transcription automatically, but ambiguously tagged, by a statistically weighted annotation system.
Generally, facts and rules in the knowledge base are represented in a k-th order predicate calculus. In one embodiment, K=1 and the representation is first order predicate calculus. The predicate calculus may be, in a preferred embodiment, extended to support modal logic. In another preferred embodiment, Facts are represented in propositional logic. In another preferred embodiment, Facts and rules in the knowledge base are represented in a probabilistic logic. In another preferred embodiment, The probabilistic logic is a first order probabilistic predicate logic. In another preferred embodiment, The representation is a Markov Logic Network. In another preferred embodiment, The representation is lifted first order probabilistic logic. In another preferred embodiment, the representation used is a combination or a plurality of logical or other formal representations, possibly including but not limited to, the foregoing.
Certain of the licensing rules may be based, in part, upon a statistical analysis of the frequency with which precise semantic interpretations of terms co-occur, either with one another, or with terms or phrases in natural language, or with meta-data about a document, such as its file-type, country of publication, location within a filing system, author, or other similar data.
In a preferred embodiment, the rule disambiguator transforms a natural language document whose words have been tagged with substantially all possible senses for each word into a document whose words are tagged only with senses appropriate for the context.
To achieve this in one embodiment designed to improve the efficiency of the tagging system, a large set of rules, generated by automated inference from more general rules, that either allow (license) or disallow (delicense) a specific sense in the given document context can be consulted during disambiguation. A sense is kept for a word only if it is licensed by the rule set; otherwise, it is discarded.
2.1 Rule Format and Interpretation
In one embodiment of the rule system described above, each rule has the form:
<sense>->((<sign>.<licensing sense>) . . . (<sign>.<licensing sense>))
where <sense> is a specific word sense (e.g. a Cyc term), each <sign> is either + or −, and each <licensing sense> is a logical term, such as a Cyc term. <sense> is called the rule's head, and each (<sign>.<licensing sense>) is called a clause of the rule.
Each clause of a rule either encourages <sense> (if <sign> is + and <licensing sense> is found somewhere in the document) or discourages <sense> (if <sign> is − and <licensing sense> is found somewhere in the document). The interpretation of the entire rule consults all clauses and combines their recommendations to either license or delicense the rule's head. One rule interpretation will license a word sense if at least one clause encourages the sense and no clause discourages the sense, but other implementations are imaginable.
As an example of the operation of this embodiment of the sense-disambiguation function employed in this invention, to assign the correct sense to the ambiguous noun “bat” that has the two possible Cyc senses #$Bat-Mammal or #$BaseballBat, one might write, or generate via some form of logical inference, two rules:
#$Bat-Mammal->((+.#$Cave)(+.#$Bridge) (−.#$Baseball). . . )
#$BaseballBat->((+.#$BaseballInning)(+.#$HittingAHomeRun). . . )
stating that the sense #$Bat-Mammal is encouraged by the presence of #$Cave and #$Bridge elsewhere in the document, but discouraged by the presence of #$Baseball. Similarly, #$BaseballBat is encouraged by the presence of other baseball related terms in the context.
2.2 Rule Generation
The rules introduced above can be manually generated, but the vast majority would be generated automatically from a knowledge base using a small set of (meta)rules that are applied, using an inference engine to infer the disambiguation rules.
For example, using the Cyc KB and inference engine by defining two binary CycL predicates, e.g.:
(#$is LicensedBy<sense><licensing sense>)
(#$is DelicensedBy<sense><deliquescing sense>)
that correspond directly to the rules introduced in 2.1, it is possible to assert #$is LicensedBy/#$is DelicensedBy facts directly, or write CycL rules that permit the inference of #$is LicensedBy and #$is DelicensedBy facts. These are are then trivially translated into the disambiguation rule format.
For example, one may either assert a disambiguation fact such as:
(#$is LicensedBy #$Bat-Mammal #$Cave)
directly, or write general CycL rules including by way of example:
(#$implies
(#$and
(#$is LicensedBy ?CITY ?STATE))
that permit the system to infer a very large number of disambiguation rules that license particular city word senses only in the presence of the state that the city is in. For example, with the CycL city rule above, the system could infer the specific disambiguation rule:
(#$is LicensedBy #$Paris-Texas #$Texas-State)
that will allow the #$Paris-Texas meaning only if a term meaning #$Texas-State is found elsewhere in the document.
3. Further Details of Disambiguation and Augmentation Algorithm
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the disambiguation algorithm component expects a document whose words are tagged with possible senses, given the part of speech of the word.
In the first pass, it moves through the document word by word and gathers all senses of each word in a single sense set. In the second and actual disambiguation pass, it looks at each sense of each word, fetches the disambiguation rule whose head is that sense, and applies the clauses of the rule together with the sense set built in the first pass to either license or delicense the sense. In a third pass, it moves through the senses determined, and delicensed senses are removed from the word and licensed senses are kept.
Subsequent to the operation of the Disambiguation algorithm, in an augmentation pass, the system moves through the words and the senses determined by the disambiguation algorithm, augmenting them with knowledge contained or implicit in the background KB, and possibly adjusting term and sense relevance weights based on the degree to which the senses are connected.
The invention thus includes a system for augmenting representations of textual strings using background knowledge contained in a logic-based representation by producing logical representations of possible interpretations of substrings of the processed textual strings, locating those logical representations within a knowledge base, retrieving background knowledge from the knowledge base, and augmenting the text strings with encoded knowledge from the knowledge base.
While the present invention has been described with reference to one or more particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Each of these embodiments and obvious variations thereof is contemplated as falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
This non-provisional application claims priority based upon prior U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/857,379 filed Nov. 7, 2006 in the names of Michael John Witbrock, David Andrew Schneider, Benjamin Paul Rode, and Bjoern Aldag, entitled “A Semantics-Based Method and Apparatus for Selecting Interpretations of Text Strings.”
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60857379 | Nov 2006 | US |
